Double-layer phase change energy storage breathing type curtain wall

Abstract

The utility model belongs to the technical field of constructional engineering and green buildings, and particularly discloses a double-layer phase change energy storage breathing type curtain wall which is characterized in that a curtain wall module comprises an inner-layer glass curtain wall, an outer-layer glass curtain wall, an upper cross beam and a lower cross beam, and the upper cross beam is connected between the upper portion of the inner-layer glass curtain wall and the upper portion of the outer-layer glass curtain wall; the lower cross beam is connected between the lower part of the inner-layer glass curtain wall and the lower part of the outer-layer glass curtain wall; the upper cross beam is connected with an upper exhaust outlet, the lower cross beam is connected with a lower air inlet, and the outer-layer glass curtain wall is connected with an external air inlet; the upper air outlet, the lower air inlet and the external air inlet can be opened or closed; a phase change door plate is hinged to the inner-layer glass curtain wall, a phase change material layer is packaged in the phase change door plate, a ventilation unit is arranged on the inner-layer glass curtain wall, and the air interlayer is communicated with the indoor space through the ventilation unit. According to the utility model, efficient storage and utilization of heat energy can be realized, and intermittent ventilation and heating control is realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model relates to the technical fields of construction engineering and green building, and particularly relates to a double-layer phase change energy storage breathing curtain wall. Background Art

[0002] In recent years, in the global energy consumption, building energy consumption accounts for about 50%, and most of the building energy consumption occurs during the operation of buildings. The energy consumption of the building envelope structure occupies an important part in the whole building energy consumption. As a transparent envelope structure of a building, a glass curtain wall has a great impact on the building load. Improving the structure of the building envelope structure is of great significance for reducing the energy consumption of the whole building. The phase change energy storage technology is a latent heat storage technology, which can make full use of unstable energy, temporarily store the excess heat, and release it when needed, and has broad prospects in the fields of solar energy utilization and waste and waste heat recovery.

[0003] The patent with the publication number of CN101149166A in the prior art discloses a solar heat collection and storage system combined with the outer wall of a building. This system can collect solar energy, transfer the heat energy to a sun room, and can also store the excess heat in a masonry wall for use on rainy days or at night; however, this system has poor heat insulation effect in summer, and the heat absorbed by the heat absorption layer will be transmitted into the room through the wall, making the room hotter; in winter, the heat storage is insufficient and cannot effectively heat the room. In addition, this system can only operate when there is solar energy, the operating conditions are not stable enough, and intermittent ventilation and heating control cannot be achieved.

[0004] The patent with the publication number of CN101324352A discloses a solar energy storage ventilation and heating system, which is provided with a heat storage wall, a heat storage ventilation duct or a combination of both composed of a heat insulation layer, a heat storage layer and an aluminum plate painted with black paint on the outer side of the outer wall of a building. By using the special heat absorption and heat release functions of the phase change heat storage material and the valve controlling the air outlet, the purpose of intermittent ventilation and heating can be achieved without consuming non-renewable energy, and it has the advantages of energy conservation, environmental protection, simple control and beautiful structure, and can be widely applied to general residential buildings and public buildings; however, this system sacrifices daylighting while improving the outer wall of the building to achieve intermittent ventilation and heating. Content of the Utility Model

[0005] The utility model provides a double-layer phase change energy storage breathing curtain wall, aiming at being able to realize the efficient storage and utilization of heat energy and being able to achieve intermittent ventilation and heating control according to different environmental requirements.

[0006] The utility model is realized through the following technical solutions: A double-layer phase change energy storage breathing curtain wall is formed by splicing a plurality of curtain wall modules. The curtain wall module includes an inner glass curtain wall, an outer glass curtain wall, an upper cross beam and a lower cross beam. A cavity between the inner glass curtain wall and the outer glass curtain wall forms an air interlayer. The upper cross beam is connected between the upper part of the inner glass curtain wall and the upper part of the outer glass curtain wall, and the lower cross beam is connected between the lower part of the inner glass curtain wall and the lower part of the outer glass curtain wall;

[0007] An upper exhaust air port is connected to the upper cross beam, a lower air inlet is connected to the lower cross beam, and an external air inlet is connected to the outer glass curtain wall; The upper exhaust air port, the lower air inlet and the external air inlet can all be opened or closed;

[0008] A phase change door panel is hinged to the inner glass curtain wall. A phase change material layer is encapsulated in the phase change door panel. A ventilation unit is provided on the inner glass curtain wall. The air interlayer is communicated with the indoor space through the ventilation unit.

[0009] In this solution, the efficient storage and utilization of thermal energy can be effectively realized. By opening or closing the air inlets, the upper exhaust air port, the lower ventilation port, the external air inlet and the ventilation unit, different operation modes can be realized. When the lower air inlet, the upper exhaust air port, the external air inlet and the ventilation unit are closed, its operation mode can provide indoor hot air when heating is required indoors or the outdoor temperature is low, achieving the effect of natural heating; When the lower air inlet, the upper exhaust air port and the external air inlet are opened and the ventilation unit is closed, its operation mode can significantly prevent hot air from entering the room when the outdoor temperature is higher than the indoor temperature; When the ventilation unit and the lower air inlet are opened and the upper exhaust air port is closed, its operation mode is applicable to summer nights or transitional seasons, and can effectively reduce the cooling load and supplement fresh air.

[0010] This solution can realize the operation modes in different seasons through different operation modes, so as to effectively store and utilize thermal energy, and intermittent ventilation heating control can be realized according to different operation modes.

[0011] Further, a lower ventilation port is also connected to the lower cross beam.

[0012] Further, the upper exhaust air port is located on the left or right side of the upper cross beam, and the lower air inlet and the lower ventilation port are respectively located on both sides of the lower cross beam.

[0013] Further, on the outer glass curtain wall between the upper cross beam of one curtain wall module and the lower cross beam of another adjacent curtain wall module spliced vertically, the external air inlet is connected.

[0014] Further, the external air inlet and the upper air outlet are respectively located on both sides of the outer glass curtain wall.

[0015] Further, the phase change door panel is embedded in the center of the inner glass curtain wall, and one side of the phase change door panel is hinged to the inner glass curtain wall.

[0016] Further, the ventilation unit is installed directly above the phase change door panel.

[0017] Further, the upper air outlet, the lower air inlet, the external air inlet and the lower ventilation opening are all of a movable blade structure with a staggered distribution.

[0018] Further, the phase change temperature of the phase change material layer encapsulated inside the phase change door panel is -20 to 50 °C.

[0019] Further, the thickness of the air interlayer is 0.1 - 1 m.

[0020] The beneficial effects of the present utility model are as follows:

[0021] (1) The present utility model transforms the traditional breathing curtain wall into a new type of breathing curtain wall combined with a phase change material layer, which can effectively improve the building's thermal inertia, slow down the indoor temperature fluctuation, and improve the indoor thermal comfort. In addition, it can also reduce the outdoor heat transfer and delay the peak load in summer, and absorb solar energy and reduce the heating energy consumption in winter.

[0022] (2) The present utility model is of great significance for the effective utilization of solar energy and the reduction of energy consumption. Due to the characteristics of the dispersion, intermittency and instability of solar energy, energy storage technology is the key means to solve the mismatch between its supply and demand. Energy storage technology can make full use of unstable energy, temporarily store the excess heat, and release it when needed. Description of the Drawings

[0023] The drawings described herein are used to provide a further understanding of the embodiments of the present utility model, form a part of this application, and do not constitute a limitation to the embodiments of the present utility model. In the drawings:

[0024] Figure 1 is a perspective view of a single curtain wall module in an embodiment of a double-layer phase change energy storage breathing curtain wall of the present utility model;

[0025] Figure 2 is a front view of a single curtain wall module in an embodiment of a double-layer phase change energy storage breathing curtain wall of the present utility model;

[0026] Figure 3 is a side view of a single curtain wall module in an embodiment of a double-layer phase change energy storage breathing curtain wall of the present utility model;

[0027] Figure 4Schematic diagram of the state of the first operation mode of an embodiment of a double-layer phase change energy storage breathing curtain wall of the present utility model;

[0028] Figure 5 Schematic diagram of the state of the first operation mode after a double-layer phase change energy storage breathing curtain wall of the present utility model is installed on a wall;

[0029] Figure 6 Schematic diagram of the state of the second operation mode of an embodiment of a double-layer phase change energy storage breathing curtain wall of the present utility model;

[0030] Figure 7 Schematic diagram of the state of the second operation mode after a double-layer phase change energy storage breathing curtain wall of the present utility model is installed on a wall;

[0031] Figure 8 Schematic diagram of the state of the third operation mode of an embodiment of a double-layer phase change energy storage breathing curtain wall of the present utility model;

[0032] Figure 9 Schematic diagram of the state of the third operation mode after a double-layer phase change energy storage breathing curtain wall of the present utility model is installed on a wall.

[0033] Marks in the drawings and corresponding component names:

[0034] Outer glass curtain wall 1, inner glass curtain wall 2, phase change door panel 3, ventilation unit 4, lower cross beam 5, upper cross beam 6, lower air inlet 7, upper air outlet 8, air interlayer 9, phase change material layer 10, external air inlet 11, lower ventilation opening 12. Detailed implementation manners

[0035] To make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the present utility model clearer and more understandable, the present utility model will be further described in detail below in conjunction with embodiments and drawings. The illustrative embodiments and descriptions thereof of the present utility model are only used to explain the present utility model and are not intended to limit the present utility model.

[0036] As Figure 1 、 Figure 2 and Figure 3 shown, this embodiment provides a double-layer phase change energy storage breathing curtain wall, which is formed by splicing multiple curtain wall modules. The curtain wall module includes an inner glass curtain wall 2, an outer glass curtain wall 1, an upper cross beam 6 and a lower cross beam 5. The cavity between the inner glass curtain wall 2 and the outer glass curtain wall 1 forms an air interlayer 9, and the thickness of the air interlayer 9 is 0.1 - 1 m.

[0037] The upper crossbeam 6 is connected between the upper part of the inner glass curtain wall 2 and the upper part of the outer glass curtain wall 1, and the lower crossbeam 5 is connected between the lower part of the inner glass curtain wall 2 and the lower part of the outer glass curtain wall 1. In this embodiment, the lower crossbeam 5 is connected between the bottom of the inner glass curtain wall 2 and the bottom of the outer glass curtain wall 1, and the upper crossbeam 6 and the lower crossbeam 5 are respectively connected and fixed to the inner glass curtain wall 2 and the outer glass curtain wall 1 through the standard installation process in the art.

[0038] An upper air outlet 8 is connected to the upper crossbeam 6, a lower air inlet 7 and a lower ventilation opening 12 are connected to the lower crossbeam 5, and an external air inlet 11 is connected to the outer glass curtain wall 1; the upper air outlet 8, the lower air inlet 7, the lower ventilation opening 12 and the external air inlet 11 can all be opened or closed. In this embodiment, the upper air outlet 8, the lower air inlet 7, the external air inlet 11 and the lower ventilation opening 12 are all of a movable vane structure with a staggered arrangement. In this embodiment, the opening or closing of each air outlet is realized through its own movable vane. A switch is provided on each air outlet, and the opening or closing of each air outlet is controlled by a master switch set with different operating modes.

[0039] The upper air outlet 8 is located on the left or right side of the upper crossbeam 6, the lower air inlet 7 and the lower ventilation opening 12 are respectively located on both sides of the lower crossbeam 5. In two adjacent curtain wall modules spliced vertically, an external air inlet 11 as described above is connected to the outer glass curtain wall 1 between the upper crossbeam 6 of one curtain wall module and the lower crossbeam 5 of the other curtain wall module, and the external air inlet 11 and the upper air outlet 8 are respectively located on both sides of the outer glass curtain wall 1. Specifically: in this embodiment, the upper air outlet 8 is connected to the left side of the upper crossbeam 6, the lower air inlet 7 is connected to the right side of the lower crossbeam 5, the lower ventilation opening 12 is connected to the left side of the lower crossbeam 5, and the external air inlet 11 is connected to the right side of the outer glass curtain wall 1, that is, the external air inlet 11 and the upper air outlet 8 are on different sides, while the lower ventilation opening 12 and the upper air outlet 8 are on the same side, and the lower air inlet 7 and the lower ventilation opening 12 are on different sides. The lower ventilation opening 12 provided in this embodiment can increase the rate of air flow, thereby improving the heat exchange effect.

[0040] A phase change door panel 3 is hinged to the inner glass curtain wall 2. In this embodiment, the phase change door panel 3 is embedded in the center of the inner glass curtain wall 2, and one side of the phase change door panel 3 is hinged to the inner glass curtain wall 2 through a hinge. A phase change material layer 10 is encapsulated in the phase change door panel 3. The phase change material layer 10 in this embodiment is a prior art and can be selected according to actual needs. The phase change temperature of the phase change material layer 10 encapsulated inside the phase change door panel 3 in this embodiment is -20 to 50 °C.

[0041] In this embodiment, a ventilation unit 4 is provided on the inner glass curtain wall 2. The air interlayer 9 is communicated with the indoor space through the ventilation unit 4. The ventilation unit 4 is fixedly installed directly above the phase change door panel 3. The ventilation unit 4 in this embodiment is a fan. By starting the fan, the air in the air interlayer 9 can flow into the room.

[0042] The working process of the present utility model will be specifically described according to the operation mode as follows:

[0043] As Figure 4 and Figure 5 shown, Operation Mode 1 - Thermal Insulation Mode: Close the lower air inlet 7, upper air outlet 8, lower ventilation opening 12, external air inlet 11, and ventilation unit 4. In this mode: The outer glass curtain wall 1, phase change door panel 3, inner glass curtain wall 2, ventilation unit 4, upper cross beam 6, and lower cross beam 5 form an air interlayer 9. During the day, the surface of the outer glass curtain wall 1, the surface of the inner glass curtain wall 2, and the air interlayer 9 are heated by solar radiation. The air in the air interlayer 9 fully absorbs solar radiation and the temperature rises. Through the greenhouse effect of the additional sunspace and the fact that solar radiation can strengthen the heat storage of the phase change material layer 10 in the phase change door panel 3, the heating energy consumption can be reduced; this mode can provide hot air indoors when heating is required indoors or the outdoor temperature is relatively low, achieving the effect of natural heating.

[0044] As Figure 6 and Figure 7 shown, Operation Mode 2 - Heat Insulation Mode: Open the lower air inlet 7, upper air outlet 8, lower ventilation opening 12, external air inlet 11, and close the ventilation unit 4. In this mode: Since the upper air outlet 8 is opened, the breathing curtain walls on each floor are connected. The outer glass curtain wall 1, phase change door panel 3, inner glass curtain wall 2, and ventilation unit 4 form a through vertical channel. Outdoor air enters the through vertical channel through the external air inlet 11. Under sunlight, due to the "thermal chimney effect", an upward airflow is generated. The airflow entering from the lower air inlet 7 is discharged from the upper air outlet 8 after heat exchange and enters the upper floor. This upward airflow movement takes away the heat in the air duct and prevents heat from entering the room, reducing the air conditioning cooling load. At the same time, the phase change door panel 3 is irradiated by solar radiation, and the phase change material layer 10 in the door panel 3 stores heat and melts, which also takes away a part of the heat. This mode has a significant effect of preventing hot air from entering the room when the outdoor temperature is higher than the indoor temperature.

[0045] As Figure 8 and Figure 9As shown in the figure, Operation Mode 3 - Ventilation Mode: Turn on the ventilation unit 4, the external air inlet 11, the lower ventilation opening 12, and the lower air inlet 7, and close the upper exhaust opening 8. Since the ventilation unit 4 is turned on, the high-temperature outdoor air flows into the air interlayer 9 from the external air inlet 11 and the lower air inlet 7 and exchanges heat with the phase change material layer 10 in the phase change door panel 3. The cooled air is sent into the room by the ventilation unit 4. Due to the solar radiation and the forced convection of the ventilation unit 4, the melting and heat absorption of the phase change material layer 10 in the phase change door panel 3 are accelerated. It is applicable to summer nights or transitional seasons and can effectively reduce the cooling load and supplement fresh air.

[0046] From the characteristics of different operation modes, the operation modes for different seasons can be obtained as follows:

[0047] Operation mode 1 Operation mode 2 Operation mode 3 Summer √ √ Transition season √ Winter √

[0048] A double-layer phase change energy storage breathing curtain wall of the present utility model has the function of a solar energy storage ventilation and heating system. According to the above operation modes, the air vents are respectively set into three linkage modes. Linkage Mode 1 is the heat preservation mode; Linkage Mode 2 is the heat insulation mode; Linkage Mode 3 is the ventilation mode. By selecting different linkage modes, the opening and closing of the movable blades of each air vent can be electrically controlled. Its control strategies at different seasons and different times are as follows:

[0049] Summer:

[0050] During the day, adopt Operation Mode 2. Under the sun's irradiation, due to the "thermal chimney effect", an upward airflow will be generated. The airflow entering from the lower air inlet 7 on the right side is discharged from the upper left air outlet 8 after heat exchange. This upward airflow movement takes away the heat in the air interlayer 9 and prevents the outdoor heat from being transferred into the room, reducing the load of air conditioning refrigeration; Operation Mode 3 can also be adopted. Turn on the ventilation unit 4, and the high-temperature outdoor air flows into the air interlayer 9 from the lower air inlet 7 and exchanges heat with the phase change material layer 10 in the phase change door panel 3. The cooled air is sent into the room by the ventilation unit 4. Due to the solar radiation and the forced convection of the ventilation unit 4, the melting and heat absorption of the phase change material layer 10 in the phase change door panel 3 are accelerated. By melting the phase change material layer 10, the indoor waste heat is removed and ventilation and air exchange are carried out to supplement fresh air.

[0051] At night, adopt Operation Mode 3. The low-temperature outdoor air enters the air interlayer 9 in summer, promoting the solidification of the phase change material layer 10. The released heat is taken out of the room by the low-temperature air, preparing for the melting and heat absorption of the phase change material layer 10 during the day. At the same time, the turned-on ventilation unit 4 introduces the outdoor air into the room, supplementing fresh air and removing the indoor waste heat and carrying out ventilation and air exchange.

[0052] Repeat this process during the day and night to achieve the function of room temperature cycle adjustment.

[0053] Transition season:

[0054] Adopt operation mode 3, turn on the ventilation unit 4, the lower ventilation opening 12, and the lower air inlet 7, and close the upper exhaust opening 8. Make full use of outdoor fresh air, remove the indoor residual heat and conduct ventilation and air change.

[0055] Winter:

[0056] During the day, adopt operation mode 1 to prevent outdoor cold air from invading the room. Utilize the solar radiation to heat the outer glass curtain wall surface 1, the inner glass curtain wall surface 2 and the air interlayer 9. The air in the air interlayer 9 fully absorbs the solar radiation, the temperature rises, and through the greenhouse effect of the additional sunspace, the hot air rises and enters the room from the ventilation unit.

[0057] At night, close all air openings. The phase change material layer 10 solidifies and releases heat, which can provide heat for the room and reduce the heating energy consumption. Secondly, the closed double-layer curtain wall can play a good heat preservation role.

[0058] It should be noted that the above description of the disclosed embodiments enables those skilled in the art to implement or use the present application. Various modifications to these embodiments will be obvious to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein can be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the scope of the present application. Therefore, the present application will not be limited to these embodiments shown herein, but rather to the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

[0059] In the description of the present utility model, it should be noted that the terms "first", "second", "third", etc. are only used for distinguishing descriptions and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0060] In the description of this document, the orientation or positional relationships indicated by the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "front", "rear", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "middle", "vertical", "horizontal", "lateral", "longitudinal", etc. are based on the orientation or positional relationships shown in the drawings, and are only used to illustrate the relative positional relationships between various components or constituent parts, and do not particularly limit the specific installation orientations of various components or constituent parts.

[0061] In the description of this document, in addition to being able to represent orientation or positional relationships, some terms may also be used to represent other meanings. For example, the term "upper" may also be used to represent a certain attachment relationship or connection relationship in some cases. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of these terms in the present application can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0062] In the description of this document, the terms "installed", "set up", "provided with", "connected", and "linked" should be understood in a broad sense. For example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral structure; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection, or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium, or an internal connection between two devices, components, or parts. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in this application can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0063] In the drawings of this application, the structures, proportions, sizes, etc. are only used to cooperate with the content disclosed in this technical disclosure document for those of ordinary skill in the art to understand and read, and are not used to limit the implementable conditions of this application. Therefore, they do not have technical substantial significance. Any modification of the structure, change of the proportional relationship, or adjustment of the size, without affecting the effects that this application can produce and the purposes that can be achieved, should still fall within the scope covered by the technical content disclosed in this application.

[0064] The terms used in this document are those commonly used in the art currently considering the functions of this disclosure, but these terms can change according to the intentions of those of ordinary skill in the art, precedents, or new technologies in the art. In addition, specific terms can be selected by the applicant, and in this case, their detailed meanings will be described in the detailed description of this disclosure. Therefore, the terms used in the document should not be understood as simple names, but based on the meanings of the terms and the overall description of this disclosure.

[0065] Flowcharts or text are used in this document to illustrate the operation steps performed according to the embodiments of this application. It should be understood that the operation steps in the embodiments of this application do not necessarily need to be precisely executed in the recorded order. On the contrary, according to needs, they can be executed in reverse order or processed simultaneously. At the same time, other operations can also be added to these processes, or one or several steps of operations can be removed from these processes.

[0066] The above are only the preferred embodiments of this application and are not used to limit this application. Any modifications, equivalent replacements, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principles of this application should be included within the protection scope of this application.

Claims

1. A double-layer phase-change energy storage breathing curtain wall, formed by splicing multiple curtain wall modules, characterized in that: The curtain wall module comprises an inner glass curtain wall, an outer glass curtain wall, an upper crossbeam and a lower crossbeam, the cavity between the inner glass curtain wall and the outer glass curtain wall forms an air interlayer, the upper crossbeam is connected between the upper part of the inner glass curtain wall and the upper part of the outer glass curtain wall, and the lower crossbeam is connected between the lower part of the inner glass curtain wall and the lower part of the outer glass curtain wall; The upper crossbeam is connected to an upper air outlet, the lower crossbeam is connected to a lower air inlet, and the outer glass curtain wall is connected to an external air inlet; the upper air outlet, the lower air inlet and the external air inlet can all be opened or closed; A phase change door panel is hinged on the inner glass curtain wall, a phase change material layer is encapsulated in the phase change door panel, a ventilation unit is arranged on the inner glass curtain wall, and the air interlayer is connected with the indoor space through the ventilation unit.

2. A double-layer phase change energy storage breathing curtain wall according to claim 1, characterized in that: The lower cross beam is also connected with a lower vent.

3. A double-layer phase-change energy storage breathing curtain wall according to claim 2, characterized in that: The upper air outlet is located on the left side or the right side of the upper crossbeam, and the lower air inlet and the lower vent are respectively located on both sides of the lower crossbeam.

4. A double-layer phase-change energy storage breathing curtain wall according to claim 3, characterized in that: In two adjacent curtain wall modules spliced ​​vertically, the external air inlet is connected to the outer glass curtain wall between the upper crossbeam of one curtain wall module and the lower crossbeam of the other curtain wall module.

5. A double-layer phase-change energy storage breathing curtain wall according to claim 4, characterized in that: The external air inlet and the upper air outlet are respectively located on both sides of the outer glass curtain wall.

6. A double-layer phase-change energy storage breathing curtain wall according to claim 1, characterized in that: The phase-changing door panel is inlaid in the center of the inner glass curtain wall, and one side of the phase-changing door panel is hinged to the inner glass curtain wall.

7. The double-layer phase-change energy storage breathing curtain wall according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The ventilation unit is installed directly above the phase change door panel.

8. The double-layer phase-change energy storage breathing curtain wall according to claim 2 is characterized in that: The upper air outlet, the lower air inlet, the external air inlet and the lower vent are all movable leaf structures distributed in a staggered manner.

9. A double-layer phase-change energy storage breathing curtain wall according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that: The phase change temperature of the phase change material layer encapsulated inside the phase change door panel is -20 to 50°C.

10. A double-layer phase-change energy storage breathing curtain wall according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that: The thickness of the air interlayer is 0.1-1 m.

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