High-performance bio-based mesoporous carbon material and preparation method thereof

Abstract

This invention belongs to the field of carbon material preparation technology, and relates to a high-performance bio-based mesoporous carbon material and its preparation method. The preparation method includes the following steps: washing, drying, and pulverizing agricultural and forestry waste to below 200 mesh; soaking it in a eutectic solvent for 3-5 hours; filtering, washing, and drying to obtain delignified biomass powder; impregnating the delignified biomass powder in a composite activator for 12-24 hours, then drying; performing segmented heat treatment under a nitrogen atmosphere; washing and drying after treatment to obtain the initial mesoporous carbon material; dispersing the initial mesoporous carbon material in a composite hydrochloric acid solution; ultrasonically dispersing; adding an oxidant to initiate polymerization; washing and drying after the reaction to obtain the target product. The bio-based mesoporous carbon material of this invention does not require traditional organic solvent pretreatment, making it more environmentally friendly; it uses self-made graphene quantum dots, resulting in lower cost; and it possesses excellent pore structure and energy storage capacity.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of carbon material preparation technology, and relates to a high-performance bio-based mesoporous carbon material and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] Mesoporous carbon materials, due to their high specific surface area, tunable pore size structure, good electrical conductivity and chemical stability, have shown broad application prospects in fields such as catalyst supports, supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries and pollutant adsorption.

[0003] With the improvement of people's living standards, in addition to the pursuit of high-performance carbon materials, their preparation processes and environmental contributions are receiving increasing attention. Therefore, in recent years, the preparation of carbon materials using renewable and widely available biomass resources (such as straw, rice husks, and lignin) as precursors has become a research hotspot for replacing traditional fossil-based carbon materials. Currently, carbon materials with high specific surface area and well-developed mesoporous structures are mainly prepared through chemical activation methods (such as KOH and H3PO4 activation) or template methods to meet the needs of electrochemical energy storage, catalysis, and adsorption. Although the preparation process of carbon materials is constantly being optimized, existing technologies still have some problems, such as overly complex processes and high costs; the use of large amounts of organic solvents, posing certain environmental risks; and the need for further improvement in pore structure and performance. Therefore, developing a safe, environmentally friendly, and highly controllable bio-based carbon material can meet societal needs. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In their earlier patent application (CN121085271A), the inventors studied the pore structure and conductivity of bio-based carbon materials, using ethanol and acetone as organic solvents for soaking, neglecting the environmental risks associated with these solvents. Furthermore, the use of commercially available graphene quantum dots resulted in relatively high costs. Therefore, to address these shortcomings, the inventors optimized the preparation process of bio-based carbon materials and provided a high-performance bio-based mesoporous carbon material and its preparation method. This bio-based mesoporous carbon material eliminates the need for traditional organic solvent pretreatment, making it more environmentally friendly. It also utilizes self-made graphene quantum dots, resulting in lower costs, while exhibiting excellent pore structure and energy storage capacity.

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for preparing high-performance bio-based mesoporous carbon materials, comprising the following steps: (1) Wash, dry, and crush agricultural and forestry waste to below 200 mesh, soak it in a low eutectic solvent for 3-5 hours, filter, wash, and dry to obtain biomass powder; agricultural and forestry waste can be corn stalks, wheat stalks, coconut shells, pruned branches, sawdust, etc. (2) The biomass powder is impregnated in a composite activator for 12-24 h and then dried. It is then subjected to segmented heat treatment under a nitrogen atmosphere. After treatment, it is washed and dried to obtain the initial mesoporous carbon material. (3) The initial mesoporous carbon material is dispersed in a composite hydrochloric acid solution, ultrasonically dispersed, and then an oxidant is added to initiate polymerization. After the reaction is completed, the material is washed and dried to obtain the target product.

[0006] This invention employs a eutectic solvent instead of an organic solvent to achieve efficient lignin removal while preserving the cellulose framework, thus improving the porosity tunability of the carbon material. A composite activator is used for synergistic pore formation, increasing mesoporous content. Finally, in-situ polymerization and covalent grafting are performed on the initial mesoporous carbon material to form rapid electron transport channels, improving electron conductivity and extending its lifespan. The resulting bio-based mesoporous carbon material exhibits high specific surface area, high mesoporous content, high conductivity, and significantly improved specific capacitance, demonstrating promising prospects for industrial applications.

[0007] Preferably, in step (1) of the above technical solution, the eutectic solvent is a mixture of choline chloride and urea or glycerol in a molar ratio of 1:2-3. The eutectic solvent is a low-melting-point eutectic mixture formed by mixing hydrogen bond acceptors (choline chloride) and hydrogen bond donors (urea, glycerol) in a certain proportion. It utilizes the property that chloride ions and the hydroxyl groups of urea / glycerol can penetrate the cell wall of biomass and form stronger hydrogen bonds with the phenolic and alcoholic hydroxyl groups in lignin, thereby destroying the connection between lignin and cellulose. It selectively dissolves lignin and part of hemicellulose, while cellulose is preserved due to its highly crystalline structure. As a carbon precursor, the removal of lignin leaves a channel for the subsequent penetration of activators, which helps in the formation of mesopores.

[0008] Preferably, in step (1) of the above technical solution, the soaking temperature is 80-120℃; and the material is washed with clean water 1-2 times. In this technical solution, the biomass material soaked in the eutectic solvent only needs to be rinsed 1-2 times. On the one hand, the residual solvent can be washed away, and on the other hand, due to the small number of rinsing times, some lignin fragments remain in the biomass material. These lignin fragments decompose in situ in the subsequent low-temperature pretreatment stage, release gas and form certain mesoporous channels. At the same time, their carbonized residues can also guide the development of mesopores.

[0009] Preferably, in step (2) of the above technical solution, the active component of the composite activator is a mixture of phosphoric acid and zinc chloride in a mass ratio of 1-3:1. In this technical solution, a mixture of phosphoric acid and zinc chloride is used as the activator. Phosphoric acid forms phosphate ester bonds with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose, which enhances its thermal stability. At the same time, after the phosphoric acid decomposes and melts during the carbonization stage, it occupies space and forms mesopores. Zinc chloride can penetrate into the cellulose and swell, increasing the specific surface area and regulating the mesopores. The synergistic effect of the two makes the activation more uniform and the mesopore rate higher.

[0010] Preferably, in step (2) of the above technical solution, the mass ratio of the biomass powder to the active ingredient in the composite activator is 1:2-4.

[0011] Preferably, in step (2) of the above technical solution, the segmented heat treatment process is as follows: first, heat to 300-350℃ at a heating rate of 1-3℃ / min and hold for 1-2 hours, then heat to 500-700℃ at a heating rate of 3-8℃ / min and hold for 1-3 hours. The segmented heat treatment, with low-temperature pre-carbonization first, ensures the full decomposition and carbonization of residual lignin fragments, avoiding the rapid release of volatiles and pore collapse caused by rapid heating; subsequently, high-temperature activation is performed to further etch the carbon skeleton and generate abundant mesopores.

[0012] Preferably, in step (3) of the above technical solution, the solid-liquid ratio of the initial mesoporous carbon material to the composite hydrochloric acid solution is 1g:50-100mL; the composite hydrochloric acid solution is obtained by dispersing aniline monomer and biomass graphene quantum dots in hydrochloric acid, wherein the concentration of aniline monomer is 0.05-0.5mol / L, the concentration of biomass graphene quantum dots is 0.05-0.5g / L, and the concentration of hydrochloric acid solution is 1-2mol / L.

[0013] Preferably, in the above technical solution, the biomass graphene quantum dots are prepared from the washing liquid in step (1). The specific method is as follows: collect the washing waste liquid, adjust the pH to 7.0, filter to remove insoluble matter, take 100 mL of filtrate, add phosphoric acid to adjust the pH to 3.5, transfer to a 200 mL stainless steel reactor lined with polytetrafluoroethylene, react at 180-200℃ for 8-10 h, after the reaction is completed, cool naturally to room temperature, centrifuge the reaction liquid at 5000-10000 rpm for 5-10 min to remove large particles, put the supernatant into a dialysis bag with a molecular weight cutoff of 1 kDa, dialyze in deionized water for 20-24 h, concentrate and dry the dialysate under reduced pressure at 40-45℃ to obtain biomass graphene quantum dots. The washing liquid after treatment with eutectic solvent contains dissolved lignin fragments. This invention uses these fragments as raw materials for preparing biomass graphene quantum dots, which not only reduces waste liquid discharge and makes full use of agricultural and forestry waste resources, but also lowers costs. Furthermore, the biomass graphene quantum dots prepared are covalently grafted with polyaniline during the reaction process, which can improve electron conduction efficiency.

[0014] Preferably, in step (3) of the above technical solution, the oxidant is ammonium sulfate, and the amount used is equal to the molar amount of the aniline-containing monomer; the polymerization temperature is 0-5℃, and the reaction time is 4-6h.

[0015] The present invention also provides a bio-based mesoporous carbon material prepared by the preparation method described above.

[0016] Advantages compared to existing technologies: This invention uses a eutectic solvent instead of an organic solvent, which is not only safer and more environmentally friendly, but also achieves efficient lignin removal while retaining the cellulose skeleton, thus improving the porosity tunability of the carbon material. It employs a composite activator, phosphoric acid, and zinc chloride for synergistic activation, utilizing their liquid-phase template effect to enhance mesoporosity, while also significantly improving specific surface area and pore size distribution. Finally, biomass graphene quantum dots are simultaneously introduced into the initial mesoporous carbon material during polyaniline polymerization, constructing a three-dimensional conductive network through chemical bonding. This network is then polymerized and covalently grafted in situ, exhibiting good stability and forming a rapid electron transport channel, effectively improving electrical conductivity and extending service life.

[0017] This invention uses agricultural and forestry waste as raw materials to prepare bio-based mesoporous materials from its cellulose structure, and at the same time prepares biomass graphene quantum dots from the removed lignin fragments. The resource utilization of solid waste can greatly reduce costs and improve the sustainability of materials. The bio-based mesoporous carbon materials obtained by the optimized preparation process have high specific surface area, high mesoporosity, high conductivity, and significantly improved specific capacitance, showing good prospects for industrial applications. Detailed Implementation

[0018] The above-described technical features of the present invention and the technical features specifically described below (such as in the embodiments) can be combined with each other to form new or preferred technical solutions. However, the present invention is not limited to these embodiments, nor are these embodiments limited in any way.

[0019] Unless otherwise specified, the experimental methods used in the following examples are conventional methods. Unless otherwise specified, the formulations involved in the following examples are all commercially available products that can be purchased from the market.

[0020] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to embodiments: Example 1 A method for preparing high-performance bio-based mesoporous carbon materials includes the following steps: (1) Wash, dry and crush the corn stalks of agricultural and forestry waste to below 200 mesh. Soak them in a eutectic solvent with a molar ratio of choline chloride to urea of ​​1:2 at 80°C for 5 h. Filter, wash once with water and dry at 80°C to obtain biomass powder. Collect the washing liquid and use it to prepare biomass graphene quantum dots. The specific method is as follows: collect the washing waste liquid, adjust the pH to 7.0, filter to remove insoluble matter, take 100 mL of filtrate, add phosphoric acid to adjust the pH to 3.5, transfer to a 200 mL stainless steel reactor lined with polytetrafluoroethylene, react at 180°C for 10 h, and after the reaction is completed, cool naturally to room temperature. Centrifuge the reaction liquid at 10000 rpm for 5 min to remove large particles. Put the supernatant into a dialysis bag with a molecular weight cutoff of 1 kDa and dialyze in deionized water for 24 h. Concentrate the dialysate under reduced pressure at 40°C and dry to obtain the final product.

[0021] (2) The biomass powder was immersed in a composite activator solution (the mass ratio of phosphoric acid to zinc chloride was 2:1) at a mass ratio of 1:2. After immersion for 24 h, it was dried and subjected to segmented heat treatment under a nitrogen atmosphere. First, it was heated to 300℃ at a heating rate of 2℃ / min and held for 1.5 h. Then, it was heated to 550℃ at a heating rate of 5℃ / min and held for 2 h. After the treatment was completed, it was washed and dried at 80℃ to obtain the initial mesoporous carbon material.

[0022] (3) The initial mesoporous carbon material was dispersed in a composite hydrochloric acid solution containing aniline monomer and biomass graphene quantum dots at a solid-liquid ratio of 1g:50mL (the concentration of aniline monomer was 0.1mol / L, the concentration of biomass graphene quantum dots was 0.05g / L, and the concentration of hydrochloric acid solution was 1mol / L). After ultrasonic dispersion, ammonium sulfate with an equimolar amount of aniline monomer was added to initiate a polymerization reaction at 0-5℃ for 4h. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was washed until neutral and dried at 80℃ to obtain the target product.

[0023] Example 2 A method for preparing high-performance bio-based mesoporous carbon materials includes the following steps: (1) Wash, dry and crush agricultural and forestry waste wheat straw to below 200 mesh. Soak it in a eutectic solvent with a molar ratio of choline chloride to urea of ​​1:3 at 100°C for 4 hours. Filter, wash twice with water and dry at 80°C to obtain biomass powder. Collect the washing liquid and use it to prepare biomass graphene quantum dots. The specific method is as follows: collect the washing waste liquid, adjust the pH to 7.0, filter to remove insoluble matter, take 100 mL of filtrate, add phosphoric acid to adjust the pH to 3.5, transfer to a 200 mL stainless steel reactor lined with polytetrafluoroethylene, react at 180°C for 10 hours. After the reaction is completed, cool naturally to room temperature. Centrifuge the reaction liquid at 10000 rpm for 5 minutes to remove large particles. Put the supernatant into a dialysis bag with a molecular weight cutoff of 1 kDa and dialyze in deionized water for 24 hours. Concentrate the dialysate under reduced pressure at 40°C and dry to obtain the final product.

[0024] (2) The biomass powder was immersed in a composite activator solution (the mass ratio of phosphoric acid to zinc chloride was 2:1) at a mass ratio of 1:3. After immersion for 20 h, it was dried and subjected to segmented heat treatment under a nitrogen atmosphere. First, it was heated to 300℃ at a heating rate of 1℃ / min and held for 2 h. Then, it was heated to 500℃ at a heating rate of 4℃ / min and held for 3 h. After the treatment was completed, it was washed and dried at 80℃ to obtain the initial mesoporous carbon material.

[0025] (3) The initial mesoporous carbon material was dispersed in a composite hydrochloric acid solution containing aniline monomer and biomass graphene quantum dots at a solid-liquid ratio of 1g:80mL (the concentration of aniline monomer was 0.3mol / L, the concentration of biomass graphene quantum dots was 0.01g / L, and the concentration of hydrochloric acid solution was 1mol / L). After ultrasonic dispersion, ammonium sulfate with an equimolar amount of aniline monomer was added to initiate a polymerization reaction at 0-5℃ for 5h. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was washed until neutral and dried at 80℃ to obtain the target product.

[0026] Example 3 A method for preparing high-performance bio-based mesoporous carbon materials includes the following steps: (1) Wash, dry and crush the coconut shells of agricultural and forestry waste to below 200 mesh. Soak them in a eutectic solvent with a molar ratio of choline chloride to glycerol of 1:2 at 120°C for 3 hours. Filter, wash twice with water and dry at 80°C to obtain biomass powder. Collect the washing liquid and use it to prepare biomass graphene quantum dots. The specific method is as follows: collect the washing waste liquid, adjust the pH to 7.0, filter to remove insoluble matter, take 100 mL of filtrate, add phosphoric acid to adjust the pH to 3.5, transfer to a 200 mL stainless steel reactor lined with polytetrafluoroethylene, react at 180°C for 10 hours. After the reaction is completed, cool naturally to room temperature. Centrifuge the reaction liquid at 10000 rpm for 5 minutes to remove large particles. Put the supernatant into a dialysis bag with a molecular weight cutoff of 1 kDa and dialyze in deionized water for 24 hours. Concentrate the dialysate under reduced pressure at 40°C and dry to obtain the final product.

[0027] (2) The biomass powder was immersed in a composite activator solution (phosphoric acid and zinc chloride in a mass ratio of 3:1) at a mass ratio of 1:4. After immersion for 12 hours, it was dried and subjected to segmented heat treatment under a nitrogen atmosphere. First, it was heated to 350°C at a heating rate of 3°C / min and held for 1 hour. Then, it was heated to 700°C at a heating rate of 8°C / min and held for 1 hour. After the treatment was completed, it was washed and dried at 80°C to obtain the initial mesoporous carbon material.

[0028] (3) The initial mesoporous carbon material was dispersed in a composite hydrochloric acid solution containing aniline monomer and biomass graphene quantum dots at a solid-liquid ratio of 1g:100mL (the concentration of aniline monomer was 0.05mol / L, the concentration of biomass graphene quantum dots was 0.05g / L, and the concentration of hydrochloric acid solution was 1mol / L). After ultrasonic dispersion, ammonium sulfate with an equimolar amount of aniline monomer was added to initiate a polymerization reaction at 0-5℃ for 6h. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was washed until neutral and dried at 80℃ to obtain the target product.

[0029] Comparative Example 1 A method for preparing a bio-based mesoporous carbon material differs from Example 1 in that step (1) involves soaking the material in a mixed solution of ethanol and acetone with a volume ratio of 1:1, while the other steps are the same as in Example 1.

[0030] Comparative Example 2 A method for preparing a bio-based mesoporous carbon material differs from Example 1 in that the material is washed with water 5 times in step (1), while the other steps are the same as in Example 1.

[0031] Comparative Example 3 A method for preparing a bio-based mesoporous carbon material differs from Example 1 in that step (2) involves soaking the material in a 50% phosphoric acid solution, while the other steps are the same as in Example 1.

[0032] Comparative Example 4 A method for preparing a bio-based mesoporous carbon material differs from Example 1 in that the heat treatment process in step (2) is: heating to 550°C at a heating rate of 5°C / min and holding for 2 hours, while the other steps are the same as in Example 1.

[0033] Comparative Example 5 A method for preparing a bio-based mesoporous carbon material differs from Example 1 in that step (3) is as follows: the initial mesoporous carbon material is dispersed in a hydrochloric acid solution containing aniline monomer (the concentration of aniline monomer is 0.1 mol / L and the concentration of hydrochloric acid solution is 1 mol / L) at a solid-liquid ratio of 1 g: 50 mL. After ultrasonic dispersion, ammonium sulfate is added at 0-5 °C for polymerization reaction for 4 h, and the solid and liquid are separated. Then, a hydrochloric acid solution of biomass graphene quantum dots (concentration is 0.05 g / L and concentration of hydrochloric acid solution is 1 mol / L) is added to the solid. After ultrasonic reaction, the material is centrifuged, washed until neutral, and dried at 80 °C to obtain the final product. Other steps are the same as in Example 1.

[0034] The specific surface area, 2-5 nm pore size ratio, and mesopority of the bio-based mesoporous carbon materials prepared in Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-5 were tested by nitrogen adsorption-desorption, with reference to standard GB / T34870.1. The specific capacitance was tested in 2017, and the test results are shown in Table 1.

[0035] Table 1

[0036] As can be seen from the results in Table 1, the bio-based mesoporous carbon material prepared by the method of the present invention has a specific surface area of ​​2000 m². 2 It has a porosity of over 80% and a high proportion of 2-5nm pores, with uniform pore size and a specific capacitance of over 500F / g, demonstrating excellent overall performance. In Comparative Example 1, the pretreatment with ethanol and acetone organic solvents, while showing good overall performance, was not as good as in Example 1. Furthermore, the use of this organic solvent resulted in VOC emissions, which is environmentally unfriendly. In Comparative Example 2, after lignin removal, the sample was washed five times with water. While this effectively removed lignin fragments, it also prevented the formation of initial mesoporous channels and the development of guiding mesopores due to the decomposition of lignin fragments during the low-temperature heat treatment stage, thus affecting the mesoporous ratio. In Comparative Example 3, only phosphoric acid was used as an activator. Although the pore-forming effect was good, the lack of the synergistic effect of zinc chloride Lewis acid affected the regularity and uniformity of the mesopores. In Comparative Example 4, a single high-temperature heat treatment was performed. Due to the instability of the carbon skeleton, the structure was prone to collapse, affecting the mesoporous ratio and thus the overall performance. In Comparative Example 5, the aniline monomer and biomass graphene quantum dots were introduced in two steps: first, polyaniline was polymerized, and then biomass graphene quantum dots were physically mixed. The resulting conductive structure was unstable. Although the overall performance was good, it was prone to detachment, affecting the service life.

[0037] In summary, this invention, through the use of a green eutectic solvent for pretreatment, the use of a composite activator for carbonization, and a one-step in-situ polymerization-covalent grafting process, achieves synergistic effects in each step, successfully preparing a bio-based carbon material with high specific surface area, high mesoporous content, and high conductivity. The specific capacitance is also significantly improved, demonstrating promising prospects for industrial applications.

[0038] Finally, it should be emphasized that the above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. For those skilled in the art, the present invention can have various changes and modifications. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a high-performance bio-based mesoporous carbon material, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Wash, dry, and crush agricultural and forestry waste to below 200 mesh, soak it in a low eutectic solvent for 3-5 hours, filter, wash, and dry to obtain biomass powder; (2) The biomass powder is impregnated in a composite activator for 12-24 h and then dried. It is then subjected to segmented heat treatment under a nitrogen atmosphere. After treatment, it is washed and dried to obtain the initial mesoporous carbon material. (3) The initial mesoporous carbon material is dispersed in a composite hydrochloric acid solution, ultrasonically dispersed, and then an oxidant is added to initiate polymerization. After the reaction is completed, the material is washed and dried to obtain the target product.

2. The method for preparing a high-performance bio-based mesoporous carbon material according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (1), the eutectic solvent is a mixture of choline chloride and urea or glycerol in a molar ratio of 1:2-3.

3. The method for preparing a high-performance bio-based mesoporous carbon material according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (1), the soaking temperature is 80-120℃; wash with clean water 1-2 times.

4. The method for preparing a high-performance bio-based mesoporous carbon material according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (2), the active ingredient of the composite activator is a mixture of phosphoric acid and zinc chloride in a mass ratio of 1-3:

1.

5. The method for preparing a high-performance bio-based mesoporous carbon material according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (2), the mass ratio of the biomass powder to the active ingredient in the composite activator is 1:2-4.

6. The method for preparing a high-performance bio-based mesoporous carbon material according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (2), the segmented heat treatment process is as follows: first, heat to 300-350℃ at a heating rate of 1-3℃ / min and hold for 1-2 hours, then heat to 500-700℃ at a heating rate of 3-8℃ / min and hold for 1-3 hours.

7. The method for preparing a high-performance bio-based mesoporous carbon material according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (3), the solid-liquid ratio of the initial mesoporous carbon material to the composite hydrochloric acid solution is 1g:50-100mL; the composite hydrochloric acid solution is obtained by dispersing aniline monomer and biomass graphene quantum dots in hydrochloric acid, wherein the concentration of aniline monomer is 0.05-0.5mol / L, the concentration of biomass graphene quantum dots is 0.05-0.5g / L, and the concentration of hydrochloric acid solution is 1-2mol / L.

8. The method for preparing a high-performance bio-based mesoporous carbon material according to claim 7, characterized in that, The biomass graphene quantum dots are prepared from the washing liquid in step (1). The specific method is as follows: collect the washing waste liquid, adjust the pH to 7.0, filter to remove insoluble matter, take 100 mL of filtrate, add phosphoric acid to adjust the pH to 3.5, transfer to a 200 mL stainless steel reactor lined with polytetrafluoroethylene, react at 180-200℃ for 8-10 h, after the reaction is completed, cool naturally to room temperature, centrifuge the reaction liquid at 5000-10000 rpm for 5-10 min to remove large particles, put the supernatant into a dialysis bag with a molecular weight cutoff of 1 kDa, dialyze in deionized water for 20-24 h, concentrate the dialysate under reduced pressure at 40-45℃ and dry to obtain biomass graphene quantum dots.

9. The method for preparing a high-performance bio-based mesoporous carbon material according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (3), the oxidant is ammonium sulfate, and the amount used is equal to the molar amount of the aniline monomer; the polymerization temperature is 0-5℃, and the reaction time is 4-6h.

10. A bio-based mesoporous carbon material prepared by the preparation method as described in claims 1-9.

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