Flame-retardant phase change material, preparation method thereof and battery thermal runaway suppression system

Abstract

This invention discloses a flame-retardant phase change material and its preparation method, as well as a battery thermal runaway suppression system. The system includes a battery module, a flame-retardant phase change material, a spray cooling module, a sensing module, and a control module. The flame-retardant phase change material is filled between the battery cells to absorb heat generated by the battery and block heat transfer. The spray cooling module includes a liquid tank, a pump, a solenoid valve, pipelines, and nozzles, used to spray an electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid onto the thermal runaway source when thermal runaway occurs. The sensing module monitors the battery status. The control module controls the activation and spraying of the spray cooling module based on the monitoring data from the sensing module. This invention achieves dual protection against battery thermal runaway by coupling the flame-retardant phase change material and spray cooling technology, offering advantages such as rapid response, precise positioning, and synergistic effects. It effectively solves the problem of limited effectiveness of single suppression methods in existing technologies.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the technical field of battery thermal management, and in particular to a flame-retardant phase change material and its preparation method, as well as a battery thermal runaway suppression system. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of new energy vehicles, battery safety issues are becoming increasingly prominent. During use, batteries may experience thermal runaway due to overcharging, over-discharging, external short circuits, or mechanical compression, leading to serious safety accidents such as fires and explosions. Once thermal runaway occurs, the temperature rises sharply and can spread rapidly within the battery pack, causing a chain reaction and triggering a wider range of safety incidents. Therefore, effectively suppressing battery thermal runaway and preventing its spread has become a key technical issue in the field of battery safety.

[0003] Currently, the main technologies for suppressing battery thermal runaway include the following categories: 1. Phase Change Material (PCM) Cooling Technology: This technology utilizes the characteristic of phase change materials to absorb a large amount of latent heat during the phase change process to cool and equalize the battery. PCMs are typically paraffin-based, with the addition of materials such as expanded graphite to improve thermal conductivity. This method has advantages such as simple structure, no need for external energy source, and high reliability. However, the pure PCM approach has a slow response speed to sudden thermal runaway, and once the PCM completely melts, its cooling capacity will decrease significantly, making it difficult to cope with sustained high heat release.

[0004] 2. Traditional liquid cooling plate solution: This method uses a liquid coolant circulating within the cooling plate to remove heat generated by the battery. While this method offers high cooling efficiency, it is complex, carries a risk of leakage, and increases the weight and size of the battery system.

[0005] 3. External fire sprinkler system: This method extinguishes the fire via an external fire suppression system after a battery fire is detected. However, this method has a delayed response, making it difficult to accurately locate the source of thermal runaway. Furthermore, water-based extinguishing agents may cause electrical short circuits, leading to secondary accidents.

[0006] 4. Flame-retardant and heat-insulating materials: Materials such as EPDM rubber can be used to isolate the heat released when a battery cell explodes, preventing the spread of thermal runaway within the battery system. However, these materials can only passively block heat transfer and cannot actively cool down or extinguish the fire.

[0007] Each of the aforementioned technical solutions has its own advantages and disadvantages, but all also have certain limitations. Phase change materials react slowly and are difficult to cope with explosive thermal runaway; traditional liquid cooling systems are complex and have leakage risks; external fire extinguishing systems are slow to react and inaccurate; and simple flame-retardant and heat-insulating materials lack active cooling capabilities. Currently, there is a lack of a battery thermal runaway suppression solution that can effectively combine passive thermal management and active fire extinguishing functions, while also possessing characteristics such as rapid response and safety and reliability. Summary of the Invention

[0008] The purpose of this invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art and provide a flame-retardant phase change material and its preparation method, as well as a battery thermal runaway suppression system.

[0009] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution provided by this invention is as follows: A flame-retardant phase change material includes paraffin wax, expanded graphite, aluminum hydroxide, red phosphorus, and SEBS; wherein paraffin wax accounts for 52 wt%, expanded graphite accounts for 2 wt%, aluminum hydroxide accounts for 18 wt%, red phosphorus accounts for 18 wt%, and SEBS (elastomer skeleton) accounts for 10 wt%.

[0010] This technical solution combines paraffin phase change heat storage components with a flame retardant system (expanded graphite / aluminum hydroxide / red phosphorus) and an elastomer skeleton (SEBS), thereby simultaneously improving the material's latent heat regulation capability and flame retardant safety performance within the working temperature range. This reduces the problems of increased volume, interface debonding, and complex processes caused by the traditional solution of "phase change material + external flame retardant layer".

[0011] Moreover, by forming a continuous flexible network through SEBS and physically confining the paraffin, the material can maintain its overall morphological stability during the phase transformation process, significantly reducing the risk of melt leakage and migration; the material can fit into complex curved surfaces or narrow spaces, facilitating engineering assembly and integration.

[0012] Furthermore, expanded graphite rapidly expands upon heating to form a heat-insulating expanded char layer, blocking heat and oxygen; aluminum hydroxide decomposes upon heating, absorbing heat and releasing water vapor to dilute combustible gases, while simultaneously generating Al2O3 to enhance the density of the char layer; red phosphorus promotes char formation in the condensed phase and inhibits combustion free radical reactions. These three components work synergistically with the polymer matrix to effectively suppress dripping and flame spread, improving the material's flame retardancy rating and thermal runaway protection capabilities.

[0013] Next, while ensuring flame retardancy, through reasonable filler ratio and structural design (synergistic effect of thermal conductivity network of expanded graphite and latent heat absorption of phase change), the material has a comprehensive thermal regulation capability of "high latent heat absorption + rapid thermal conduction and diffusion", which can reduce hot spot temperature rise and temperature difference, improve temperature uniformity, slow down the temperature rise rate and widen the safe working window.

[0014] Finally, the combination of flexible skeleton and inorganic flame-retardant filler enables the material to maintain good integrity under conditions such as vibration, extrusion, and bending, reducing pulverization, cracking and performance degradation; compared with a single flame-retardant coating or brittle flame-retardant board, it has better long-term service stability.

[0015] Furthermore, to achieve the above objectives, the present invention also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned flame-retardant phase change material, comprising: S1. Prepare each raw material according to its weight percentage; S2. Heat the paraffin wax to 90-100℃ until it is completely melted; S3. Add SEBS in batches to the molten paraffin and stir at 120-130℃ until completely dissolved; S4. Add expanded graphite, aluminum hydroxide and red phosphorus in sequence, and stir at 200-300 rpm at 130-140℃. S5. Pour the mixture obtained in step S4 into a mold preheated to 70-80°C, and then cool it at room temperature or 30-40°C until it is completely cured.

[0016] In this technical solution, the uniform dispersion of paraffin in the matrix and the stable construction of flame-retardant fillers are achieved through "raw material preparation → paraffin melting → SEBS dissolution → filler dispersion → casting → cooling and solidification → demolding treatment", which reduces agglomeration and sedimentation and improves batch consistency. Moreover, the process flow is short, the equipment is highly versatile, and it is convenient for industrial scale-up production.

[0017] Furthermore, in step S3, the amount of SEBS added each time is 1 / 3 of the total amount, and the mixture is stirred for 10-15 minutes after each addition.

[0018] Further, in step S4, first add expanded graphite and stir for 15-20 minutes, then add aluminum hydroxide and stir for 20-30 minutes, and finally add red phosphorus and stir for 20-30 minutes.

[0019] Furthermore, to achieve the above objectives, the present invention also provides a battery thermal runaway suppression system, comprising: A battery module, comprising multiple individual battery cells; The flame-retardant phase change material of claim 1 is filled between the battery cells to absorb the heat generated by the battery and block heat transfer. A spray cooling module is located on one side of the battery module; The sensing module is used to monitor the status of the battery module; A control module, connected to the sensing module and the spray cooling module, is used to control the start-up and spraying of the spray cooling module based on the monitoring data of the sensing module.

[0020] Furthermore, the spray cooling module includes an electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid tank, a liquid tank fixing component, and a nozzle; The electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid tank is installed above the battery module via a liquid tank fixing component and stores electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid. The nozzle is connected to the electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid tank through a pipeline and is positioned above the battery module. It atomizes the electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid in the liquid tank into droplets and sprays it onto the battery module. A pump and a solenoid valve are connected to the pipeline, and both the pump and the solenoid valve are connected to the control module.

[0021] Furthermore, the electrically insulating flame retardant liquid is hydrofluoroether, perfluoropolyether, or fluorinated ketone.

[0022] Furthermore, the nozzles are arranged in an array, with one nozzle corresponding to one or more battery cells.

[0023] Furthermore, the sensing module includes one or more of a temperature sensor, a smoke sensor, and a pressure sensor.

[0024] Furthermore, the control module adopts a multi-level control strategy, including temperature threshold triggering, multi-sensor fusion judgment, hierarchical response, intelligent positioning, and adaptive control.

[0025] Compared with existing technologies, the principles and advantages of this technical solution are as follows: By combining paraffin phase change heat storage components with flame retardant systems (expanded graphite / aluminum hydroxide / red phosphorus) and elastomeric skeletons (SEBS), the latent heat regulation capability and flame retardant safety performance of the material in the working temperature range are improved simultaneously, reducing the problems of increased volume, interface debonding and complex processes caused by the traditional solution of "phase change material + external flame retardant layer".

[0026] Moreover, by forming a continuous flexible network through SEBS and physically confining the paraffin, the material can maintain its overall morphological stability during the phase transformation process, significantly reducing the risk of melt leakage and migration; the material can fit into complex curved surfaces or narrow spaces, facilitating engineering assembly and integration.

[0027] Furthermore, expanded graphite rapidly expands upon heating to form a heat-insulating expanded char layer, blocking heat and oxygen; aluminum hydroxide decomposes upon heating, absorbing heat and releasing water vapor to dilute combustible gases, while simultaneously generating Al2O3 to enhance the density of the char layer; red phosphorus promotes char formation in the condensed phase and inhibits combustion free radical reactions. These three components work synergistically with the polymer matrix to effectively suppress dripping and flame spread, improving the material's flame retardancy rating and thermal runaway protection capabilities.

[0028] Next, while ensuring flame retardancy, through reasonable filler ratio and structural design (synergistic effect of thermal conductivity network of expanded graphite and latent heat absorption of phase change), the material has a comprehensive thermal regulation capability of "high latent heat absorption + rapid thermal conduction and diffusion", which can reduce hot spot temperature rise and temperature difference, improve temperature uniformity, slow down the temperature rise rate and widen the safe working window.

[0029] Finally, the combination of flexible skeleton and inorganic flame-retardant filler enables the material to maintain good integrity under conditions such as vibration, extrusion, and bending, reducing pulverization, cracking and performance degradation; compared with a single flame-retardant coating or brittle flame-retardant board, it has better long-term service stability.

[0030] The process of "raw material preparation → paraffin melting → SEBS dissolution → filler dispersion → casting → cooling and solidification → demolding" achieves uniform dispersion of paraffin in the matrix and stable construction of flame-retardant fillers, reducing agglomeration and sedimentation and improving batch consistency. Moreover, the process is short, the equipment is versatile, and it is easy to scale up industrial production.

[0031] The battery thermal runaway suppression system employs a dual protection mechanism: flame-retardant phase change materials provide passive protection, while the spray cooling module, sensing module, and control module work together to provide active intervention, forming a dual protection that can significantly improve the safety and reliability of the system.

[0032] The sensor module and the spray cooling module work together to respond to thermal runaway events in milliseconds, which is much faster than external fire extinguishing systems, and can effectively intervene in the early stages of thermal runaway.

[0033] PCM with UL94 V-0 flame retardant properties buys valuable time before the spray system is activated, temporarily blocking heat transfer; the spray system compensates for the PCM's inability to cope with explosive thermal runaway. The synergistic effect of the two is better than using either technology alone.

[0034] Using an electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid, it will not cause electrical short circuits while extinguishing fires, thus avoiding secondary accidents that may be caused by traditional water-based fire extinguishing agents. Attached Figure Description

[0035] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0036] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating the principle of a method for manufacturing a flame-retardant phase change material according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 2 This is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of a battery thermal runaway suppression system according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of an explosion-proof battery thermal runaway suppression system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0037] Figure label: 1-Battery module; 2-Electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid tank; 3-Liquid tank fixing component; 4-Nozzle; 5-Battery housing; 6-Flame-retardant phase change material. Detailed Implementation

[0038] The present invention will be further described below with reference to specific embodiments: The flame-retardant phase change material described in this embodiment includes paraffin wax, expanded graphite, aluminum hydroxide, red phosphorus, and SEBS; wherein, paraffin wax accounts for 52 wt%, expanded graphite accounts for 2 wt%, aluminum hydroxide accounts for 18 wt%, red phosphorus accounts for 18 wt%, and SEBS accounts for 10 wt%.

[0039] This flame-retardant phase change material has the following key characteristics: High latent heat of phase change: capable of absorbing a large amount of heat; Good thermal conductivity: ensures that heat can be conducted quickly; Excellent flame retardancy: prevents the material itself from burning; Electrical insulation: prevents short circuits between batteries; Chemical stability: It does not decompose or produce harmful gases at high temperatures; Typical parameters for flame-retardant phase change materials are as follows: Phase transition temperature: 40-60℃; Latent heat of phase transition: >150 J / g; Thermal conductivity: >1 W / (m·K); Flame retardant rating: UL94 V-0; like Figure 1 As shown, the preparation method of flame-retardant phase change material includes: S1. Prepare each raw material according to the weight percentage of each raw material mentioned above; S2. Heat the paraffin wax to 95°C until it is completely melted; S3. Add SEBS in batches to the molten paraffin and stir at 125°C until completely dissolved; S4. Add expanded graphite, aluminum hydroxide and red phosphorus in sequence, and stir at 250 rpm at 135°C. S5. Pour the mixture obtained in step S4 into a mold preheated to 75°C, and then cool it at room temperature until it is completely cured.

[0040] Specifically, in step S3, SEBS is added in amounts of 1 / 3 of the total amount each time, and the mixture is stirred for 13 minutes after each addition. In step S4, expanded graphite is added first and stirred for 18 minutes, then aluminum hydroxide is added and stirred for 25 minutes, and finally red phosphorus is added and stirred for 25 minutes.

[0041] Specifically, this embodiment also includes a battery thermal runaway suppression system, such as... Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, it includes: Battery module 1 includes 12 individual battery cells; The flame-retardant phase change material 6 described above is filled between the battery cells (in a plate-like structure) to absorb the heat generated by the battery and block heat transfer. A spray cooling module is located on one side of battery module 1; The sensing module is used to monitor the status of battery module 1; A control module, connected to the sensing module and the spray cooling module, is used to control the start-up and spraying of the spray cooling module based on the monitoring data of the sensing module.

[0042] Specifically, the battery module 1 is installed inside the battery housing 5; the spray cooling module includes an electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid tank 2, a liquid tank fixing component 3, and a nozzle 4; The electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid tank 2 is installed above the battery module 1 via a liquid tank fixing component 3 (the liquid tank fixing component 3 is detachably connected to the battery housing 5) and stores electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid; the nozzle 4 is connected to the electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid tank 2 via a pipeline and is positioned above the battery module 1 to atomize the electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid in the electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid tank 2 into droplets and spray them onto the battery module 1; a pump and a solenoid valve are connected to the pipeline, and both the pump and the solenoid valve are connected to the control module.

[0043] Specifically, the electrically insulating flame retardant liquid is hydrofluoroether, which has the following key properties: High flash point: Not easily flammable; Low conductivity: ensures electrical safety; High specific heat capacity: capable of absorbing a large amount of heat. Excellent chemical stability: does not react with battery materials. Environmental friendliness: Low global warming potential (GWP), does not damage the ozone layer; Typical parameters for electrically insulating flame-retardant liquids are as follows: Flash point: >60℃; Conductivity: <10^-9 S / m; Specific heat capacity: >1 J / (g·K); Dielectric strength: >20 kV / mm; Specifically, the nozzles 4 are arranged in an array, with one nozzle 4 corresponding to three battery cells. The sensing module includes a temperature sensor, a smoke sensor, and a pressure sensor, all of which are located above the battery module 1. The control module employs a multi-level control strategy, including temperature threshold triggering, multi-sensor fusion judgment, graded response, intelligent positioning, and adaptive control.

[0044] In this embodiment, the working principle of the battery thermal runaway suppression system is as follows: Normal operating conditions: Under normal operating conditions, the flame-retardant phase change material 6 absorbs the heat generated by the battery, maintains the uniformity of battery temperature, and the sensing module continuously monitors the battery status.

[0045] Anomaly detection: When the sensing module detects an abnormal increase in the temperature of a single battery cell (e.g., exceeding 80°C) and an abnormal rate of temperature rise (e.g., exceeding 10°C / s), the control module enters an early warning state.

[0046] Thermal runaway detection: The control module comprehensively analyzes the data from the temperature sensor, smoke sensor, and pressure sensor, and uses a fusion algorithm to determine whether thermal runaway has occurred.

[0047] Spray activation: Once thermal runaway is confirmed, the control module immediately activates the pump and the corresponding solenoid valve to control the nozzle 4 closest to the thermal runaway source to spray.

[0048] Precise cooling: The electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid is atomized and sprayed onto the thermal runaway source, rapidly reducing the temperature and inhibiting the development and spread of thermal runaway.

[0049] Adaptive adjustment: The control module adaptively adjusts the injection intensity and duration based on temperature changes until thermal runaway is effectively suppressed.

[0050] System recovery: After thermal runaway is suppressed, the system enters recovery mode and continues to monitor the battery status to prevent thermal runaway from happening again.

[0051] In this embodiment, the principle and advantages of using flame-retardant phase change material 6 are as follows: By combining paraffin phase change heat storage components with flame retardant systems (expanded graphite / aluminum hydroxide / red phosphorus) and elastomeric skeletons (SEBS), the latent heat regulation capability and flame retardant safety performance of the material in the working temperature range are improved simultaneously, reducing the problems of increased volume, interface debonding and complex processes caused by the traditional solution of "phase change material + external flame retardant layer".

[0052] Moreover, by forming a continuous flexible network through SEBS and physically confining the paraffin, the material can maintain its overall morphological stability during the phase transformation process, significantly reducing the risk of melt leakage and migration; the material can fit into complex curved surfaces or narrow spaces, facilitating engineering assembly and integration.

[0053] Furthermore, expanded graphite rapidly expands upon heating to form a heat-insulating expanded char layer, blocking heat and oxygen; aluminum hydroxide decomposes upon heating, absorbing heat and releasing water vapor to dilute combustible gases, while simultaneously generating Al2O3 to enhance the density of the char layer; red phosphorus promotes char formation in the condensed phase and inhibits combustion free radical reactions. These three components work synergistically with the polymer matrix to effectively suppress dripping and flame spread, improving the material's flame retardancy rating and thermal runaway protection capabilities.

[0054] Next, while ensuring flame retardancy, through reasonable filler ratio and structural design (synergistic effect of thermal conductivity network of expanded graphite and latent heat absorption of phase change), the material has a comprehensive thermal regulation capability of "high latent heat absorption + rapid thermal conduction and diffusion", which can reduce hot spot temperature rise and temperature difference, improve temperature uniformity, slow down the temperature rise rate and widen the safe working window.

[0055] Finally, the combination of flexible skeleton and inorganic flame-retardant filler enables the material to maintain good integrity under conditions such as vibration, extrusion, and bending, reducing pulverization, cracking and performance degradation; compared with a single flame-retardant coating or brittle flame-retardant board, it has better long-term service stability.

[0056] The advantages of the preparation method for flame-retardant phase change material 6 are as follows: The process of "raw material preparation → paraffin melting → SEBS dissolution → filler dispersion → casting → cooling and solidification → demolding" achieves uniform dispersion of paraffin in the matrix and stable construction of flame-retardant fillers, reducing agglomeration and sedimentation and improving batch consistency. Moreover, the process is short, the equipment is versatile, and it is easy to scale up industrial production.

[0057] The advantages of battery thermal runaway suppression systems are as follows: A dual protection mechanism is adopted: the flame-retardant phase change material 6 provides passive protection, while the spray cooling module, sensing module, and control module work together to provide active intervention, forming a dual protection that can greatly improve the safety and reliability of the system.

[0058] The sensor module and the spray cooling module work together to respond to thermal runaway events in milliseconds, which is much faster than external fire extinguishing systems, and can effectively intervene in the early stages of thermal runaway.

[0059] PCM with UL94 V-0 flame retardant properties buys valuable time before the spray system is activated, temporarily blocking heat transfer; the spray system compensates for the PCM's inability to cope with explosive thermal runaway. The synergistic effect of the two is better than using either technology alone.

[0060] Using an electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid, it will not cause electrical short circuits while extinguishing fires, thus avoiding secondary accidents that may be caused by traditional water-based fire extinguishing agents.

[0061] The above-described embodiments are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Therefore, any changes made in accordance with the shape and principle of the present invention should be covered within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A flame-retardant phase change material, characterized in that, It includes paraffin wax, expanded graphite, aluminum hydroxide, red phosphorus, and SEBS; among which, paraffin wax accounts for 52 wt%, expanded graphite accounts for 2 wt%, aluminum hydroxide accounts for 18 wt%, red phosphorus accounts for 18 wt%, and SEBS accounts for 10 wt%.

2. A method for preparing the flame-retardant phase change material according to claim 1, characterized in that, include: S1. Prepare each raw material according to its weight percentage; S2. Heat the paraffin wax to 90-100℃ until it is completely melted; S3. Add SEBS in batches to the molten paraffin and stir at 120-130℃ until completely dissolved; S4. Add expanded graphite, aluminum hydroxide and red phosphorus in sequence, and stir at 200-300 rpm at 130-140℃. S5. Pour the mixture obtained in step S4 into a mold preheated to 70-80°C, and then cool it at room temperature or 30-40°C until it is completely cured.

3. The method for preparing the flame-retardant phase change material according to claim 2, characterized in that, In step S3, the amount of SEBS added each time is 1 / 3 of the total amount, and the mixture is stirred for 10-15 minutes after each addition.

4. The method for preparing the flame-retardant phase change material according to claim 2, characterized in that, In step S4, first add expanded graphite and stir for 15-20 minutes, then add aluminum hydroxide and stir for 20-30 minutes, and finally add red phosphorus and stir for 20-30 minutes.

5. A battery thermal runaway suppression system, characterized in that, include: A battery module, comprising multiple individual battery cells; The flame-retardant phase change material of claim 1 is filled between the battery cells to absorb the heat generated by the battery and block heat transfer. A spray cooling module is located on one side of the battery module; The sensing module is used to monitor the status of the battery module; A control module, connected to the sensing module and the spray cooling module, is used to control the start-up and spraying of the spray cooling module based on the monitoring data of the sensing module.

6. The battery thermal runaway suppression system according to claim 5, characterized in that, The spray cooling module includes an electrically insulated flame-retardant liquid tank, a liquid tank fixing component, and a nozzle; The electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid tank is installed above the battery module via a liquid tank fixing component and stores electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid. The nozzle is connected to the electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid tank through a pipeline and is positioned above the battery module. It atomizes the electrically insulating flame-retardant liquid in the liquid tank into droplets and sprays it onto the battery module. A pump and a solenoid valve are connected to the pipeline, and both the pump and the solenoid valve are connected to the control module.

7. A battery thermal runaway suppression system according to claim 6, characterized in that, The electrically insulating flame retardant liquid is hydrofluoroether, perfluoropolyether, or fluorinated ketone.

8. A battery thermal runaway suppression system according to claim 6, characterized in that, The nozzles are arranged in an array, with one nozzle corresponding to one or more battery cells.

9. A battery thermal runaway suppression system according to claim 5, characterized in that, The sensing module includes one or more of a temperature sensor, a smoke sensor, and a pressure sensor.

10. A battery thermal runaway suppression system according to claim 5, characterized in that, The control module employs a multi-level control strategy, including temperature threshold triggering, multi-sensor fusion judgment, graded response, intelligent positioning, and adaptive control.

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