Solar cell, power utilization device and power generation device

Abstract

The invention provides a solar cell, a power utilization device and a power generation device. The solar cell comprises a first electrode layer, a first perovskite layer, a first electron transport layer and a second electrode layer which are arranged in the first direction, the first perovskite layer and the first electron transport layer are arranged between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer in a stacked mode, and the first perovskite layer is arranged on the side, away from the second electrode layer, of the first electron transport layer. A first conductive bonding layer is arranged between the first perovskite layer and the first electron transport layer; and / or the first electron transport layer contains a first binder. Therefore, the stability of the solar cell can be effectively improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application belongs to the field of batteries, specifically relating to a solar cell, an electrical device, and a power generation device. Background Technology

[0002] Perovskite solar cells typically include an anode, a cathode, a perovskite layer, and hole and electron transport layers arranged before and after them. During prolonged use, the electron transport layer is prone to separation from the perovskite layer. If the electron transport layer has a multi-layered structure, separation between the multiple layers is also likely. This separation significantly impacts the cell's stability and lifespan. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This application aims to at least partially address one of the technical problems in the related art. To this end, one objective of this application is to provide a solar cell that exhibits good stability during long-term use.

[0004] In a first aspect, this application provides a solar cell. According to an embodiment of this application, the solar cell includes a first electrode layer, a first perovskite layer, a first electron transport layer, and a second electrode layer disposed in a first direction. The first perovskite layer and the first electron transport layer are stacked between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer. The first perovskite layer is disposed on the side of the first electron transport layer away from the second electrode layer. A first conductive adhesive layer is disposed between the first perovskite layer and the first electron transport layer; and / or, the first electron transport layer contains a first adhesive. Therefore, the stability of solar cells can be effectively improved. Specifically, by setting a first conductive adhesive layer between the first perovskite layer and the first electron transport layer, the first conductive adhesive layer can effectively improve the adhesion between the first perovskite layer and the first electron transport layer, and improve the undesirable phenomenon of separation of the two layers during the use of the cell; the first adhesive in the first electron transport layer can effectively improve the adhesion between the first electron transport layer and the perovskite layer, and improve the undesirable phenomenon of separation of the internal structure of the first electron transport layer during the use of the cell; furthermore, the first conductive adhesive layer has a certain degree of conductivity, so that there is a certain degree of conductivity between the first electron transport layer and the first perovskite layer, which will not cause the solar cell to fail.

[0005] According to an embodiment of this application, the first electron transport layer includes multiple stacked first sub-electron transport layers. The first electron transport layer containing the first binder includes: the first binder being doped into at least one of the multiple first sub-electron transport layers; and / or, a first binder layer composed of the first binder is interposed between adjacent first sub-electron transport layers, and the first binder is a conductive binder. This effectively improves the stability of the solar cell. Specifically: doping the first binder into the first sub-electron transport layer effectively improves the adhesion between the first electron transport layer and the first perovskite layer, as well as the adhesion between the internal layer structures of the first electron transport layer, thus mitigating the problem of layer separation during battery use; interposing the first binder between adjacent first sub-electron transport layers effectively improves the adhesion between the internal layer structures of the first electron transport layer, thus mitigating the problem of self-separation of the first electron transport layer during battery use; furthermore, the first binder interposed between the first sub-electron transport layers has a certain degree of conductivity and will not cause the solar cell to fail.

[0006] According to an embodiment of this application, the first electron transport layer includes a first sub-electron transport layer A and a first sub-electron transport layer B stacked in multiple layers. The first sub-electron transport layer A includes a first organic electron transport layer, and the first sub-electron transport layer B includes a first inorganic electron transport layer. The first binder is doped into the first sub-electron transport layer A; and / or, the first binder layer is disposed between the first sub-electron transport layer A and the first sub-electron transport layer B. This effectively improves the adhesion between the first electron transport layer and the perovskite layer, as well as the adhesion between the internal layers of the first electron transport layer, thus mitigating the problem of separation between the first electron transport layer and the perovskite layer, and between the first electron transport layer itself, during battery use.

[0007] According to an embodiment of this application, the solar cell further includes a light-absorbing layer located between the first electron transport layer and the second electrode layer. The light-absorbing layer has a different band gap than the first perovskite layer. This improves the stability of the tandem solar cell.

[0008] According to embodiments of this application, the light-absorbing layer includes any one of a second perovskite layer, a crystalline silicon light-absorbing layer, a copper indium gallium selenide light-absorbing layer, a cadmium telluride light-absorbing layer, an amorphous silicon light-absorbing layer, and an organic light-absorbing layer. This improves the stability of various types of tandem solar cells.

[0009] According to embodiments of this application, the light-absorbing layer includes a second perovskite layer, and the solar cell further includes an interconnect layer disposed between the first electron transport layer and the second perovskite layer, and a second electron transport layer disposed between the second perovskite layer and the second electrode layer; or, the light-absorbing layer includes the second perovskite layer, and the solar cell further includes a third electrode layer, an insulating layer, and a fourth electrode layer sequentially stacked between the first electron transport layer and the second perovskite layer, and a second electron transport layer disposed between the second perovskite layer and the second electrode layer, wherein the third electrode layer is disposed close to the first electron transport layer. This improves the stability of the tandem perovskite solar cell.

[0010] According to embodiments of this application, the solar cell further includes a third conductive adhesive layer and / or a third adhesive, wherein the third conductive adhesive layer is located between the interconnect layer and the first electron transport layer, and / or, the third conductive adhesive layer is located between the interconnect layer and the second perovskite layer; the third adhesive is doped into the interconnect layer. This effectively improves the adhesion between the layers in the tandem solar cell, thereby enhancing the stability of the tandem solar cell.

[0011] According to embodiments of this application, a second conductive adhesive layer is disposed between the second perovskite layer and the second electron transport layer, and / or the second electron transport layer contains a second adhesive. This effectively enhances the adhesion between the layers in the tandem solar cell, thereby improving the stability of the tandem solar cell.

[0012] According to an embodiment of this application, the second electron transport layer includes multiple stacked second sub-electron transport layers. The second electron transport layer contains the second binder, comprising: the second binder being doped into at least one of the multiple second sub-electron transport layers; and / or, a second binder layer composed of the second binder is interposed between adjacent second sub-electron transport layers, and the second binder is a conductive binder. This effectively improves the adhesion between the layers in the tandem solar cell, thereby enhancing the stability of the tandem solar cell.

[0013] According to an embodiment of this application, the second electron transport layer includes a multi-layered second sub-electron transport layer A and a second sub-electron transport layer B. The second sub-electron transport layer A includes a second organic electron transport layer, and the second sub-electron transport layer B includes a second inorganic electron transport layer. The second binder is doped into the second sub-electron transport layer A; and / or, the second binder layer is disposed between the second sub-electron transport layer A and the second sub-electron transport layer B. This effectively improves the adhesion between the layers in the tandem solar cell, thereby enhancing the stability of the tandem solar cell.

[0014] According to embodiments of this application, the mass content of the first binder in the first sub-electron transport layer A is 0.1% to 50%; and / or, the mass content of the second binder in the second sub-electron transport layer A is 0.1% to 50%; and / or, the mass content of the third binder in the interconnect layer is 0.1% to 50%; and / or, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer is 1 to 100 nm; and / or, the thickness of the second conductive adhesive layer is 1 to 100 nm; and / or, the thickness of the third conductive adhesive layer is 1 to 100 nm. This effectively improves the adhesion between the layers and enhances the structural stability of the solar cell.

[0015] According to embodiments of this application, the mass content of the first binder in the first sub-electron transport layer A is 0.1%-5%; and / or, the mass content of the second binder in the second sub-electron transport layer A is 0.1%-5%; and / or, the mass content of the third binder in the interconnect layer is 0.1%-5%; and / or, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer is 1-5 nm; and / or, the thickness of the second conductive adhesive layer is 1-5 nm; and / or, the thickness of the third conductive adhesive layer is 1-5 nm.

[0016] According to embodiments of this application, the materials of the first adhesive, the second adhesive, the third adhesive, the first conductive adhesive layer, the second conductive adhesive layer, and the third conductive adhesive layer respectively include one or more of the following: polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), homopolymer of PVDF, PVDF copolymer, PVDF, hexafluoropropylene, carboxymethyl cellulose, styrene-butadiene rubber, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alginate, β-cyclodextrin polymer, polypropylene emulsion, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), conductive paste, silicates, and silane compounds. Therefore, the materials exhibit excellent adhesion, are widely available, and do not significantly reduce the performance of the solar cell.

[0017] According to embodiments of this application, the materials of the first adhesive, the second adhesive, the third adhesive, the first conductive adhesive layer, the second conductive adhesive layer, and the third conductive adhesive layer satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1) the conductive paste includes an epoxy resin substrate and a conductive agent, wherein the conductive agent includes one or more of silver powder, silver-plated copper powder, and silver-plated quartz powder; (2) the silane compound, after hydrolysis, has -OH, -COOH, -NH2, -CONH-, -C4H4O2S-, and -C 12 One or more functional groups in H8N-. Therefore, the adhesive of the above material has good adhesion and a certain degree of conductivity, so that the electron transport layer or the electron transport layer and the perovskite layer have good conductivity.

[0018] According to embodiments of this application, the silane compound includes a silane coupling agent, optionally comprising tetraethyl orthosilicate and / or isobutyltriethoxysilane.

[0019] According to embodiments of this application, the material of the first organic electron transport layer includes one or more of fullerenes and their derivatives, imide compounds, and quinone compounds, and the first inorganic electron transport layer includes tin dioxide.

[0020] According to embodiments of this application, the material of the second organic electron transport layer includes one or more of fullerenes and their derivatives, imide compounds, and quinone compounds, and the second inorganic electron transport layer includes tin dioxide.

[0021] According to an embodiment of this application, the band gap of the first perovskite layer is 1.5-1.9 eV, and the band gap of the light-absorbing layer is 1.1-1.4 eV. Therefore, both long-wavelength and short-wavelength light can be effectively absorbed, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0022] In a second aspect, this application provides an electrical device. According to an embodiment of this application, the electrical device includes the aforementioned solar cell. Therefore, the electrical device has good stability and long service life. Those skilled in the art will understand that the electrical device possesses all the features and advantages of the aforementioned solar cell, which will not be elaborated upon further here.

[0023] In a third aspect, this application provides a power generation device. According to an embodiment of this application, the power generation device includes the solar cell described above. Therefore, the power generation device has good stability and long service life. Those skilled in the art will understand that this power generation device possesses all the features and advantages of the solar cell described above, which will not be elaborated further here. Attached Figure Description

[0024] Various other advantages and benefits will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the detailed description of the preferred embodiments below. The accompanying drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of this application. Furthermore, the same reference numerals denote the same parts throughout the drawings. In the drawings:

[0025] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0026] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0027] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0028] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0029] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0030] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0031] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0032] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0033] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0034] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0035] Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0036] Figure 12 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0037] Figure 13 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0038] Figure 14 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0039] Figure 15 This is a schematic diagram of the separation phenomenon in Comparative Example 2.

[0040] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures:

[0041] 10 First electrode layer; 20 First hole transport layer; 30 First perovskite layer; 40 First electron transport layer; 41 First sub-electron transport layer A; 42 First sub-electron transport layer B; 50 Second electrode layer; 61 First conductive adhesive layer; 601 First adhesive; 70 Interconnect layer; 80 Second perovskite layer; 90 Second electron transport layer; 62 Second conductive adhesive layer; 602 Second adhesive; 91 Second sub-electron transport layer A; 92 Second sub-electron transport layer B; 100 Third electrode layer; 110 Insulating layer; 120 Fourth electrode layer. Detailed Implementation

[0042] The embodiments of the technical solution of this application are described in detail below. The following embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of this application more clearly, and are therefore only examples, and should not be used to limit the scope of protection of this application.

[0043] In this document, the term "embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of this application. The appearance of this phrase in various places throughout the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it a separate or alternative embodiment mutually exclusive with other embodiments. It will be explicitly and implicitly understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments.

[0044] The "range" disclosed in this application is defined by a lower limit and an upper limit. A given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, which define the boundaries of a particular range. Ranges defined in this way can include or exclude endpoints and can be arbitrarily combined; that is, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a specific parameter, it is expected that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are also included. Furthermore, if minimum range values ​​of 1 and 2 are listed, and if maximum range values ​​of 3, 4, and 5 are listed, then the following ranges are all expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5. In this application, unless otherwise stated, the numerical range "ab" represents a shortened representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" have been listed in this article; "0-5" is simply a shortened representation of these numerical combinations. Furthermore, when a parameter is stated as an integer ≥2, it is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0045] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of this application can be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0046] Unless otherwise specified, all technical features and optional technical features of this application may be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0047] Unless otherwise specified, all steps in this application may be performed sequentially or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, the method includes steps (a) and (b), indicating that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or it may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, the mention that the method may also include step (c) indicates that step (c) may be added to the method in any order. For example, the method may include steps (a), (b), and (c), or it may include steps (a), (c), and (b), or it may include steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.

[0048] Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, are devices that directly convert light energy into electrical energy through the photoelectric effect or photochemical effect. Perovskite solar cells are solar cells that utilize perovskite material as the light-absorbing material. Compared with other solar cells, perovskite solar cells have high photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0049] Taking perovskite solar cells as an example, their photoelectric conversion principle is as follows: Incident light (e.g., sunlight) enters the device and then reaches the perovskite light-absorbing layer and is absorbed by it. Under the excitation of the incident light, the perovskite light-absorbing layer generates hole-electron pairs. Under the action of an electric field, the holes and electrons separate. The electrons are transferred to one electrode, while the holes are transferred to another electrode. Subsequently, a loop is formed through the external circuit, which can be used to drive the load.

[0050] As the application of perovskite solar cells becomes increasingly widespread, the requirements for their stability are becoming more stringent. During prolonged use, separation can easily occur between the layers of a perovskite solar cell. In single-junction perovskite solar cells, this typically manifests as separation between the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer, while in tandem perovskite solar cells, it typically manifests as separation between the wide-bandgap perovskite layer and the narrow-bandgap perovskite layer. This separation phenomenon severely affects the stability and lifespan of the solar cell.

[0051] In this application, to address the problem of easy separation between the layers in perovskite solar cells, a conductive adhesive layer can be provided between the electron transport layer and the perovskite layer, or an adhesive can be doped into the electron transport layer. Both methods can effectively improve the adhesion between the layers and thus improve the separation problem.

[0052] The solar cells disclosed in this application can be used in electrical devices that use batteries as a power source or in various energy storage systems that use batteries as energy storage elements. Electrical devices may include, but are not limited to, mobile phones, tablets, laptops, electric toys, power tools, electric vehicles, electric cars, ships, spacecraft, etc. Electric toys may include stationary or mobile electric toys, such as game consoles, electric car toys, electric ship toys, and electric airplane toys, etc. Spacecraft may include airplanes, rockets, space shuttles, and spacecraft, etc.

[0053] In a first aspect, this application proposes a solar cell, according to an embodiment of this application, referring to... Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 and Figure 4 The solar cell includes a first electrode layer 10, a first perovskite layer 30, a first electron transport layer 40, and a second electrode layer 50 disposed in a first direction. The first perovskite layer 30 and the first electron transport layer 40 are stacked between the first electrode layer 10 and the second electrode layer 50. The first perovskite layer 30 is disposed on the side of the first electron transport layer 40 away from the second electrode layer 50. A first conductive adhesive layer 61 (e.g., ...) is disposed between the first perovskite layer 30 and the first electron transport layer 40. Figure 1 (as shown); and / or, the first electron transport layer 40 contains a first adhesive 601 (as shown). Figures 2 to 3(As shown).

[0054] In some embodiments, such as Figures 1-3 As shown, the solar cell may further include a first hole transport layer 20, which is located between the first electrode layer 10 and the first perovskite layer 30, and is used to extract and transport holes.

[0055] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell with the above-described structure can effectively improve the stability of the solar cell. Specifically: by providing a first conductive adhesive layer 61 between the first perovskite layer 30 and the first electron transport layer 40, the first conductive adhesive layer 61 can effectively improve the adhesion between the first perovskite layer 30 and the first electron transport layer 40, thus improving the problem of separation of the two layers during battery use; by providing a first adhesive in the first electron transport layer 40, the adhesion between the first electron transport layer 40 and the first perovskite layer 30 can be effectively improved, thus improving the problem of separation of the internal structure of the first electron transport layer 40 during battery use; furthermore, the first conductive adhesive layer 61 has a certain conductivity, thereby ensuring the conductivity between the first electron transport layer and the first perovskite layer, and preventing the solar cell from failing.

[0056] According to some embodiments of this application, the first electron transport layer 40 includes multiple stacked first sub-electron transport layers. In some specific embodiments, refer to... Figures 2 to 3 The first electron transport layer 40 includes multiple stacked first sub-electron transport layers A41 and B42. First sub-electron transport layer A41 includes a first organic electron transport layer, and first sub-electron transport layer B42 includes a first inorganic electron transport layer. In this case, the first electron transport layer 40 contains a first adhesive 601, which can be designed in various ways depending on the specific location of the first adhesive. Specifically:

[0057] In some embodiments, refer to Figure 2 The first binder 601 is doped in at least one of the multilayer first sub-electron transport layers 41, wherein, Figure 2 Taking the example of the first binder 601 being doped in the first sub-electron transport layer adjacent to the first perovskite layer 30, in some specific embodiments, the first binder 601 is doped in the first sub-electron transport layer A41. Thus, the first sub-electron transport layer doped with the first binder 601 has a certain degree of adhesion, which can effectively bond the adjacent upper and lower layers together, improving the adhesion between the layers and thus enhancing the structural stability of the solar cell. In other embodiments, the first binder 601 can also be doped in other first sub-electron transport layers, such as in the first sub-electron transport layer B42.

[0058] In other embodiments, a first adhesive layer composed of a first adhesive 601 is interposed between two adjacent first sub-electron transport layers. That is, the first adhesive forms a layer structure interposed between two adjacent first sub-electron transport layers, and the first adhesive is a conductive adhesive. In some specific embodiments, refer to... Figure 3 A first adhesive layer (i.e., first adhesive 601) is disposed between the first sub-electron transport layer A41 and the first sub-electron transport layer B42. This effectively improves the adhesion between the first sub-electron transport layers, that is, improves the adhesion between the internal layers of the first electron transport layer, and mitigates the problem of separation of the multilayer first electron transport layer during battery use. Furthermore, the first adhesive layer disposed between the first sub-electron transport layers is a conductive adhesive with a certain degree of conductivity, ensuring the conductivity of the first electron transport layer and thus preventing solar cell failure.

[0059] It should be noted that the "conductive adhesive" mentioned above and below refers to an adhesive with a certain degree of conductivity, meaning that charge carriers (including electrons, holes, and ions) can migrate under the influence of an electric field in this conductive adhesive. Optionally, the conductivity of the conductive adhesive is greater than 10. 7 S / m, for example, 10 8 S / m, 10 9 S / m, 10 10 S / m, etc.

[0060] In some embodiments of this application, the materials of the first organic electron transport layer described above include, but are not limited to, fullerenes and their derivatives, imide compounds, quinone compounds, etc. Exemplarily, the imide compounds include at least one selected from phthalimide, succinimide, N-bromosuccinimide, glutarimide, or maleimide. Exemplarily, the quinone compounds include at least one selected from benzoquinone, naphthoquinone, phenanthrenequinone, or anthraquinone. Exemplarily, the fullerenes and their derivatives include fullerene C... 60 Fullerene C 70 PCBM([6,6]-phenyl-C 61 methyl butyrate), [6,6]-phenyl C 71 Methyl butyrate (PC) 71 At least one of BM). The material of the first inorganic electron transport layer described above includes, but is not limited to, tin dioxide. In some embodiments of this application, the first organic electron transport layer includes fullerenes and their derivatives.

[0061] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the above-described technical solutions for setting the adhesive layer and adhesive are not only applicable to single-junction perovskite solar cells, but also applicable to tandem solar cells, so as to improve the stability of tandem solar cells.

[0062] According to some embodiments of this application, refer to Figure 4 The solar cell also includes a light-absorbing layer 81, which is located between the first electron transport layer 40 and the second electrode layer 50. The light-absorbing layer 81 has a different band gap than the first perovskite layer 30. This can improve the stability of the tandem solar cell.

[0063] According to some embodiments of this application, the band gap of the first perovskite layer 30 is 1.5-1.9 eV, and the band gap of the light-absorbing layer 81 is 1.1-1.4 eV. Thus, the first perovskite layer 30 can absorb short-wavelength light, and the light-absorbing layer 81 can absorb long-wavelength light. The combination of the first perovskite layer 30 and the light-absorbing layer 81 can effectively absorb both long-wavelength and short-wavelength light, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0064] According to some embodiments of this application, the light-absorbing layer 81 includes any one of a second perovskite layer 80, a crystalline silicon light-absorbing layer, a copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) light-absorbing layer, a cadmium telluride (CdTe) light-absorbing layer, an amorphous silicon light-absorbing layer, or an organic light-absorbing layer. Therefore, different types of solar cells, such as perovskite-perovskite solar cells and crystalline silicon-perovskite solar cells, can be flexibly obtained by selecting different light-absorbing layers, while also helping to improve the stability of various solar cells containing perovskite layers and electron transport layers.

[0065] According to some embodiments of this application, refer to Figure 5 The light-absorbing layer 81 includes a second perovskite layer 80. The solar cell also includes an interconnect layer 70 disposed between the first electron transport layer 40 and the second perovskite layer 80, and a second electron transport layer 90 disposed between the second perovskite layer 80 and the second electrode layer 50. The interconnect layer 70 is used to connect the cell cells on both sides. Specifically, holes from the first perovskite layer 30 and electrons from the second perovskite layer 80, or electrons from the first perovskite layer 30 and holes from the second perovskite layer 80, recombine and annihilate in the interconnect layer, thereby achieving the circuit connection of the two cell cells. In this way, the fabrication of the resulting all-perovskite tandem solar cell is simple. A cell containing the second perovskite layer 80 can be directly deposited on a cell containing the first perovskite layer 30 to form a single complete tandem solar cell. Forming a two-end tandem solar cell helps to improve the stability of the tandem solar cell.

[0066] According to some embodiments of this application, such as Figure 5As shown, the solar cell also includes a first electrode layer 10, a first hole transport layer 20, a first perovskite layer 30, a first electron transport layer 40, an interconnect layer 70, a second hole transport layer (not shown), a second perovskite layer 80, a second electron transport layer 90, and a second electrode layer 50, all stacked together. The hole transport layer facilitates the extraction and transport of holes, increasing the carrier transport rate and thus improving the performance of the solar cell.

[0067] In some embodiments, the interconnect layer 70 comprises one or more of a metallic material, a transparent conductive oxide, and a carbon material. Further, the transparent conductive oxide layer comprises, but is not limited to, one or more of FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), ITO (indium tin oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), IGZO (indium gallium zinc oxide), and ATO (antimony tin oxide). Further, the metallic material comprises, but is not limited to, one or more of gold, copper, silver, platinum, aluminum, and iron. Further, the carbon material comprises one or more of graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes.

[0068] In some embodiments, the thickness of the interconnect layer 70 is 0.1 nm to 200 nm. For example, it can be 0.1 nm, 0.8 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 10 nm, 30 nm, 50 nm, 90 nm, 100 nm, 130 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 200 nm, or any two of the above point values ​​as end values.

[0069] According to some embodiments of this application, refer to Figure 6 The light-absorbing layer 81 includes the second perovskite layer 80. The solar cell also includes a third electrode layer 100, an insulating layer 110, and a fourth electrode layer 120, sequentially stacked between the first electron transport layer 40 and the second perovskite layer 80, and a second electron transport layer 90 disposed between the second perovskite layer 80 and the second electrode layer 50, wherein the third electrode layer 100 is close to the first electron transport layer 40. Thus, the insulating layer 110 circuitically isolates the cell containing the first perovskite layer 30 and the cell containing the second perovskite layer 80. Each cell has two electrodes, for a total of four electrodes. The circuits of the two cell units are independent, forming a four-terminal stacked solar cell. This helps improve the stability of the all-perovskite solar cell.

[0070] Furthermore, since the third electrode layer 100 and the fourth electrode layer 120 are located in the middle of the tandem solar cell, in order to further increase the light energy utilization rate of the tandem solar cell and enable the remaining solar energy after absorption by the previous cell to enter the next cell, the third electrode layer and the fourth electrode layer can be set as light-transmitting electrodes.

[0071] In some embodiments, the material of the insulating layer 110 includes, but is not limited to, glass or an insulating adhesive. Further, the glass is transparent glass; further, the insulating adhesive is a transparent adhesive.

[0072] According to some embodiments of this application, such as Figure 6 As shown, the solar cell also includes a first electrode layer 10, a first hole transport layer 20, a first perovskite layer 30, a first electron transport layer 40, a third electrode layer 100, an insulating layer 110, a fourth electrode layer 120, a second hole transport layer (not shown), a second perovskite layer 80, a second electron transport layer 90, and a second electrode layer 50, all stacked together. The hole transport layer facilitates the extraction and transport of holes, increasing the carrier transport rate and thus improving the performance of the solar cell.

[0073] According to some embodiments of this application, in order to further improve the above... Figure 5 and Figure 6 The stability of all-perovskite solar cells can be further improved by enhancing the interconnect layer and the second electron transport layer in the aforementioned structure (shown only as shown in the attached diagram). Figure 5 Taking the solar cell as an example (as shown in the diagram), an adhesive is set in the figure, as detailed below:

[0074] In some embodiments, such as Figure 7 As shown, a second conductive adhesive layer 62 is disposed between the second perovskite layer 80 and the second electron transport layer 90. In other embodiments, such as... Figures 8 to 9 As shown, the second electron transport layer 90 contains a second binder 602. This effectively improves the adhesion between the layers in the tandem solar cell, thereby enhancing its stability. Specifically, by providing a second conductive adhesive layer 62 between the second perovskite layer 80 and the second electron transport layer 90, the second conductive adhesive layer 62 effectively improves the adhesion between the second perovskite layer 80 and the second electron transport layer 90, mitigating the problem of separation during cell use. Furthermore, the second binder in the second electron transport layer 90 effectively improves the adhesion between the second electron transport layer 90 and the second perovskite layer 80, mitigating the problem of separation during cell use. Additionally, the second conductive adhesive layer 62 has a certain degree of conductivity, ensuring the conductivity between the second electron transport layer and the second perovskite layer and preventing solar cell failure.

[0075] According to some embodiments of this application, the second electron transport layer 90 includes multiple stacked second sub-electron transport layers. In some specific embodiments, refer to... Figures 8 to 9The second electron transport layer 90 includes a second sub-electron transport layer A 91 and a second sub-electron transport layer B 92 stacked in multiple layers. The second sub-electron transport layer A 91 includes a second organic electron transport layer, and the second sub-electron transport layer B 92 includes a second inorganic electron transport layer.

[0076] At this time, the second adhesive 602 contained in the second electron transport layer 90 can be designed in various ways depending on the specific location of the second adhesive 602, specifically:

[0077] In some embodiments, refer to Figure 8 The second binder 602 is doped in at least one of the multilayer second sub-electron transport layers, wherein, Figure 8 Taking the example of the second binder 602 being doped in the second sub-electron transport layer adjacent to the second perovskite layer 80, in some specific embodiments, the second binder 601 is doped in the second sub-electron transport layer A91. Thus, the second sub-electron transport layer A91 doped with the second binder 602 has a certain degree of adhesion, which can effectively bond the adjacent upper and lower layers together, improving the adhesion between the layers and thus enhancing the structural stability of the tandem solar cell. In other embodiments, the second binder 602 can also be doped in other second sub-electron transport layers, such as the second sub-electron transport layer B92.

[0078] In other embodiments, a second adhesive layer composed of a second adhesive 602 is interposed between two adjacent second sub-electron transport layers. That is, the second adhesive 602 forms a layer structure interposed between two adjacent second sub-electron transport layers, and the second adhesive 602 is a conductive adhesive. In some specific embodiments, refer to... Figure 9 The second adhesive layer (i.e., the second adhesive 602) is disposed between the second sub-electron transport layer A 91 and the second sub-electron transport layer B 92. This effectively improves the adhesion between the second sub-electron transport layers, that is, improves the adhesion between the internal layers of the second electron transport layer, and mitigates the problem of separation of the multilayered second electron transport layer during battery use. Furthermore, the second adhesive disposed between the second sub-electron transport layers is a conductive adhesive, possessing a certain degree of conductivity, ensuring the conductivity of the second electron transport layer, and thus preventing the failure of the tandem solar cell.

[0079] According to some embodiments of this application, the arrangement and placement of the first conductive adhesive layer, the first adhesive, the second conductive adhesive layer, and the second adhesive are independent of each other and do not have any mutually restrictive requirements; they can be arranged arbitrarily. In some embodiments, only the first conductive adhesive layer may be provided in the solar cell (without adding the first adhesive), such as... Figure 1As shown; in other embodiments, only the first adhesive may be provided in the solar cell (without providing the first conductive adhesive), such as... Figures 2 to 3 As shown, the first adhesive can be applied at only one location on the solar cell, or it can be applied at multiple locations; in some embodiments, the first conductive adhesive layer and the first adhesive can be applied simultaneously, wherein the first adhesive can be applied at only one location on the solar cell (e.g., Figures 2 to 6 As shown), the first adhesive can, of course, be provided at multiple locations. In some embodiments, only the second conductive adhesive layer can be provided in the solar cell (without adding the second adhesive); in other embodiments, only the second adhesive can be provided in the solar cell (without providing the second conductive adhesive), such as... Figures 7 to 9 As shown, the second adhesive can be disposed at only one location on the solar cell, or it can be disposed at multiple locations; in some embodiments, the second conductive adhesive layer and the second adhesive can be disposed simultaneously, wherein the second adhesive can be disposed at only one location on the solar cell (e.g., Figures 7 to 9 As shown in the figure, a second adhesive can also be applied in multiple locations.

[0080] In some embodiments of this application, the material requirements of the second sub-electron transport layer A are the same as those of the first sub-electron transport layer A described above, and the material requirements of the second sub-electron transport layer B are the same as those of the first sub-electron transport layer B described above, which will not be elaborated further here.

[0081] According to some embodiments of this application, refer to Figures 10 to 14 The solar cell also includes a third conductive adhesive layer 63 and / or a third adhesive 603, wherein the third conductive adhesive layer 63 and / or the third adhesive 603 may be disposed in the following ways:

[0082] In some embodiments, refer to Figure 10 and Figure 11 As shown, the third conductive adhesive layer 63 is located between the interconnect layer 70 and the first electron transport layer 40. Therefore, the presence of the third conductive adhesive layer 63 effectively enhances the adhesion between the interconnect layer 70 and the first electron transport layer 40, mitigating the problem of separation between the first and second perovskite layers during battery use, thereby improving the stability of the tandem solar cell. Furthermore, the third conductive adhesive layer 63 possesses a certain degree of conductivity, ensuring the conductivity between the second electron transport layer and the second perovskite layer and preventing the tandem solar cell from failing.

[0083] In other embodiments, reference is made to Figure 12 and Figure 13The third conductive adhesive layer 63 is located between the interconnect layer 70 and the second perovskite layer 80. Therefore, the third conductive adhesive layer 63 effectively enhances the adhesion between the interconnect layer 70 and the second perovskite layer 80, mitigating the problem of separation between the first and second perovskite layers during battery use, thereby improving the stability of the tandem solar cell. Furthermore, the third conductive adhesive layer 63 has a certain degree of conductivity, ensuring the conductivity between the second electron transport layer and the second perovskite layer, preventing the tandem solar cell from failing.

[0084] In yet other embodiments, reference is made to Figure 14 The third binder 603 is doped into the interconnect layer 70. As a result, the interconnect layer has a certain degree of adhesion, which can effectively bond the adjacent upper and lower layers together, improve the adhesion between the layers, and thus improve the structural stability of the tandem solar cell.

[0085] According to some embodiments of this application, the third conductive adhesive layer 63 and the third adhesive 603 are independently disposed and there are no restrictive requirements. Specifically, in some embodiments, the third conductive adhesive layer 63 can be disposed separately in the tandem solar cell, such as... Figures 10 to 13 As shown, the third conductive adhesive layer 63 can be provided only between the interconnect layer 70 and the first electron transport layer 40, or only between the interconnect layer 70 and the second perovskite layer 80. Alternatively, the third conductive adhesive layer 63 can be provided simultaneously between the interconnect layer 70 and the first electron transport layer 40, and between the interconnect layer 70 and the second perovskite layer 80. In other embodiments, the third adhesive 603 can be provided separately in the tandem solar cell, such as... Figure 14 As shown; in some other embodiments, a third conductive adhesive layer 63 and a third adhesive 603 may be simultaneously provided in the tandem solar cell.

[0086] According to some other embodiments of this application, the arrangement of the third conductive adhesive layer 63 and the third adhesive 603 is independent of the arrangement of the first conductive adhesive layer, the first adhesive, the second conductive adhesive layer and the second adhesive described above, and there are no mutual restrictions. They can be arranged arbitrarily. In some embodiments, a first conductive adhesive layer and a third conductive adhesive layer are disposed together; in other embodiments, a first conductive adhesive layer and a third adhesive are disposed together; in still other embodiments, a first adhesive and a third adhesive are disposed together; in still other embodiments, a first adhesive and a third conductive adhesive layer are disposed together; in still other embodiments, a first conductive adhesive layer, a second conductive adhesive layer, and a third conductive adhesive layer are disposed together; in still other embodiments, a first conductive adhesive layer, a second conductive adhesive layer, and a third adhesive are disposed together; in still other embodiments, a first conductive adhesive layer, a second adhesive, and a third conductive adhesive layer are disposed together; in still other embodiments, a first adhesive, a second conductive adhesive layer, and a third conductive adhesive layer are disposed together; in still other embodiments, a first adhesive, a second conductive adhesive layer, and a third conductive adhesive layer are disposed together; in still other embodiments, a first adhesive, a second adhesive, and a third adhesive are disposed together; in still other embodiments, a first adhesive, a second adhesive, and a third conductive adhesive layer are disposed together.

[0087] According to some embodiments of this application, the mass content of the first binder in the first sub-electron transport layer A is 0.5% to 50%, for example, the doping amount of the first binder is 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, etc. The above-mentioned amounts of the first binder can ensure that the first sub-electron transport layer A has suitable adhesion while also ensuring good conductivity. Furthermore, in some specific embodiments, the mass content of the first binder in the first sub-electron transport layer A is 0.1% to 5%. A small amount of doping can effectively improve the adhesion without significantly affecting the conductivity of the first sub-electron transport layer A. Especially when the first binder is non-conductive, a small amount of binder can still ensure that the first sub-electron transport layer A has good electron transport properties.

[0088] According to some embodiments of this application, the mass content of the second binder in the second sub-electron transport layer A is 0.5% to 50%, for example, the doping amount of the second binder is 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, etc. The above-mentioned amounts of second binder can ensure that the second conductive polymer layer has suitable adhesion while maintaining good conductivity. Furthermore, in some specific embodiments, the mass content of the second binder in the second sub-electron transport layer A is 0.1% to 5%. A small doping amount can effectively improve the adhesion without significantly affecting the conductivity of the second sub-electron transport layer A. Especially when the second binder is non-conductive, a small amount of binder can ensure that the second sub-electron transport layer A still has good electron transport properties.

[0089] According to some embodiments of this application, the mass content of the third binder in the interconnect layer is 0.5% to 50%, for example, the doping amount of the third binder is 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, etc. The above-mentioned amounts of third binder can ensure that the interconnect layer has suitable adhesion while maintaining good conductivity. Furthermore, in some specific embodiments, the mass content of the third binder in the interconnect layer is 0.1% to 5%. A small doping amount can effectively improve the adhesion without significantly affecting the conductivity of the interconnect layer, especially when the second binder is non-conductive; a small amount of binder can still ensure good conductivity of the interconnect layer.

[0090] It should be noted that the doping amount of the above-mentioned binder can be analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technology to determine the mass doping amount of the binder in the first sub-electron transport layer A, the second conductive polymer layer, and the interconnect layer.

[0091] According to some embodiments of this application, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer is 1–100 nm, for example, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer is 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, etc. Therefore, the first conductive adhesive layer with the above-mentioned thickness has better adhesion, which can effectively improve the adhesion between adjacent structures, thereby improving the structural stability between the layers; at the same time, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer is relatively thin, which will not make the overall thickness of the solar cell too thick, which is beneficial to the thin and light design of the solar cell. In some specific embodiments, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer can be 1–5 nm.

[0092] According to some embodiments of this application, the thickness of the second conductive adhesive layer is 1–100 nm. For example, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer is 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, etc. Therefore, the second conductive adhesive layer with the above-mentioned thickness has better adhesion, which can effectively improve the adhesion between adjacent structures, thereby improving the structural stability between the layers. At the same time, the thinner thickness of the second conductive adhesive layer prevents the overall thickness of the solar cell from being too thick, which is beneficial for the lightweight design of the solar cell. In some specific embodiments, the thickness of the second conductive adhesive layer can be 1–5 nm.

[0093] According to some embodiments of this application, the thickness of the third conductive adhesive layer is 1–100 nm. For example, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer is 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, etc. Therefore, the third conductive adhesive layer with the above-mentioned thickness has better adhesion, which can effectively improve the adhesion between adjacent structures, thereby improving the structural stability between the layers. At the same time, the relatively thin thickness of the third conductive adhesive layer prevents the overall thickness of the solar cell from becoming too thick, which is beneficial for the lightweight design of the solar cell. In some specific embodiments, the thickness of the third conductive adhesive layer can be 1–5 nm.

[0094] It should be noted that the thickness of the conductive adhesive layer can be obtained by SEM, ellipsometry or profilometer. The thickness values ​​mentioned above refer to the average thickness of each conductive adhesive layer, which is the average value calculated by measuring the thickness at 50 different locations in the same conductive adhesive layer.

[0095] According to some embodiments of this application, the materials of the first adhesive, second adhesive, third adhesive, first conductive adhesive layer, second conductive adhesive layer, and third conductive adhesive layer respectively include polyvinylidene fluoride, homopolymers of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride copolymers, polyvinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium alginate (Alg), β-cyclodextrin polymer (β-CDp), polypropylene emulsion (LA132), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), etc., as well as functionalized derivatives of the above polymers or copolymers between monomers, conductive pastes, silicates, and silane compounds, at least one of these. Therefore, the materials have good adhesion, are widely available, and do not cause side reactions inside the solar cell.

[0096] According to some specific embodiments of this application, the conductive paste includes an epoxy resin substrate and a conductive agent, wherein the conductive agent includes one or more of silver powder, silver-plated copper powder, and silver-plated quartz powder. Further, the conductive paste may also include toughening agents and solvents, wherein the toughening agent may be a low molecular weight active toughening agent, such as at least one of liquid-terminated carboxyl-terminated nitrile rubber, low molecular weight polyester, low molecular weight polyamide, and low molecular weight polycarbonate rubber, etc. The solvent is used to adjust the viscosity of the conductive paste and may be at least one of low molecular weight ketones, esters, ethylene glycol ethyl ether, isopropanol, turpentine, tetrahydrofuran, and aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. Therefore, the conductive paste has a certain conductivity and can be used to prepare a first conductive adhesive layer, a second conductive adhesive layer, and a third conductive adhesive layer, or as a conductive first adhesive, second adhesive, and third adhesive, or as a first adhesive, second adhesive, and third adhesive doped in a first sub-electron transport layer, a second sub-electron transport layer, and an interconnect layer.

[0097] According to some specific embodiments of this application, the hydrolysis products of silane compounds have -OH, -COOH, -NH2, -CONH-, -C4H4O2S-, and -C 12 At least one functional group in H8N-. Therefore, the above-mentioned binder exhibits good adhesion after hydrolysis of silane compounds.

[0098] In some embodiments, the silane compound includes a silane coupling agent with the chemical formula Y(CH2).n SiX3. Wherein, X represents a hydrolyzable functional group, which can undergo coupling reactions with methoxy, ethoxy, cellosolves, and inorganic materials (glass, metal, SiO2); R represents an organic functional group, which can undergo coupling reactions with vinyl, ethoxy, methacrylic acid, amino, mercapto, and other organic groups, as well as inorganic materials, various synthetic resins, and rubber. Here, n = 0–3; X is a hydrolyzable group; Y is an organic functional group that can react with resins. In some embodiments, X is typically chloro, methoxy, ethoxy, methoxyethoxy, acetoxy, etc., which hydrolyze to generate silanol (Si(OH)3), which then combines with inorganic substances to form siloxanes. In some embodiments, Y is vinyl, amino, epoxy, methacryloyloxy, mercapto, or urea. These reactive groups can react with organic substances to combine. Therefore, by using silane coupling agents, a "molecular bridge" can be built between the interface of inorganic and organic substances, connecting two materials with vastly different properties, thereby improving the performance of composite materials and increasing the bonding strength.

[0099] In some specific embodiments, the silane coupling agent includes tetraethyl orthosilicate and / or isobutyltriethoxysilane.

[0100] In some embodiments of this application, the aforementioned adhesive material with a certain degree of conductivity can be used to prepare the first conductive adhesive layer, the second conductive adhesive layer, and the third conductive adhesive layer. It can also be used as a conductive first adhesive, second adhesive, and third adhesive, or as a first adhesive, second adhesive, and third adhesive doped into the first sub-electron transport layer, the second sub-electron transport layer, and the interconnect layer. According to other embodiments of this application, since organic materials such as polyvinylidene fluoride, homopolymers of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride copolymers, polyvinylidene fluoride, and hexafluoropropylene do not possess conductivity, in some embodiments, these organic materials can be doped into the first sub-electron transport layer, the second sub-electron transport layer, and the interconnect layer as the first adhesive, second adhesive, and third adhesive. In other embodiments, the aforementioned organic materials are mixed with conductive paste or silane compounds to prepare the conductive adhesive layer.

[0101] According to some embodiments of this application, the first conductive adhesive layer, the second conductive adhesive layer, and the third conductive adhesive layer can be prepared by methods such as coating, spin coating, vapor deposition, spraying, and chemical physical vapor deposition. In some specific embodiments, the first conductive adhesive layer, the second conductive adhesive layer, and the third conductive adhesive layer can be prepared by vapor deposition, which avoids the introduction of moisture and thus prevents moisture contamination of the perovskite. In some embodiments, the adhesive permeating between the sub-electron transport layers can be prepared by methods such as coating, spin coating, vapor deposition, spraying, and chemical physical vapor deposition.

[0102] According to some embodiments of this application, the materials of the first electrode layer, the third electrode layer, and the fourth electrode layer can be transparent conductive materials, such as FTO (thallium fluoride oxide), ITO (indium tin oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), etc. Additives Zinc oxide aluminum The materials for the first electrode layer include transparent conductive materials such as IZO (indium zinc oxide); the materials for the second electrode layer include, but are not limited to, conductive materials such as Ag, Cu, C, Au, Al, ITO, AZO, BZO, and IZO.

[0103] According to some embodiments of this application, the first hole transport layer and the second hole transport layer include a hole transport material, which may be nickel oxide (NiO). x , 1≤x≤2), cuprous iodide (CuI), cuprous oxide (Cu2O), cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN), 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirodifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra(di-p-tolylamino)spiro-9,9'-difluorene (Spiro-TTB), poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), and [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-4PACz), (4-(3,6-dimethyl ... The hole transport layer is selected from one or more of the following: (4-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz), (4-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (Br-4PACz), (2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz), (2-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (Me-2PACz), (2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (2PACz), and (2-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (Br-2PACz). In some embodiments, the hole transport layer can be prepared by methods such as magnetron sputtering, atomic deposition, and spin coating.

[0104] According to some embodiments of this application, the perovskite layer comprises a perovskite material. In some embodiments, the perovskite material comprises at least one of the compounds shown in [A][B][X]3 and [A]2[C][D][X]6, wherein A comprises at least one inorganic or organic monovalent cation, B comprises at least one inorganic divalent cation, C comprises at least one inorganic monovalent cation, D comprises at least one inorganic trivalent cation, and X comprises at least one monovalent anion.

[0105] For example, the organic monovalent cation includes: (NR) 14 R 15 R 16 R 17 ) + 、(R 14 R 15 N=CR 16 R 17 ) + 、(R 14 R 15 NC(R 18 ) = NR 16 R 17 ) + or (R) 14 R 15 NC(NR 18 R 19 ) = NR 16 R 17 ) + At least one of them, wherein R 14 R 15 R 16 R 17 R 18 and R 19 Each is independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl groups, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups. For example, organic monovalent cations include: (H2N=CH-NH2) + (abbreviated as FA), CH3NH3 + At least one of (abbreviated as MA).

[0106] For example, the inorganic monovalent cation includes: Li + Na + K + 、Rb + Cs + Cu + Ag + Au + or Hg + At least one of them.

[0107] For example, the inorganic divalent cation includes: Pb 2+ Sn 2+ Be 2+ Mg 2+ Ca 2+ 、Sr 2+ Ba 2+ Zn 2+ 、Ge 2+ Fe 2+ Co 2+ Ni 2+ Cd2+ Cu 2+ Mn 2+ Pd 2+ Yb 2+ Or Eu 2+ At least one of them.

[0108] For example, inorganic trivalent cations include: Bi 3+ Sb 3+ Cr 3+ Fe 3+ Co 3+ Ga 3+ As 3+ Ru 3+ ,Rh 3+ In 3+ Ir 3+ Au 3+ Or Al 3+ At least one of them.

[0109] For example, monovalent anions include: F - Cl - ,Br - I - SCN - CNO - OCN - OSCN - SH - OH - CN - SeCN - At least one of them.

[0110] Furthermore, in some embodiments, the thickness of the first perovskite layer is between 400 and 1000 nm; the thickness of the second perovskite layer is between 800 and 1200 nm.

[0111] According to some embodiments of this application, in a perovskite solar cell, a passivation layer may be further included between the hole transport layer and the first perovskite layer. In some embodiments, the material of the passivation layer includes, but is not limited to, [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACZ), alumina, sodium 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate (4Cl-BZS), etc. According to some embodiments of this application, the solar cell also includes a hole blocking layer disposed between the electron transport layer and the second electrode layer. By providing a hole blocking layer, electron extraction performance and hole blocking performance can be improved. The hole blocking layer includes a hole blocking material. This application does not particularly limit the hole blocking material. Exemplarily, the hole blocking material may include one or more of SnO2, ZnO, CeOx, and BCP (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline).

[0112] In a second aspect of this application, an electrical device is provided. According to an embodiment of this application, the electrical device includes the solar cell described in the first aspect above. Therefore, the electrical device has good stability and long service life. Those skilled in the art will understand that the electrical device possesses all the features and advantages of the solar cell described above, which will not be elaborated further here.

[0113] According to some embodiments of this application, electrical devices may include mobile devices (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, etc.), electric vehicles (e.g., pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric golf carts, electric trucks, etc.), electric trains, ships and satellites, energy storage systems, etc., but are not limited thereto.

[0114] In a third aspect, this application provides a power generation device. According to an embodiment of this application, the power generation device includes the solar cell described above. Therefore, the power generation device has good stability and long service life. Those skilled in the art will understand that this power generation device possesses all the features and advantages of the solar cell described above, which will not be elaborated further here.

[0115] In some embodiments, the power generation device can be used in fields such as ground power stations, aviation, construction, and wearable power generation devices.

[0116] The following describes embodiments of this application. The embodiments described below are exemplary and are only used to explain this application, and should not be construed as limiting this application. Where specific techniques or conditions are not specified in the embodiments, they are performed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in this field or according to the product instructions. Reagents or instruments used, unless otherwise specified, are all conventional products that can be obtained commercially.

[0117] Example

[0118] Example 1

[0119] The fabrication process of perovskite solar cells includes the following steps:

[0120] Fabrication of the first electrode layer: dimensions 2.0*2.0cm 2 The FTO conductive glass was laser-etched to remove 0.35 cm of FTO from each end, exposing the FTO conductive glass substrate. The etched FTO conductive glass was then ultrasonically cleaned several times with water, acetone, and isopropanol, and then dried with nitrogen for later use.

[0121] Preparation of hole transport layer: FTO conductive glass was treated with ultraviolet ozone, and then NiOx with a thickness of 35nm was formed by magnetron sputtering. The hole transport layer was obtained by annealing at 300℃ for 60min.

[0122] Preparation of passivation layer: MeO-2PACZ solution (1 mmol / mL, solvent is ethanol) was spin-coated at 3000 rpm for 30 s, and then annealed at 100℃ for 10 min to obtain passivation layer.

[0123] Preparation of the first perovskite layer: A one-step method was used to prepare the perovskite optical layer, including: spin-coating a perovskite precursor solution onto the prepared passivation layer at a speed of 4000 rpm for 30 s; adding 450 μL of anti-solvent approximately 10 s after the spin-coating begins; then placing the film on a hot plate and annealing at 110 °C for 60 min to obtain a first perovskite layer with a thickness of 500 nm. The material was Cs. 0.2 FA 0.8 PbCl3;

[0124] Preparation of the first electron transport layer / first binder: Mix 1% PVDF solution (0.5 ml) and 25 mg / ml PCBM solution (20 ml) evenly, coat the mixture onto the first perovskite PVK film, and deposit a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer by ALD. The thickness of the sub-electron transport layer of PCBM+PVDF is 20 nm.

[0125] Preparation of the second electrode layer: The thin film with the first electron transport layer is placed in an evaporation apparatus, and the evaporation vacuum is allowed to reach 5*10. -4 Below Pa, an 80 nm metal back electrode Ag, i.e., the second electrode layer, is deposited at a rate of 0.1 A / s to obtain the following... Figure 2 The perovskite solar cell shown.

[0126] Example 2

[0127] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0128] A 0.5% PVDF solution (0.5 ml) and a 25 mg / ml PCBM solution (20 ml) were mixed evenly and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film. An ALD deposition of a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was then performed.

[0129] Example 3

[0130] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0131] A 3% PVDF solution (0.5 ml) and a 25 mg / ml PCBM solution (20 ml) were mixed evenly and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film. An ALD deposition of a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was then performed.

[0132] Example 4

[0133] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0134] A PVDF solution with a mass concentration of 8% (0.5 ml) was mixed with a PCBM solution with a concentration of 25 mg / ml (20 ml) and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film. Subsequently, a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was deposited by ALD.

[0135] Example 5

[0136] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0137] A 10% PVDF solution (0.5 ml) and a 25 mg / ml PCBM solution (20 ml) were mixed evenly and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film. Subsequently, a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was deposited by ALD.

[0138] Example 6

[0139] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0140] A PVDF solution with a mass concentration of 15% (0.5 ml) was mixed with a PCBM solution with a concentration of 25 mg / ml (20 ml) and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film. Subsequently, a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was deposited by ALD.

[0141] Example 7

[0142] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0143] A 25% PVDF solution (0.5 ml) and a 25 mg / ml PCBM solution (20 ml) were mixed evenly and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film. Subsequently, a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was deposited by ALD.

[0144] Example 8

[0145] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0146] A 40% PVDF solution (0.5 ml) and a 25 mg / ml PCBM solution (20 ml) were mixed evenly and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film. Subsequently, a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was deposited by ALD.

[0147] Example 9

[0148] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0149] A 50% PVDF solution (0.5 ml) and a 25 mg / ml PCBM solution (20 ml) were mixed evenly and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film. Subsequently, a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was deposited by ALD.

[0150] Example 10

[0151] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0152] A solution (0.5 ml) of fully hydrolyzed 0.2 mol / L tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) binder was mixed with a PCBM solution (20 ml) of 25 mg / ml and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film. Subsequently, a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was deposited by ALD.

[0153] Example 11

[0154] The difference from Example 10 is that 0.4 mol / L sodium silicate (0.5 ml) was mixed evenly with 25 mg / ml PCBM solution (20 ml) and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film, followed by ALD deposition of a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer.

[0155] Example 12

[0156] The difference from Example 10 is that the silane binder is replaced with isobutyltriethoxysilane, and the mass doping amount of the binder is 4.2%.

[0157] Example 13

[0158] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0159] After preparing the first perovskite layer, a first conductive adhesive layer is prepared: a conductive paste is coated on the surface of the first perovskite layer, wherein the conductive paste is an epoxy resin containing silver powder, the silver powder content is 30%, and the thickness is 5 nm.

[0160] Preparation of the first electron transport layer: PCBM is coated on the surface of the first conductive adhesive layer with a thickness of 20 nm, and then an electron transport layer of SnO2 with a thickness of 20 nm is deposited by ALD.

[0161] Get as Figure 1 The perovskite solar cell shown.

[0162] Example 14

[0163] The difference from Example 13 is that the first conductive adhesive layer is prepared between the PCBM layer and the SnO2 layer, wherein the thicknesses of the first conductive adhesive layer, the PCBM layer, and the SnO2 layer are 2nm, 20nm, and 20nm, respectively.

[0164] Get as Figure 3 The perovskite solar cell shown.

[0165] Example 15

[0166] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0167] After preparing the hole transport layer, the first perovskite layer is prepared. The prepared first perovskite layer is FA. 0.8 Cs 0.2 Pb(I 0.5 Br 0.5 3, with a thickness of 400nm;

[0168] After preparing the first electron transport layer / first binder, an interconnect layer is prepared by spin-coating In2O3 nanoparticles to obtain an interconnect layer with a thickness of 15 nm.

[0169] Fabrication of the second perovskite layer: Fabrication of FA on the interconnect layer 0.5 Cs 0.25 Sn 0.5 Pb 0.5 I3 narrow bandgap perovskite layer with a thickness of 1 μm;

[0170] Preparation of the second electron transport layer: A 20 nm C60 layer was deposited on the second perovskite thin film, followed by the deposition of a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer using ALD, and finally the second electrode layer was prepared.

[0171] Example 16

[0172] The difference from Example 15 is as follows:

[0173] A second conductive adhesive layer is further formed between the second perovskite layer and the second electron transport layer. The material of the second conductive adhesive layer is silane isobutyltriethoxysilane, and the thickness is 5 nm.

[0174] Example 17

[0175] The difference from Example 15 is that: further in C 60 A second conductive adhesive layer is formed between the layer and the SnO2 layer. The material of the second conductive adhesive layer is silane isobutyltriethoxysilane, and the thickness is 5 nm.

[0176] Example 18

[0177] The difference from Example 15 is that a third conductive adhesive layer is further formed between the first electron transport layer and the interconnect layer. The material of the third conductive adhesive layer is silane isobutyltriethoxysilane, and the thickness is 5 nm.

[0178] Example 19

[0179] The difference from Example 16 is that a third conductive adhesive layer is further formed between the second perovskite layer and the interconnect layer. The material of the third conductive adhesive layer is silane isobutyltriethoxysilane, and the thickness is 5 nm.

[0180] Example 20

[0181] The difference from Example 16 is as follows:

[0182] The preparation of the interconnect layer includes: mixing a 3% (w / w) PVDF solution with In2O3 until homogeneous, with a PVDF to In2O3 mass ratio of 1:20, and then spin-coating to obtain an interconnect layer with a thickness of 15 nm.

[0183] Comparative Example 1

[0184] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0185] Preparation of the first electron transport layer: PCBM is coated on the first perovskite PVK film with a thickness of 20 nm, and an ALD is deposited to form a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer.

[0186] Comparative Example 2

[0187] The difference from Example 15 is as follows:

[0188] Preparation of the first electron transport layer: A 30 nm C60 layer was deposited on the first perovskite layer and a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was deposited by ALD.

[0189] The initial efficiency, stability, and other properties of the perovskite solar cells obtained in the above embodiments and comparative examples were tested respectively.

[0190] Initial efficiency test method: JV test uses an AAA-grade solar simulator as the light source and a high-precision source meter as the test equipment. The voltage scan range is from -0.1V to 1.2V, and the data acquisition delay is 20ms.

[0191] Stability test of 85℃ dark storage (ISOS-D-3I): Each group of solar cell devices was placed in a fixture continuously purged with nitrogen, and then the fixture was placed on the hot stage of a glove box. H2O and O2 were kept <0.1ppm. The hot stage temperature was set to 85℃, and a cooling program of 1.5℃ / min was performed every 200 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the devices were removed and their JV performance was tested. Data were recorded, and the mean was used to create a line graph.

[0192] 85℃ MPPT (ISOS-L-3I) stability test: Each group of solar cell devices is placed in a fixture (with multi-channel maximum power point tracking function) that is continuously purged with nitrogen gas. The fixture is then placed on a hot stage, keeping H2O and O2 < 0.1ppm. The hot stage temperature is set to 85℃. LED lamps, metal halide lamps, or xenon lamps are used as light sources. MPPT is achieved by real-time measurement and closed-loop control of the output voltage and current of the photovoltaic cells. The software automatically records the power change over aging time.

[0193] Layer structure stability: SEM can be used to directly observe whether there is delamination between layers.

[0194] The test results are shown in Table 1 below.

[0195] Table 1

[0196]

[0197]

[0198] Test Result Analysis: As can be seen from the data in Table 1 above, by setting a conductive binder layer between the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer, or by setting a conductive binder layer inside the electron transport layer, or by adding a binder, the separation between the layers can be effectively improved, while still maintaining good battery performance and stability. In Comparative Example 2, through... Figure 15 It is evident that separation occurs between the second perovskite layer and the first perovskite layer.

[0199] It should be noted that this application is not limited to the above-described embodiments. The above embodiments are merely examples, and any embodiments with the same structure and effect as the technical concept within the scope of this application are included in the technical scope of this application. Furthermore, various modifications that can be conceived by those skilled in the art to the embodiments, and other ways of constructing by combining some of the constituent elements of the embodiments, without departing from the spirit of this application, are also included in the scope of this application.

Claims

1. A solar cell, characterized in that, The device includes a first electrode layer, a first perovskite layer, a first electron transport layer, and a second electrode layer disposed in a first direction. The first perovskite layer and the first electron transport layer are stacked between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer. The first perovskite layer is disposed on the side of the first electron transport layer away from the second electrode layer. A first conductive adhesive layer is disposed between the first perovskite layer and the first electron transport layer, and / or the first electron transport layer contains a first adhesive.

2. The solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first electron transport layer includes multiple stacked first sub-electron transport layers, and the first electron transport layer contains the first binder comprising: The first binder is doped in at least one of the multiple first sub-electron transport layers; And / or, a first adhesive layer composed of the first adhesive is disposed between the first sub-electron transport layers of two adjacent layers, and the first adhesive is a conductive adhesive.

3. The solar cell according to claim 2, characterized in that, The first electron transport layer includes a first sub-electron transport layer A and a first sub-electron transport layer B stacked together. The first sub-electron transport layer A includes a first organic electron transport layer, and the first sub-electron transport layer B includes a first inorganic electron transport layer. The first binder is doped into the first sub-electron transport layer A; And / or, the first adhesive layer is disposed between the first sub-electron transport layer A and the first sub-electron transport layer B.

4. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, The solar cell further includes a light-absorbing layer located between the first electron transport layer and the second electrode layer, and the light-absorbing layer has a different band gap than the first perovskite layer.

5. The solar cell according to claim 4, characterized in that, The light-absorbing layer includes any one of the following: a second perovskite layer, a crystalline silicon light-absorbing layer, a copper indium gallium selenide light-absorbing layer, a cadmium telluride light-absorbing layer, an amorphous silicon light-absorbing layer, and an organic light-absorbing layer.

6. The solar cell according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that, The light-absorbing layer includes a second perovskite layer, and the solar cell further includes an interconnect layer disposed between the first electron transport layer and the second perovskite layer, and a second electron transport layer disposed between the second perovskite layer and the second electrode layer. Alternatively, the light-absorbing layer includes the second perovskite layer, and the solar cell further includes a third electrode layer, an insulating layer, and a fourth electrode layer disposed sequentially between the first electron transport layer and the second perovskite layer, and a second electron transport layer disposed between the second perovskite layer and the second electrode layer, wherein the third electrode layer is disposed close to the first electron transport layer.

7. The solar cell according to claim 6, characterized in that, It also includes a third conductive adhesive layer and / or a third adhesive, wherein, The third conductive adhesive layer is located between the interconnect layer and the first electron transport layer, and / or the third conductive adhesive layer is located between the interconnect layer and the second perovskite layer; The third binder is incorporated into the interconnect layer.

8. The solar cell according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that, A second conductive adhesive layer is disposed between the second perovskite layer and the second electron transport layer, and / or the second electron transport layer contains a second adhesive.

9. The solar cell according to claim 8, characterized in that, The second electron transport layer includes multiple layers of second sub-electron transport layers, and the second electron transport layer contains the second binder comprising: The second binder is doped in at least one of the multiple layers of the second sub-electron transport layer; And / or, a second adhesive layer composed of the second adhesive is provided between two adjacent second sub-electron transport layers, and the second adhesive is a conductive adhesive.

10. The solar cell according to claim 9, characterized in that, The second electron transport layer includes a multi-layered second sub-electron transport layer A and a second sub-electron transport layer B. The second sub-electron transport layer A includes a second organic electron transport layer, and the second sub-electron transport layer B includes a second inorganic electron transport layer. The second binder is doped into the second sub-electron transport layer A; And / or, the second adhesive layer is disposed between the second sub-electron transport layer A and the second sub-electron transport layer B.

11. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that, The first binder is doped in the first sub-electron transport layer A at a mass content of 0.1% to 50%; and / or, the second binder is doped in the second sub-electron transport layer A at a mass content of 0.1% to 50%; and / or, the third binder is doped in the interconnect layer at a mass content of 0.1% to 50%; and / or, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer is 1 to 100 nm; and / or, the thickness of the second conductive adhesive layer is 1 to 100 nm; and / or, the thickness of the third conductive adhesive layer is 1 to 100 nm.

12. The solar cell according to claim 11, characterized in that, The first binder is doped in the first sub-electron transport layer A at a mass content of 0.1%-5%; and / or, the second binder is doped in the second sub-electron transport layer A at a mass content of 0.1%-5%; and / or, the third binder is doped in the interconnect layer at a mass content of 0.1%-5%; and / or, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer is 1-5 nm; and / or, the thickness of the second conductive adhesive layer is 1-5 nm; and / or, the thickness of the third conductive adhesive layer is 1-5 nm.

13. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that, The materials of the first adhesive, the second adhesive, the third adhesive, the first conductive adhesive layer, the second conductive adhesive layer, and the third conductive adhesive layer respectively include one or more of the following: polyvinylidene fluoride, homopolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, carboxymethyl cellulose, styrene-butadiene rubber, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alginate, β-cyclodextrin polymer, polypropylene emulsion, polytetrafluoroethylene, conductive paste, silicates, and silane compounds.

14. The solar cell according to claim 13, characterized in that, The materials of the first adhesive, the second adhesive, the third adhesive, the first conductive adhesive layer, the second conductive adhesive layer, and the third conductive adhesive layer satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1) The conductive paste includes an epoxy resin substrate and a conductive agent, wherein the conductive agent includes one or more of silver powder, silver-plated copper powder and silver-plated quartz powder. (2) The hydrolysis products of the silane compounds have -OH, -COOH, -NH2, -CONH-, -C4H4O2S- and -C 12 One or more functional groups in H8N-.

15. The solar cell according to claim 14, characterized in that, The silane compounds include silane coupling agents. Optionally, the silane coupling agent comprises tetraethyl orthosilicate and / or isobutyltriethoxysilane.

16. The solar cell according to claim 3, characterized in that, The material of the first organic electron transport layer includes one or more of fullerenes and their derivatives, imide compounds, and quinone compounds, and the first inorganic electron transport layer includes tin dioxide.

17. The solar cell according to claim 10, characterized in that, The material of the second organic electron transport layer includes one or more of fullerenes and their derivatives, imide compounds, and quinone compounds, and the second inorganic electron transport layer includes tin dioxide.

18. The solar cell according to any one of claims 4 to 6, characterized in that, The band gap of the first perovskite layer is 1.5-1.9 eV, and the band gap of the light-absorbing layer is 1.1-1.4 eV.

19. An electrical appliance, characterized in that, The solar cell includes any one of claims 1 to 18.

20. A power generation device, characterized in that, The solar cell includes any one of claims 1 to 18.

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