Intelligent cracking reactor for alkylated waste sulfuric acid and safety control system thereof

Abstract

The application relates to the technical field of industrial waste acid treatment, and particularly discloses an intelligent cracking reactor for alkylated waste sulfuric acid and a safety control system thereof, which comprises a composite hearth, a combustion zone, a cracking zone, a turbulent reaction zone and a quenching outlet zone in sequence along a material flow direction; an intelligent atomization unit is in communication with the cracking zone and used for spraying the atomized alkylated waste sulfuric acid into the cracking zone; an intelligent safety control unit is in signal connection with the composite hearth and the intelligent atomization unit; wherein the cracking zone is of a conical contraction structure, a gradient composite lining is arranged on the inner wall of the cracking zone, the gradient composite lining comprises a corrosion-resistant layer, a heat-conducting layer and a heat-insulating layer from inside to outside, and a guide plate is arranged in the turbulent reaction zone. The application can guarantee the uniformity and stability of liquid drop particle sizes, thereby improving the cracking reaction efficiency and reducing the risk of organic carbonization and coking.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the technical field of industrial waste acid treatment, and in particular to an intelligent cracking reactor for alkylation waste sulfuric acid and its safety control system. Background Technology

[0002] In the oil refining industry, waste sulfuric acid (typically containing 80-90% H2SO4) generated from alkylation units is classified as hazardous waste due to its high content of organic matter (such as dissolved hydrocarbons), bisulfates, and heavy metal impurities. Traditional disposal methods have significant drawbacks. For example, neutralization landfilling consumes large amounts of lime, producing massive amounts of calcium sulfate sludge (approximately 3 tons of sludge per ton of waste acid), occupying land, and posing a risk of heavy metal leaching. Concentration and reuse methods can only treat pure waste acid and are sensitive to the organic matter and salts in alkylation waste acid, easily leading to equipment corrosion and catalyst poisoning. On the other hand, existing pyrolysis regeneration technologies have limitations. High-temperature pyrolysis regeneration (SAR) is currently the most environmentally friendly waste acid resource recovery technology. Its core equipment, the pyrolysis furnace, decomposes waste acid into SO2 through combustion, which is then converted into sulfuric acid.

[0003] However, existing pyrolysis furnaces suffer from prominent coking and corrosion problems. Sulfates in waste acid form molten alkali metal sulfates at high temperatures (>900℃), which react with conventional refractory materials, causing the furnace lining to peel off; incompletely pyrolyzed organic matter carbonizes and cokes, clogging the furnace and nozzles. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the problem of incompletely cracked organic matter clogging the furnace and nozzles, this application provides an intelligent cracking reactor for alkylation waste sulfuric acid and its safety control system.

[0005] On the one hand, the intelligent pyrolysis reactor for alkylation waste sulfuric acid provided in this application adopts the following technical solution: An intelligent cracking reactor for alkylation waste sulfuric acid includes: The composite furnace chamber, along the material flow direction, includes, in sequence, a combustion zone, a pyrolysis zone, a turbulent reaction zone, and a quench outlet zone; The intelligent atomization unit, connected to the pyrolysis zone, is used to atomize alkylated waste sulfuric acid and spray it into the pyrolysis zone; The intelligent safety control unit is connected to the composite furnace and the intelligent atomization unit via signal transmission. The pyrolysis zone has a conical contraction structure, and the inner wall of the pyrolysis zone is provided with a gradient composite lining. The gradient composite lining includes a corrosion-resistant layer, a heat-conducting layer and a heat-insulating layer from the inside to the outside. A flow guide plate is provided in the turbulent reaction zone. The intelligent atomization unit is configured to adjust the atomization parameters in real time based at least on the input viscosity and salt concentration of the alkylated waste sulfuric acid, so that the droplet size of the atomized waste acid is maintained within a preset range. The intelligent safety control unit is configured to: calculate the dynamic risk index R based at least on the temperature, pressure and corrosion state of the gradient composite lining in the composite furnace, and trigger corresponding graded safety interlock actions according to the different threshold ranges of the R value.

[0006] By adopting the above technical solutions, the design of a conical pyrolysis zone combined with a gradient composite lining effectively enhances the mass and heat transfer process and specifically addresses the problems of high-temperature corrosion and thermal shock spalling, extending the furnace life. The intelligent atomization unit senses and adapts to changes in the properties of the waste acid in real time, achieving dynamic optimization of atomization parameters and ensuring the uniformity and stability of droplet size, thereby improving the pyrolysis reaction efficiency and reducing the risk of organic matter carbonization and coking at the source. The intelligent safety control unit integrates multi-source sensor data and performs dynamic risk index calculation and prediction, enabling early risk identification and precise graded response, automatically triggering multi-level interlocking protection from early warning to emergency shutdown, greatly improving the safety and automation of the entire pyrolysis process and reducing the burden of manual monitoring and the risk of misoperation.

[0007] In some embodiments, the corrosion-resistant layer comprises SiC and Cr2O3, the thermally conductive layer comprises Si3N4 and SiC, and the thermal insulation layer comprises ceramic fibers.

[0008] In some implementations, the corrosion-resistant layer is 30 mm thick, the thermally conductive layer is 50 mm thick, and the insulation layer is 100 mm thick.

[0009] In some embodiments, a pulse purging system is also included, which includes a purging port disposed on the wall of the pyrolysis zone for periodically injecting purging gas at an angle toward the center of the furnace.

[0010] In some implementations, the intelligent atomizing unit includes an online viscosity detection module, an online salt concentration detection module, an atomizing nozzle, and a controller; the controller is configured to perform the following steps: Obtain the waste acid viscosity η measured by the online viscosity detection module and the salt concentration C measured by the online salt concentration detection module. salt ; According to η and C salt The adjustment amounts of steam atomization pressure and ultrasonic atomization power are determined by using a pre-stored coupling algorithm model. Control the atomizing nozzle to atomize according to the adjusted parameters.

[0011] In some implementations, the adjustment amount of the steam atomization pressure satisfies the following formula: ; The adjustment amount of ultrasonic atomization power satisfies the following formula: .

[0012] In some implementations, the intelligent safety control unit includes a data acquisition module, a risk prediction module, and an interlocking execution module; The data acquisition module is used to collect furnace temperature T, furnace pressure P, and lining thickness loss Δδ in real time. The risk prediction module is used to calculate the dynamic risk index R; The interlocking execution module is used to perform one or more actions, such as increasing quench steam, reducing load, cutting off fuel, initiating inert gas coverage, and emergency shutdown, when the R value reaches different thresholds.

[0013] In some implementations, the risk prediction module preprocesses the collected temperature and / or pressure signals using a Kalman filter algorithm when calculating the R value.

[0014] On the other hand, this application also provides a safety control system for an intelligent cracking reactor for alkylation waste sulfuric acid, comprising: The viscosity and salt concentration of the alkylation waste sulfuric acid to be cracked are monitored in real time; based on the viscosity and salt concentration, the steam pressure and ultrasonic power of the atomization unit are adjusted through a predetermined control logic to stabilize the atomized droplet size at 50±5μm. Real-time data collection of furnace temperature, furnace pressure, and lining corrosion in the pyrolysis reactor; calculation of the dynamic risk index R based on the data; and automatic execution of corresponding graded safety interlock operations according to the predefined risk range in which the R value is located.

[0015] In some implementations, the graded safety interlocking operation includes: When 0.8 ≤ R < 0.95, the first-level interlock is executed, which includes increasing the quench steam flow rate and reducing the feed load; When 0.95≤R<1.0, the second-level interlock is executed, including partially cutting off the fuel supply and initiating nitrogen dilution; When R≥1.0, the third-level interlock is executed, including triggering emergency depressurization, initiating full inert gas coverage, and cutting off waste acid feed.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, this application includes at least one of the following beneficial technical effects: 1. By combining the conical pyrolysis zone with the gradient composite lining design, the mass and heat transfer process is effectively enhanced, and the problems of high-temperature corrosion and thermal shock spalling are specifically solved, thus extending the furnace life. 2. By sensing and adapting to changes in the physical properties (viscosity, salt concentration) of waste acid in real time through the intelligent atomization unit, dynamic optimization of atomization parameters is achieved, ensuring the uniformity and stability of droplet size, thereby improving the efficiency of the pyrolysis reaction and reducing the risk of organic matter carbonization and coking from the source. 3. By integrating multi-source sensor data and performing dynamic risk index calculation and prediction through the intelligent safety control unit, early risk identification and precise graded response can be achieved. It can automatically trigger multi-level interlock protection from early warning to emergency shutdown, which greatly improves the safety and automation of the entire pyrolysis process and reduces the burden of manual monitoring and the risk of misoperation. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the composite furnace structure in an embodiment of this application.

[0018] Figure 2 This is the overall flow chart of the composite furnace waste acid pyrolysis in the embodiments of this application.

[0019] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the intelligent control system for the composite furnace in an embodiment of this application.

[0020] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the intelligent control logic of the atomization system in the embodiments of this application.

[0021] Figure 5 This is a diagram of the security interlocking mechanism in the embodiments of this application.

[0022] Figure 6 This is a neural network architecture diagram in an embodiment of this application.

[0023] In the picture: 1. Composite furnace chamber; 11. Combustion zone; 12. Cracking zone; 13. Turbulent reaction zone; 14. Quenching outlet zone; 15. Atomizing nozzle; 16. Baffle plate. Detailed Implementation

[0024] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of this application, and not all of them. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of this application without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0025] In the description of this application, it should be noted that, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, the term "and / or" in this document is merely a description of the relationship between related objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B can represent: A existing alone, A and B existing simultaneously, or B existing alone. Furthermore, the character " / " in this document, unless otherwise specified, generally indicates that the preceding and following related objects have an "or" relationship.

[0026] Reference Figure 1 and Figure 2This application provides an intelligent pyrolysis reactor for alkylation waste sulfuric acid, comprising a composite furnace 1, an intelligent atomization unit, and an intelligent safety control unit. The composite furnace 1, along the material flow direction, sequentially includes a combustion zone 11, a pyrolysis zone 12, a turbulent reaction zone 13, and a quench outlet zone 14. An oxygen-enriched burner is arranged at the top of the combustion zone 11, through which natural gas + 30% oxygen-enriched air (temperature ≥1100℃) is introduced to establish a high-temperature environment. The pyrolysis zone 12 is designed with a conical contraction structure with a cone angle of 130°. This streamlined design increases the flow velocity and enhances turbulence of the mixture of high-temperature fuel gas and atomized acid droplets, thereby strengthening mixing and heat transfer, ensuring rapid and complete pyrolysis of the waste acid droplets at high temperatures. A guide plate 16 is installed in the turbulent reaction zone 13. The guide plate 16 is a 45° inclined swirling guide plate, used to further turbulent the airflow, prolong the residence time of reactants, and promote SO2 generation. The quench outlet zone 14 is equipped with a ring of atomizing nozzles 15 for instantaneous cooling to 800℃ to prevent secondary coking. The intelligent atomization unit is connected to the pyrolysis zone 12 and is responsible for efficiently atomizing the waste sulfuric acid. The intelligent safety control unit is connected to the furnace and various sensor signals for global monitoring and safety decision-making.

[0027] To further enhance the durability of the furnace, especially the severely corroded pyrolysis zone 12, a gradient composite lining is installed on the inner wall of the pyrolysis zone 12. This lining consists of three layers of materials with different functions, from the inside out. The innermost layer is a corrosion-resistant layer composed of SiC and Cr2O3, a combination exhibiting excellent chemical inertness to molten sulfates. The middle layer is a thermally conductive layer composed of Si3N4 and SiC, possessing high thermal conductivity to rapidly transfer heat from the inner layer to the outside, reducing thermal stress and creating a temperature gradient. The outermost layer is a thermal insulation layer containing ceramic fibers, providing excellent thermal insulation, reducing heat loss from the furnace body, and protecting the outer shell. In one specific embodiment, the corrosion-resistant layer is 30 mm thick, the thermally conductive layer is 50 mm thick, and the thermal insulation layer is 100 mm thick. This gradient material and thickness design allows the lining to possess corrosion resistance, thermal shock resistance, and thermal insulation properties, synergistically solving the problems that a single material cannot address, significantly extending the reactor's operating cycle.

[0028] To address the issue of coking on the furnace walls caused by incompletely cracked organic matter in waste acid, the intelligent pyrolysis reactor for alkylation waste sulfuric acid provided in this application also includes a pulse purging system. This system comprises multiple purging ports located on the walls of the pyrolysis zone 12. These ports periodically inject high-pressure purging gas (such as air or steam) at an angle towards the center of the furnace. The pulse nitrogen purging system meets the following requirements: purging pressure of 0.5±0.1 MPa; purging frequency of 0.5±0.1 seconds every 25-35 minutes; and purging angle of 30°±5° angled towards the center of the furnace. The pulsed injection method generates strong instantaneous shear force, effectively stripping away primary coke particles or salt deposits adhering to the wall surface. Simultaneously, the angled spray ensures a wide purging coverage without affecting the central main reaction flow field. By adopting this technical solution, online cleaning of the furnace wall is achieved, effectively preventing coking accumulation and blockage, and maintaining the reactor's long-term efficient operation.

[0029] Reference Figure 4 In this embodiment, the intelligent atomization unit is key to achieving efficient pyrolysis. The intelligent atomization unit includes an online viscosity detection module, an online salt concentration detection module, an atomizing nozzle 15, and a controller. Its workflow is executed by the controller: first, the waste acid viscosity η and salt concentration C are acquired in real time. salt Subsequently, based on these two parameters, the optimal adjustment amounts for steam atomization pressure and ultrasonic atomization power under the current operating conditions are calculated using a pre-existing coupled algorithm model within the controller. The adjustment amount for the steam atomization pressure satisfies the following formula: The adjustment amount of ultrasonic atomization power satisfies the following formula: Finally, the atomizing nozzle 15 is controlled to operate according to the new parameters. Specifically, the viscosity of the waste acid is monitored by a vibratory online viscometer, and the salt concentration is monitored using a conductivity sensor and a temperature compensation algorithm with an accuracy of ±0.3wt% and a sampling frequency of 10Hz high-speed sampling. The data is transmitted to the controller via an EtherCAT bus (delay <50ms). Since the fluidity of the waste acid decreases significantly when the viscosity is ≥50cP, the steam pressure needs to be increased to enhance the shear force. Each increase of 10cP requires an increase of approximately 0.04MPa in pressure. Therefore, the viscosity threshold is set at 50cP. The critical point of salt crystallization risk of 10wt% is used as the salt concentration threshold. When C salt When the concentration is ≥10wt%, the ultrasonic power is increased to 4kW and the dispersant concentration is increased by 0.12%. When C salt For concentrations <10wt%, the ultrasonic power remains at the baseline value of 2.5kW. Increasing the ultrasonic power enhances the cavitation effect, breaking up high-salt waste acid agglomerates. Adding more dispersant promotes the encapsulation of salt crystals by phosphate molecules to prevent deposition (0.02% dispersant is required for every 1% salt concentration). Furthermore, particle size verification was performed using a laser particle size analyzer, with a target particle size D... 50 =50±5μm, when D 50A manual intervention alarm is triggered when the particle size exceeds 55μm. When the steam pressure exceeds 1.2MPa or the ultrasonic power exceeds 5kW, a safety interlock is activated to automatically shut off the waste acid feed valve. Through the above real-time feedback and adjustment, regardless of the fluctuations in the physical properties of the incoming waste acid, the intelligent atomization unit can ensure that the particle size of the atomized waste acid droplets remains stable within the preset optimal range (e.g., 50±5μm), thus creating the necessary conditions for subsequent uniform and complete pyrolysis, directly improving pyrolysis efficiency and energy utilization.

[0030] like Figure 3 As shown, the intelligent safety control unit includes a data acquisition module, a risk prediction module, and an interlocking execution module. The data acquisition module collects key parameters in real time, such as furnace temperature T, furnace pressure P, and lining thickness loss Δδ obtained through non-destructive testing. The risk prediction module uses this data to calculate a comprehensive dynamic risk index R using a built-in risk assessment model. To improve the accuracy and anti-interference capability of the calculation, a Kalman filter algorithm can be used for preprocessing before calculating the raw temperature and / or pressure signals to filter out measurement noise and obtain an estimate closer to the actual state. The interlocking execution module automatically triggers corresponding graded safety interlocking actions based on the predefined threshold range of the R value. The safety interlocking triggering conditions are: temperature > 1150℃, pressure fluctuation > 10%, or lining corrosion > 20%. The process noise Q is adaptively adjusted with the temperature change rate (Q = 0.5 when |dT / dt| > 10℃ / min, otherwise Q = 0.1). By adopting the above technical solutions, a closed-loop security management system was achieved, from data perception and intelligent risk assessment to automatic execution, transforming passive emergency response into proactive prevention and greatly improving the inherent security level of the system.

[0031] Specifically, K-type armored thermocouples are installed at three locations: combustion zone 11, pyrolysis zone 12, and quench outlet zone 14, to detect furnace temperature. The temperature threshold is set at 1150℃; exceeding this threshold indicates a potential overheating issue. A piezoelectric pressure transmitter is installed at the top of the furnace to detect pressure fluctuations, with a fluctuation threshold set at 10%. An acoustic waveguide sensor is embedded in the middle layer of the lining to detect the refractory layer thickness, with a corrosion threshold set at 20% of the initial thickness; exceeding this threshold indicates a potential weakening of the refractory layer performance. An infrared spectrometer is installed at the quench outlet to detect the pyrolysis gas composition, with an O2 threshold set at 1% (reduction risk). A laser particle size analyzer is installed 500mm downstream of the nozzle to detect the atomized particle size, with a threshold set at 100μm. The dynamic risk index R algorithm calculation formula is as follows: , Where T crit The critical temperature is the highest temperature threshold that the furnace lining material can safely withstand over a long period of time. Exceeding this value will cause the material properties to deteriorate rapidly or an accident to occur. setThis is the set pressure value, the safe pressure setpoint (non-operating pressure) for the pyrolysis furnace under normal steady-state operation. α is the neural network correction coefficient, used to adjust the dimensionless predicted value (0~1) output by the neural network to an order of magnitude matching the risk values ​​of the first three physical quantities, and to control its contribution weight to the final R value. NN (X) is a trained neural network model. Its input is a vector X containing multi-dimensional temporal features, and its output is a scalar between 0 and 1, representing the probability of abnormal risk predicted based on historical data and learned complex patterns. max ΔP, Δδ, and δ0 represent the highest furnace temperature, pressure fluctuation amplitude, refractory layer thickness loss, and initial refractory layer thickness, respectively. T w P w δ These represent the risk weights for temperature, pressure, and corrosion, respectively, and their sum is 1; where the input features... .parameter These refer to the rate of temperature change, frequency of pressure fluctuation, salt concentration gradient, historical coking rate, and standard deviation of ultrasonic power, respectively.

[0032] In addition, a Kalman filter noise reduction algorithm is used to preprocess the temperature and pressure signals, as shown in the following equation: ; ; Where x k For true state values, i.e., actual temperature and actual pressure, z k The values ​​represent sensor observations, namely thermocouple readings and pressure transmitter readings. A, B, and H are the state transition matrix, control input matrix, and observation matrix, respectively. k v k These represent process noise and observation noise, respectively. Uk is typically the control input, but in the application scenario of this invention (signal filtering), there is usually no external control input; the temperature / pressure changes are driven by internal combustion and pyrolysis reactions and are not externally controllable variables. Therefore, in the state-space model of the Kalman filter, since there are no external control variables, the control input matrix B is a zero matrix, or the control input vector Uk is zero. k It is always a zero vector.

[0033] Reference Figure 5 and Figure 6 This application also provides a safety control system for an intelligent pyrolysis reactor for alkylation waste sulfuric acid. The control method performed by this system is as follows: Figure 3The overall process, as shown, mainly includes two core tasks: first, real-time monitoring of waste acid viscosity and salt concentration, and dynamic adjustment of atomization parameters accordingly to ensure stable droplet size (50±5μm); second, real-time acquisition of furnace operating status (temperature, pressure, corrosion data), calculation of the dynamic risk index R based on this, and automatic execution of graded safety interlocks according to the R value. This method deeply integrates process optimization and safety management, achieving safe, stable, and long-term operation of the reactor under optimal conditions through closed-loop control.

[0034] Furthermore, the tiered safety interlock operation in this embodiment includes: when the dynamic risk index R calculated by the system falls within different ranges, strictly corresponding, progressively escalating intervention measures are implemented. For example, when 0.8 ≤ R < 0.95, the first-level interlock is implemented, including increasing the quench steam flow to control the temperature and reducing the feed load; when 0.95 ≤ R < 1.0, the second-level interlock is implemented, including partially cutting off the fuel supply and initiating nitrogen dilution to suppress the reaction; when R ≥ 1.0, the most stringent third-level interlock is immediately implemented, including triggering emergency depressurization, initiating full inert gas coverage, and completely cutting off the waste acid feed to ensure a safe shutdown of the unit. This refined tiered response strategy avoids the production losses caused by a one-size-fits-all shutdown, while taking the most decisive measures in truly dangerous situations, achieving the best balance between safety and efficiency.

[0035] The above are all preferred embodiments of this application, and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of this application. Therefore, all equivalent changes made in accordance with the structure, shape and principle of this application should be covered within the scope of protection of this application.

Claims

1. A smart pyrolysis reactor for alkylation waste sulfuric acid, characterized in that, include: The composite furnace chamber, along the material flow direction, includes, in sequence, a combustion zone, a pyrolysis zone, a turbulent reaction zone, and a quench outlet zone; An intelligent atomization unit, connected to the pyrolysis zone, is used to atomize alkylated waste sulfuric acid and spray it into the pyrolysis zone; The intelligent safety control unit is signal-connected to the composite furnace and the intelligent atomization unit; The pyrolysis zone is a conical contraction structure, and the inner wall of the pyrolysis zone is provided with a gradient composite lining. The gradient composite lining includes a corrosion-resistant layer, a thermally conductive layer and a thermal insulation layer from the inside to the outside. A flow guide plate is provided in the turbulent reaction zone. The intelligent atomization unit is configured to adjust the atomization parameters in real time based at least on the input viscosity and salt concentration of the alkylated waste sulfuric acid, so that the droplet size of the atomized waste acid is maintained within a preset range. The intelligent safety control unit is configured to: calculate the dynamic risk index R based at least on the temperature and pressure inside the composite furnace and the corrosion state of the gradient composite lining, and trigger corresponding graded safety interlock actions according to the different threshold ranges of the R value.

2. The intelligent pyrolysis reactor for alkylation waste sulfuric acid according to claim 1, characterized in that: The corrosion-resistant layer comprises SiC and Cr2O3, the thermally conductive layer comprises Si3N4 and SiC, and the heat-insulating layer comprises ceramic fibers.

3. The intelligent pyrolysis reactor for alkylation waste sulfuric acid according to claim 2, characterized in that: The corrosion-resistant layer has a thickness of 30 mm, the thermally conductive layer has a thickness of 50 mm, and the heat insulation layer has a thickness of 100 mm.

4. The intelligent pyrolysis reactor for alkylation waste sulfuric acid according to claim 1, characterized in that: It also includes a pulse purging system, which includes a purging port disposed on the wall of the pyrolysis zone for periodically injecting purging gas at an angle toward the center of the furnace.

5. The intelligent pyrolysis reactor for alkylation waste sulfuric acid according to claim 1, characterized in that: The intelligent atomization unit includes an online viscosity detection module, an online salt concentration detection module, an atomizing nozzle, and a controller; the controller is configured to perform the following steps: Obtain the waste acid viscosity η measured by the online viscosity detection module and the salt concentration C measured by the online salt concentration detection module. salt ; According to η and C salt The adjustment amounts of steam atomization pressure and ultrasonic atomization power are determined by using a pre-stored coupling algorithm model. The atomizing nozzle is controlled to atomize according to the adjusted parameters.

6. The intelligent pyrolysis reactor for alkylation waste sulfuric acid according to claim 5, characterized in that: The adjustment amount of the steam atomization pressure satisfies the following formula: ； The adjustment amount of the ultrasonic atomization power satisfies the following formula: 。 7. The intelligent pyrolysis reactor for alkylation waste sulfuric acid according to claim 1, characterized in that: The intelligent safety control unit includes a data acquisition module, a risk prediction module, and an interlocking execution module; The data acquisition module is used to collect furnace temperature T, furnace pressure P and lining thickness loss Δδ in real time. The risk prediction module is used to calculate the dynamic risk index R; The interlocking execution module is used to perform one or more actions, such as increasing quench steam, reducing load, cutting off fuel, initiating inert gas coverage, and emergency shutdown, when the R value reaches different thresholds.

8. The intelligent cracking reactor for alkylation waste sulfuric acid according to claim 7, characterized in that: When calculating the R value, the risk prediction module preprocesses the collected temperature and / or pressure signals using a Kalman filter algorithm.

9. A safety control system for an intelligent pyrolysis reactor for alkylation waste sulfuric acid, characterized in that, include: The viscosity and salt concentration of the alkylation waste sulfuric acid to be cracked are monitored in real time; based on the viscosity and salt concentration, the steam pressure and ultrasonic power of the atomization unit are adjusted through a predetermined control logic to stabilize the atomized droplet size at 50±5μm. Real-time data on furnace temperature, furnace pressure, and lining corrosion of the pyrolysis reactor are collected; a dynamic risk index R is calculated based on the data; and corresponding graded safety interlock operations are automatically executed according to the predefined risk range in which the R value is located.

10. The safety control system for an intelligent cracking reactor for alkylation waste sulfuric acid according to claim 9, characterized in that: include: The graded safety interlock operation includes: When 0.8 ≤ R < 0.95, the first-level interlock is executed, which includes increasing the quench steam flow rate and reducing the feed load; When 0.95≤R<1.0, the second-level interlock is executed, including partially cutting off the fuel supply and initiating nitrogen dilution; When R≥1.0, the third-level interlock is executed, including triggering emergency depressurization, initiating full inert gas coverage, and cutting off waste acid feed.

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