High-quality oil product purification and oil pressing production line

Abstract

The utility model discloses a high-quality oil product purification oil pressing production line, which relates to the technical field of oil pressing production, and comprises a frying pan, an oil press, an oil pump and a filter, a benzopyrene removing machine is arranged between the frying pan and the oil press, and the oil press is connected with a cooling device. According to the utility model, the problems of oil quality and fragrance loss of the existing oil pressing production line are solved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of oil pressing production, in particular to a pure physical process production line for high-quality peanut oil. Background Art

[0002] Peanut oil is a fragrant oil that is widely popular among consumers, especially in southern provinces of my country. The current peanut oil production situation mainly presents two modes: one is the production of pressed peanut oil in individual small workshops. There are about 50,000 small workshops in the country, which basically use physical pressing. However, the production method adopted is still very traditional, with simple production technology and few control steps. It basically consists of three steps: frying, pressing and filtering. In addition, the production equipment is simple and leaky, and the peanut oil products produced are difficult to meet the national minimum secondary standard requirements. Secondly, peanut oil products are mainly produced by large-scale production enterprises. Due to the large output of peanut oil produced by these enterprises, it is difficult to control the raw materials and production costs. Therefore, in order to ensure quality and control costs, the production process adopted is basically a refining method, that is, physical pressing is first carried out, including frying and pressing, and then the peanut bran is leached with a chemical solvent. The solvent is then removed from the leached oil at high temperature. The chemically extracted oil is then mixed with the oil extracted by pressing, and then deacidified and decolorized with chemical reagents, washed with water, and dehydrated and deodorized at high temperature. After a series of refining treatments, refined peanut oil products are finally obtained. Although the peanut oil produced in this way is of qualified quality, the original color, aroma and taste of the peanut oil are lost after a series of refining treatments, and the nutrients are also lost. In addition, the production cost is high and the product quality and nutritional content are insufficient.

[0003] Whether it is a small workshop or a large-scale production enterprise, the production process of peanut oil involves the application of an oil pressing production line. The oil pressing production line is a system involving multiple equipment and steps for extracting oil from peanuts or other plants that can be used as oil. It covers the entire process from oil processing to the final oil output. An existing oil pressing production line includes a wok, an oil press, an oil pump, a sedimentation device, a filter and a conveying pipeline. During production, in order to obtain a fragrant oil product, the oil with a film coating is poured into a wok for high-temperature frying. After frying, it is sent to the oil press for oil pressing. The oil press separates the oil from the oil through mechanical pressure and heat. The squeezed oil contains impurities and needs to be precipitated by a sedimentation device. It is then sent to the filter for filtration through an oil pump. The filtered oil can enter the storage tank and then be sent to the packaging line for packaging. This oil pressing production line has the following disadvantages: 1. During the high-temperature frying and oil pressing process, harmful substances such as benzopyrene will be produced due to frying and pressing with the film coating, affecting the quality and safety of the oil; 2. The impurity content is high, and the precipitation and filtration methods cannot completely remove the tiny particles and soluble impurities in the oil, resulting in insufficient purity of the oil, affecting the quality of the oil; 3. When the oil with the film coating is fried at too high a temperature or for too long, the surface of the oil is prone to burn and carbonization, producing an unpleasant odor. This burnt smell will seriously affect the overall aroma of the oil, making the oil have a burnt bitter taste; 4. During the high-temperature frying and oil pressing process, due to the effect of high temperature, the aroma components in the oil will evaporate and lose, affecting the aroma of the final oil. Utility Model Content

[0004] The purpose of the utility model is to provide a high-quality peanut oil pure physical process production line, which can improve the problems of oil quality and aroma loss in existing oil pressing production lines.

[0005] In order to solve the above problems, the technical solution adopted by the utility model is: this high-quality peanut oil pure physical process production line includes a frying pan, an oil press, an oil pump and a filter, a benzopyrene remover is arranged between the frying pan and the oil press, and the oil press is connected to a cooling device.

[0006] In the technical solution of the above-mentioned high-quality peanut oil pure physical process production line, a more specific technical solution can also include: a steamer, a dehydration and dephospholipid cooling oil machine, an oil filter, and an aflatoxin degradation machine.

[0007] The steamer is arranged upstream of the wok and is used to steam the oil;

[0008] The dehydration and dephospholipidation oil chiller is connected between the cooling device and the filter, and is used to receive the cooled oil and fat, and perform dehydration and dephospholipidation treatment by freezing the oil and fat;

[0009] The filter is connected to the dehydration and dephospholipidation oil cooler and is used to perform preliminary filtration on the oil that has been dehydrated and dephospholipidated;

[0010] The oil filter is connected after the filter to perform fine filtration on the oil after the primary filtration;

[0011] The aflatoxin degradation machine is connected after the oil filter and is used for degrading aflatoxin in oil.

[0012] Furthermore, it also includes a heating experimental device, which includes a beaker, an induction cooker, and a temperature sensor;

[0013] The beaker is used to hold the oil sample sampled from the filter and perform a heating experiment;

[0014] The induction cooker is placed under the beaker and is used to heat the oil sample in the beaker;

[0015] The temperature sensor is used to monitor the temperature of the oil in the beaker;

[0016] A three-way solenoid valve is installed at the outlet of the filter to control the flow direction of the grease and guide the grease to the beaker or the oil filter. A sampling tube is connected between the three-way solenoid valve and the beaker.

[0017] Furthermore, the production line is equipped with two continuously operating frying pans, and the discharge port of one frying pan is connected to the feed port of the other frying pan through a hoist.

[0018] Furthermore, the cooling device includes a cooling container, in which a cooling oil pipe and a cooling medium are provided. The cooling oil pipe is looped in the cooling medium, and the oil outlet of the oil press is connected to the cooling oil pipe.

[0019] Furthermore, the cooling medium is water, a conduit is vertically arranged in the cooling container, the upper end of the conduit is connected to the water inlet pipe, the lower end of the conduit extends to the lower part of the cooling container, and a water outlet pipe is installed at the bottom of the cooling container.

[0020] Furthermore, the oil press and the cooling device are connected via an oil storage tank.

[0021] Furthermore, the benzopyrene remover includes a frame, a feed hopper, a roller, a motor and a fan. The feed hopper is installed on the frame through a mounting plate. The frame is equipped with two horizontally arranged rollers, one of which is driven by a motor. The outlet of the feed hopper is located above between the two rollers, and the air outlet of the fan is facing the blanking area of ​​the roller.

[0022] Further, the benzo pyrene removing machine further comprises a baffle, a film guide cylinder and a clean material guide cylinder, the baffle is arranged on both sides of the two rollers, the inlet of the film guide cylinder and the clean material guide cylinder are arranged below the roller, the fan is installed on the same side of the clean material guide cylinder, and the air outlet of the fan is opposite to the inlet of the film guide cylinder.

[0023] Further, the steam machine is connected with a crushing device.

[0024] Compared with the prior art, the utility model has the following beneficial effects:

[0025] 1. The benzo pyrene removing machine is arranged between the frying pan and the oil press, harmful substances such as benzo pyrene generated in the high-temperature frying and oil pressing process can be effectively removed, the safety of the oil product is improved, the quality of the oil product is improved, and the produced oil product is healthier and safer; the film of the removed oil material can reduce the impurity content in the oil, including small particles and soluble impurities, thereby improving the purity of the oil product; the frying pan connected with the cooling device can rapidly reduce the temperature of the oil after oil pressing, effectively prevents the volatilization of the flavor components in the oil through instant cooling, and realizes the locking of the original flavor of the oil product, thereby ensuring the quality of the oil product in the purification process and enabling the oil product to maintain its unique aroma.

[0026] 2. The steam machine is arranged at the upstream of the production line to steam the oil material, the oil material can be better softened, the subsequent oil pressing process is facilitated, and harmful substances possibly generated in the frying process can be reduced; the dehydration and phospholipid removal cold oil machine is arranged behind the cooling device, the water and phospholipids in the oil are effectively removed through frozen oil, and the quality and taste of the oil product are avoided from being affected by these substances; in addition, the impurities and aflatoxin in the oil can be further removed through the filtering of the filter oil machine and the treatment of the aflatoxin degradation machine, and the purity and safety of the oil product are greatly improved.

[0027] 3. The heating experiment device is arranged, the oil filtered by the filter is sampled and heated for experiment at regular time, the quality and stability of the oil can be monitored, and if unqualified, treatment measures can be taken in time.

[0028] 4. Two frying pans connected through the elevator are provided, the production efficiency can be improved, and the oil material can be fully treated and uniformly heated during the frying process, which helps to remove the impurities and harmful components in the oil material and improve the purity and quality of the oil product; the working mode and yield can be flexibly adjusted according to the production demand.

[0029] 5. The cooling device is equipped with a loop cooling oil pipe immersed in the cooling medium in the cooling container, which greatly increases the contact area with the cooling medium, so that the oil can dissipate heat more quickly and evenly when flowing in the pipe, quickly lowering the oil temperature and reducing the volatilization of flavor components, thereby effectively maintaining the original aroma and flavor of the oil.

[0030] 6. The cooling medium uses water as an efficient heat conduction medium, which has the advantages of low cost, easy acquisition and processing; the way the cooling medium is introduced and discharged from the cooling container helps to achieve a more stable and uniform cooling effect, further improving the quality of the oil.

[0031] 7. The structural design of the benzopyrene remover can effectively remove benzopyrene with high removal efficiency; the baffle can control the flow direction of the material and prevent the air outlet of the fan from interfering with the oil, preventing the oil from scattering or overflowing between the rollers or between the rollers and the guide drum; the two guide drums can effectively separate the oil and the film coating after the film coating is removed, thereby improving the purity and quality of the product. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0032] Figure 1 This is a structural diagram of the pure physical process production line of high-quality peanut oil.

[0033] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the benzopyrene removal machine.

[0034] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the cooling device.

[0035] Figure numerals: 1, steaming machine; 2, first hoist; 3, first wok; 4, second hoist; 5, second wok; 6, third hoist; 7, benzopyrene remover; 7-1, frame; 7-2, feed hopper; 7-3, drum; 7-4, baffle; 7-5, stripping guide cylinder; 7-6, motor; 7-7, cleaning guide cylinder; 7-8, fan; 8, fourth hoist; 9, oil press; 10, first oil pump; 11, cooling device; 11-1, cooling barrel; 11-2, conduit; 11-3, water inlet pipe; 11-4, cooling oil pipe; 11-5, bracket; 11-6, temperature sensor; 11-7, water outlet pipe; 12, dehydration and dephospholipidification cooler; 13, second oil pump; 14, filter; 15, heating device; 16, third oil pump; 17, oil filter; 18, aflatoxin degradation machine. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:

[0037] Figure 1The high-quality peanut oil pure physical process production line shown in the figure mainly includes a steamer 1, a wok, a benzopyrene remover 7, an oil press 9, a cooling device 11, a dehydration and dephospholipidation oil chiller 12, a filter 14, an oil filter 17, and an aflatoxin degrader 18. Each device is connected by a hoist or pipeline. Preferably, a heating test device can also be installed to monitor the oil quality.

[0038] like Figure 1 As shown, the steamer 1 serves as the starting point of the production line and is responsible for pre-processing the oil by steaming. The outlet of the steamer 1 is connected to the feed inlet of the wok via a first elevator 2, ensuring that the steamed oil can be directly fed into the wok. The detailed structure of the steamer 1 can be found in the utility model patent publication number CN217868747U. In other embodiments, the steamer 1 can also be a commercially available large electric steamer.

[0039] like Figure 1 As shown, the production line of this embodiment is equipped with two continuously operating woks: a first wok 3 and a second wok 5. The feed inlet of the first wok 3 is connected to the outlet of the steamer 1 via a first elevator 2, and the discharge outlet of the first wok 3 is connected to the feed inlet of the second wok 5 via a second elevator 4. The woks are equipped with heating and stirring devices to ensure that the oil is evenly heated to achieve the ideal frying state. The use of a secondary frying process can better control the frying effect of the peanuts, avoiding low oil yield and lack of fragrance caused by insufficient frying, and preventing the production of harmful substances such as benzopyrene caused by excessive frying, thereby ensuring the quality of the peanuts.

[0040] like Figure 1 and Figure 2As shown, the discharge port of the second frying pan 5 is connected to the benzopyrene remover 7 through the third elevator 6. The benzopyrene remover 7 is used to remove harmful substances such as benzopyrene from the oil after frying. The equipment can effectively remove the problem of excessive benzopyrene caused by the burnt skin of peanuts during frying. At the same time, it can also solve the problems of burnt smell and pigment dissolution that may be generated during the subsequent pressing of peanuts, thereby ensuring the quality and safety of the oil. The benzopyrene remover 7 includes a frame 7-1, a feed hopper 7-2, a roller 7-3, a baffle 7-4, a film coating guide tube 7-5, a motor 7-6, a clean material guide tube 7-7 and a fan 7-8. The feed hopper 7-2 is installed on the top of the frame 7-1 through a mounting plate. Two rollers 7-3 are horizontally arranged below the feed hopper 7-2, one of which is driven to rotate by a motor 7-6 through a belt transmission mechanism; a certain distance is maintained between the two rollers 7-3. In order to smoothly remove the film coating of the fried oil, the outlet of the feed hopper 7-2 should be located above the distance between the two rollers 7-3. At the same time, baffles 7-4 are provided on both sides of the two rollers 7-3. The film coating guide 7-5 and the clean material guide 7-7 are located below the roller 7-3, with the two guides facing each other and tilted. The film coating guide 7-5 is used to discharge the film coating, and the clean material guide 7-7 is used to receive the oil after the coating is removed. The inlet of the clean material guide 7-7 is located directly below the gap between the two rollers 7-3, and the inlet of the film coating guide 7-5 is located at an angle below one of the rollers 7-3. In order to allow the fan 7-8 to discharge the removed film coating into the film coating guide 7-5, the fan 7-8 is installed next to the baffle 7-4 on the same side as the clean material guide 7-7. The air outlet of the fan 7-8 faces the blanking area of ​​the roller 7-3 and is opposite the inlet of the film coating guide 7-5.

[0041] like Figure 1 As shown, the oil press 9 is connected to the back of the benzopyrene remover 7 and is used to extract the oil from the oil. The feed port of the oil press 9 is connected to the outlet of the clean material guide cylinder 7-7 of the benzopyrene remover 7 through the fourth elevator 8, ensuring that the oil after the removal of benzopyrene can directly enter the oil press 9. The size of each of the above elevators is adaptively adjusted according to the different distance designs between the discharge port and the feed port of the two adjacent devices. In other embodiments, the linkage of the elevators between the devices before the oil press 9 can be cancelled, and the discharge port of the previous device can be aligned with the feed port of the next device.

[0042] like Figure 3As shown, the cooling device 11 is located downstream of the oil press 9 and is used to reduce the temperature of the oil. The cooled, room-temperature oil obtained is filtered to produce transparent oil. A first oil pump 10 is connected between the oil press 9 and the cooling device 11. It is used to pump the hot oil extracted through a pipeline into the cooling device 11, ensuring the smooth flow of the oil and controlling the oil flow rate. The cooling medium used in the cooling device 11 of this embodiment is water. The cooling device 11 mainly includes a cooling container, a cooling oil pipe 11-4, a conduit 11-2, an inlet pipe 11-3, and an outlet pipe 11-7. The cooling container is a cooling barrel 11-1 or a container of other structures. It serves as the main body of the entire cooling device 11 and is responsible for accommodating the cooling medium and the cooling oil pipe 11-4. The cooling oil pipe 11-4 adopts a corrugated tube design that loops through the cooling medium. Starting from the bottom of the cooling barrel 11-1, it loops upward in a serpentine or spiral manner to ensure that the oil is fully cooled as it flows within the cooling oil pipe 11-4. This bellows loop design not only increases the contact area with the cooling medium and improves the heat exchange efficiency, but also ensures the stability and position of the cooling oil pipe 11-4. A conduit 11-2 is vertically arranged in the cooling barrel 11-1. The upper end of the conduit 11-2 is connected to the water inlet pipe 11-3. The connection between the water inlet pipe 11-3 and the conduit 11-2 is slightly higher than the cooling barrel 11-1. The lower end of the conduit 11-2 extends to the lower part of the cooling barrel 11-1 near the bottom, ensuring that the cooling water can be evenly distributed in the cooling barrel 11-1. The cooling water flows through the entire cooling barrel 11-1 from top to bottom, effectively absorbing the heat in the oil. An outlet pipe 11-7 is installed at the bottom of the cooling barrel 11-1. The water inlet pipe 11-3 and the outlet pipe 11-7 are respectively connected to the water source and the drainage system to realize the recycling of the cooling medium. A temperature sensor 11-6 is mounted on the top of cooling barrel 11-1. When the water temperature within cooling barrel 11-1 exceeds a preset temperature, water outlet pipe 11-7 is opened to drain the water from cooling barrel 11-1, and cold water is then refilled into the barrel for cooling. Also located within cooling barrel 11-1 is a bracket 11-5 that surrounds and secures cooling oil pipe 11-4. Bracket 11-5 not only ensures the stability of cooling oil pipe 11-4 during the cooling process, but also ensures its position remains unchanged, thus preventing any loss of cooling efficiency due to displacement or deformation.

[0043] Preferably, an oil storage tank can be installed between the oil press and the cooling device as a buffer area, so that the oil squeezed by the oil press can flow steadily without having to enter the cooling device immediately. This helps to adjust for any production speed differences between the oil press and the cooling device, ensuring the smooth operation of the entire production process.

[0044] A dehydration and dephospholipidification chiller 12 is connected to the cooling device 11. This device freezes the oil to 8°C for 4 hours and slowly stirs it during the freezing process, allowing the oil molecules to aggregate during collisions. This treatment not only facilitates subsequent filtration of water and phospholipids from the oil, but also ensures that the smoke point of the frozen oil meets national standards after filtration. A second oil pump 13, a filter 14, a third oil pump 16, an oil filter 17, and an aflatoxin degrader 18 are connected to the dehydration and dephospholipidification chiller 12 in sequence. The filter 14 is used for primary filtration of the dehydration and dephospholipidification-treated oil, while the oil filter 17 performs fine filtration on the oil after primary filtration. The filter 14 is a pressure-adjustable plate-type fine filter, and the aflatoxin degrader 18 is used to degrade aflatoxin in the oil. The inlets and outlets of each device after the oil is squeezed are connected by pipes or connectors to ensure smooth oil flow.

[0045] To quickly understand and ensure the quality and stability of the oil, a heating experiment device 15 is installed next to the filter 14. This device includes a beaker, an electromagnetic cooker, and a temperature sensor. The beaker is used to hold the oil sample taken from the filter for heating experiments, observing its physical and chemical changes after heating to evaluate its quality and stability. The electromagnetic cooker is placed below the beaker to provide a heat source to heat the oil sample in the beaker. By adjusting the power and heating time of the electromagnetic cooker, the heating temperature and heating process of the oil sample can be precisely controlled, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the experimental results. To ensure temperature control of the oil sample during the heating process, the device is equipped with a temperature sensor that monitors the temperature of the oil in the beaker in real time and feeds temperature data back to the operator or control system. This allows the operator to adjust the heating power of the electromagnetic cooker based on the temperature data to ensure that the oil sample is heated within the appropriate temperature range. A three-way electromagnetic valve is installed at the outlet of the filter to switch the flow direction of the oil, allowing it to selectively flow into the beaker for the heating experiment or into the oil filter for further filtration. A sampling tube is connected between the three-way solenoid valve and the beaker for transferring the grease sample in the filter to the beaker.

[0046] During operation, the oil first enters the steamer 1 for steaming pretreatment, and the cooked oil enters the wok for frying to reach a suitable state; the fried oil enters the benzopyrene remover 7, and the rotation of the drum 7-3 and the blowing of the fan 7-8 effectively remove the benzopyrene and the oil film coating; the oil after the removal of benzopyrene enters the oil press 9 for oil pressing, and the squeezed oil enters the cooling device 11 after being buffered by the oil storage tank and cooled to room temperature by water to ensure that the flavor components in the oil are retained; the cooled oil enters the dehydration and dephospholipidation cooler 12, and after freezing and slow stirring, the water and phospholipids in the oil are polymerized to facilitate filtration; the dehydrated and dephospholipidated oil passes through the filter 14 and the oil filter 17 in turn for primary filtration and fine filtration; the oil after fine filtration enters the aflatoxin degradation machine 18 to remove the aflatoxin therein; the finished oil obtained after degradation enters the finished oil barrel for storage or packaging. During the above process, samples of grease are taken from the filter 14 at regular intervals to conduct heating experiments to monitor the quality and stability of the grease.

[0047] It is worth mentioning that in other embodiments, in order to improve production efficiency and oil extraction rate, crushing equipment can be added before the steamer of the production line to pre-treat the raw materials. The raw materials are broken into smaller particles or flakes by crushing, and the fat particles inside them absorb water and swell, thereby increasing the oil yield and making the subsequent processing of peanuts more fragrant.

[0048] This high-quality peanut oil pure physical process production line can achieve efficient oil purification and oil pressing processes, while ensuring the purity, safety and unique aroma of the oil. The peanut oil products produced by this production line can meet the national standards for first-class peanut oil and have high-quality color, aroma and taste.

Claims

1. A high-quality oil purification and oil pressing production line, including a wok, an oil press, an oil pump and a filter, characterized by: A benzopyrene remover is arranged between the frying pan and the oil press, and the oil press is connected to a cooling device; the benzopyrene remover includes a frame, a feed hopper, a roller, a motor and a fan, the feed hopper is mounted on the frame through a mounting plate, the frame is equipped with two horizontally arranged rollers, one of which is driven by a motor, the outlet of the feed hopper is located above between the two rollers, and the air outlet of the fan is facing the blanking area of ​​the roller.

2. The high-quality oil purification and oil pressing production line according to claim 1 is characterized by: It also includes steaming machine, dehydration and dephospholipid cooling machine, oil filter machine, aflatoxin degradation machine, The steamer is arranged upstream of the wok and is used to steam the oil; The dehydration and dephospholipidation oil chiller is connected between the cooling device and the filter, and is used to receive the cooled oil and fat, and perform dehydration and dephospholipidation treatment by freezing the oil and fat; The filter is connected to the dehydration and dephospholipidation oil cooler and is used to perform preliminary filtration on the oil that has been dehydrated and dephospholipidated; The oil filter is connected after the filter to perform fine filtration on the oil after the primary filtration; The aflatoxin degradation machine is connected after the oil filter and is used for degrading aflatoxin in oil.

3. The high-quality oil purification and oil pressing production line according to claim 2 is characterized by: Also included is a heating experimental device, which includes a beaker, an induction cooker, and a temperature sensor; The beaker is used to hold the oil sample sampled from the filter and perform a heating experiment; The induction cooker is placed under the beaker and is used to heat the oil sample in the beaker; The temperature sensor is used to monitor the temperature of the oil in the beaker; A three-way solenoid valve is installed at the outlet of the filter to control the flow direction of the grease and guide the grease to the beaker or the oil filter. A sampling tube is connected between the three-way solenoid valve and the beaker.

4. The high-quality oil purification and oil pressing production line according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: The production line is equipped with two continuously operating frying pans, and the discharge port of one frying pan is connected to the feed port of the other frying pan through a hoist.

5. The high-quality oil purification and oil pressing production line according to claim 4 is characterized by: The cooling device comprises a cooling container, wherein a cooling oil pipe and a cooling medium are arranged in the cooling container, the cooling oil pipe is looped in the cooling medium, and the oil outlet of the oil press is communicated with the cooling oil pipe.

6. The high-quality oil purification and oil pressing production line according to claim 5 is characterized by: The cooling medium is water. A conduit is vertically arranged in the cooling container. The upper end of the conduit is connected to the water inlet pipe, the lower end of the conduit extends to the lower part of the cooling container, and a water outlet pipe is installed at the bottom of the cooling container.

7. The high-quality oil purification and oil pressing production line according to claim 1 is characterized by: The oil press and the cooling device are connected via an oil storage tank.

8. The high-quality oil purification and oil pressing production line according to claim 1 is characterized by: The benzopyrene remover also includes a baffle, a film coating guide tube and a clean material guide tube. The baffles are arranged on both sides of the two rollers. The inlets of the film coating guide tube and the clean material guide tube are both arranged below the rollers. The fan is installed on the same side of the clean material guide tube, and the air outlet of the fan is opposite to the inlet of the film coating guide tube.

9. The high-quality oil purification and oil pressing production line according to claim 2, characterized in that: A crushing device is connected in front of the steaming machine.

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