Highly stable solution processed transparent electrodes based on metal nanowire networks and polymers
By forming a polymer capping layer on the Ag nanowire network, the problems of poor interfacial contact and poor stability are solved, achieving high transparency, high conductivity and excellent stability, making it suitable for large-area and flexible transparent electrode applications.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-03
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-07
AI Technical Summary
The poor interfacial contact and instability of existing Ag nanowire networks limit their application in transparent electrodes.
By forming a polymer capping layer on the Ag nanowire network, the interfacial contact is improved by utilizing the interaction between the polymer and the functional groups of the metal network and the underlying metal oxide layer, and the stability of the nanowire network is enhanced through chemical bonding.
It achieves high transparency, high conductivity, and excellent thermal, electrical, chemical, and mechanical stability, simplifies the manufacturing process, reduces costs, and is suitable for large-area and flexible processing.
Smart Images
Figure CN121816629A_ABST
Abstract
Description
[0001] Copyright Notice This patent document contains a portion of copyrighted material. The copyright holder does not object to any reproduction of the patent document or patent disclosure appearing in the patent documents or records of the Patent and Trademark Office, but retains all copyrights. Technical Field
[0002] This invention generally relates to the fabrication of transparent electrodes. More specifically, this invention relates to highly stable solution-processed transparent electrodes based on metal nanowire networks and polymers. Background Technology
[0003] Transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) are essential in modern industries, such as displays, solar cells, and detectors. Typically, high transmittance, high conductivity, and high stability are critical requirements for TCEs. Tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) is currently the mainstream choice. However, the limited reserves, high cost, and complex deposition process of indium will limit its application in the near future. Metal nanowire transparent conductive networks, as an indium-free electrode material, are attracting increasing attention from research and industry due to their superior optoelectronic properties and mechanical flexibility.
[0004] Furthermore, nanowire (NW) networks have appeared in light-emitting diodes, solar cells, touch panels, flexible sensors, transparent heaters, and electromagnetic shielding, demonstrating great potential as a transceiver electronics (TCE). Compared to ITO, Ag-NWs offer lower manufacturing costs, ease of processing, and better flexibility, making them suitable for large-scale flexible applications. For practical applications of nanowire network-based TCEs, good stability against electrical bias, annealing, chemical reactions, and mechanical stress is crucial. Simultaneously, compatibility with other layers in multilayer device structures is essential.
[0005] Therefore, a simple method is needed to achieve a highly transparent, conductive, and stable top electrode in a polymer-coated metal network structure. Summary of the Invention
[0006] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for processing transparent electrodes using a highly stable solution based on metal nanowire networks and polymers, thereby addressing the aforementioned technical problems. In short, the polymer post-processing technique of this invention aims to solve the following two problems existing in the field of Ag nanowire network-based top transparent electrode systems.
[0007] 1. Due to the large roughness of the Ag network, the interface contact between the Ag nanowire network and the underlying layer is poor.
[0008] 2. Due to the properties of nanowires, Ag nanowire networks have poor stability (including thermal stability, electrical stability, chemical stability and mechanical stability).
[0009] There are no reports of simultaneously solving both problems. However, these two issues are crucial for the industrial application of silver nanowire networks with a transparent top electrode.
[0010] Therefore, in this invention, these problems can be solved by the polymer post-processing provided below.
[0011] 1. Polymer post-treatment solves the problem of poor interfacial contact. Functional groups in the polymer capping layer can interact with the metal network and the underlying metal oxide layer. The tension at the interface improves contact and reduces interfacial resistance.
[0012] 2. The stability of the metal network is significantly improved through polymer post-treatment. The degradation mechanism of metal nanowires involves atomic diffusion of metal atoms or clusters under various activation conditions. After composite with polymers, the functional groups of polymers with linear, branched, or cross-linked structures strongly anchor metal atoms, creating a diffusion barrier much higher than the reference. Therefore, the thermal, electrical, and mechanical stability of the nanowire network is significantly improved. Simultaneously, compared to the control metal nanowire electrode, the polymer-interacted nanowire-based electrode exhibits better chemical stability to water / humidity, oxygen, or other environmental conditions, thereby enhancing the chemical stability of the composite electrode.
[0013] According to one aspect of the invention, a method is provided for integrating a solution-processed transparent electrode based on a metal nanowire network and a polymer. The method includes forming at least one metal network on a lower substrate via a solution process, the metal network comprising a plurality of metal nanowires and nodes where the metal nanowires intersect; forming a gap-filling layer on the metal network to form a composite of the metal network and the polymer; and drying the composite of the metal network and the polymer, wherein the metal network and the polymer are connected to each other at least by chemical bonds.
[0014] According to one aspect of the invention, a transparent electrode based on a metal nanowire network and a polymer is provided. The transparent electrode comprises a plurality of metal oxide nanoparticles, at least one metal nanowire, and an anchoring polymer layer. The metal oxide nanoparticles form the metal oxide layer. The metal nanowire is located on the metal oxide layer. The anchoring polymer layer is connected to the metal nanowire and the metal oxide layer, forming at least one node between them through nitrogen chemical bonds.
[0015] This work demonstrates an easily fabricated anchored AgNW network with good optical properties and excellent contact between the top electrode and the underlying layer, ultimately achieving superior electrical, thermal, chemical, and mechanical bending stability. In this invention, the polymer-nanowire composite electrode is easy to fabricate and exhibits better stability than existing methods.
[0016] Based on the above configuration, the advantages of the present invention can be summarized as follows: 1. Simple solution process and low cost: The simple alcohol-based coating process for Ag nanowires avoids the high energy consumption in the manufacturing process.
[0017] 2. High electrode transmittance: This improves the average transmittance of the Ag network, especially in the red and near-infrared regions of the visible light spectrum.
[0018] 3. High conductivity: The post-treatment of the polymer on the Ag network has a negligible effect on conductivity.
[0019] 4. High stability: Polymer coating greatly improves the thermal stability, electrical stability, chemical stability and mechanical stability of Ag network.
[0020] 5. Ideal interface contact: The interface resistance between the Ag network and the underlying layer is reduced through polymer post-treatment.
[0021] 6. Green process: low temperature, atmospheric conditions, and non-toxic process.
[0022] 7. It is conducive to large-area and flexible processing. Attached Figure Description
[0023] Embodiments of the invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 Tilted SEM images and schematic diagrams of Ag nanowire networks on a PEI-treated zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle layer are shown according to some embodiments of the present invention. Figure 2 The performance of related devices according to some embodiments of the present invention is shown, wherein (a) portion shows the current-voltage characteristics of the ITO / ZnO NP / AgNW-based transparent conductive electrode; and (b) portion shows the transmission spectra of glass / ITO, glass / ITO / PEDOT:PSS and ZnO / AgNW with and without PEI coating. Figure 3The performance of the related devices is shown, in which (a) is the thermal stability of AgNW networks with and without PEI-10 treatment; (b) is the electrical stability of AgNW networks with and without PEI-10 treatment at 5 V, with an inset showing the measured device structure of glass / ITO / ZnONP / AgNW / PEI-10; (c) is the storage stability of AgNW and AgNW / PEI-10 at 85 °C and 85% RH; (d) is the chemical stability of AgNW and AgNW / PEI-10 immersed in 10 wt% polystyrene sulfonate solution; and (e) is the chemical stability of AgNW and AgNW / PEI-10 at 5 μm (f) Bending stability of AgNW networks with and without PEI-10 treatment on a cPI flexible substrate, with bending radius less than 2 mm; (f) Normalized current of AgNW networks with and without PEI-10 treatment after approximately 10,000 bending cycles. Figure 4 The performance of the related devices is shown, where (a) is the thermal stability of AgNW networks treated with PEI, PAA, PAA+PEI, and PAA+MEG; (b) is the flexural stability of AgNW networks treated with PEI, PAA, PAA+PEI, and PAA+MEG on a 5 μm cPI flexible substrate, with a flexural radius of less than 2 mm; and Figure 5 A schematic diagram of the formation process of the AgNW / polymer composite network is shown. Detailed Implementation
[0024] In the following description, apparatus, systems, and / or methods for fabricating transparent electrodes based on highly stable solutions such as metal nanowire networks and polymers are described as preferred embodiments. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications, including additions and / or substitutions, can be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Specific details may be omitted so as not to obscure the invention; however, this disclosure is written to enable those skilled in the art to practice the teachings herein without excessive experimentation.
[0025] This invention provides a novel method that can simultaneously improve interfacial contact and electrode stability, enabling the fabrication of high-quality top transparent electrodes by establishing silver nanowire composites with functional polymers through a simple solution process.
[0026] A method for integrating a solution-processed transparent electrode based on a metal nanowire network and a polymer is provided, comprising: step (a): forming at least one metal network on a lower substrate by a solution process, the metal network comprising a plurality of metal nanowires and a plurality of metal nanowire intersection nodes (e.g., Figure 5Step (a): Step (b): Forming a gap-filling layer on the metal network to form a composite of the metal network and the polymer (e.g., Figure 5 The second step or Figure 5 (a combination of the second and third steps); and step (c): drying the composite of the metal network and the polymer.
[0027] In these steps, at least after step (b), at least one adhesive force is generated between the interstitial filling layer and the metal network (i.e., the metal nanowire network) through chemical bonds (e.g., nitrogen) used for adhesion. Similarly, when the embodiment involves a metal oxide nanoparticle film as the underlying substrate, adhesive forces are also generated between the interstitial filling layer and the metal oxide nanoparticle film through chemical bonds (e.g., nitrogen) used for adhesion. In this respect, the contact and adhesive forces between the underlying substrate, the metal network, and the interstitial filling layer are enhanced by chemical bonds. Therefore, in one embodiment, at least after step (c), a hybrid film comprising a metal nanowire network and a metal oxide nanoparticle film is formed and obtained, which can be defined as a layer-by-layer structure.
[0028] In one embodiment, the gap-filling layer is formed by forming a polymer film on a metal network. More precisely, the polymer includes amine polymers, acid polymers, or sulfide-based polymers with abundant functional groups. In various embodiments, the polymer includes polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(propyleneimine) (PPI), polyamide amine (PAMAM), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the gap-filling layer is formed using at least a nitrogen-containing polymer (amine) (e.g., polyethyleneimine (PEI)).
[0029] In one embodiment, the gap-filling layer is formed by forming two layers of material and then cross-linking the material on a metal network (e.g., Figure 5(A combination of the second and third steps). In this regard, after crosslinking, the gap-filling layer may include a crosslinking material, an anchoring polymer, and a crosslinking agent bonded to both materials. In various embodiments, the anchoring polymer includes polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(propyleneimine) (PPI), polyamidoamine (PAMAM), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), or combinations thereof. In various embodiments, the crosslinking agent is a polymer or monomer, including polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(propyleneimine) (PPI), polyamidoamine (PAMAM), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), ethylene glycol (EG), oxalic acid, or combinations thereof. For example, the anchoring polymer is applied to the underlying substrate and the metal network by using a nitrogen-containing (amine) polymer, such as polyethyleneimine (PEI). In one embodiment, the step of crosslinking the material on the metal network is achieved by a crosslinking process performed by heat annealing in the range of 50-150°C, or by using UV treatment, or by using a crosslinking agent such as sodium citrate and potassium periodate (KIO4).
[0030] In one embodiment, the underlying substrate is a preparative substrate or a target substrate. The preparative substrate can be a silicon wafer, glass, etc. The target substrate is a metal oxide film, such as zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium oxide (TiO2), tin oxide (SnO2), nickel oxide (NiO), indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), or combinations thereof. In this regard, the preparative substrate is not limited to being composed of only one metal; for example, in one embodiment, two or more different metal oxide compounds are applied to the preparative substrate.
[0031] In one embodiment, at least one of the metal nanowires comprises silver, gold, platinum, aluminum, palladium, or combinations thereof. In this regard, the step of forming a metal network on the underlying substrate includes: preparing metal nanowires in solution form; and forming the metal network on the underlying substrate using spin coating, drop casting, spraying, or blade coating techniques. In various embodiments, the solvent for the metal nanowires includes ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, or mixtures thereof.
[0032] In one embodiment, the step of forming an interstitial filling layer on a metal network includes using a polymer and includes: preparing a polymer in solution form, wherein the polymer solution concentration is in the range of 1-20 mg / mL; and coating the metal network with the polymer in solution form using spin coating, drop casting, spraying, or blade coating techniques to form a conductive polymer film. In various embodiments, the solvent for the polymer is ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, or mixtures thereof.
[0033] In this disclosure, a wide range of solution deposition techniques, such as spin coating, blade coating, inkjet printing and Mayer bar coating, are applied, and one or more of these methods can be used to form a target layer / film on a substrate (e.g., a prefabricated substrate).
[0034] In one embodiment, the composite of the metal network and the polymer is dried at a temperature in the range of 70-150°C for about 10 minutes.
[0035] In some embodiments, the composite of the metal network and the polymer can be used as a conductive film, achieving a sheet resistance of less than 20 Ω / sq and an average transmittance of over 50% in the visible light region. In some embodiments, the composite of the metal network and the polymer can be used as a conductive film that can withstand temperatures exceeding 250°C or voltages exceeding 10V. In some embodiments, the composite of the metal network and the polymer can be used as a conductive film that retains over 90% conductivity after 10,000 bending cycles with a bending radius of less than 2 mm.
[0036] Here, the results of silver nanowires (AgNW) / polyethyleneimine (PEI) can be used to describe the present invention.
[0037] Figure 1 Tilted SEM images and schematic diagrams of Ag nanowire networks on PEI-treated zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle layers according to some embodiments of the present invention are shown. Specifically, Figure 1 The illustration shows that PEI can effectively cover AgNW and fill the gap between the top electrode - AgNW and the underlying - ZnO, which can reduce contact defects at the interface. PEI can be connected to the AgNW and the underlying ZnO layer through chemical bonds used for adhesion (e.g., through nitrogen-containing functional groups).
[0038] More specifically, in one implementation scheme, such as Figure 1 As shown, the transparent electrode 100 based on a metal nanowire network and polymer includes: a plurality of metal oxide nanoparticles forming a metal oxide layer 110; at least one metal nanowire 120 located on the metal oxide layer 110; and an anchoring polymer layer 130 connected to the metal oxide layer 110 and the metal nanowire 120, forming at least one junction (e.g., a circular node) between them via nitrogen. In this regard, the connection points for the junctions are achieved through chemical bonds, enhancing the contact and adhesion between the metal oxide layer 110 and the anchoring polymer layer 130, and between the metal nanowire 120 and the anchoring polymer layer 130. Note that the concept of chemical bonds of nitrogen for adhesion mentioned above differs from the application of van der Waals forces and / or other electrostatic interactions and / or capillary forces.
[0039] In some embodiments, the anchoring polymer layer 130 extends from the metal oxide layer 110 to the metal nanowire 120 (this can be achieved by...). Figure 5 (Further illustrated in the diagram). In some embodiments, the transparent electrode also includes a crosslinked layer 132 covering the metal nanowire 120 and the anchoring polymer layer 130. In some embodiments, the metal nanowire 120 is surrounded by the anchoring polymer layer 130 bonded to the crosslinked layer 132. For example, the entire metal nanowire 120 can be protected by the anchoring polymer layer 130 bonded to the crosslinked layer 132. In some embodiments, the anchoring polymer layer 130 bonded to the crosslinked layer 132 serves as a polymer composite that conformally covers the metal nanowire 120 along the surface of the metal oxide layer 110. Therefore, the formed transparent electrode structure will exhibit fluctuations on its surface.
[0040] In some embodiments, the crosslinked layer 132 is a transparent or translucent solid formed / disposed on the metal oxide layer 110 and surrounding the region where the metal nanowires 120 and the anchoring polymer layer 130 are located. The crosslinked layer 132 may have a fixed profile / shape, thereby allowing the volume and shape of the transparent electrode 100 to remain substantially constant.
[0041] In some embodiments, the anchoring polymer layer 130 is used alone as a gap-filling layer. In other embodiments, the polymer composite formed by the anchoring polymer layer 130 and the crosslinking layer 132 together serves as a gap-filling layer. With this configuration, high stability is achieved because the thermal stability, electrical stability, chemical stability, and mechanical stability of the crosslinking layer 132 (e.g., an Ag network) are improved by the polymer coating with good adhesion.
[0042] In one embodiment, the metal oxide layer 110 is a zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnONP) layer; the metal oxide layer 110 is not limited to ZnO. For example, the metal oxide layer 110 is a layer formed of metal nanoparticles such as titanium oxide (TiO2), tin oxide (SnO2), nickel oxide (NiO), indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the anchoring polymer layer 130 is a nitrogen-containing polymer (amine), such as a nitrogen-containing amine polymer or polyethyleneimine (PEI).
[0043] The transparent electrode 100 with this structure can be defined as a layer-by-layer structure.
[0044] Figure 2The performance of related devices according to some embodiments of the present invention is shown, wherein (a) portion shows the current-voltage characteristics of the ITO / ZnO NP / AgNW-based transparent conductive electrode; and (b) portion shows the transmission spectra of glass / ITO, glass / ITO / PEDOT:PSS and ZnO / AgNW with and without PEI coating.
[0045] like Figure 2 As shown in section (a), the current-voltage characteristics of the device with an ITO / ZnO NP / AgNW-based TCE structure were measured to analyze the interfacial conductivity between ZnONP and AgNW. The increased conductivity after introducing an appropriate amount of PEI indicates better interfacial contact. Combined with tilted SEM images, PEI can fill the gap between ZnO and AgNW to achieve better contact and interfacial conductivity. To analyze the optical properties of the TCE, transmittance and reflectance spectra were measured using glass as a baseline, such as... Figure 2 As shown in section (b), all of these ZnO / AgNW / PEI composites exhibit fairly high average transmittance, even reaching 97% at 10 mg / mL PEI. Transmittance in the near-infrared region increases accordingly with increasing PEI thickness. These results indicate that the PEI-composite AgNW transparent conductive electrode exhibits good interfacial contact and transmittance. After PEI treatment, the thermal stability, electrical stability, chemical stability, and mechanical stability of the Ag nanowire network are significantly improved, such as... Figure 3 As shown.
[0046] Figure 3 The performance of the related devices is shown, where (a) is the thermal stability of AgNW networks with and without PEI-10 treatment; (b) is the electrical stability of AgNW networks with and without PEI-10 treatment at 5V, with an inset showing the measured device structure of glass / ITO / ZnONP / AgNW / PEI-10; (c) is the storage stability of AgNW and AgNW / PEI-10 at 85°C and 85% RH; (d) is the chemical stability of AgNW and AgNW / PEI-10 immersed in a 10 wt% polystyrene sulfonate solution; and (e) is the chemical stability of AgNW and AgNW / PEI-10 at 5 μm... (f) shows the bending stability of AgNW networks with and without PEI-10 treatment on a cPI flexible substrate, with a bending radius of less than 2 mm; and (f) shows the normalized current of AgNW networks with and without PEI-10 treatment after approximately 10,000 bending cycles.
[0047] In addition to using a single polymer, bilayer polymers can further improve the stability of AgNW electrodes. Polyacrylic acid (PAA) has abundant acidic groups on its chain, and its combination with PEI can enhance the stability of AgNW networks. Figure 4 The thermal and mechanical stability of AgNW networks with PEI, PAA, PAA+PEI, and PAA+monoethylene glycol (MEG) are shown. PAA exhibits better stability compared to PEI, attributed to stronger interactions between the polymer and Ag. Interestingly, the synergistic effects of PAA with both PEI and MEG show better performance than pure PAA. As mentioned above, the atomic anchoring effect of the polymer on the Ag surface prevents the diffusion of surface Ag atoms during thermal annealing and mechanical bending, thereby improving the stability of the AgNW network. The deposition of a second layer on the network is intended to crosslink with the first layer, which is expected to enhance structural stability. Compared to single polymers, crosslinked polymers can withstand higher strains, resulting in superior stability performance of AgNWs. Figure 4 Proof. Surprisingly, AgNW networks with PAA / PEI or PAA / MEG showed negligible degradation after 18,000 bending cycles with a bending radius of 2 mm.
[0048] Figure 4 The performance of the related devices is shown, wherein (a) is the thermal stability of AgNW networks treated with PEI, PAA, PAA+PEI and PAA+MEG; and (b) is the bending stability of AgNW networks treated with PEI, PAA, PAA+PEI and PAA+MEG on a 5 μm cPI flexible substrate with a bending radius of less than 2 mm.
[0049] Figure 5 A schematic diagram illustrating the formation process of the AgNW / polymer composite network is shown. (As shown) Figure 5 As shown, the formation process of the AgNW / polymer composite network is carried out using a solution processing deposition method. The first polymer layer is considered an "anchoring polymer" that can interact strongly with Ag. The second layer material can be a monomer or polymer used as a "crosslinking agent".
[0050] The foregoing description of the present invention is provided for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
[0051] These embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, thereby enabling others skilled in the art to understand the various embodiments of the invention and the various modifications suitable for the intended particular use.
Claims
1. A method for integrating solution-processed transparent electrodes based on metal nanowire networks and polymers, comprising: At least one metal network is formed on a lower substrate by a solution process, the metal network comprising a plurality of metal nanowires and nodes where the metal nanowires intersect. A gap-filling layer is formed on the metal network to form a composite of the metal network and the polymer; and The composite of the metal network and the polymer is dried, wherein the metal network and the polymer are connected to each other at least by chemical bonds.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the gap-filling layer comprises forming a single polymer film on a metal network.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the polymer of the single polymer film comprises an amine polymer, an acid polymer, or a sulfide polymer having abundant groups.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the polymer of the single polymer film comprises polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(propyleneimine) (PPI), polyamide amine (PAMAM), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), or combinations thereof.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the gap-filling layer comprises forming two layers of material and crosslinking the material on the metal network.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the materials are crosslinked to form a crosslinked material bonded to two materials, the two materials comprising an anchoring polymer and a crosslinking agent.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the anchoring polymer comprises polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(propyleneimine) (PPI), polyamide amine (PAMAM), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), or combinations thereof.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein the anchoring polymer comprises a nitrogen-containing amine polymer bonded to the metal network and the underlying substrate by nitrogen chemical bonds.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein the crosslinking agent is a polymer or monomer, including polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(propyleneimine) (PPI), polyamide amine (PAMAM), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), ethylene glycol (EG), oxalic acid, or combinations thereof.
10. The method of claim 5, wherein the crosslinking of the material is performed by a crosslinking process, the crosslinking process being carried out by heat annealing at 50-150°C, or by UV treatment, or by using a crosslinking agent such as sodium citrate and potassium periodate (KIO4), or a combination thereof.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the lower substrate is a prepared substrate or a target substrate.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the substrate for fabrication is a silicon wafer, glass, or a combination thereof.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein the target substrate is a metal oxide film, such as zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium oxide (TiO2), tin oxide (SnO2), nickel oxide (NiO), indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), or combinations thereof.
14. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the metal nanowires comprises silver, gold, platinum, aluminum, or palladium.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of forming a metal network on the substrate comprises: Preparation of metal nanowires in solution form; The metal network is formed by applying a solution containing metal nanowires onto an underlying substrate using spin coating, drop casting, spraying, or blade coating techniques.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the solvent for the metal nanowires comprises ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, or mixtures thereof.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of forming the gap-filling layer comprises a polymer, and includes: Preparation of polymers in solution form; The polymer solution concentration was adjusted to be within the range of 1-20 mg / mL; and Metal networks are coated with polymers in solution form using spin coating, drop casting, spraying, or blade coating techniques.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the solvent of said polymer comprises ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, or mixtures thereof.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein the drying of the composite of the metal network and the polymer is carried out at 70-150°C for 10 minutes.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein the composite of the metal network and the polymer is used as a conductive film, the conductive film achieving a sheet resistance of less than 20 Ω / sq and an average transmittance of more than 50% in the visible light region.
21. The method of claim 1, wherein the composite of the metal network and the polymer is used as a conductive film, the conductive film being able to withstand a temperature exceeding 250°C or a voltage exceeding 10V.
22. The method of claim 1, wherein the composite of the metal network and the polymer is used as a conductive film, and the conductive film retains more than 90% conductivity after 10,000 bending cycles when the bending radius is less than 2 mm.
23. A transparent electrode based on a metal nanowire network and a polymer, comprising: Multiple metal oxide nanoparticles forming a metal oxide layer; At least one metal nanowire located on the metal oxide layer; and An anchoring polymer layer is attached to the metal nanowire and the metal oxide layer to form at least one node between them via nitrogen chemical bonds.
24. The transparent electrode of claim 23, wherein the anchoring polymer layer extends from the metal oxide layer to the metal nanowire.
25. The transparent electrode of claim 24, further comprising a crosslinked layer covering the metal nanowire and the anchoring polymer layer.
26. The transparent electrode of claim 25, wherein the metal nanowires are surrounded by an anchoring polymer layer bonded to the crosslinked layer.
27. The transparent electrode of claim 26, wherein the anchoring polymer layer is combined with the crosslinking layer as a polymer composite, the composite conformally covering the metal nanowire along the surface of the metal oxide layer.
28. The transparent electrode according to claim 23, wherein the metal oxide layer comprises zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium oxide (TiO2), tin oxide (SnO2), nickel oxide (NiO), indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), or combinations thereof.
29. The transparent electrode of claim 23, wherein the metal nanowires extend laterally along the surface of the metal oxide layer.
30. The transparent electrode of claim 27, wherein the polymer composite comprises an amine polymer, an acid polymer, or a sulfide polymer having abundant groups.
31. The transparent electrode of claim 30, wherein the polymer composite comprises polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(propyleneimine) (PPI), polyamide amine (PAMAM), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), or combinations thereof.
32. The transparent electrode of claim 23, wherein the anchoring polymer layer comprises polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(propyleneimine) (PPI), polyamide amine (PAMAM), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), or combinations thereof.
33. The transparent electrode of claim 23, wherein the anchoring polymer comprises a nitrogen-containing amine polymer bonded to the metal network and the underlying substrate by nitrogen chemical bonds.
34. The transparent electrode of claim 23, wherein the crosslinking layer comprises a polymer or monomer, including polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(propyleneimine) (PPI), polyamide amine (PAMAM), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), ethylene glycol (EG), oxalic acid, or combinations thereof.