Apparatus and method for cryogenic fluid energy recovery

Abstract

An apparatus and method for utilizing cold provided by a cryogenic fluid such that energy is not lost via exchange with ambient air or the like. Embodiments may be configured for utilizing at least one working fluid and / or a thermoelectric generation device to generate electrical power for supplying power to one or more elements using such energy that can be extracted from a cryogenic fluid. Embodiments may also be configured to provide direct cooling. Embodiments may be utilized in a variety of different environments, such as industrial plants, fixed facilities, or mobile devices (e.g., ships, trains, vehicles, etc.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This innovation relates to methods and systems for processing cryogenic fluids to recover energy associated with the cryogenic fluid. Embodiments can be configured to use cryogenic fluids such as liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen, or liquid nitrogen, or other cryogenic fluids, and can be adapted to help avoid wasting energy that was previously used to cool the fluid to form the cryogenic fluid. Background Technology

[0002] Different systems can be adapted to generate electricity for subsequent use. For example, the direct conversion of heat to electricity can be considered a thermoelectric process. At least one example of thermoelectric processing can be found in U.S. Patent No. 3,081,363.

[0003] Examples of different types of power generation processes that utilize natural gas to generate electricity can be found in U.S. Patent No. 8,661,820. Examples of integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants that can provide electricity can be found in U.S. Patent No. 8,528,343.

[0004] Hydrogen refueling stations can supply fuel to vehicles to help power them. Examples of hydrogen refueling stations and methods for filling vehicle fuel tanks with hydrogen are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publications Nos. 2023 / 0213148 and 2021 / 0199244 and Chinese Utility Model No. CN 219013995 U. Summary of the Invention

[0005] It has been determined that situations may exist where cooling energy exists in fluid processing facilities (e.g., hydrogen refueling stations, liquefied natural gas refueling stations, cryogenic fluid processing systems, furnace systems, etc.) that utilize liquid cryogenic fluids (e.g., liquid hydrogen (liquid H2) that can be used in hydrogen refueling stations, or cryogenic fluid processing systems that utilize liquid nitrogen (N2), liquid oxygen (O2), liquid argon (Ar), and / or liquid helium (He)). This type of cooling energy is typically lost because it is usually discharged into the atmosphere via an ambient air vaporizer or other heat exchanger. The energy utilized in the previous cooling of the cryogenic fluid discharged in this way is not recoverable and may produce visible fog when using conventional ambient air vaporizers.

[0006] It has been determined that this lost cooling energy is wasted and that such lost energy can be better utilized. Instead of releasing this cooling energy into the surrounding atmosphere, embodiments of the methods and apparatus of the present invention can be provided to generate useful power (e.g., generate electricity) and / or useful cooling, and also reduce or eliminate any undesirable atmospheric effects associated with the release of this cooling energy, such as fog formation. Embodiments can also be adapted to greatly minimize or avoid fog formation, which can be achieved by the conventional cooling release methods described above.

[0007] It has been determined that, for some embodiments adapted to the specific implementation of a refueling station, the embodiments can be configured to promote increased efficiency and / or reduced carbon intensity of the refueling station. It has also been determined that the recovered energy can be used in a variety of different ways. For example, in embodiments configured for use in a refueling station environment, the recovered cooling capacity can be used for any air conditioning requirements at the retail refueling station. As another example, the recovered cooling energy converted into electricity can be used to recharge batteries to power one or more components, or can be used to power one or more components such as compressors, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, emission control systems, etc.

[0008] Some embodiments can be configured for use in fixed facilities. For example, some embodiments can be configured for use in hydrogen refueling stations. As another example, some embodiments can be configured for use in facilities that can utilize at least one furnace (e.g., mixing furnace facilities, metalworking furnace operations, smelting furnaces, etc.).

[0009] Other embodiments can be configured for use in mobile devices or vehicles. For example, embodiments can be configured for use in ships (e.g., ocean-going vessels, barges, cargo ships, etc.), trains (e.g., locomotives, train engines, etc.), trucks, airplanes, or other types of vehicles. For example, embodiments of the device of the present invention can be configured for use in vehicle power generation systems, such as vehicle fuel tanks for storing, for example, hydrogen fuel, natural gas, liquid hydrogen fuel, or liquefied natural gas.

[0010] The embodiments can be adapted to recover energy from the cold temperatures of a cryogenic liquid vaporized in a vaporizer / heat exchanger, converting it into a gas to be used downstream of vaporization (e.g., supplying fuel to a vehicle fuel tank, feeding into a burner nozzle, etc.). The recovered energy may include the latent heat of vaporization of the cryogenic liquid and any significant enthalpy change experienced as the liquid transforms into a gas. For example, systems (such as hydrogen refueling stations where liquid hydrogen is converted into gaseous hydrogen before being dispensed into vehicle fuel tanks; or furnace applications where one or more oxy-fuel flames are used to melt the charge using gaseous oxygen already generated by converting liquid oxygen into gas passing through a vaporizer heat exchanger) can be adapted to embodiments utilizing the methods or apparatus of the present invention.

[0011] In various embodiments, energy derived from cold (which may also be referred to herein as cold energy or refrigeration energy) can be used for direct refrigeration and / or cooling purposes at different points of use. In some embodiments, cold energy can be used to cool downstream processes. (For example, cold energy recovered from vaporized liquid oxygen can be used to cool exhaust gas entering from a furnace before it is fed into a bag filter chamber to remove particulates.) In another embodiment, cold energy can be used in the distribution process, such as using cold to freeze hydrogen being distributed into a vehicle's fuel tank, which can be used to counteract the heating caused by the anti-Joule Thompson effect when the hydrogen expands in the vehicle's fuel tank during distribution. In yet another embodiment, cold energy can be used directly for any auxiliary cooling needs, such as refrigeration at the point of use (e.g., food refrigeration in the case where a hydrogen refueling station is located at a grocery store location, air conditioning in a convenience store at the refueling station location, etc.). In yet another embodiment, cold can be used to cool other energy devices to improve their efficiency (e.g., cooling solar panels to improve their efficiency).

[0012] Embodiments can be configured such that cold energy can be captured in a working fluid that can be used in a power cycle to generate mechanical work and / or electrical power (e.g., electricity generation). For example, embodiments can be configured such that one or more working fluids can store energy from the cold by liquefaction (e.g., liquid hydrogen transferring energy to gaseous nitrogen to convert gaseous nitrogen into liquid nitrogen) or by lowering the operating temperature. The working fluid then receives heat from another source, thereby increasing its temperature and / or pressure. The working fluid can then be expanded in a centrifugal or reciprocating device (e.g., an expander) to generate power. Compression devices (e.g., pumps or compressors) can be used to increase the pressure of the working fluid to help drive its flow. Some embodiments can be configured for constant-pressure heat addition and removal cycles (Bretton cycles) or constant-temperature heat addition and removal cycles (Stirling cycles). In embodiments configured for use in a refueling station environment, the heat addition to these cycles can come from any internal source in the distribution system, such as heat removal from hydrogen or natural gas that needs to be chilled prior to distribution. Additionally, the heat source can include heat discharged from on-site fuel cell operation or fuel cell operation on a vehicle.

[0013] In embodiments configured for use in conjunction with liquid oxygen installations (e.g., at a furnace site), the heat source may include hot exhaust gases (e.g., flue gas, etc.) from furnace operation. Mechanical work obtained from the power cycle can be converted into electrical power or used as shaft power for directly driving equipment, which can be utilized to improve operational efficiency (e.g., the recovered electrical / shaft power can be used to drive compressors and / or other auxiliary equipment with power requirements). The generated electrical energy can be used at other points of use or alternatively fed back into the grid. Electrical energy generated through cold recovery can be used alone or in conjunction with another power source (such as a fuel cell operating on hydrogen fuel) to make the installation self-sufficient or more self-sufficient.

[0014] In some other embodiments, cold energy can be captured and directly converted into electricity via thermoelectric generation. The cold side of the thermoelectric generator can be connected to a cryogenic fluid side (e.g., liquid hydrogen, liquefied natural gas, etc.), and the hot side can be exposed to ambient temperature or any other higher temperature source to help maximize power generation. Embodiments of thermoelectric generation-based processing can be configured to use the temperature difference between the cryogenic fluid and a warmer available source to generate a heat flux that can generate electrical power (e.g., electricity) via the Seebeck effect. Embodiments can be configured such that, where heating is required in the embodiment, the thermoelectric generator can be used as a heater (e.g., heating the vaporizing fluid by feeding electricity into the heater and / or reversing the circuit).

[0015] In addition to improved energy utilization or reduced energy waste, the embodiments can also provide atmospheric control advantages. The embodiments can be configured such that the surface temperature of the ambient vaporizer (e.g., the temperature of the outer periphery of the vaporizer) is partially or over the entire length of the vaporizer maintained above the dew point. This can minimize or prevent fog formation. The level of fog control can vary for different embodiments and can depend on how much cold energy is recovered in a particular embodiment according to a pre-selected set of design criteria.

[0016] In a first aspect, an apparatus for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid may include a storage container configured to store the cryogenic fluid therein and a first heat exchanger positioned to receive the cryogenic fluid from the storage container to heat the cryogenic fluid and promote power generation.

[0017] In some embodiments, the cryogenic fluid may be hydrogen gas formed in a storage tank for storing liquid hydrogen. In other embodiments, the cryogenic fluid may include another type of cryogenic fluid (e.g., oxygen in a tank for storing liquid oxygen, natural gas in a tank for storing liquefied natural gas, etc.).

[0018] In a second aspect, the device may include: at least one thermoelectric generating device connected to or integrated into a first heat exchanger to generate electricity from heat flux generated during heating of a cryogenic fluid; and / or at least one thermoelectric generating device connected to an output conduit connected to the first heat exchanger to generate electricity from heat flux generated when the cryogenic fluid is passed through the output conduit.

[0019] In a third aspect, the device can be located in or on a vehicle, and the storage container can be the vehicle's fuel tank. In other embodiments, the device can be part of an industrial plant, or integrated into an industrial facility, hydrogen refueling station, or natural gas refueling station.

[0020] In a fourth aspect, the fuel cell can be positioned to receive heated cryogenic fluid output from the first heat exchanger. In some embodiments, the fuel cell can be positioned and configured to output water to the fuel cell water heat exchanger via a water output conduit. The at least one thermoelectric generating device can be connected to or integrated into the first heat exchanger, or it can be connected to or integrated into the fuel cell water heat exchanger.

[0021] In a fifth aspect, the device may include a converter having an electrical connection to at least one thermoelectric generating device. The converter may also have an electrical connection to an energy storage device positioned to receive current via the converter to store electrical power. The energy storage device may have an electrical connection to a motor of a working fluid drive mechanism to transfer power to the motor. Examples of energy storage devices may include batteries, battery arrays, or energy storage systems.

[0022] In a sixth aspect, the device may include a turbine positioned to output an expanded working fluid as a heating medium for heating a cryogenic fluid fed to a first heat exchanger. The turbine may be configured to expand the working fluid to generate power (e.g., to rotate a shaft to drive motion for supplying power to a device or equipment, or to rotate a shaft to drive the motion of a generator shaft to generate electricity, etc.). The first heat exchanger may be positioned and configured to output the working fluid to a working fluid drive mechanism for feeding the working fluid to the turbine to cause the working fluid to expand, thereby generating power and forming the expanded working fluid. Examples of the working fluid drive mechanism may be a pump or a compressor.

[0023] In a seventh aspect, the turbine can be positioned to output expanding working fluid as a heating medium for heating a cryogenic fluid to a first heat exchanger, and the working fluid drive mechanism can be positioned to receive the expanding working fluid output from the first heat exchanger to increase the pressure of the working fluid, thereby feeding it toward the turbine. A second heat exchanger can be positioned to receive the working fluid from the working fluid drive mechanism as a cooling medium and output heated working fluid as a turbine feed for feeding into the turbine. The turbine can be positioned to receive the turbine feed from the second heat exchanger and configured to expand the working fluid to generate power and form the expanded working fluid. Examples of the generated power include rotational motion of a shaft caused by the expansion of the working fluid, which can be used to supply power to one or more devices, or rotation of the shaft of a generator for power generation.

[0024] In some embodiments, the device may further include an electrical storage device positioned to receive electricity generated via the turbine to store electrical power. The electrical storage device may have an electrical connection to a motor of a working fluid drive mechanism to transfer power to the motor.

[0025] In an eighth aspect, the first heat exchanger can be configured to heat a cryogenic fluid to form a vaporized fluid, and the device may further include a buffer tank positioned to receive the vaporized fluid stream output from the first heat exchanger to store the vaporized fluid (e.g., the vaporized fluid includes a gas or a liquid). A second heat exchanger can be positioned to receive the vaporized fluid from the buffer tank to cool the vaporized fluid. A turbine can be positioned to output expanded working fluid as a heating medium for heating the cryogenic fluid to the first heat exchanger. A working fluid drive mechanism can be positioned to receive the expanded working fluid output from the first heat exchanger to increase the pressure of the working fluid, thereby feeding it toward the turbine. The second heat exchanger can be positioned to receive the working fluid from the working fluid drive mechanism as a cooling medium for cooling the vaporized fluid, and output heated working fluid as a turbine feed to the turbine. The turbine can be positioned to receive the turbine feed from the second heat exchanger and can be configured to expand the working fluid to generate power and form an expanded working fluid. The generated power may be, for example, electricity or shaft rotation, which may mechanically supply power to one or more devices.

[0026] In a ninth aspect, the device may include a dispenser positioned to receive cooled, vaporized fluid for feeding into a vehicle. In some embodiments, the device may be configured as a refueling station, for example, which may include a dispenser. For example, the refueling station may be a hydrogen refueling station.

[0027] In a tenth aspect, the first heat exchanger can be configured to heat a cryogenic fluid to form a vaporized fluid. The apparatus may further include an industrial process unit positioned to receive the vaporized fluid and output at least one waste heat stream, and an expanded working fluid positioned to feed as a heating medium for heating the cryogenic fluid into the first heat exchanger. A working fluid drive mechanism can be positioned to receive the expanded working fluid output from the first heat exchanger to increase the pressure of the working fluid, thereby feeding it toward the turbine.

[0028] A second heat exchanger may also be present, positioned to receive waste heat streams from the industrial process unit and also to receive working fluid from the working fluid drive mechanism as a cooling medium for cooling the waste heat streams, outputting cooled waste heat streams and heated working fluid as turbine feed for feeding into the turbine. The turbine may be positioned to receive turbine feed from the second heat exchanger and configured to expand the working fluid to generate power and form expanded working fluid.

[0029] In some embodiments, the cryogenic fluid may consist of liquid oxygen or liquid nitrogen, and the industrial process unit may include a furnace.

[0030] In the eleventh aspect, it should be understood that embodiments of the device of the first aspect may include one or more features and / or other features of the other aspects. Examples of such features can be learned from the exemplary embodiments discussed herein.

[0031] In a twelfth aspect, a method for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid may include: feeding the cryogenic fluid stored in a storage container to a first heat exchanger; and heating the cryogenic fluid via the first heat exchanger to promote the generation of electricity via a working fluid or at least one thermoelectric generating device connected to the first heat exchanger.

[0032] In some embodiments, the cryogenic fluid may include liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen, liquid natural gas, liquid argon, or liquid helium.

[0033] In the thirteenth aspect, the method for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid can be performed on a vehicle, and the storage container can be the vehicle's fuel tank.

[0034] In the fourteenth aspect, a method for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid may include converting electrical power generated via at least one thermoelectric generating device to transmit the converted electrical power to at least one of an electrical storage device, a battery, a propulsion system, a motor of a fluid flow drive mechanism, and / or an exhaust regulating mechanism.

[0035] In a fifteenth aspect, a method for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid may include: expanding a working fluid via a turbine to output the expanded working fluid as a heating medium for heating the cryogenic fluid, and outputting the expanded working fluid from the first heat exchanger to a working fluid drive mechanism to increase the pressure of the working fluid, thereby feeding the working fluid to the turbine.

[0036] In a sixteenth aspect, a method for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid may include: expanding a working fluid via a turbine to output the expanded working fluid as a heating medium for heating the cryogenic fluid, feeding it into a first heat exchanger; outputting the expanded working fluid from the first heat exchanger to a working fluid drive mechanism to increase the pressure of the working fluid; feeding the working fluid output from the working fluid drive mechanism as a cooling medium into a second heat exchanger and outputting the heated working fluid as a turbine feed; and feeding the turbine feed output from the second heat exchanger into a turbine to expand the working fluid, thereby forming an expanded working fluid and generating power.

[0037] In the seventeenth aspect, the method for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid can be configured such that the power includes electricity, and the method further includes transmitting the electricity to an electrical storage device and / or other device (e.g., a power grid, a motor, etc.).

[0038] For example, in some embodiments, the method may include a motor, propulsion system, battery, and / or exhaust regulation mechanism for transmitting power from an electrical storage device to a working fluid drive mechanism. As another example, the method may also (or alternatively) include a motor, propulsion system, battery, and / or exhaust regulation mechanism for transmitting power to a working fluid drive mechanism.

[0039] In an eighteenth aspect, heating a cryogenic fluid via a first heat exchanger to facilitate the generation of electricity from the cryogenic fluid via a working fluid or at least one thermoelectric generating device connected to the first heat exchanger forms a vaporized fluid that can be output from the first heat exchanger. In such embodiments, the method may further include: feeding the vaporized fluid into a buffer tank to store the vaporized fluid, the vaporized fluid comprising a gas; and feeding the vaporized fluid from the buffer tank into a second heat exchanger to cool the vaporized fluid. Some embodiments may also include generating electricity via cooling the vaporized fluid through at least one thermoelectric generating device connected to the second heat exchanger. Other embodiments may include: expanding the working fluid via a turbine to output the expanded working fluid as a heating medium for heating the cryogenic fluid, fed into the first heat exchanger; and outputting the expanded working fluid from the first heat exchanger to a working fluid drive mechanism to increase the pressure of the working fluid for feeding the working fluid into the turbine.

[0040] For example, in some embodiments, the method may include: expanding the working fluid via a turbine to output the expanded working fluid as a heating medium for heating a cryogenic fluid, feeding it into a first heat exchanger; outputting the expanded working fluid from the first heat exchanger to a working fluid drive mechanism to increase the pressure of the working fluid; feeding the working fluid output from the working fluid drive mechanism as a cooling medium into a second heat exchanger and outputting the heated working fluid as a turbine feed; and feeding the turbine feed output from the second heat exchanger into a turbine to expand the working fluid, thereby forming an expanded working fluid and generating power.

[0041] Some embodiments may also include additional steps. For example, the method may also include: feeding the cooled, vaporized fluid into a distributor; and / or feeding the cooled, vaporized fluid into a vehicle's fuel tank. In such embodiments, the cryogenic fluid may consist of hydrogen or natural gas (e.g., methane).

[0042] In a nineteenth aspect, the method can be configured such that a first heat exchanger is configured to heat a cryogenic fluid to form a vaporized fluid, and the method may further include: feeding the vaporized fluid into an industrial process to form at least one waste heat stream; expanding a working fluid to feed the expanded working fluid as a heating medium for heating the cryogenic fluid into the first heat exchanger; feeding the expanded working fluid output from the first heat exchanger into a working fluid drive mechanism to increase the pressure of the working fluid, thereby feeding it toward a turbine; feeding the waste heat stream output from the industrial process unit into a second heat exchanger; and feeding the working fluid output from the working fluid drive mechanism as a cooling medium for cooling the waste heat stream into the second heat exchanger to output a cooled waste heat stream and output heated working fluid as a turbine feed for feeding to a turbine.

[0043] In some embodiments, the method can be configured or implemented such that the expansion of the working fluid generates electricity to supply power. In some embodiments, the cryogenic fluid may consist of liquid oxygen or liquid nitrogen, the industrial process may include a furnace, and the waste heat flow may include flue gas output from the furnace.

[0044] In a twentieth aspect, the method for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid may further include feeding a heated cryogenic fluid into a fuel cell. In some embodiments, the method may further include outputting water from the fuel cell to a fuel cell water heat exchanger connected to at least one thermoelectric generating device.

[0045] In a twenty-first aspect, the at least one thermoelectric generating device may be connected to the first heat exchanger or to the output conduit of the first heat exchanger. The method for such embodiments may further include regulating the flow rate of heated cryogenic fluid output from the first heat exchanger through the output conduit, thereby generating electricity via the at least one thermoelectric generating device and further heating the heated cryogenic fluid.

[0046] In the twenty-second aspect, embodiments of the method for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid can be implemented using equipment for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid.

[0047] In a twenty-third aspect, an apparatus for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid may include: a storage container configured to store the cryogenic fluid therein; a first heat exchanger positioned to receive the cryogenic fluid from the storage container to heat the cryogenic fluid; and a refrigeration system heat exchanger positioned to output a heated heat transfer fluid as a heating medium to the first heat exchanger, thereby heating the cryogenic fluid.

[0048] In a twenty-fourth aspect, the apparatus for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid may include a buffer tank positioned such that heated cryogenic fluid output from a first heat exchanger can be fed into the buffer tank. The heated cryogenic fluid may include a gas formed by heating the cryogenic fluid. A second heat exchanger may be positioned downstream of the buffer tank, such that the buffer tank is positioned between the first and second heat exchangers. The second heat exchanger may be positioned to receive cooled heat transfer fluid output from the first heat exchanger as a cooling medium to cool the cryogenic gas that can be transferred from the buffer tank to the second heat exchanger.

[0049] In some embodiments, the refrigeration system heat exchanger may be positioned to receive heat transfer fluid output from a second heat exchanger for use as a heat sink for the refrigeration system heat exchanger. A heat transfer fluid drive mechanism may be positioned to facilitate the transfer of heat transfer fluid between the refrigeration system heat exchanger, the first heat exchanger, and the second heat exchanger. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid drive mechanism may include a pump positioned between the refrigeration system heat exchanger and the first heat exchanger.

[0050] In a twenty-fifth aspect, the apparatus for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid may include an output conduit for promoting electricity generation, which may be positioned between a first heat exchanger and a buffer tank. At least one thermoelectric generating device may be connected to the output conduit for promoting electricity generation to generate electricity via heated cryogenic gas as the cryogenic gas passes through the output conduit.

[0051] In a twenty-sixth aspect, a method for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid may include: feeding a cryogenic fluid stored in a storage container into a first heat exchanger; heating the cryogenic fluid via the first heat exchanger using a heated heat transfer fluid output from a refrigeration system heat exchanger as a heating medium in the first heat exchanger, such that the heated heat transfer fluid is cooled during the heating of the cryogenic fluid; and outputting a cooled heat transfer fluid from the first heat exchanger to transfer the cooled heat transfer fluid toward the refrigeration system heat exchanger, thereby serving as a heat sink in the refrigeration system heat exchanger.

[0052] In a twenty-seventh aspect, the method may further include discharging a heated cryogenic fluid from a first heat exchanger such that the heated cryogenic fluid passes through an output conduit positioned between the first heat exchanger and a buffer tank to generate electricity via at least one thermoelectric generating device connected to the output conduit. In some embodiments, the heated cryogenic fluid discharging from the first heat exchanger may be passed through the output conduit for feeding the heated cryogenic fluid into the buffer tank.

[0053] In the twenty-eighth aspect, the output of cooled heat transfer fluid from the first heat exchanger to transfer the cooled heat transfer fluid toward the refrigeration system heat exchanger for use as a heat sink in the refrigeration system heat exchanger may include: feeding the cooled heat transfer fluid output from the first heat exchanger to a second heat exchanger positioned downstream of a buffer tank; cooling cryogenic gas output from the buffer tank via the cooled heat transfer fluid in the second heat exchanger; and feeding the heat transfer fluid output from the second heat exchanger to the refrigeration system heat exchanger for use as a heat sink in the refrigeration system heat exchanger.

[0054] In a twenty-ninth aspect, the method may further include increasing the pressure of the heat transfer fluid via a heat transfer fluid drive mechanism positioned to facilitate the transfer of the heat transfer fluid between a refrigeration system heat exchanger and a first heat exchanger.

[0055] In the thirtieth aspect, the heating of a cryogenic fluid via the first heat exchanger can be performed using a heated heat transfer fluid output from a refrigeration system heat exchanger as a heating medium in the first heat exchanger, such that the heated heat transfer fluid is cooled during the heating of the cryogenic fluid, and the output of cooled heat transfer fluid from the first heat exchanger to the refrigeration system heat exchanger can be performed to transfer the cooled heat transfer fluid toward the refrigeration system heat exchanger for use as a heat sink in the refrigeration system heat exchanger, such that the heat transfer fluid is transferred between the first heat exchanger and the refrigeration system heat exchanger in a closed loop arrangement.

[0056] In some embodiments, the cryogenic fluid may be composed of hydrogen, and the heat transfer fluid may be composed of D-limonene or another type of refrigerant.

[0057] In a thirty-first aspect, an apparatus for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid may include: a storage container configured to store the cryogenic fluid therein; a first heat exchanger positioned to receive the cryogenic fluid from the storage container to heat the cryogenic fluid; and a buffer tank positioned such that heated cryogenic fluid output from the first heat exchanger can be fed into the buffer tank. The heated cryogenic fluid may include a gas formed by heating the cryogenic fluid. A second heat exchanger may be positioned downstream of the buffer tank, such that the buffer tank is positioned between the first and second heat exchangers, and the second heat exchanger may be positioned to receive cooled heat transfer fluid output from the first heat exchanger as a cooling medium to cool the cryogenic gas transferable from the buffer tank to the second heat exchanger, and to output heated heat transfer fluid as heated heat transfer fluid for feeding into at least one system positioned between the first and second heat exchangers to further heat the heated heat transfer fluid before the heated heat transfer fluid is fed into the first heat exchanger as a heating medium for heating the cryogenic fluid.

[0058] In the thirty-second aspect, the at least one system may include a refrigeration system heat exchanger, which is positioned to receive heat transfer fluid output from a second heat exchanger for use as a heat sink for the refrigeration system heat exchanger and at least one other system.

[0059] In a thirty-third aspect, the heat transfer fluid drive mechanism can be positioned to facilitate the transfer of heat transfer fluid between a first heat exchanger, a second heat exchanger, and at least one system. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid drive mechanism may include a pump positioned between the second heat exchanger and the first heat exchanger.

[0060] In the thirty-fourth aspect, the output conduit for promoting power generation can be positioned between the first heat exchanger and the buffer tank, and at least one thermoelectric generating device can be connected to the output conduit for promoting power generation to generate electricity via heated cryogenic gas as cryogenic gas passes through the output conduit for promoting power generation.

[0061] In a thirty-fifth aspect, a method for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid may include: feeding the cryogenic fluid stored in a storage container into a first heat exchanger; heating the cryogenic fluid via the first heat exchanger using a heated heat transfer fluid output from at least one system as a heating medium in the first heat exchanger, such that the heated heat transfer fluid is cooled during the heating of the cryogenic fluid; and outputting a cooled heat transfer fluid from the first heat exchanger to transfer the cooled heat transfer fluid toward at least one system for use as a heat sink in at least one system.

[0062] In some embodiments, the method may further include other steps. For example, the method may further include discharging heated cryogenic fluid from a first heat exchanger such that the heated cryogenic fluid passes through an output conduit positioned between the first heat exchanger and a buffer tank to generate electricity via at least one thermoelectric generating device connected to the output conduit. The heated cryogenic fluid discharging from the first heat exchanger may be passed through the output conduit to feed the heated cryogenic fluid into the buffer tank.

[0063] In a thirty-sixth aspect, the process of discharging cooled heat transfer fluid from a first heat exchanger toward at least one system for use as a heat sink in at least one system may include: feeding the cooled heat transfer fluid discharged from the first heat exchanger to a second heat exchanger positioned downstream of a buffer tank; cooling cryogenic gas discharged from the buffer tank via the cooled heat transfer fluid in the second heat exchanger; and feeding the heat transfer fluid discharged from the second heat exchanger to at least one system for use as a heat sink in at least one system. The at least one system may include a compressor, a heat transfer fluid-to-air heat exchanger, a thermoelectric generation system, and / or a refrigeration system.

[0064] In a thirty-seventh aspect, the method may further include increasing the pressure of the heat transfer fluid via a heat transfer fluid drive mechanism, the heat transfer fluid drive mechanism being positioned to facilitate the transfer of the heat transfer fluid between at least one system and a first heat exchanger.

[0065] In the thirty-eighth aspect, the methods and apparatus described above may include other features. Examples of additional features may be learned from the different embodiments discussed herein.

[0066] It should be understood that different embodiments of the device can be configured to implement different embodiments of the method of the present invention. Furthermore, different embodiments of the method of the present invention may include different embodiments of the device of the present invention, or be configured to utilize different embodiments of the device of the present invention.

[0067] It should be understood that embodiments of the method and apparatus can utilize a variety of conduit arrangements and process control elements. Embodiments can utilize sensors (e.g., pressure sensors, temperature sensors, flow rate sensors, concentration sensors, etc.), controllers, valves, piping, and other process control elements. For example, some embodiments can utilize automated process control systems and / or distributed control systems (DCS). A variety of different conduit arrangements and process control systems can be used to meet a specific set of design criteria.

[0068] Further details, objects, and advantages of the present invention regarding the method for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid, the apparatus for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid, the power generation system, and the methods for manufacturing and using them will become apparent from the following description of some exemplary embodiments thereof. Attached Figure Description

[0069] Exemplary embodiments of the present invention, including a method for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid, an apparatus for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid, an electricity generation system, and methods for manufacturing and using the same, are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the same reference numerals used in the drawings may identify the same components.

[0070] Figure 1 This is a block diagram of a first exemplary embodiment of a device for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid, the device including a first exemplary embodiment of an electricity generation system. Figure 1 A first exemplary embodiment of the method of the present invention for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid is also illustrated.

[0071] Figure 2 This is a block diagram of a second exemplary embodiment of a device for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid, the device including a second exemplary embodiment of a power generation system. Figure 2A second exemplary embodiment of the method of the present invention for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid is also illustrated.

[0072] Figure 3 This is a block diagram of a third exemplary embodiment of a device for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid, the device including a power generation system. Figure 3 A third exemplary embodiment of the method of the present invention for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid is also illustrated.

[0073] Figure 4 This is a block diagram of a fourth exemplary embodiment of a device for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid, the device including a power generation system. Figure 4 A fourth exemplary embodiment of the method of the present invention for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid is also illustrated. It should be understood that... Figure 4 The exemplary embodiment shown on the vehicle can be Figure 1 , Figure 2 and / or Figure 3 It is used in the vehicle 13 of the embodiment shown.

[0074] Figure 5 This is a block diagram of a fifth exemplary embodiment of a device for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid, the device including a power generation system. Figure 5 A fifth exemplary embodiment of the method of the present invention for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid is also illustrated. It should be understood that... Figure 5 The exemplary embodiment shown on the vehicle can be Figure 1 , Figure 2 and / or Figure 3 It is used in the vehicle 13 of the embodiment shown.

[0075] Figure 6 This is a block diagram of a sixth exemplary embodiment of a device for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid, the device including a power generation system. Figure 6 A sixth exemplary embodiment of the method of the present invention for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid is also illustrated.

[0076] Figure 7 This is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary embodiment of a method for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid. Figures 1 to 6 and Figure 8 The exemplary embodiments of the device of the present invention shown can be adapted for implementation. Figure 7 An exemplary embodiment of the method shown.

[0077] Figure 8This is a block diagram of a seventh exemplary embodiment of a device for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid, the device including an optional seventh exemplary embodiment of a power generation system illustrated by dashed lines. Figure 8 Another exemplary embodiment of the method of the present invention for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid is also illustrated.

[0078] Figure 9 This is a flowchart illustrating another exemplary embodiment of a method for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid. Figures 1 to 6 , Figure 8 and Figure 10 The exemplary embodiments of the device of the present invention shown can be adapted for implementation. Figure 9 An exemplary embodiment of the method shown.

[0079] Figure 10 This is a block diagram of an eighth exemplary embodiment of a device for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid, the device including an optional seventh exemplary embodiment of a power generation system illustrated by dashed lines. Figure 10 Another exemplary embodiment of the method of the present invention for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid is also illustrated.

[0080] exist Figures 1 to 6 , Figure 8 and Figure 10 In this diagram, electrical connections between different components are illustrated by dashed lines in the style of dotted dashes (- . -). Electrical connections illustrate connections that allow the transfer of electricity between different components. Different optional components that can be included in an exemplary embodiment of device 1 are... Figures 1 to 6 , Figure 8 and Figure 10 It is shown in the middle with a dashed line in the style of a short dash (- - -). Detailed Implementation

[0081] Figures 1 to 6 , Figure 8 and Figure 10 Exemplary embodiments of the apparatus 1 for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid according to the present invention are illustrated. Each of these embodiments may include a power generation system 1a. Embodiments of the apparatus and system can be adapted to utilize exemplary embodiments of the method for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid according to the present invention. Figure 7 and Figure 9 as well as Figures 1 to 6 , Figure 8 and Figure 10 The schematic diagrams can be used to understand exemplary embodiments of the method of the present invention.

[0082] Embodiments of the device 1 of the present invention can be configured such that the stored cryogenic fluid can be fed to one or more heat exchangers and / or at least one cooling device, such that heating of the cryogenic fluid that may occur when using the fluid can recover the energy (e.g., refrigeration energy) previously used to cool the fluid to generate electricity that can be used by one or more other components of the device 1. In some embodiments (e.g., Figure 1 , Figure 5 and Figure 6 In exemplary embodiments, recovery can be provided via a working fluid (e.g., a refrigerant, a heat transfer fluid, a fluid consisting of nitrogen or any other pure gas, a mixture of multiple gases, or any hot fluid that can efficiently store and transfer refrigeration). In other embodiments (e.g., Figure 2 , Figure 3 and Figure 4 In the embodiments described, recovery can be provided via one or more thermoelectric generating devices G, which may be integrated into or otherwise attached to a heat exchanger and / or cooling device, such that temperature changes in the cryogenic fluid causing the fluid to warm can facilitate electricity generation for use by one or more other components of the device 1. In addition to using the working fluid, it is also possible to obtain electricity from... Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 , Figure 4 , Figure 5 , Figure 8 and Figure 10 The options for utilizing thermoelectric generation are understood in the exemplary embodiments. Examples of thermoelectric generation devices G may include Seebeck generators or other types of thermoelectric generators. Some types of thermoelectric generator devices G may be configured as solid-state devices that are configured to directly convert heat flux into electrical energy through a phenomenon called the Seebeck effect, a type of thermoelectric effect. For example, the heat flux that a thermoelectric generator device G can utilize may be driven by a temperature difference between fluids involved in heat transfer.

[0083] Embodiments of the device 1 of the present invention can also be configured such that the stored cryogenic fluid can be fed to one or more heat exchangers and / or at least one cooling device, such that heating of the cryogenic fluid that may occur when using the fluid can recover the energy (e.g., refrigeration energy) previously used to cool the fluid, for use as a heat sink for other refrigeration systems, thereby improving the operating efficiency and performance of the refrigeration system. Examples of such embodiments are in Figure 8 Example in.

[0084] Embodiments of the device 1 of the present invention can also be configured such that the stored cryogenic fluid can be fed to one or more heat exchangers and / or at least one cooling device, such that heating of the cryogenic fluid that may occur during use of the fluid can recover the energy (e.g., refrigeration energy) previously used to cool the fluid, for use as a heat sink for other systems or devices, thereby improving the operational efficiency and performance of different systems in the plant or at least one industrial plant. Examples of such embodiments are in Figure 10 Example in.

[0085] The cryogenic fluid used in device 1 can be any of a number of potential options, including cryogenically cooled hydrogen, cryogenically cooled oxygen, cryogenically cooled nitrogen, liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, liquid argon, liquid helium, liquefied natural gas, other cryogenic liquids and / or other cryogenically cooled gases that can be stored for subsequent use. The cryogenic fluid is heated for subsequent use after being discharged from the storage device, so that the previously used energy applied to the cooling fluid can be utilized instead of being lost or wasted through discharge or other means. As discussed above, such embodiments can also be adapted to minimize or avoid fog formation.

[0086] refer to Figure 1 An embodiment of the device 1 of the present invention may include a storage container 3 (storage device) which may be connected to a first heat exchanger 7 (HX1) for feeding the cryogenic fluid stored in the container 3 into the first heat exchanger 7. The cryogenic fluid stored in the storage container 3 may include a cryogenic liquid or a mixture of cryogenic liquid and cryogenic gas. The storage container 3 may include one or more storage tanks, storage units of storage containers, or other types of storage containers 3.

[0087] The device 1 may also include an electricity generation system 1a. The electricity generation system may include a turbine 23 and a working fluid conduit arrangement connected to the turbine to facilitate the flow of working fluid to the turbine, which can be used to generate electricity via the turbine 23, which may occur via the expansion of the working fluid. The working fluid may be guided via the conduit arrangement to pass through at least one heat exchanger and through at least one fluid flow drive mechanism (e.g., a pump or compressor).

[0088] For example, a first flow drive mechanism 5 (FDM1) can be positioned to facilitate the feeding of cryogenic fluid from storage container 3 to first heat exchanger 7. The first flow drive mechanism 5 (FDM1) can be considered a cryogenic fluid flow drive mechanism. The first flow drive mechanism 5 can be, for example, a pump or compressor. The first flow drive mechanism 5 can be positioned such that a storage outlet conduit 3a is connected between storage container 3 and the first flow drive mechanism 5 for feeding cryogenic fluid into the first flow drive mechanism 5, and the first flow drive mechanism outlet conduit 5a can be positioned between the first flow drive mechanism 5 and the first heat exchanger 7 for feeding cryogenic fluid from storage container 3 to the first heat exchanger 7. Alternatively, a first heat exchanger feed conduit can be positioned between storage container 3 and the first heat exchanger 7, and the first flow drive mechanism 5 can be positioned and connected to this conduit to facilitate the flow of cryogenic fluid from storage container 3 to the first heat exchanger 7.

[0089] The first flow drive mechanism 5 can be connected to the first motor (EM1). The first motor 5M can be connected to the first flow drive mechanism 5 or integrated into the first flow drive mechanism 5 via a power connection PC, such that the power supplied to the first motor 5M can be used to power the operation of the first flow drive mechanism 5. Power can be supplied via a power storage device 25 (ES), which can be electrically connected to the first motor 5 and / or other power supply elements (e.g., a connection to the power grid to receive power from the grid to power the operation of the motor).

[0090] The first heat exchanger 7 can be configured to receive the expanded working fluid flow 23C output from the turbine 23 as a heating medium to heat the cryogenic fluid output from the storage container 3 to output a vaporized fluid flow 7a. The vaporized fluid flow 7a output from the first heat exchanger 7 can be entirely gaseous (e.g., hydrogen when the cryogenic fluid to be heated fed into the first heat exchanger is liquid hydrogen, natural gas when the cryogenic fluid to be heated fed into the first heat exchanger is liquefied natural gas, etc.). The vaporized fluid flow 7a can be output from the first heat exchanger 7 via at least one heat exchanger output conduit connected to the first heat exchanger for transmission to other downstream components.

[0091] The working fluid, used as a heating medium to heat the cryogenic fluid in the first heat exchanger 7, can be cooled via heat transfer occurring in the first heat exchanger 7 as the cryogenic fluid is heated, and can be output as a cooled flow 21C of the working fluid to be fed to the second flow drive mechanism 21 (FDM2). The second flow drive mechanism 21 (FDM2) can be considered a working fluid flow drive mechanism. In some embodiments, the second flow drive mechanism 21 can be a pump or a compressor. The second flow drive mechanism 21 can receive the cooled flow 21C of the working fluid output from the first heat exchanger 7 and increase the pressure of the fluid to output a heated and higher-pressure flow 21H of the working fluid for driving the fluid toward the turbine 23, so that the working fluid can subsequently expand and be cooled via the turbine 23.

[0092] The second flow drive mechanism 21 can be connected to the second motor 21a (EM2). The second motor can be integrated into the second flow drive mechanism 21, or otherwise connected to the second flow drive mechanism via a power connection PC to supply power for the operation of the second flow drive mechanism 21. The second motor 21a can be powered by electricity and can have an electrical connection to an electricity storage device 25 and / or a power grid to receive electricity to power the motor. In some embodiments, a heated and higher-pressure flow 21H of the working fluid output from the second flow drive mechanism (FDM2) can be fed to the second heat exchanger 10 (HX2) as a refrigerant for further heating therein. In some embodiments, the second heat exchanger 10 can be a refrigerator, and the heated and higher-pressure flow 21H of the working fluid can be the refrigeration medium of the refrigerator. The heated working fluid can be output from the second heat exchanger 10 as an electrically generated working fluid flow 23H for feeding into the turbine 23 to expand therein, thereby rotating the shaft to generate electricity. The expanded working fluid can be output from the turbine 23 as an expanded working fluid flow 23C. The electricity generated by the turbine expansion of the working fluid can be fed to at least one power storage device 25 (ES). Such a device can be a battery, a battery array, or other type of device configured to store electricity. Alternatively, the electricity can be fed directly to one or more other devices and / or the power grid. For example, a first electrical connection 23a can exist between the turbine 23 and the first motor 5M for supplying power directly from the turbine 23 to the first motor 5M, and a second electrical connection 23b can exist between the second motor 21a and the turbine 23 for supplying power directly from the turbine 23 to the second motor 21a without utilizing the intermediate power storage device 25.

[0093] The power storage device 25 can be positioned to output power via a first electrical connection 31A between the power storage device 25 and the first motor 5M, for providing power to supply power for the operation of the motor and the first fluid flow drive mechanism 5. The power storage device 25 can also be positioned to output power via a second electrical connection 31B between the power storage device 25 and the second motor 21a, for providing power to supply power for the operation of the motor and the second fluid flow drive mechanism 21. The power storage device 25 can also be positioned to output power to the power grid or at least one other electrical appliance (e.g., an HVAC system, a refrigeration system of a facility near the equipment, etc.) via a third electrical connection 31C between the power storage device 25 and one or more of these components.

[0094] As described above, in alternative embodiments, these types of electrical connections can be directly provided between the turbine 23 and different equipment for supplying power to that equipment and / or the power grid. In such embodiments, the power storage device 25 may not be used, or an electrical connection for supplying some of the power generated by the generator via the turbine 23 to the power storage device 25 may be utilized. For example, such connections may be provided via a first electrical connection 23a and / or a second electrical connection 23b, which may be provided between the turbine 23 and the other equipment (e.g., an electrical connection between the turbine 23 and the working fluid drive mechanism motor 22a and / or an electrical connection between the turbine 23 and other equipment, etc.).

[0095] In some embodiments, the device 1 can be configured such that the heated cryogenic fluid, as a vaporized fluid stream 7a, output from the first heat exchanger 7 can be fed into a buffer tank system 9 (BT Sys.), which in turn... Figures 1 to 3 The components are shown in dashed lines as optional elements. The buffer tank system 9 may include at least one buffer tank for storing gas formed via the first heat exchanger 7, and may also include a flow control manifold (FCM) for distributing the stored fluid, such that the fluid in the buffer tank of the buffer tank system 9 may be distributed to one or more downstream units.

[0096] When utilized, the buffer tank system 9 can be positioned to store a vaporized fluid stream for feeding toward the second heat exchanger 10, to be cooled before being output for subsequent use as gas. Cooling of the vaporized fluid stored in the buffer tank system 9 or output from the first heat exchanger 7 may be necessary to account for heating due to the inverse Joule-Thompson effect, which can occur, for example, when the gaseous fluid output as vaporized fluid stream 7a is fed into a vehicle fuel tank or when the gas spends a sufficiently long time in the storage tank to be heated. This can occur, for example, in embodiments configured as hydrogen or natural gas refueling stations.

[0097] In an embodiment utilizing the buffer tank system 9, a buffer tank feed conduit may be positioned between the first heat exchanger 7 and the buffer tank for feeding a vaporized fluid flow 7a into the buffer tank, and a second heat exchanger feed conduit may be connected between the buffer tank and the second heat exchanger 10 to feed vaporized fluid from the buffer tank into the second heat exchanger 10 for cooling therein via a heated and higher-pressure flow 21H of the working fluid output from the second flow drive mechanism (FDM2) or via another fluid flow that can be used as a cooling medium in the second heat exchanger 10.

[0098] The cooled, vaporized fluid stream output from the second heat exchanger 10 can be entirely gaseous or substantially gaseous for subsequent use. For example, the cooled, vaporized fluid stream can be output as a distributor feed stream 15a, which is fed into the distributor 15 to provide fluid as a distributor feed stream to fill the fuel tank of the vehicle 13 via the vehicle fuel tank connection mechanism 16a of the distributor 15. The cooled, vaporized fluid stream output from the second heat exchanger 10 can be fed into the distributor 15 for installation in the vehicle fuel tank via the vehicle fuel tank connection mechanism 16a of the distributor 15.

[0099] Figure 1 An exemplary embodiment of the power generation system 1a may include a turbine 23, a second fluid flow drive mechanism 21, and a working fluid conduit arrangement that facilitates the flow of working fluid between the turbine and the second fluid flow drive mechanism 21 (e.g., from the turbine 23 through the first heat exchanger 7 and back to the turbine 23 via the second fluid flow drive mechanism 21). The electricity generated by the power generation system allows the refrigeration energy of the cryogenic fluid stored in the storage container 3 to be utilized rather than wasted. This type of configuration can also prevent or mitigate fog formation that may occur during equipment operation.

[0100] Embodiments of device 1 may alternatively utilize an electricity generation system 1a configured to utilize one or more thermoelectric generator devices G. For example, such as Figure 2 and Figure 3As shown, the first flow drive mechanism 5 (FDM1) can be positioned to facilitate the feeding of cryogenic fluid from the storage container 3 to the first heat exchanger 7. The first flow drive mechanism 5 can be positioned such that a storage outlet conduit 3a is connected between the storage container 3 and the first flow drive mechanism 5 for feeding cryogenic fluid into the first flow drive mechanism 5, and the first flow drive mechanism outlet conduit 5a can be positioned between the first flow drive mechanism 5 and the first heat exchanger 7 for feeding cryogenic fluid from the storage container 3 to the first heat exchanger 7. Alternatively, a first heat exchanger feed conduit can be positioned between the storage container 3 and the first heat exchanger 7, and the first flow drive mechanism 5 can be positioned and connected to this conduit to facilitate the flow of cryogenic fluid from the storage container 3 to the first heat exchanger 7.

[0101] The first flow drive mechanism 5 can be connected to the first motor (EM1). The first motor 5M can be connected to the first flow drive mechanism 5 or integrated into the first flow drive mechanism 5 via a power connection PC, such that the power supplied to the first motor 5M can be used to power the operation of the first flow drive mechanism 5. Power can be supplied via a power storage device 25 (ES), which can be electrically connected to the first motor and / or other power supply elements (e.g., a connection to the power grid to receive power from the grid to power the operation of the motor).

[0102] The first heat exchanger 7 can be configured to receive a flow of heating medium (HMI) for heating the cryogenic fluid output from the storage container 3 to output a vaporized fluid flow 7a. For example, the heating medium can be ambient air, water, or a fluid flow from a plant process. The vaporized fluid flow 7a output from the first heat exchanger 7 can be entirely gaseous (e.g., hydrogen when the cryogenic fluid to be heated fed into the first heat exchanger is liquid hydrogen, natural gas when the cryogenic fluid to be heated fed into the first heat exchanger is liquefied natural gas, etc.).

[0103] The heating medium used to heat the cryogenic fluid in the first heat exchanger 7 can be cooled via heat transfer that occurs in the first heat exchanger 7 as the cryogenic fluid is heated, and can be output as a cooling stream (HMO) of the heating medium.

[0104] The first heat exchanger 7 may include at least one thermoelectric generating device G, which can generate electricity from a temperature difference or heat flux, formed via heat transfer between a heating medium and a cryogenic fluid fed into the first heat exchanger 7, for heating the cryogenic fluid to form a vaporized fluid flow 7a. Each thermoelectric generating device G may be integrated into or coupled to the heat exchanger to generate electricity via heat flux generated by heat transfer occurring within the heat exchanger.

[0105] As discussed above, the buffer tank system 9 (BT Sys.) can optionally be used to store the vaporized fluid before feeding it to the second heat exchanger 10 for cooling, taking into account the anti-Joule-Thompson effect or ambient heating, or the vaporized fluid stream 7a can be fed directly to the second heat exchanger 10. Examples of such configurations are found in... Figure 2 Example in.

[0106] If possible Figure 1 and Figure 2 As illustrated by the dashed lines representing optional components, the embodiments can also be adapted to generate thermoelectricity for heating a cryogenic fluid output from the first heat exchanger HX1. For example, an output conduit 7E for promoting power generation from the first heat exchanger 7 can be connected to the first heat exchanger 7 to provide an adjustable flow path for a vaporized fluid flow 7a output from the first heat exchanger 7. Such adjustability can be provided, for example, via a valve. The valve can be positioned such that, when the valve is in a first position, the vaporized fluid flow output from the first heat exchanger can be delivered to downstream components, such as the buffer tank of the buffer tank system 9 or the second heat exchanger 10, without generating electricity via the cryogenic fluid through the conduit. When the valve is in a second position, the vaporized fluid flow 7a can be directed through the output conduit 7E for promoting power generation connected to the first heat exchanger 7, such that adjustment of the valve to the second position can regulate the flow of the vaporized fluid flow 7a, such that when delivered from the first heat exchanger 7 to downstream components (e.g., the buffer tank 9, the second heat exchanger 10, or other downstream components), the vaporized fluid flow 7a passes through the output conduit 7E for promoting power generation. At least one thermoelectric generating device G can be connected to an output conduit 7E that promotes electricity generation, such that the cryogenic fluid can be heated as it passes through the conduit, and the heat transfer flux from such heating can promote the generation of electricity via the thermoelectric generating device G.

[0107] The flow rate of the vaporized fluid stream 7a can be adjusted based on the temperature of the cryogenic fluid output from the first heat exchanger 7 to utilize the output conduit 7E for promoting electricity generation. For example, if the vaporized fluid is too cold to be fed into the buffer tank 9, the valve of the output conduit 7E for promoting electricity generation can be adjusted to its second position for electricity generation, which can also help to further heat the cryogenic fluid for delivery to the buffer tank 9. In some embodiments, such triggering can occur to actuate valve adjustment between the first and second positions based on a detected temperature of the cryogenic fluid output from the first heat exchanger being at or below a first preselected temperature threshold. It is anticipated that this type of optional output conduit 7E for promoting electricity generation can help facilitate the capture and utilization of additional cold energy from previously cooled cryogenic fluid into a liquid state, allowing for further enhancement of energy efficiency improvements.

[0108] Electricity generated via one or more thermoelectric generating devices G connected to the output conduit 7E that facilitates power generation can be transferred to converter 29 via electrical connection 25E between thermoelectric generating device G and converter 29. Converter 29 can convert the current and transfer it to the first motor 5M, energy storage device 25, power grid, or another element that can utilize electricity (e.g., second motor EM2, etc.) via at least one electrical connection 29E between converter and one or more of these elements or via converter electrical connection 29C between converter 29 and power storage device 25.

[0109] In an embodiment utilizing the output conduit 7E that facilitates power generation, the conduit and one or more thermoelectric generating devices (and converter 29) can be considered components of the power generation system 1a for this embodiment. The electricity generated by the power generation system 1a allows the refrigeration energy of the cryogenic fluid stored in the storage container 3 to be utilized rather than wasted. This type of configuration can also prevent or mitigate fog formation that may occur during device operation.

[0110] As another alternative, the second heat exchanger 10 can be omitted, and only the first heat exchanger 7 can be used. Examples of this arrangement are shown in... Figure 3 The following example illustrates this. For instance, if the vaporized fluid generated from the first heat exchanger 7 can have a temperature suitable for feeding downstream to the fuel tank of the vehicle 13 in the refueling station embodiment, the second heat exchanger 10 may not be used. As discussed above, in such a configuration, the vapor generated from the first heat exchanger 7 can be used as an output stream 7c for feeding downstream units. For example, output stream 7c can be fed to distributor 15 for feeding vehicles in the refueling station configuration. Alternatively, the vaporized fluid generated as output stream 7c can be fed to another type of device for use by that device.

[0111] It should be understood that the optional output conduit 7E for promoting power generation discussed above and one or more thermoelectric generating devices G connected to the first heat exchanger output conduit may also be included in such embodiments. As discussed above, for example, the conduit may be used in an adjustable manner based on the temperature of the cryogenic fluid output from the first heat exchanger 7 to facilitate the feeding of the cryogenic fluid into the buffer tank 9.

[0112] In embodiments utilizing the second heat exchanger 10, the second heat exchanger 10 may further include at least one thermoelectric generating device G, which can generate electricity from a temperature difference or heat flux, which can be formed via heat transfer between a vaporized fluid fed into the second heat exchanger 10 to cool the fluid and a refrigerant stream (RI) fed into the second heat exchanger as a cooling medium. The heated refrigerant can be output from the second heat exchanger 10 as a heated refrigerant stream RO. The refrigerant can be ambient air, chilled water, or other suitable refrigerants (e.g., process gases from another plant process).

[0113] One or more thermoelectric generator units G of the first heat exchanger 7 can be electrically connected to the converter 29 via a first electrical connection 24E between the thermoelectric generator unit G and the converter 29. When utilized, one or more thermoelectric generator units G of the second heat exchanger 10 can be electrically connected to the converter 29 via a second electrical connection 26E between the thermoelectric generator unit G and the converter 29. The converter can be an inverter converter or other suitable type of converter for converting the power output from one or more thermoelectric generator units G to form power for supplying to the power storage device 25 via a converter electrical connection 29C between the converter 29 and the power storage device 25. For example, the converter 29 can be configured to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) or to convert DC to AC. The converter 29 may include a single converter unit or multiple converter units.

[0114] The power storage device 25 can be electrically connected to the first motor 5M via a first electrical connection 31A between the power storage device 25 and the first motor 5M to provide power for the operation of the motor and the first fluid flow drive mechanism 5. The power storage device 25 can also be positioned to output power to the power grid or at least one other electric appliance (e.g., an HVAC system, a refrigeration system of a facility near the equipment, etc.) via a second electrical connection 31D between the power storage device 25 and one or more of these components.

[0115] Figure 2 and Figure 3 An exemplary embodiment of the power generation system 1a may include a thermoelectric generator device G and a converter 29. The electricity generated by the power generation system 1a can allow the cooling energy of the cryogenic fluid stored in the storage container 3 to be utilized instead of being wasted. This type of configuration can also prevent or mitigate the formation of fog that may be generated by the operation of the equipment.

[0116] refer to Figure 4 and Figure 5An embodiment of the device 1 for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid can be configured for use in a vehicle. For example, such an embodiment can be mobile and located on a vehicle. Figures 1 to 3 In the embodiment of device 1 shown, the vehicle 13 may be of the type that can be configured to receive hydrogen or natural gas fuel, and the device may be configured as a hydrogen or natural gas refueling station.

[0117] Vehicle 13 may include a fuel tank 13a (tank). Fuel tank 13a may store cryogenic fluids, such as, for example, liquid hydrogen, liquefied natural gas, methane gas, or hydrogen gas. Alternatively, fuel tank 13a may store a partially gaseous and partially liquid cryogenic fluid. The cryogenic fluid stored in fuel tank 13a may be fed to vehicle heat exchanger 13b (HXV) for subsequent feeding into fuel cell 13f, where it will be used to generate electricity to power the operation of vehicle 13. Heat exchanger feed conduit 14a may be positioned between fuel tank 13a and vehicle heat exchanger 13b to supply fluid to the heat exchanger.

[0118] The vehicle heat exchanger 13b (HXV) may include a vaporizer or a combination of a vaporizer for heating a fluid and a post-cooler for cooling the fluid, such that the fuel cell feed 14b output from the vehicle heat exchanger 13b is at a preselected fuel cell feed temperature. The fuel cell feed 14b may be fed into the fuel cell 13f via a fuel cell feed conduit positioned between the vehicle heat exchanger 13b and the fuel cell 13f.

[0119] The vehicle heat exchanger 13b can use different types of heat transfer media or refrigerants. For example, ambient air can be used as a heating medium for the vaporizer of the heat exchanger 13b. Ambient air can be transferred from the air surrounding the vehicle into the heat exchanger. As another example, cooling water from the fuel cell 13f can be used as a heating medium for the vaporizer of the heat exchanger 13b, cooling the water for use in the fuel cell, as part of the cooling water fluid loop of the fuel cell 13f.

[0120] One or more thermoelectric generator units G may be attached to the vehicle heat exchanger 13b to convert the heat flux of the heat exchanger into electricity, which is used to supply power to the converter 13c via a converter electrical connection 14c between the thermoelectric generator unit G and the converter 13c. The converter 13c can convert the power from DC to AC or from AC to DC, as needed, to supply the vehicle battery 13bat via a battery electrical connection 14d between the converter 13c and the battery 13bat. The converter 13c may also be configured to increase or decrease the voltage (e.g., converting DC at a first voltage to DC at a second voltage lower or higher than the first voltage).

[0121] The converter 13c can also (or alternatively) convert the power from DC to AC or from AC to DC, as needed for supplying power to the vehicle's propulsion system 13str via the propulsion system electrical connection 14e between the converter 13c and the vehicle's propulsion system 13str (e.g., to drive the movement of wheels, propellers, or other propulsion systems to aid in the movement of the vehicle). The converter 13c can also (or alternatively) convert the power from DC to AC or from AC to DC, as needed for supplying power to the vehicle's exhaust regulation mechanism 13ex via the exhaust regulation electrical connection 14f between the converter 13c and the exhaust regulation mechanism 13ex (exhaust regulation). For example, the exhaust regulation mechanism 13ex can be configured to regulate the vehicle's emissions to expel them from the vehicle. As described above, the converter 13c can also be configured to increase or decrease voltage (e.g., converting DC at a first voltage to DC at a second voltage lower or higher than the first voltage) for supplying power to the propulsion system 13str and / or the exhaust regulation mechanism 13ex.

[0122] Figure 4 The power generation system 1a of one embodiment may include a thermoelectric generator G and a converter 13c. The electricity generated by the power generation system 1a allows the cooling energy of the cryogenic fluid stored in the fuel tank 13a to be utilized instead of wasted. This type of configuration can also prevent or mitigate fog formation that may occur during equipment operation.

[0123] Figure 4The power generation system 1a of the embodiment may also include other elements. For example, the vehicle heat exchanger 13b (HXV) may include an output conduit 14x that facilitates power generation, which can be connected to a fuel cell feed conduit positioned between the vehicle heat exchanger 13b and the fuel cell 13f, such that vaporized fluid output from the vehicle heat exchanger 13b can be fed into the fuel cell 13f and additional electricity is generated. In some configurations, the output conduit 14x that facilitates power generation may be an output conduit of the vehicle heat exchanger 13b to provide an adjustable flow path for the fuel cell feed 14b output from the vehicle heat exchanger 13b. Such adjustability may be provided, for example, via a valve. The valve may be positioned such that when the valve is in a first position, a flow of vaporized fluid output from the vehicle heat exchanger 13b can be delivered to the fuel cell 13f without electricity generation occurring via the vaporized cryogenic fluid passing through the conduit. When the valve is in the second position, the fuel cell feed 14b can be guided through the power generation-enhancing output conduit 14x connected to the vehicle heat exchanger 13b, such that adjusting the valve to the second position regulates the flow of the vaporized fluid for the fuel cell feed 14b, so that the fuel cell feed passes through the power generation-enhancing output conduit 14x when transferred from the vehicle heat exchanger 13b to the fuel cell 13f. At least one thermoelectric generating device G can be connected to the power generation-enhancing output conduit 14x, such that the cryogenic fluid can be heated as it passes through the conduit, and the heat transfer flux from such heating can promote the generation of electricity via the thermoelectric generating device G.

[0124] The flow rate of the fuel cell feed 14b can be adjusted based on the temperature of the cryogenic fluid output from the vehicle heat exchanger 13b to utilize the power generation-enhancing output conduit 14x. For example, if the vaporized fluid is too cold to be fed into the fuel cell 13f, the valve of the power generation-enhancing output conduit 14x can be adjusted to its second position for power generation, which can also help to further heat the cryogenic fluid for delivery to the fuel cell 13f. In some embodiments, such triggering to actuate the valve adjustment between the first and second positions can occur based on a detected temperature of the cryogenic fluid output from the vehicle heat exchanger 13b being at or below a first preselected temperature threshold. It is anticipated that this type of optional power generation-enhancing output conduit 14x can help facilitate the capture and utilization of additional cold energy from previously cooled cryogenic fluid, allowing for further enhancements in energy efficiency.

[0125] Electricity generated via one or more thermoelectric generating devices G connected to the output conduit 14x that facilitates power generation can be transferred to the converter 13c via an electrical connection 14s between the thermoelectric generating device G and the converter 13c. The converter 13c can convert the current and transmit it to the battery 13bat, the propulsion system 13str, or the exhaust regulation 13ex.

[0126] In an embodiment utilizing an output conduit 14x that facilitates power generation, the conduit and one or more thermoelectric generating devices G connected to it can be considered components of the power generation system 1a for that embodiment. The electricity generated by the power generation system 1a allows for better utilization of the cooling energy of the cryogenic fluid stored in the fuel tank 13a, and can also help prevent or mitigate fog formation that may occur during equipment operation.

[0127] The vehicle 13 may also include other features that could further improve the efficiency and operation of the power generation system 1a. For example, water output from the fuel cell 13f (e.g., via the generation of electricity using hydrogen) may be output to the fuel cell water heat exchanger HXW via a fuel cell water output conduit 14w connected between the fuel cell 13f and the fuel cell water heat exchanger HXW. One or more thermoelectric generating devices G connected to the vehicle heat exchanger 13b may also be connected to the fuel cell water heat exchanger HXW to enhance power generation. Water output from the fuel cell water heat exchanger HXW may be output as a water output stream 14r, which may be delivered to a radiator of the vehicle or other vehicle components.

[0128] Figure 4 The embodiments can be sized and configured for use in cars, trucks, or other types of vehicles. As described above, such vehicles 13 can also be configured to receive fuel from embodiments of the invention configured as refueling stations.

[0129] Figure 5 An embodiment of device 1 for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid is illustrated. This device can be configured for use in a vehicle 13 and can be adapted for use in larger types of vehicles, such as ships, large watercraft (e.g., container ships, barges, etc.), or train engines (e.g., locomotives) that can be pulled or propelled by rail to transport multiple railcars along the railway.

[0130] The device 1 may include a fuel tank 13a in which a cryogenic fluid may be stored. For example, the cryogenic fluid may be liquid hydrogen, liquefied natural gas, gaseous hydrogen, or gaseous natural gas. The fuel tank 13a may store cryogenic fluids such as liquid hydrogen or liquefied natural gas. Alternatively, the fuel tank 13a may store gaseous and partially gaseous cryogenic fluids. The cryogenic fluid stored in the fuel tank 13a may be fed into the vehicle heat exchanger 13b (HXV) via a heat exchanger feed conduit 14a connected between the fuel tank 13a and the vehicle heat exchanger 13b. The fluid fed into the vehicle heat exchanger 13b may be heated therein via a working fluid heating medium flow 18C supplied to the vehicle heat exchanger through a turbine 13T of the vehicle.

[0131] Heated cryogenic fluid output from vehicle heat exchanger 13b can be fed into vehicle fuel cell 13f as fuel cell feed 14b to generate electricity for use in the vehicle. For example, fuel cell feed 14b output from vehicle heat exchanger 13b can be output at a pre-selected fuel cell feed temperature. Fuel cell feed 14b can be fed into fuel cell 13f via a fuel cell feed conduit positioned between vehicle heat exchanger 13b and fuel cell 13f.

[0132] The working fluid heating medium flow 18C can be further cooled while it is used as a heating medium in the vehicle heat exchanger 13b, and can then be output as a cooled working fluid flow 16C for feeding into the working fluid drive mechanism 13F (FDMV) of the vehicle 13. The working fluid drive mechanism 13F can be, for example, a pump or a compressor. The working fluid drive mechanism 13F can be connected to a working fluid drive mechanism motor (EMV). The working fluid drive mechanism motor 13M (EMV) can be connected to the working fluid drive mechanism 13F or can be integrated into the working fluid drive mechanism 13F via a power connection PC, such that the electricity supplied to the working fluid drive mechanism motor (EMV) can be utilized to power the operation of the working fluid drive mechanism 13F. The electricity can be supplied via a turbine 13T, which can be electrically connected to the working fluid drive mechanism motor 13M and / or other components of the vehicle 13 (e.g., battery 13bat, propulsion system 13str, exhaust regulation mechanism 13ex, etc.).

[0133] The working fluid drive mechanism 13F can output a working fluid flow 16H, which can also be at a higher pressure to feed into the turbine 13T. The output working fluid of the working fluid flow 16H can also be at a higher temperature due to fluid compression occurring via the working fluid drive mechanism 13F.

[0134] The heated working fluid flow 16H can be fed into the cooling unit 13d (CD) for use as a cooling medium to cool another fluid in the vehicle. For example, the vehicle fluid input flow (VFI) can be fed into the cooling unit 13d for cooling via the heated working fluid flow 16H and output as a cooled vehicle fluid output flow VFO for use in the vehicle 13 and / or for discharge at a cooler temperature suitable for exhaust. The heated working fluid can be output from the cooling unit 13d as a hotter working fluid flow 18H because the vehicle fluid input flow can transfer heat to the working fluid via the cooling unit 13d. The hotter working fluid flow 18H can be fed into the inlet of the turbine 13T for expansion therein to output a working fluid heating medium flow 18C to be fed into the vehicle heat exchanger 13b. The expansion of the working fluid via the turbine 13T can rotate at least one shaft of the turbine for power generation.

[0135] The electricity generated by the operation of turbine 13T can be supplied to various components of vehicle 13. For example, the battery electrical connection 14d between turbine 13T and battery 13bat can supply the electricity generated by turbine 13T to battery 13bat for storage and subsequent use. Turbine 13T can also (or alternatively) supply the generated electricity to the propulsion system 13str of vehicle via propulsion system electrical connection 14e between turbine 13T and propulsion system 13str. Turbine 13T can also (or alternatively) supply the generated electricity to the exhaust regulation mechanism 13ex (exhaust regulation) of vehicle via exhaust regulation electrical connection 14f between turbine 13T and exhaust regulation mechanism 13ex. For example, exhaust regulation mechanism 13ex can be configured to regulate the emissions of vehicle for discharging emissions from vehicle. The turbine 13T can also (or alternatively) supply power to the working fluid drive mechanism motor 13M via the drive motor electrical connection 14M between the turbine and the motor or via the drive motor electrical connection provided by the battery 13bat, which can be electrically connected to the working fluid drive mechanism motor 13M via the drive motor electrical connection 14M connected between the battery 13bat and the working fluid drive mechanism motor 13M.

[0136] The working fluid conduit arrangement for the power generation system 1a in this embodiment may include conduits positioned between the turbine 13T and the vehicle heat exchanger 13b, and between the turbine 13T and the cooling unit 13d, for providing flow of working fluid within a cooling and heating cycle provided via the heat exchanger 13b, the cooling unit 13d, the turbine 13T, and the working fluid drive mechanism 13F. The working fluid conduit arrangement may also include conduits positioned between the heat exchanger 13b and the working fluid drive mechanism 13F, and between the cooling unit and the working fluid drive mechanism 13F.

[0137] Figure 5 The power generation system 1a of this embodiment may include a turbine 13T and a working fluid conduit arrangement. For example, the power generation system 1a may include a turbine 13T, a working fluid flow drive mechanism 13F, and a working fluid conduit arrangement that facilitates the flow of working fluid between the turbine 13T and the working fluid flow drive mechanism 13F (e.g., from the turbine 13T through the vehicle heat exchanger 13b and back to the turbine 13T via the working fluid flow drive mechanism 13F). The electricity generated by the power generation system 1a can allow the refrigeration energy of the cryogenic fluid stored in the storage container 3 to be utilized instead of wasted. This type of configuration can also prevent or mitigate fog formation that may be generated by the operation of the device 1 on the vehicle.

[0138] Figure 5The power generation system 1a of the embodiments may also include other elements. For example (and also as discussed above), the vehicle heat exchanger 13b (HXV) may include an output conduit 14x that facilitates power generation, which can be connected to a fuel cell feed conduit positioned between the vehicle heat exchanger 13b and the fuel cell 13f, such that vaporized fluid output from the vehicle heat exchanger 13b can be fed into the fuel cell 13f and additional electricity is generated. In some configurations, the output conduit 14x that facilitates power generation may be an output conduit of the vehicle heat exchanger 13b to provide an adjustable flow path for the fuel cell feed 14b output from the vehicle heat exchanger 13b. Such adjustability may be provided, for example, via a valve. The valve may be positioned such that when the valve is in a first position, a flow of vaporized fluid output from the vehicle heat exchanger 13b can be delivered to the fuel cell 13f without electricity generation occurring via the vaporized cryogenic fluid passing through the conduit. When the valve is in the second position, the fuel cell feed 14b can be guided through the power generation-enhancing output conduit 14x connected to the vehicle heat exchanger 13b, such that adjusting the valve to the second position regulates the flow of the vaporized fluid for the fuel cell feed 14b, so that the fuel cell feed 14b passes through the power generation-enhancing output conduit 14x when transferred from the vehicle heat exchanger 13b to the fuel cell 13f. At least one thermoelectric generator G can be connected to the power generation-enhancing output conduit 14x, such that the cryogenic fluid can be heated as it passes through the conduit, and the heat transfer flux from such heating can promote the generation of electricity via the thermoelectric generator G.

[0139] The flow rate of the fuel cell feed 14b can be adjusted based on the temperature of the cryogenic fluid output from the vehicle heat exchanger 13b to utilize the power generation-enhancing output conduit 14x. For example, if the vaporized fluid is too cold to be fed into the fuel cell 13f, the valve of the power generation-enhancing output conduit 14x can be adjusted to its second position for power generation, which can also help to further heat the cryogenic fluid for delivery to the fuel cell 13f. In some embodiments, such triggering to actuate the valve adjustment between the first and second positions can occur based on a detected temperature of the cryogenic fluid output from the vehicle heat exchanger 13b being at or below a first preselected temperature threshold. It is anticipated that this type of optional power generation-enhancing output conduit 14x can help facilitate the capture and utilization of additional cold energy from previously cooled cryogenic fluid, allowing for further enhancements in energy efficiency.

[0140] Electricity generated via one or more thermoelectric generating devices G connected to the output conduit 14x that facilitates power generation can be transferred to the converter 13c via an electrical connection 14s between the thermoelectric generating device G and the converter 13c. The converter 13c can convert the current and transfer it to the battery 13bat, the propulsion system 13str, or the exhaust regulation 13ex via at least one electrical connection 49E that the converter 13c may have with those components.

[0141] refer to Figure 6 Other embodiments of the device 1 for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid can be configured for use in industrial processing operations. For example, embodiments can be used in conjunction with supplying an oxidant stream to a furnace in an industrial process (PRC) for combustion of fuel to heat and / or melt materials (e.g., aluminum, steel, other metals) or an inert gas stream for use in the industrial process (PRC). In embodiments where the industrial process is melting materials, the industrial process (PRC) may include, for example, a furnace, and the cryogenic fluid stored for use may be liquid oxygen. In other embodiments, the cryogenic fluid may be an inert fluid (e.g., liquid nitrogen, liquid argon, liquid helium) and may be used in the industrial process to control the atmospheric conditions of the industrial process or to control a specific desired concentration of active elements (e.g., oxygen for the oxidant stream, active components in the reactor feed, etc.) in the fluid stream to be used in the industrial process (PRC).

[0142] The cryogenic fluid stored in storage container 3 (storage device) can be liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, or other cryogenic fluids. In different embodiments, the fluid can be liquid or partially liquid and partially gaseous.

[0143] The cryogenic fluid can be output from the storage container 3 to the first heat exchanger 7 via a storage output conduit 3b connecting the storage container 3 and the first heat exchanger 7. The cryogenic fluid can be heated via the heat exchanger and output as a gaseous fluid stream 3c at a temperature suitable for feeding into an industrial process (PRC). For example, the output heated fluid can be at a preselected oxidant feed temperature for feeding into a furnace or for mixing with other gases for feeding into a furnace. In such embodiments, the furnace can be a blast furnace or other type of furnace.

[0144] Industrial processes can output waste heat stream WH. For example, in embodiments where the industrial process (PRC) includes a furnace or burner, the waste heat stream can be flue gas or other types of combustion gases. The waste heat stream WH can be a hot fluid and can be cooled via a second heat exchanger 10 (HX2) before being discharged via at least one discharge conduit (outlet). In some embodiments, the discharge conduit (outlet) can supply the hot fluid to a bag filter chamber or other emission control device before discharging the hot gas.

[0145] The working fluid can be transferred between the first heat exchanger 7 and the turbine 23 via a working fluid conduit, for use as a heating medium in the first heat exchanger 7 and as a cooling medium in the second heat exchanger 10 for power generation, to recover the refrigeration load from the cryogenic fluid that is heated to feed into the industrial process (PRC).

[0146] For example, the working fluid can be output from turbine 23 as an expanded working fluid stream 23C, and fed into the first heat exchanger 7 as a heating medium for heating the cryogenic fluid fed into the first heat exchanger 7. Cooled working fluid can be output from the first heat exchanger 7 as a cooled working fluid stream 21C, for feeding into the working fluid drive mechanism 22 (FDMF). In some embodiments, the working fluid drive mechanism can be a pump or a compressor. The working fluid can be pressurized and / or heated, and output from the working fluid drive mechanism 22 as a heated and pressurized working fluid stream 21H, which can be fed into the second heat exchanger 10 as a cooling medium for cooling the waste heat stream WH. When the working fluid is used as a cooling medium in the heat transfer between the waste heat stream WH and the working fluid, the working fluid can be further heated by receiving heat from the waste heat stream WH, and can be output as an electricity-generating working fluid stream 23H to feed into turbine 23. Turbine 23 can expand the heated and pressurized working fluid to generate electricity and output the expanded working fluid stream 23C.

[0147] The working fluid drive mechanism 22 can be connected to the working fluid drive mechanism motor 22a (EMF). The working fluid drive mechanism motor 22a (EMF) can be connected directly to the working fluid drive mechanism 22 or integrated into the working fluid drive mechanism 22 via a power connection PC, such that the power supplied to the working fluid drive mechanism motor (EMF) can be utilized to power the operation of the working fluid drive mechanism 22. Power can be supplied via a turbine 23, which can be electrically connected to the working fluid drive mechanism motor 22a and / or other components (e.g., the power grid).

[0148] For example, turbine 23 may have an electrical connection to at least one power storage device 25 (e.g., a battery). Power storage device 25 may have a first electrical connection 31E to the power grid for supplying power to the grid. Power storage device 23 may have a second electrical connection 31F to a working fluid drive mechanism motor 22a (EMF) for supplying power to the motor. Power storage device 25 may have a third electrical connection 31G to one or more other components for supplying power to those components. Such components may include other electric equipment or other electrical devices in a plant operating an industrial process PRC.

[0149] Figure 6An exemplary embodiment of the power generation system 1a may include a turbine 23, a working fluid flow drive mechanism 22, and a working fluid conduit arrangement that facilitates the flow of working fluid between the turbine 23 and the working fluid flow drive mechanism 22 (e.g., from the turbine 23, through the first heat exchanger 7, through the second heat exchanger 10, and back to the turbine 23 via the working fluid flow drive mechanism 22).

[0150] The working fluid conduit arrangement of the power generation system 1a may include an expansion working fluid conduit positioned between the turbine 23 and the first heat exchanger 7, and a cooling working fluid conduit positioned between the first heat exchanger 7 and the working fluid drive mechanism 22. The working fluid conduit arrangement may also include a heated working fluid feed conduit positioned between the working fluid drive mechanism and the second heat exchanger 10, and a turbine feed conduit positioned between the second heat exchanger 10 and the turbine 23.

[0151] The electricity generated by the power generation system 1a allows the cooling energy of the cryogenic fluid stored in the storage container 3 to be utilized instead of being wasted. This type of configuration can also prevent or mitigate fog formation that may occur during equipment operation.

[0152] exist Figure 7 An exemplary process for utilizing refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid, which can be used in different embodiments of the apparatus 1 of the invention discussed herein, is illustrated. In a first step S1 of this process, the stored cryogenic fluid, stored in a storage container, can be fed into a heat exchanger for heating. The storage container can be stationary (e.g., a storage tank or storage unit located at a fixed location in a factory supported on the ground or in a building) or mobile (e.g., a fuel tank of a vehicle). The stored fluid can be a cryogenic liquid or a partially liquid, partially gaseous cryogenic fluid, or a cryogenic gas.

[0153] In the second step S2, the coldness from the stored fluid to be heated via the heat exchanger can be utilized to supply power for work via the working fluid or thermoelectric generation (e.g., via one or more thermoelectric generation devices G). This utilization can occur in factories, facilities, and / or systems integrated into the vehicle 13 (e.g., trains, ships, trucks, etc.). In an optional third step S3, the coldness from the fluid to be heated can be used for thermoelectric generation when the heated fluid (e.g., as a vaporized cryogenic liquid) output from the heat exchanger can be at or below a preselected temperature. Examples of such use can be understood via the output conduit 7E of the first heat exchanger 7 that facilitates power generation or the output conduit 14x of the vehicle heat exchanger 13b as discussed above. Utilizing the coldness to supply power can be by generating electricity or by direct refrigeration, which can be provided to one or more devices to supply power for the operation of those devices. From the above... Figures 1 to 6 Discussion of exemplary embodiments and the following Figure 8 and Figure 10 In the discussion of exemplary embodiments, instances of power generation and transmission of power directly or indirectly to one or more devices via at least one intermediate battery or other type of power storage device 25 can be understood.

[0154] refer to Figure 8 Embodiments of the device 1 of the present invention may include a storage container 3 (storage device) connected to a first heat exchanger 7 (HX1) for feeding a cryogenic fluid (e.g., liquid hydrogen) stored in the container 3 into the first heat exchanger 7 to undergo heating and / or vaporization in the heat exchanger. The cryogenic fluid stored in the storage container 3 may include a cryogenic liquid or a mixture of cryogenic liquid and cryogenic gas. The storage container 3 may include one or more storage tanks, storage units of storage containers, or other types of storage containers 3.

[0155] A first flow drive mechanism 5 (FDM1) can be positioned to facilitate the feeding of cryogenic fluid from storage container 3 to first heat exchanger 7. The first flow drive mechanism 5 (FDM1) can be considered a cryogenic fluid flow drive mechanism. The first flow drive mechanism 5 can be, for example, a pump or compressor. The first flow drive mechanism 5 can be positioned such that a storage outlet conduit 3a is connected between storage container 3 and the first flow drive mechanism 5 for feeding cryogenic fluid into the first flow drive mechanism 5, and the first flow drive mechanism outlet conduit 5a can be positioned between the first flow drive mechanism 5 and the first heat exchanger 7 for feeding cryogenic fluid from storage container 3 to the first heat exchanger 7. Alternatively, a first heat exchanger feed conduit can be positioned between storage container 3 and the first heat exchanger 7, and the first flow drive mechanism 5 can be positioned and connected to this conduit to facilitate the flow of cryogenic fluid from storage container 3 to the first heat exchanger 7.

[0156] The heated cryogenic fluid can be output from the first heat exchanger 7 as a vaporized fluid stream 7a. The vaporized fluid stream 7a can be fed into the buffer tank of the buffer tank system 9. The buffer tank of the buffer tank system 9 can be positioned between the first heat exchanger 7 and the second heat exchanger 10 such that the buffer tank is positioned to store the vaporized fluid stream for feeding toward the second heat exchanger 10 to be cooled before being output for subsequent use as gas. The buffer tank system 9 may also include a flow control manifold that can facilitate the feeding of fluid from the buffer tank to the second heat exchanger 10 and / or other downstream elements.

[0157] It may be necessary to cool the vaporized fluid stored in the buffer tank of the buffer tank system 9 or output from the first heat exchanger 7 to account for heating caused by the inverse Joule-Thompson effect, which can occur, for example, when the gaseous fluid output as vaporized fluid stream 7a is fed into a vehicle fuel tank or when the gas spends a sufficiently long time in the storage tank to be heated. This can occur, for example, in embodiments of equipment configured as hydrogen or natural gas refueling stations.

[0158] A buffer tank feed conduit can be positioned between the first heat exchanger 7 and the buffer tank of the buffer tank system 9 to feed the vaporized fluid stream 7a into the buffer tank, and a second heat exchanger feed conduit can be connected between the buffer tank and the second heat exchanger 10 to feed the vaporized fluid from the buffer tank into the second heat exchanger 10 for cooling therein. The cooled vaporized fluid stream output from the second heat exchanger 10 can be entirely gaseous or substantially gaseous and is intended for subsequent use. For example, the cooled vaporized fluid stream can be output as a distributor feed stream 15a for feeding into the distributor 15 via the vehicle fuel tank connection mechanism 16a to fill the fuel tank of the vehicle 13.

[0159] The first heat exchanger 7 can utilize a first heat exchanger heating medium flow 61H, which includes a heated heat transfer fluid as the heating medium for the vaporization of a cryogenic fluid fed into the first heat exchanger via a first flow drive mechanism 5 (FDM1) and a storage tank 3. The heat transfer fluid can be a suitable refrigerant for use in a refrigeration system heat exchanger HXR, such as, for example, D-limonene, dipentene, liquid nitrogen, helium, liquid hydrogen, cryogenic fluid, or other suitable refrigerants. The utilized heat transfer fluid can be provided in a closed-loop arrangement to facilitate the extraction of cold from the cryogenic fluid stored in the storage tank 3 and subsequently use that cold as a heat sink for the refrigeration system heat exchanger HXR. Thus, a space (e.g., a warehouse, a freezer unit, etc.) can have its heat removed by using the heat transfer fluid, providing improved operating performance and power utilization of the refrigeration system heat exchanger HXR, while also providing a heating medium for vaporizing the cryogenic liquid stored in the tank 3 and / or heating the cryogenic fluid stored in the tank 3.

[0160] The heat transfer fluid closed-loop circuit may include a cooling heat transfer fluid flow 61C output from the first heat exchanger HX1. The cooling heat transfer fluid flow 61C may be fed into the second heat exchanger HX2 as a cooling medium therein to cool the cryogenic gas output from the buffer tank 9. The heat transfer fluid output from the second heat exchanger may then be fed into the refrigeration system heat exchanger HXR as a heat transfer fluid feed flow 61F for the refrigeration system heat exchanger HXR. The heat transfer fluid feed flow 61F may pass through the coils or other heat exchange elements of the refrigeration system heat exchanger HXR for refrigeration, cooling, and / or freezing of one or more spaces of the facility or refrigeration unit, serving as a heat sink for the refrigeration system heat exchanger 61 (HXR), thereby helping to improve its operating efficiency. The heated heat transfer fluid can be output from the refrigeration system heat exchanger HXR as a heated heat transfer fluid flow 61W. The heated heat transfer fluid flow 61W can be fed into the heat transfer fluid drive mechanism 61P (RP) to increase the pressure of the heat transfer fluid so that the heat transfer fluid can be transferred to the first heat exchanger as the first heat exchanger heat transfer fluid flow 61H.

[0161] In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid drive mechanism 61P (RP) may be a pump or a compressor. A cooled heat transfer fluid flow 61C transferred from the first heat exchanger 7 to the second heat exchanger 10 may be provided via a second heat exchanger heat transfer fluid feed conduit connected between the first heat exchanger 7 and the second heat exchanger 10. A heat transfer fluid feed flow 61F may be output from the second heat exchanger 10 and fed into the refrigeration system heat exchanger 61 (HXR) via a refrigeration system heat exchanger feed conduit connected between the second heat exchanger 10 and the refrigeration system heat exchanger 61. A heated heat transfer fluid flow 61W output from the refrigeration system heat exchanger 61 (HXR) may be fed into the heat transfer fluid drive mechanism 61P via a heat transfer fluid drive mechanism feed conduit connected between the refrigeration system heat exchanger 61 and the heat transfer fluid drive mechanism 61P. The first heat exchanger heating medium flow 61H, which is output from the heat transfer fluid drive mechanism 61P and is used as a heating medium to feed to the first heat exchanger 7, can be transferred to the first heat exchanger 7 via the first heat exchanger heating medium feed conduit connected between the first heat exchanger 7 and the refrigerant fluid drive mechanism 61P.

[0162] Figure 8 The embodiments can also be adapted to utilize thermoelectric generation to produce a heated cryogenic fluid output from the first heat exchanger 7, as discussed above. For example, an output conduit 7E for promoting power generation of the first heat exchanger can be connected to the first heat exchanger 7 to provide an adjustable flow path for a vaporized fluid flow 7a output from the first heat exchanger 7. Such adjustability can be provided, for example, via a valve. The valve can be positioned such that, when the valve is in a first position, the vaporized fluid flow output from the first heat exchanger can be delivered to the buffer tank 9 without generating electricity via the cryogenic fluid through the conduit. When the valve is in a second position, the vaporized fluid flow 7a can be directed through the output conduit 7E for promoting power generation connected to the first heat exchanger 7, such that adjustment of the valve to the second position can regulate the flow of the vaporized fluid flow 7a, such that when delivered from the first heat exchanger 7 to the buffer tank 9, the vaporized fluid flow 7a passes through the output conduit 7E for promoting power generation. At least one thermoelectric generating device G can be connected to an output conduit 7E that promotes electricity generation, such that the cryogenic fluid can be heated as it passes through the conduit, and the heat transfer flux from such heating can promote the generation of electricity via the thermoelectric generating device G.

[0163] As discussed above, the flow rate of the vaporized fluid flow 7a can be adjusted based on the temperature of the cryogenic fluid output from the first heat exchanger 7 to utilize the power generation-enhancing output conduit 7E. For example, if the vaporized fluid is too cold to be fed into the buffer tank 9 as desired, the valve of the power generation-enhancing output conduit 7E can be adjusted to its second position for power generation, which can also help to further heat the cryogenic fluid for delivery to the buffer tank 9. In some embodiments, such triggering to actuate the valve adjustment between the first and second positions can occur based on the detected temperature of the cryogenic fluid output from the first heat exchanger being at or below a first preselected temperature threshold. It is anticipated that this type of optional power generation-enhancing output conduit 7E can help facilitate the capture and utilization of additional cold energy from previously cooled cryogenic fluid into a liquid state, allowing for further enhancement of energy efficiency improvements.

[0164] Electricity generated via one or more thermoelectric generating devices G connected to the output conduit 7E that facilitates power generation can be transmitted to converter 29 via an electrical connection 25E between the thermoelectric generating device G and converter 29. Converter 29 can convert current and transmit it to a first motor 5M, a motor 61M (EMR) of a heat transfer fluid drive mechanism 61P, an energy storage device, a power grid, or another element that can utilize electricity via at least one electrical connection 29E between converter 29 and one or more of these elements.

[0165] In embodiments utilizing the output conduit 7E for promoting electricity generation, the conduit and one or more thermoelectric generating devices (and converter 29) can be considered as being used for Figure 8 Components of the power generation system 1a in an embodiment.

[0166] refer to Figure 10 Embodiments of the device 1 of the present invention may include a storage container 3 (storage device) connected to a first heat exchanger 7 (HX1) for feeding a cryogenic fluid (e.g., liquid hydrogen) stored in the container 3 into the first heat exchanger 7 to undergo heating and / or vaporization in the heat exchanger. The cryogenic fluid stored in the storage container 3 may include a cryogenic liquid or a mixture of cryogenic liquid and cryogenic gas. The storage container 3 may include one or more storage tanks, storage units of storage containers, or other types of storage containers 3.

[0167] A first flow drive mechanism 5 (FDM1) can be positioned to facilitate the feeding of cryogenic fluid from storage container 3 to first heat exchanger 7. The first flow drive mechanism 5 (FDM1) can be considered a cryogenic fluid flow drive mechanism. The first flow drive mechanism 5 can be, for example, a pump or compressor. The first flow drive mechanism 5 can be positioned such that a storage outlet conduit 3a is connected between storage container 3 and the first flow drive mechanism 5 for feeding cryogenic fluid into the first flow drive mechanism 5, and the first flow drive mechanism outlet conduit 5a can be positioned between the first flow drive mechanism 5 and the first heat exchanger 7 for feeding cryogenic fluid from storage container 3 to the first heat exchanger 7. Alternatively, a first heat exchanger feed conduit can be positioned between storage container 3 and the first heat exchanger 7, and the first flow drive mechanism 5 can be positioned and connected to this conduit to facilitate the flow of cryogenic fluid from storage container 3 to the first heat exchanger 7.

[0168] The heated cryogenic fluid can be output from the first heat exchanger 7 as a vaporized fluid stream 7a. The vaporized fluid stream 7a can be fed into a buffer tank system 9, which may include at least one buffer tank. The buffer tank of the buffer tank system 9 can be positioned between the first heat exchanger 7 and the second heat exchanger 10, such that the buffer tank is positioned to store the vaporized fluid stream for feeding toward the second heat exchanger 10 to be cooled before being output for subsequent use as gas. Cooling of the vaporized fluid stored in the buffer tank of the buffer tank system 9 or output from the first heat exchanger 7 may be necessary to account for heating caused by the inverse Joule-Thompson effect, which can occur, for example, when the gaseous fluid output as vaporized fluid stream 7a is fed into a vehicle fuel tank or when the gas spends a sufficiently long time in the storage tank to be heated. This can occur, for example, in embodiments of equipment configured as hydrogen refueling stations or natural gas refueling stations.

[0169] A buffer tank feed conduit can be positioned between the first heat exchanger 7 and the buffer tank of the buffer tank system 9 to feed the vaporized fluid stream 7a into the buffer tank, and a second heat exchanger feed conduit can be connected between the buffer tank and the second heat exchanger 10 to feed the vaporized fluid from the buffer tank into the second heat exchanger 10 for cooling therein. The cooled vaporized fluid stream output from the second heat exchanger 10 can be entirely gaseous or substantially gaseous and is intended for subsequent use. For example, the cooled vaporized fluid stream can be output as a distributor feed stream 15a for feeding into the distributor 15 via the vehicle fuel tank connection mechanism 16a to fill the fuel tank of the vehicle 13.

[0170] The first heat exchanger 7 can utilize a first heat exchanger heating medium flow 61H, which includes a heated heat transfer fluid as the heating medium for the vaporization of a cryogenic fluid fed into the first heat exchanger via a first flow drive mechanism 5 (FDM1) and a storage tank 3. The heat transfer fluid can be a suitable fluid used to provide the working fluid, which can facilitate heat transfer in various different systems. In some cases, the heat transfer fluid can be a type of refrigerant, such as, for example, D-limonene, dipentene, liquid nitrogen, helium, liquid hydrogen, cryogenic fluid, or other suitable refrigerants. The utilized heat transfer fluid can be provided in a closed-loop arrangement to facilitate the extraction of cold from the cryogenic fluid stored in the storage tank 3, and subsequently use this cold as a heat sink for one or more different systems Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, and / or Y5. These systems can be different systems in different industrial plants near the equipment or different systems within the equipment. For example, the first system Y1 may be a heat exchanger for fluid condensation, the second system Y2 may be a solar panel array, the third system Y3 may include at least one compressor or at least one pump with a cooling mechanism (e.g., pre-cooling the compressor, etc.) that can use the cryogenic fluid stored in the storage tank 3, the fourth system Y4 may include a refrigeration system (e.g., a refrigeration system heat exchanger 61 (HXR)), and / or the fifth system Y5 may include one or more thermoelectric generators that can be used as heat sinks for at least some of the fluids to generate electricity. The heat transfer fluid closed-loop loop can be configured to facilitate the feeding of the heat transfer fluid output from the second heat exchanger HX2 to one or more of these different systems, providing additional cooling to those systems and also helping to prevent the heat transfer fluid from freezing due to extreme temperatures. This type of additional cooling can provide additional improved efficiency and the use of the cold energy of the cryogenic fluid stored in the tank 3.

[0171] The heat transfer fluid closed-loop circuit may include a cooled heat transfer fluid flow 61C output from the first heat exchanger HX1. The cooled heat transfer fluid flow 61C may be fed into the second heat exchanger HX2 as a cooling medium therein to cool the gas output from the buffer tank 9. The heat transfer fluid may be output from the second heat exchanger 10 (HX2) as a heat transfer fluid feed flow 61F, which may then be fed to one or more systems via system cooling conduit 61SC to serve as heat sinks in those systems and / or may be circulated back towards the first heat exchanger 7 to vaporize the cryogenic fluid. For example, heated heat transfer fluid from the heat transfer fluid feed flow may be fed to the first system Y1, the second system Y2, the third system Y3, the fourth system Y4, and / or the fifth system Y5 to provide heat sinks to one or more of these systems before further heated heat transfer fluid is passed towards the first heat exchanger as the first heat exchanger heat transfer fluid flow 61H. As described above, these different systems may include, for example, at least one compressor, at least one vaporizer, a solar panel array, and / or a refrigeration system heat exchanger. Other systems that can utilize cooling provided via the heat transfer fluid feed stream 61F may also (or alternatively) receive at least a portion of this stream to cool the heated heat transfer fluid before it is fed toward the first heat exchanger 7. The heated heat transfer fluid stream may be fed to the heat transfer fluid drive mechanism 61P (RP) to increase the pressure of the heat transfer fluid so that it is also transferred to the first heat exchanger 7 as part of the first heat exchanger heat transfer fluid stream 61H.

[0172] As described above, in some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid drive mechanism 61P (RP) can be a pump or a compressor. A cooled heat transfer fluid flow 61C transferred from the first heat exchanger 7 to the second heat exchanger 10 can be provided via a second heat exchanger heat transfer fluid feed conduit connected between the first heat exchanger 7 and the second heat exchanger 10. A heat transfer fluid feed flow 61F can be output from the second heat exchanger 10 and fed to one or more systems Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4 and / or Y5 via a system cooling conduit 61SC connected between the second heat exchanger 10 and one or more of these systems. A heated heat transfer fluid flow output from one or more of these systems can be fed to the heat transfer fluid drive mechanism 61P via a heat transfer fluid drive mechanism feed conduit connected between the one or more systems and the heat transfer fluid drive mechanism 61P. The first heat exchanger heating medium flow 61H, which is output from the heat transfer fluid drive mechanism 61P and is used as a heating medium to feed to the first heat exchanger 7, can be transferred to the first heat exchanger 7 via the first heat exchanger heating medium feed conduit connected between the first heat exchanger 7 and the refrigerant fluid drive mechanism 61P.

[0173] Figure 10 The embodiments can also be adapted to utilize thermoelectric generation to produce a heated cryogenic fluid output from the first heat exchanger 7, as discussed above. For example, an output conduit 7E for promoting power generation of the first heat exchanger can be connected to the first heat exchanger 7 to provide an adjustable flow path for the vaporized fluid flow 7a output from the first heat exchanger 7. Such adjustability can be provided, for example, via a valve. The valve can be positioned such that, when the valve is in a first position, the vaporized fluid flow output from the first heat exchanger can be delivered to the buffer tank system 9 without generating electricity via the cryogenic fluid through the conduit. When the valve is in a second position, the vaporized fluid flow 7a can be directed through the output conduit 7E for promoting power generation connected to the first heat exchanger 7, such that adjustment of the valve to the second position can regulate the flow of the vaporized fluid flow 7a, such that when delivered from the first heat exchanger 7 to the buffer tank system 9, the vaporized fluid flow 7a passes through the output conduit 7E for promoting power generation. At least one thermoelectric generating device G can be connected to an output conduit 7E that promotes electricity generation, such that the cryogenic fluid can be heated as it passes through the conduit, and the heat transfer flux from such heating can promote the generation of electricity via the thermoelectric generating device G.

[0174] As discussed above, the flow rate of the vaporized fluid flow 7a can be adjusted based on the temperature of the cryogenic fluid output from the first heat exchanger 7 to utilize the power generation-enhancing output conduit 7E. For example, if the vaporized fluid is too cold to be fed into the buffer tank 9 as desired, the valve of the power generation-enhancing output conduit 7E can be adjusted to its second position for power generation, which can also help to further heat the cryogenic fluid for delivery to the buffer tank 9. In some embodiments, such triggering to actuate the valve adjustment between the first and second positions can occur based on the detected temperature of the cryogenic fluid output from the first heat exchanger being at or below a first preselected temperature threshold. It is anticipated that this type of optional power generation-enhancing output conduit 7E can help facilitate the capture and utilization of additional cold energy from previously cooled cryogenic fluid into a liquid state, allowing for further enhancement of energy efficiency improvements.

[0175] Electricity generated via one or more thermoelectric generating devices G connected to the output conduit 7E that facilitates power generation can be transferred to converter 29 via the electrical connection 25E between the thermoelectric generating device G and converter 29. Converter 29 can convert the current and transmit it to the first motor 5M and the heat transfer fluid drive mechanism 61P. Figure 10 The motor 61M (EMR) (not shown), energy storage device, power grid, or another element that can utilize electricity via at least one electrical connection 29E between the converter 29 and one or more of these elements.

[0176] In embodiments utilizing the output conduit 7E for promoting electricity generation, the conduit and one or more thermoelectric generating devices (and converter 29) can be considered as being used for Figure 10 Components of the power generation system 1a in an embodiment.

[0177] Figure 9 Another exemplary embodiment of the method of the present invention for recovering and utilizing cold energy from cryogenic liquids and / or cryogenic fluids is illustrated. The method may include a first step ST1, which may include feeding stored cryogenic fluid into a heat exchanger to heat the fluid (e.g., vaporizing the cryogenic liquid into a gas, heating a cryogenic gas, etc.). The stored fluid may be stored in a stationary container (e.g., tank 3) or a mobile container (e.g., a vehicle's fuel tank). In a second step ST2, the coldness from the fluid to be heated in the heat exchanger (e.g., first heat exchanger 7, vehicle heat exchanger 13b, etc.) may be utilized to cool a heat transfer fluid (e.g., a refrigerant used as a heat transfer fluid in the first heat exchanger heating medium flow 61H discussed above) for use as a heat sink to improve the operating efficiency of the refrigeration unit (e.g., refrigeration system heat exchanger 61) and / or other systems (e.g., one or more systems such as the first system Y1, second system Y2, third system Y3, fourth system Y4, and / or fifth system Y5 discussed above). In an optional third step ST3, when the cryogenic fluid from vaporization or the heated cryogenic fluid output from the heat exchanger is at or below a preselected temperature, the excess cooling of the fluid can be used for thermoelectric generation (e.g., using an output conduit 7E, etc., as discussed above, to promote electricity generation). Embodiments of this process can be implemented in embodiments of the system or apparatus of the present invention.

[0178] As can be understood from the above, recovering and using cold energy from cryogenic liquids and / or generating electricity provided by embodiments of the methods of the present invention can allow the utilization of the refrigeration energy of stored cryogenic fluids instead of wasting it. This type of processing can also prevent or mitigate fog formation that may occur by heating the cryogenic fluid for use.

[0179] It should be understood that the embodiments explicitly shown and discussed herein can be modified to meet a specific set of design goals or a specific set of design criteria. For example, the arrangement of valves, pipes, and other conduit elements (e.g., conduit connections, pipes, seals, valves, etc.) used to interconnect different units of equipment to achieve fluid communication between different components (e.g., pumps, heat exchangers, cooling units, refrigeration units, compressors, etc.) can be arranged to meet a specific plant layout design that takes into account the available area of ​​the plant, the fixed-size equipment of the plant, and other design considerations. As another example, the flow rate, pressure, and temperature of the fluid passing through various equipment or system components can be varied to accommodate different design configurations and other design criteria.

[0180] Embodiments of the method of the present invention for using refrigeration energy in cryogenic fluids, the apparatus for using refrigeration energy in cryogenic fluids, and the power generation system can each be configured to include process control elements positioned and configured to monitor and control operation (e.g., temperature and pressure sensors, flow sensors, automated process control systems having at least one workstation (including a processor, non-transitory memory, and at least one transceiver for communicating with the sensor elements), valves and controllers, and user interfaces for providing an automated process control system that can operate at the workstation and / or another computer device in the plant, etc.). It should be understood that embodiments may also utilize a distributed control system (DCS) to implement control operations on one or more processes and / or equipment.

[0181] As another example, it is contemplated that specific features described separately or as part of an embodiment may be combined with other separately described features or portions of other embodiments. Therefore, elements and actions of the various embodiments described herein may be combined to provide additional embodiments. Thus, while certain exemplary embodiments of the methods, apparatus, systems, and methods of manufacturing and using the present invention have been shown and described above, it should be clearly understood that the invention is not limited thereto, but may be practiced and implemented in other ways within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. An apparatus for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid, the apparatus comprising: A storage container configured to store cryogenic fluid therein; A first heat exchanger is positioned to receive the cryogenic fluid from the storage container to heat the cryogenic fluid and promote power generation.

2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the device comprises: At least one thermoelectric generating device, the at least one thermoelectric generating device being connected to or integrated into the first heat exchanger to generate electricity from the heat flux generated during the heating of the cryogenic fluid; and / or At least one thermoelectric generating device is connected to an output conduit, which is connected to the first heat exchanger to generate electricity from the heat flux generated when the cryogenic fluid is passed through the output conduit.

3. The device of claim 2, wherein the device is located in or on a vehicle, and the storage container is a fuel tank of the vehicle.

4. The device according to claim 3, wherein the device comprises: A fuel cell, wherein the fuel cell is positioned to receive heated cryogenic fluid output from the first heat exchanger.

5. The device of claim 4, wherein the fuel cell is positioned and configured to output water to the fuel cell water heat exchanger via a water output conduit, and the at least one thermoelectric generating device connected to or integrated into the first heat exchanger is also connected to or integrated into the fuel cell water heat exchanger.

6. The device according to claim 2, wherein the device comprises: A converter having an electrical connection to the at least one thermoelectric generating device, the converter also having an electrical connection to an electrical storage device positioned to receive current via the converter to store electrical power, the electrical storage device having an electrical connection to a motor of a working fluid drive mechanism to transmit power to the motor.

7. The device according to claim 1, wherein the device comprises: A turbine, which is configured to output an expanding working fluid as a heating medium for heating the cryogenic fluid, fed into the first heat exchanger; The first heat exchanger is positioned and configured to output the working fluid to a working fluid drive mechanism, the working fluid drive mechanism being used to feed the working fluid to the turbine to cause the working fluid to expand, thereby generating the power and forming the expanded working fluid.

8. The device according to claim 1, wherein the device comprises: A turbine, which is configured to output an expanding working fluid as a heating medium for heating the cryogenic fluid, fed into the first heat exchanger; The working fluid drive mechanism is positioned to receive cooled working fluid output from the first heat exchanger to increase the pressure of the working fluid, thereby feeding it toward the turbine. A second heat exchanger is positioned to receive the working fluid as a cooling medium from the working fluid drive mechanism and to output heated working fluid as turbine feed for feeding into the turbine; and The turbine is positioned to receive the turbine feed from the second heat exchanger and is configured to expand the working fluid to generate power and form the expanded working fluid.

9. The device of claim 7, wherein the device is on or incorporated in a vehicle, and the storage container is a fuel tank of the vehicle.

10. The device according to claim 8, wherein the device comprises: An electrical storage device is configured to receive electrical power generated via the turbine to store electrical power, and the electrical storage device has an electrical connection to the motor of the working fluid drive mechanism to transmit the power to the motor.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first heat exchanger is configured to heat the cryogenic fluid to form a vaporized fluid, the apparatus comprising: A buffer tank, the buffer tank being positioned to receive the vaporized fluid flow output from the first heat exchanger to store the vaporized fluid, the vaporized fluid comprising a gas; A second heat exchanger is positioned to receive the vaporized fluid from the buffer tank to cool the vaporized fluid; A turbine, which is configured to output an expanding working fluid as a heating medium for heating the cryogenic fluid, fed into the first heat exchanger; A working fluid drive mechanism is positioned to receive the expanded working fluid output from the first heat exchanger to increase the pressure of the working fluid, thereby feeding it toward the turbine; A second heat exchanger is positioned to receive the working fluid from the working fluid drive mechanism as a cooling medium for cooling the vaporized fluid, and to output heated working fluid as a turbine feed for feeding into the turbine; and The turbine is positioned to receive the turbine feed from the second heat exchanger and is configured to expand the working fluid to generate power and form the expanded working fluid.

12. The device according to claim 11, wherein the device comprises: A distributor, which is positioned to receive cooled, vaporized fluid for feeding into a vehicle.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first heat exchanger is configured to heat the cryogenic fluid to form a vaporized fluid, the apparatus comprising: An industrial process unit, wherein the industrial process unit is positioned to receive the vaporized fluid and output at least one waste heat stream; A turbine, which is configured to output an expanding working fluid as a heating medium for heating the cryogenic fluid, fed into the first heat exchanger; A working fluid drive mechanism is positioned to receive the expanded working fluid output from the first heat exchanger to increase the pressure of the working fluid, thereby feeding it toward the turbine; A second heat exchanger is positioned to receive the waste heat stream output from the industrial process unit and also to receive the working fluid from the working fluid drive mechanism as a cooling medium for cooling the waste heat stream, to output a cooled waste heat stream and to output heated working fluid as turbine feed for feeding into the turbine; and The turbine is positioned to receive the turbine feed from the second heat exchanger and is configured to expand the working fluid to generate power and form the expanded working fluid.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the cryogenic fluid is composed of liquid oxygen or liquid nitrogen.

15. The apparatus of claim 13 or claim 14, wherein the industrial process unit comprises a furnace.

16. A method for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid, the method comprising: The cryogenic fluid stored in the storage container is fed into the first heat exchanger; The cryogenic fluid is heated via the first heat exchanger to promote the generation of electricity via the working fluid or at least one thermoelectric generating device connected to the first heat exchanger.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the cryogenic fluid comprises liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen, liquid natural gas, liquid argon, or liquid helium.

18. The method of claim 16 or claim 17, wherein the method is performed on a vehicle and the storage container is a fuel tank of the vehicle.

19. The method according to claim 16, claim 17 or claim 18, wherein the method comprises: The electricity generated via the at least one thermoelectric generating device is converted to transmit the converted electricity to at least one of an electrical storage device, a battery, a propulsion system, a motor of a fluid flow drive mechanism, and / or an exhaust regulation mechanism.

20. The method according to claim 16, claim 17 or claim 18, wherein the method comprises: The working fluid is expanded via a turbine to output the expanded working fluid as a heating medium for heating the cryogenic fluid, which is then fed into the first heat exchanger. The expanded working fluid is output from the first heat exchanger to the working fluid drive mechanism to increase the pressure of the working fluid, thereby feeding the working fluid into the turbine.

21. The method according to claim 16, claim 17 or claim 18, wherein the method comprises: The working fluid is expanded via a turbine to output the expanded working fluid as a heating medium for heating the cryogenic fluid, which is then fed into the first heat exchanger. The expanded working fluid is output from the first heat exchanger to the working fluid drive mechanism to increase the pressure of the working fluid; The working fluid output from the working fluid drive mechanism is fed into the second heat exchanger as a cooling medium and the heated working fluid is output as turbine feed. as well as The turbine feed output from the second heat exchanger is fed into the turbine to cause the working fluid to expand, thereby forming the expanded working fluid and generating power.

22. The method of claim 16, claim 17, claim 18 or claim 21, wherein the power comprises electricity, and the method further comprises: The power is transmitted to an electrical storage device.

23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the method comprises: The power is transmitted from the electrical storage device to the motor, propulsion system, battery, and / or exhaust regulation mechanism of the working fluid drive mechanism.

24. The method of claim 16, claim 17, claim 18 or claim 21, wherein the power comprises electricity, and the method further comprises: The electrical power is transmitted to the motor, propulsion system, battery, and / or exhaust regulation mechanism of the working fluid drive mechanism.

25. The method of claim 16, 17, or 18, wherein heating the cryogenic fluid via the first heat exchanger to promote the generation of electricity via a working fluid or at least one thermoelectric generating device connected to the first heat exchanger forms a vaporized fluid from the cryogenic fluid capable of being output from the first heat exchanger, the method further comprising: The vaporized fluid is fed into a buffer tank to store the vaporized fluid, which includes a gas; The vaporized fluid is fed from the buffer tank to a second heat exchanger to cool the vaporized fluid.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the method comprises: Electricity is generated by cooling the vaporized fluid through at least one thermoelectric generating device connected to the second heat exchanger.

27. The method of claim 25, wherein the method comprises: The working fluid is expanded via a turbine to output the expanded working fluid as a heating medium for heating the cryogenic fluid, which is then fed into the first heat exchanger. The expanded working fluid is output from the first heat exchanger to the working fluid drive mechanism to increase the pressure of the working fluid, thereby feeding the working fluid into the turbine.

28. The method of claim 25, wherein the method comprises: The working fluid is expanded via a turbine to output the expanded working fluid as a heating medium for heating the cryogenic fluid, which is then fed into the first heat exchanger. The expanded working fluid is output from the first heat exchanger to the working fluid drive mechanism to increase the pressure of the working fluid; The working fluid output from the working fluid drive mechanism is fed into the second heat exchanger as a cooling medium and the heated working fluid is output as turbine feed. as well as The turbine feed output from the second heat exchanger is fed into the turbine to cause the working fluid to expand, thereby forming the expanded working fluid and generating power.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the method comprises: The cooled, vaporized fluid is fed into the vehicle's fuel tank.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the cryogenic fluid is composed of hydrogen.

31. The method of claim 16, claim 17, or claim 18, wherein the first heat exchanger is configured to heat the cryogenic fluid to form a vaporized fluid, the method comprising: The vaporized fluid is fed into an industrial process to form at least one waste heat stream; The working fluid is expanded to feed the expanded working fluid as a heating medium for heating the cryogenic fluid into the first heat exchanger; The expanded working fluid output from the first heat exchanger is fed into the working fluid drive mechanism to increase the pressure of the working fluid, thereby feeding it toward the turbine; The waste heat stream output from the industrial process unit is fed into the second heat exchanger; The working fluid output from the working fluid drive mechanism is fed into the second heat exchanger as a cooling medium for cooling the waste heat flow, so as to output the cooled waste heat flow and output the heated working fluid as a turbine feed for feeding into the turbine.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein the expansion of the working fluid is the power supply for the generation of the electricity.

33. The method according to claim 31 or claim 32, wherein the cryogenic fluid is composed of liquid oxygen or liquid nitrogen.

34. The method according to claim 31, claim 32 or claim 33, wherein the industrial process includes a furnace and the waste heat flow includes flue gas output from the furnace.

35. The method according to claim 16, claim 17, claim 18 or claim 19, wherein the method comprises: The heated cryogenic fluid is fed into the fuel cell.

36. The method according to claim 35, wherein the method comprises: Water is output from the fuel cell to a fuel cell water heat exchanger connected to the at least one thermoelectric generating device.

37. The method of claim 16, wherein the at least one thermoelectric generating device connected to the first heat exchanger is connected to the output conduit of the first heat exchanger, the method comprising: The flow rate of the heated cryogenic fluid output from the first heat exchanger and passing through the output conduit is regulated, thereby generating electricity via the at least one thermoelectric generating device and further heating the heated cryogenic fluid.

38. An apparatus for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid, the apparatus comprising: A storage container configured to store cryogenic fluid therein; A first heat exchanger is positioned to receive the cryogenic fluid from the storage container to heat the cryogenic fluid; A refrigeration system heat exchanger is configured to output a heated heat transfer fluid as a heating medium to the first heat exchanger, thereby heating the cryogenic fluid.

39. The apparatus of claim 38, wherein the apparatus comprises: A buffer tank, the buffer tank being positioned such that heated cryogenic fluid output from the first heat exchanger can be fed into the buffer tank, the heated cryogenic fluid comprising a gas formed by heating the cryogenic fluid; A second heat exchanger is located downstream of the buffer tank, such that the buffer tank is positioned between the first heat exchanger and the second heat exchanger. The second heat exchanger is positioned to receive the cooled heat transfer fluid output from the first heat exchanger as a cooling medium to cool the cryogenic gas that can be transferred from the buffer tank to the second heat exchanger.

40. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the refrigeration system heat exchanger is positioned to receive the heat transfer fluid output from the second heat exchanger for use as a heat sink for the refrigeration system heat exchanger.

41. The device according to claim 38, claim 39 or claim 40, wherein the device comprises: A heat transfer fluid drive mechanism is positioned to facilitate the transfer of the heat transfer fluid between the refrigeration system heat exchangers, the first heat exchanger, and the second heat exchanger.

42. The device of claim 41, wherein the heat transfer fluid drive mechanism includes a pump positioned between the refrigeration system heat exchanger and the first heat exchanger.

43. The device according to claim 39, claim 40 or claim 41, wherein the device comprises: An output conduit for promoting power generation is positioned between the first heat exchanger and the buffer tank; and At least one thermoelectric generating device is connected to the output conduit that promotes power generation, so as to generate electricity via the cryogenic gas heated as it passes through the output conduit.

44. A method for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid, the method comprising: The cryogenic fluid stored in the storage container is fed into the first heat exchanger; The cryogenic fluid is heated by a heated heat transfer fluid, which is the heating medium in the first heat exchanger and is output from the heat exchanger of the refrigeration system, thereby heating the cryogenic fluid by the first heat exchanger, such that the heated heat transfer fluid is cooled during the heating of the cryogenic fluid. The cooled heat transfer fluid is output from the first heat exchanger to transfer the cooled heat transfer fluid toward the refrigeration system heat exchanger, thereby serving as a heat sink in the refrigeration system heat exchanger.

45. The method according to claim 44, wherein the method comprises: The heated cryogenic fluid is output from the first heat exchanger, such that the heated cryogenic fluid passes through an output conduit positioned between the first heat exchanger and the buffer tank to generate electricity via at least one thermoelectric generating device connected to the output conduit.

46. ​​The method of claim 45, wherein the heated cryogenic fluid output from the first heat exchanger is passed through the power generation-enhancing output conduit to feed the heated cryogenic fluid into a buffer tank.

47. The method of claim 44, claim 45, or claim 46, wherein the output of the cooled heat transfer fluid from the first heat exchanger to the refrigeration system heat exchanger for use as a heat sink in the refrigeration system heat exchanger comprises: The cooled heat transfer fluid output from the first heat exchanger is fed into a second heat exchanger located downstream of the buffer tank. The cryogenic gas exiting from the buffer tank is cooled by a heat transfer fluid cooled in the second heat exchanger; The heat transfer fluid output from the second heat exchanger is fed into the refrigeration system heat exchanger to be used as a heat sink in the refrigeration system heat exchanger.

48. The method according to claim 44, claim 45, claim 46 or claim 47, wherein the method comprises: The pressure of the heat transfer fluid is increased via a heat transfer fluid drive mechanism, which is positioned to facilitate the transfer of the heat transfer fluid between the refrigeration system heat exchanger and the first heat exchanger.

49. The method of claim 44, wherein the following is performed to transfer the heat transfer fluid between the first heat exchanger and the refrigeration system heat exchanger arranged in a closed loop: heating the cryogenic fluid via the first heat exchanger using the heated heat transfer fluid output from the refrigeration system heat exchanger as the heating medium in the first heat exchanger, such that the heated heat transfer fluid is cooled during the heating of the cryogenic fluid, and outputting the cooled heat transfer fluid from the first heat exchanger toward the refrigeration system heat exchanger to serve as a heat sink in the refrigeration system heat exchanger.

50. The method of claim 44, wherein the cryogenic fluid is composed of hydrogen.

51. The method of claim 50, wherein the heat transfer fluid is composed of D-limonene.

52. The method of claim 50, wherein the heat transfer fluid is composed of a refrigerant.

53. An apparatus for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid, the apparatus comprising: A storage container configured to store cryogenic fluid therein; A first heat exchanger is positioned to receive the cryogenic fluid from the storage container to heat the cryogenic fluid; A buffer tank, the buffer tank being positioned such that heated cryogenic fluid output from the first heat exchanger can be fed into the buffer tank, the heated cryogenic fluid comprising a gas formed by heating the cryogenic fluid; A second heat exchanger is positioned downstream of the buffer tank, such that the buffer tank is positioned between the first and second heat exchangers; and The second heat exchanger is positioned to receive a cooled heat transfer fluid output from the first heat exchanger as a cooling medium to cool the cryogenic gas that can be transferred from the buffer tank to the second heat exchanger, and to output the heated heat transfer fluid as the heated heat transfer fluid for feeding into at least one system positioned between the first heat exchanger and the second heat exchanger to further heat the heated heat transfer fluid, before the heated heat transfer fluid is fed into the first heat exchanger as a heating medium for heating the cryogenic fluid.

54. The apparatus of claim 53, wherein the at least one system comprises a refrigeration system heat exchanger, the refrigeration system heat exchanger being positioned to receive the heat transfer fluid output from the second heat exchanger for use as a heat sink for the refrigeration system heat exchanger and at least one other system.

55. The device according to claim 53 or claim 54, wherein the device comprises A heat transfer fluid drive mechanism, the heat transfer fluid drive mechanism being positioned to facilitate the transfer of the heat transfer fluid between the first heat exchanger, the second heat exchanger and the at least one system.

56. The device of claim 55, wherein the heat transfer fluid drive mechanism includes a pump positioned between the second heat exchanger and the first heat exchanger.

57. The device according to claim 53, claim 54 or claim 55, wherein the device comprises: An output conduit for promoting power generation is positioned between the first heat exchanger and the buffer tank; and At least one thermoelectric generating device is connected to the output conduit that promotes power generation, so as to generate electricity via the cryogenic gas heated as it passes through the output conduit.

58. A method for using refrigeration energy in a cryogenic fluid, the method comprising: The cryogenic fluid stored in the storage container is fed into the first heat exchanger; The cryogenic fluid is heated via the first heat exchanger using a heated heat transfer fluid output from at least one system as the heating medium in the first heat exchanger, such that the heated heat transfer fluid is cooled during the heating of the cryogenic fluid. Cooled heat transfer fluid is output from the first heat exchanger to transfer the cooled heat transfer fluid toward the at least one system, thereby serving as a heat sink in the at least one system.

59. The method according to claim 58, wherein the method comprises: The heated cryogenic fluid is output from the first heat exchanger, such that the heated cryogenic fluid passes through an output conduit positioned between the first heat exchanger and the buffer tank to generate electricity via at least one thermoelectric generating device connected to the output conduit.

60. The method of claim 59, wherein the heated cryogenic fluid output from the first heat exchanger is passed through the power generation-enhancing output conduit to feed the heated cryogenic fluid into a buffer tank.

61. The method of claim 58, claim 59, or claim 60, wherein the output of the cooled heat transfer fluid from the first heat exchanger to the at least one system for use as a heat sink in the at least one system comprises: The cooled heat transfer fluid output from the first heat exchanger is fed into a second heat exchanger located downstream of the buffer tank. The cryogenic gas exiting from the buffer tank is cooled by a heat transfer fluid cooled in the second heat exchanger; The heat transfer fluid output from the second heat exchanger is fed into the at least one system to be used as a heat sink in the at least one system.

62. The method of claim 61, wherein the at least one system comprises a compressor, a heat transfer fluid to an air heat exchanger, and / or a refrigeration system.

63. The method according to claim 58, claim 59, claim 60, claim 61 or claim 62, wherein the method comprises: The pressure of the heat transfer fluid is increased via a heat transfer fluid drive mechanism, which is positioned to facilitate the transfer of the heat transfer fluid between the at least one system and the first heat exchanger.

64. The method of claim 58, wherein the cryogenic fluid is composed of hydrogen.

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