Hydraulic press

Abstract

The utility model relates to the technical field of hydraulic presses, and discloses a hydraulic press which comprises a supporting frame, a first oil cylinder, a pressing plate, a rectangular barrel, a platen, a second oil cylinder, a frame and supporting rollers. In the using process, when the platen is in a horizontal state, the first oil cylinder is controlled to work, and then the pressing plate can be driven to do linear motion. Therefore, pressing processing or performance testing is carried out on the workpiece. After the workpiece is processed and the pressing plate is reset, the second oil cylinder is controlled to work, and then the platen and the frame can be driven to rotate relative to the rectangular barrel. And the back stage plate can drive the workpiece to turn over and enable the workpiece to fall on the frame. And the workpiece is convenient to take down and is prevented from falling on the ground. Moreover, when the frame is in a horizontal state, the workpiece can be turned over conveniently through the design of the multiple supporting rollers, and therefore pressing machining or performance testing can be conveniently conducted on the other face of the workpiece.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of hydraulic presses, for example, to a hydraulic press. Background Art

[0002] The related art (publication number: CN213321850U) discloses a hydraulic press for flipping a panel, including a frame. A support platform and a support plate located on the support platform are provided on the frame. One side of the support plate is a hinged end hinged to the front side of the frame, and the other side opposite to the hinged end is a free end. A flipping cylinder is hingedly mounted on the rear side of the frame, and the flipping cylinder is hinged to the free end of the support plate. The support plate flips relative to the support platform under the drive of the flipping cylinder.

[0003] In the process of implementing the above embodiments, it is found that there are at least the following problems in the related art:

[0004] During the use of the hydraulic press, the hydraulic press controls the hydraulic cylinder to operate, which can drive the support plate to flip relative to the support platform. This causes the workpiece on the support plate to tilt, making it easier to remove the workpiece on the support plate. However, when the support plate flips and tilts the workpiece on it, the workpiece is prone to slide directly off the support plate. In particular, when the size and weight of the workpiece are large, it is easy to cause a safety accident after sliding.

[0005] It should be noted that the information disclosed in the above background technology section is only used to enhance the understanding of the background of the present application, and therefore may include information that does not constitute the prior art known to ordinary technicians in the field. Utility Model Content

[0006] In order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the disclosed embodiments, a brief summary is given below. The summary is not an extensive review, nor is it intended to identify key / critical components or delineate the scope of protection of these embodiments, but rather serves as a prelude to the detailed description that follows.

[0007] The disclosed embodiment provides a hydraulic press to prevent a workpiece from slipping.

[0008] In some embodiments, the hydraulic press comprises: a support frame; a first oil cylinder, mounted on the support frame along the height direction of the support frame; a pressure plate, connected to the output end of the first oil cylinder; a rectangular cylinder, mounted on the support frame, and the rectangular cylinder is located below the pressure plate along the height direction of the support frame; a table plate, rotatably mounted at the port of the rectangular cylinder; a second oil cylinder, rotatably mounted between the inner wall of the rectangular cylinder and the table plate, and configured to drive the table plate to rotate relative to the rectangular cylinder; a frame, connected to the table plate and located outside the rectangular cylinder, the plane where the frame is located is perpendicular to the plane where the table plate is located; support rollers, evenly mounted at the four corners of the frame, the center lines of multiple support rollers at any corner are parallel to each other, and the center lines of multiple support rollers at adjacent corners are perpendicular to each other; wherein, when the moving end of the second oil cylinder is in a fully retracted state, the plane where the table plate is located is parallel to the plane where the pressure plate is located; and when the moving end of the second oil cylinder is in a fully extended state, the plane where the frame is located is parallel to the plane where the pressure plate is located.

[0009] Optionally, it also includes: an optical axis, which is slidably arranged in the support frame along the height direction of the support frame, and is located on both sides of the second oil cylinder along the width direction of the support frame, and one end of the optical axis on both sides is connected to the pressure plate.

[0010] Optionally, it also includes: linear bearings, which are respectively mounted on each of the optical axes and are installed on the support frame.

[0011] Optionally, it also includes: a first support plate, connected to the support frame and adjacent to one of the optical axes on both sides; a proximity switch, evenly installed on the first support plate along the height direction of the support frame; a metal detector, connected to the other end of the adjacent optical axis; wherein, under the drive of the first oil cylinder, the metal detector can pass through the sensing area of ​​each of the proximity switches in turn.

[0012] Optionally, it also includes: a second support plate, connected to the support frame and adjacent to the other one of the optical axes on both sides; a scale grating, installed on the second support plate along the height direction of the support frame; a grating reading head, installed on the scale grating and connected to the other end of the adjacent optical axis; wherein, under the drive of the first cylinder, the grating reading head can slide relative to the scale grating.

[0013] Optionally, it also includes: a first support, which is rotatably connected to the tail end of the second oil cylinder and installed on the inner wall of the rectangular tube.

[0014] Optionally, it also includes: a second support, which is rotatably connected to the output end of the second oil cylinder and installed on the table.

[0015] Optionally, it further includes: a pressure head installed on the pressure plate, along the thickness direction of the pressure plate, the pressure head and the first oil cylinder are located on both sides of the pressure plate.

[0016] Optionally, it also includes: a base, installed on the support frame, used to abut against the ground.

[0017] The hydraulic press provided by the embodiment of the present disclosure can achieve the following technical effects:

[0018] A hydraulic press provided by an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a support frame, a first oil cylinder, a pressure plate, a rectangular cylinder, a table, a second oil cylinder, a frame and a support roller. The first oil cylinder is installed on the support frame along the height direction of the support frame to provide a driving force. The pressure plate is connected to the output end of the first oil cylinder and performs linear motion under the drive of the first oil cylinder. The rectangular cylinder is installed on the support frame to support and install a rotatable table. The table can be rotatably installed at the port of the rectangular cylinder to support the workpiece to be pressed and can rotate relative to the rectangular cylinder. The second oil cylinder is rotatably installed between the inner wall of the rectangular cylinder and the table, and can rotate relative to the rectangular cylinder and the table, respectively, and is used to drive the table to rotate relative to the rectangular cylinder. The frame is connected to the table and is located outside the rectangular cylinder. The plane where the frame is located is perpendicular to the plane where the table is located, and is used to block the workpiece from sliding. The support rollers are evenly installed at the four corners of the frame, and the center lines of multiple support rollers at any corner are parallel to each other, and the center lines of multiple support rollers at adjacent corners are perpendicular to each other. Multiple support rollers are used to provide the function of rotation to convert sliding friction into rolling friction. When the moving end of the second oil cylinder is in a fully retracted state, the plane where the table is located is parallel to the plane where the pressure plate is located, so as to facilitate pressing or testing the workpiece. When the moving end of the second oil cylinder is in a fully extended state, the plane where the frame is located is parallel to the plane where the pressure plate is located, so as to facilitate the collection of the workpiece that slides off the table.

[0019] During use, when the table is in a horizontal state, the first oil cylinder is controlled to work, which can drive the pressing plate to do linear movement. Until it contacts the workpiece placed on the table, so as to press the workpiece or perform performance testing. After the workpiece is processed and the pressing plate is reset, the second oil cylinder is controlled to work, which can drive the table and the frame to rotate relative to the rectangular tube. The rear plate can drive the workpiece to flip and drop it onto the frame. It is convenient to remove the workpiece and prevent it from falling to the ground. In addition, when the frame is in a horizontal state, the design of multiple support rollers makes it easy to turn the workpiece over, so as to facilitate the pressing or performance testing of the other side of the workpiece.

[0020] The above general description and the following description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not intended to limit the present application. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] One or more embodiments are exemplarily described by corresponding drawings, which do not limit the embodiments. Elements with the same reference numerals in the drawings are shown as similar elements, and the drawings do not constitute a scale limitation, and wherein:

[0022] Figure 1 is a cross-sectional structural schematic diagram of a hydraulic press provided by an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0023] Figure 2 This Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the enlarged structure at A in the middle;

[0024] Figure 3 is a side structural schematic diagram of a hydraulic press provided by an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0025] Figure 4 It is a schematic diagram of the main structure of a hydraulic press provided in an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0026] Reference numerals:

[0027] 1: Support frame; 2: First oil cylinder; 3: Pressing plate; 4: Rectangular cylinder; 5: Table; 6: Second oil cylinder; 7: Frame; 8: Support roller; 9: Optical axis; 10: Linear bearing; 11: First support plate; 12: Proximity switch; 13: Metal detector; 14: Second support plate; 15: Scale grating; 16: Grating reading head; 17: First support; 18: Second support; 19: Pressing head. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] In order to be able to understand the features and technical contents of the embodiments of the present disclosure in more detail, the implementation of the embodiments of the present disclosure is described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The attached drawings are for reference only and are not used to limit the embodiments of the present disclosure. In the following technical description, for the convenience of explanation, a full understanding of the disclosed embodiments is provided through multiple details. However, one or more embodiments can still be implemented without these details. In other cases, to simplify the drawings, well-known structures and devices can be simplified for display.

[0029] The terms "first", "second", etc. in the specification and claims of the embodiments of the present disclosure and the above-mentioned drawings are used to distinguish similar objects, and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that the terms used in this way can be interchanged where appropriate, so that the embodiments of the embodiments of the present disclosure described herein. In addition, the terms "including" and "having" and any variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions.

[0030] In the embodiments of the present disclosure, the terms "upper", "lower", "inside", "middle", "outside", "front", "back" and the like indicate directions or positional relationships based on the directions or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings. These terms are mainly intended to better describe the embodiments of the present disclosure and their embodiments, and are not intended to limit the indicated devices, elements or components to have a specific direction, or to be constructed and operated in a specific direction. Moreover, in addition to being used to indicate directions or positional relationships, some of the above terms may also be used to indicate other meanings. For example, the term "upper" may also be used to indicate a certain dependency or connection relationship in certain circumstances. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of these terms in the embodiments of the present disclosure can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0031] In addition, the terms "disposed", "connected", and "fixed" should be understood in a broad sense. For example, "connected" can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral structure; it can be a mechanical connection, or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection, or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium, or it can be an internal connection between two devices, elements, or components. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in the embodiments of the present disclosure can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0032] Unless otherwise stated, the term "plurality" means two or more.

[0033] In the embodiment of the present disclosure, the character " / " indicates that the preceding and following objects are in an "or" relationship. For example, A / B indicates: A or B.

[0034] The term "and / or" is a description of the association relationship between objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B means: A or B, or, A and B.

[0035] It should be noted that, in the absence of conflict, the embodiments and features in the embodiments of the present disclosure may be combined with each other.

[0036] Combination Figures 1 to 4As shown, the embodiment of the present disclosure provides a hydraulic press, including a support frame 1, a first oil cylinder 2, a pressing plate 3, a rectangular cylinder 4, a table 5, a second oil cylinder 6, a frame 7 and a support roller 8. The first oil cylinder 2 is installed on the support frame 1 along the height direction of the support frame 1. The pressing plate 3 is connected to the output end of the first oil cylinder 2. The rectangular cylinder 4 is installed on the support frame 1, and along the height direction of the support frame 1, the rectangular cylinder 4 is located below the pressing plate 3. The table 5 is rotatably installed at the port of the rectangular cylinder 4. The second oil cylinder 6 is rotatably installed between the inner wall of the rectangular cylinder 4 and the table 5, and is configured to drive the table 5 to rotate relative to the rectangular cylinder 4. The frame 7 is connected to the table 5 and is located outside the rectangular cylinder 4. The plane where the frame 7 is located is perpendicular to the plane where the table 5 is located. The support rollers 8 are evenly installed at the four corners of the frame 7, and the center lines of multiple support rollers 8 at any corner are parallel to each other, and the center lines of multiple support rollers 8 at adjacent corners are perpendicular to each other. When the moving end of the second oil cylinder 6 is in a fully retracted state, the plane where the table 5 is located is parallel to the plane where the pressing plate 3 is located. Also, when the moving end of the second oil cylinder 6 is in a fully extended state, the plane where the frame 7 is located is parallel to the plane where the pressing plate 3 is located.

[0037] A hydraulic press provided by an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a support frame 1, a first oil cylinder 2, a pressing plate 3, a rectangular cylinder 4, a table 5, a second oil cylinder 6, a frame 7 and a support roller 8. The first oil cylinder 2 is installed on the support frame 1 along the height direction of the support frame 1 to provide a driving force. The pressing plate 3 is connected to the output end of the first oil cylinder 2 and performs linear motion under the drive of the first oil cylinder 2. The rectangular cylinder 4 is installed on the support frame 1 to support and install a rotatable table 5. The table 5 is rotatably installed at the port of the rectangular cylinder 4 to support the workpiece to be pressed and can rotate relative to the rectangular cylinder 4. The second oil cylinder 6 is rotatably installed between the inner wall of the rectangular cylinder 4 and the table 5, and can rotate relative to the rectangular cylinder 4 and the table 5, respectively, to drive the table 5 to rotate relative to the rectangular cylinder 4. The frame 7 is connected to the table 5 and is located outside the rectangular cylinder 4. The plane where the frame 7 is located is perpendicular to the plane where the table 5 is located, and is used to block the workpiece from sliding down. The support rollers 8 are evenly installed at the four corners of the frame 7. The center lines of the multiple support rollers 8 at any corner are parallel to each other, and the center lines of the multiple support rollers 8 at the adjacent corners are perpendicular to each other. The multiple support rollers 8 are used to provide a rotation function to convert sliding friction into rolling friction. When the moving end of the second oil cylinder 6 is in a fully retracted state, the plane where the table 5 is located is parallel to the plane where the pressure plate 3 is located, so as to facilitate pressing or testing the workpiece. When the moving end of the second oil cylinder 6 is in a fully extended state, the plane where the frame 7 is located is parallel to the plane where the pressure plate 3 is located, so as to facilitate the picking up of the workpiece that slides off the table 5.

[0038] During use, when the table 5 is in a horizontal state, the first oil cylinder 2 is controlled to work, which can drive the pressing plate 3 to make linear motion. Until it contacts the workpiece placed on the table 5, so as to perform pressing processing or performance testing on the workpiece. After the workpiece is processed and the pressing plate 3 is reset, the second oil cylinder 6 is controlled to work, which can drive the table 5 and the frame 7 to make rotational motion relative to the rectangular tube 4. The rear table 5 can drive the workpiece to flip over and drop the workpiece onto the frame 7. It is convenient to remove the workpiece and prevent the workpiece from falling to the ground. In addition, when the frame 7 is in a horizontal state, the design of multiple support rollers 8 makes it easy to turn over the workpiece, so as to facilitate pressing processing or performance testing on the other side of the workpiece.

[0039] Optionally, combined Figures 1 to 4 As shown, it also includes an optical axis 9. The optical axis 9 is slidably arranged in the support frame 1 along the height direction of the support frame 1, and is located on both sides of the second oil cylinder 6 along the width direction of the support frame 1. One end of the optical axis 9 on both sides is connected to the pressing plate 3.

[0040] In the disclosed embodiment, an optical axis 9 is also included which is slidably arranged in the support frame 1 and connected to the pressing plate 3. The optical axis 9 is used to play a guiding support role to improve the stability of the pressing plate 3 when it moves and reduce the radial force on the output end of the first oil cylinder 2.

[0041] Optionally, combined Figures 1 to 4 As shown, it also includes a linear bearing 10. The linear bearing 10 is respectively mounted on each optical axis 9 and is installed on the support frame 1.

[0042] In the disclosed embodiment, a linear bearing 10 is also included, which is respectively mounted on each optical axis 9 and installed on the support frame 1. The linear bearing 10 is used to reduce the friction between the optical axis 9 and the support frame 1 and improve the accuracy of the optical axis 9 when it moves relative to the support frame 1.

[0043] Optionally, combined Figure 1 and Figure 3 As shown, it also includes a first support plate 11, a proximity switch 12 and a metal detector 13. The first support plate 11 is connected to the support frame 1 and is adjacent to one of the optical axes 9 on both sides. The proximity switch 12 is evenly installed on the first support plate 11 along the height direction of the support frame 1. The metal detector 13 is connected to the other end of the adjacent optical axis 9. Among them, under the drive of the first oil cylinder 2, the metal detector 13 can pass through the sensing area of ​​each proximity switch 12 in turn.

[0044] In the disclosed embodiment, a first support plate 11, a proximity switch 12 and a metal detector 13 are also included. The first support plate 11 is connected to the support frame 1, and is used to support and install the proximity switch 12. The proximity switch 12 is evenly installed on the first support plate 11 along the height direction of the support frame 1 for position detection. The metal detector 13 is connected to one of the optical axes 9, and is used to cooperate with the proximity switch 12. During use, the first oil cylinder 2 is controlled to work, and the pressing plate 3 can be driven to move along the height direction of the support frame 1. Then the optical axis 9 is driven to move, so that the position of the metal detector 13 changes. When the metal detector 13 moves with the optical axis 9, it will pass through the sensing area of ​​each proximity switch 12 in turn, and be sensed by each proximity switch 12 in turn. Thereby, the switching action of the proximity switch 12 changes, and then the moving distance of the optical axis 9 is detected. Since the output end of the first oil cylinder 2 moves synchronously with the optical axis 9, the position of the output end of the first oil cylinder 2 can be determined, which is convenient for controlling the start and stop of the first oil cylinder 2.

[0045] Optionally, combined Figure 1 and Figure 3 As shown, the second support plate 14, the scale grating 15 and the grating reading head 16 are also included. The second support plate 14 is connected to the support frame 1 and is adjacent to the other of the optical axes 9 on both sides. The scale grating 15 is installed on the second support plate 14 along the height direction of the support frame 1. The grating reading head 16 is installed on the scale grating 15 and is connected to the other end of the adjacent optical axis 9. Among them, under the drive of the first oil cylinder 2, the grating reading head 16 can slide relative to the scale grating 15.

[0046] In the disclosed embodiment, a second support plate 14, a scale grating 15 and a grating reading head 16 are also included. The second support plate 14 is connected to the support frame 1 for supporting and installing the scale grating 15. The scale grating 15 is installed on the second support plate 14 along the height direction of the support frame 1 for position detection. The grating reading head 16 is installed on the scale grating 15 and connected to another one of the optical axes 9, and cooperates with the scale grating 15 to observe and track the movement error of the optical axis 9. During use, the first oil cylinder 2 is controlled to work, so that the pressing plate 3 can be driven to move along the height direction of the support frame 1. Then the optical axis 9 is driven to move, so that the position of the grating reading head 16 relative to the scale grating 15 changes. It plays a role in detection, observing and tracking the movement error of the optical axis 9. Since the output end of the first oil cylinder 2 moves synchronously with the optical axis 9, the movement error of the output end of the first oil cylinder 2 can be determined, which plays a role in compensating the motion error of the output end of the first oil cylinder 2.

[0047] Optionally, combined Figure 1 As shown, the first support 17 is also included. The first support 17 is rotatably connected to the tail end of the second oil cylinder 6 and is installed on the inner wall of the rectangular tube 4.

[0048] In the disclosed embodiment, a first support 17 is also included which is rotatably connected to the tail end of the second oil cylinder 6 and mounted on the inner wall of the rectangular tube 4. The first support 17 is used to allow the second oil cylinder 6 to rotate relative to the rectangular tube 4 and facilitate the disassembly and replacement of the second oil cylinder 6.

[0049] Optionally, combined Figure 1 As shown, the second support 18 is also included. The second support 18 is rotatably connected to the output end of the second oil cylinder 6 and is installed on the table 5.

[0050] In the disclosed embodiment, a second support 18 is also included which is rotatably connected to the output end of the second oil cylinder 6 and mounted on the platform 5. The second support 18 is used to allow the second oil cylinder 6 to rotate relative to the platform 5 and facilitate the disassembly and replacement of the second oil cylinder 6.

[0051] Optionally, combined Figure 1 , Figure 3 and Figure 4 As shown, the pressure head 19 is also included. The pressure head 19 is installed on the pressure plate 3, and along the thickness direction of the pressure plate 3, the pressure head 19 and the first oil cylinder 2 are located on both sides of the pressure plate 3.

[0052] In the disclosed embodiment, a pressing head 19 is also included which is mounted on the pressing plate 3. During use, the pressing head 19 moves under the drive of the pressing plate 3 to facilitate stretching, forming and pressing of the metal product.

[0053] Optionally, combined Figure 1 , Figure 3 and Figure 4 As shown, the base is also included. The base is installed on the support frame 1 and is used to abut against the ground.

[0054] In the embodiment of the present disclosure, a base mounted on the support frame 1 is also included. The base is used to abut against the ground to support the entire device.

[0055] The above description and the accompanying drawings sufficiently illustrate the embodiments of the present disclosure to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other embodiments may include structural and other changes. The embodiments represent only possible variations. Unless explicitly required, individual components and functions are optional, and the order of operations may vary. Portions and features of some embodiments may be included in or replace portions and features of other embodiments. The embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited to the structures described above and shown in the accompanying drawings, and various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the scope thereof. The scope of the present disclosure is limited only by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A hydraulic press, characterized in that: include: Support frame; A first oil cylinder is installed on the support frame along the height direction of the support frame; A pressing plate connected to the output end of the first oil cylinder; A rectangular tube is installed on the support frame, and along the height direction of the support frame, the rectangular tube is located below the pressing plate; A table plate is rotatably mounted at the end of the rectangular cylinder; a second oil cylinder rotatably mounted between the inner wall of the rectangular cylinder and the table plate, and configured to drive the table plate to perform rotational motion relative to the rectangular cylinder; A frame is connected to the table and is located outside the rectangular tube, and the plane where the frame is located is perpendicular to the plane where the table is located; Support rollers are evenly installed at the four corners of the frame, and the center lines of the multiple support rollers at any corner are parallel to each other, and perpendicular to the center lines of the multiple support rollers at the adjacent corners; Wherein, when the moving end of the second oil cylinder is in a fully retracted state, the plane where the platform is located and the plane where the pressure plate is located are parallel to each other; Furthermore, when the moving end of the second oil cylinder is in a fully extended state, the plane where the frame is located and the plane where the pressing plate is located are parallel to each other.

2. A hydraulic press according to claim 1, characterized in that: Also includes: The optical axis is slidably arranged in the support frame along the height direction of the support frame, and is located on both sides of the second oil cylinder along the width direction of the support frame. One end of the optical axis on both sides is connected to the pressure plate.

3. A hydraulic press according to claim 2, characterized in that: Also includes: The linear bearings are respectively mounted on each of the optical axes and are installed on the support frame.

4. A hydraulic press according to claim 2, characterized in that: Also includes: A first support plate, connected to the support frame and adjacent to one of the optical axes on both sides; Proximity switches are evenly mounted on the first support plate along the height direction of the support frame; A metal detector connected to the other end of the adjacent optical axis; Wherein, driven by the first oil cylinder, the metal detection object can pass through the sensing area of ​​each proximity switch in sequence.

5. A hydraulic press according to claim 2, characterized in that: Also includes: A second support plate, connected to the support frame and adjacent to the other of the optical axes on both sides; A scale grating is installed on the second support plate along the height direction of the support frame; A grating reading head is mounted on the scale grating and connected to the other end of the adjacent optical axis; Wherein, driven by the first oil cylinder, the grating reading head can slide relative to the scale grating.

6. A hydraulic press according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: Also includes: The first support is rotatably connected to the tail end of the second oil cylinder and is installed on the inner wall of the rectangular tube.

7. A hydraulic press according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: Also includes: The second support is rotatably connected to the output end of the second oil cylinder and is installed on the table.

8. A hydraulic press according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: Also includes: The pressure head is installed on the pressure plate. Along the thickness direction of the pressure plate, the pressure head and the first oil cylinder are located on both sides of the pressure plate.

9. A hydraulic press according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: Also includes: The base is installed on the support frame and is used to abut against the ground.

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