Temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model and trainer

Abstract

The utility model relates to the field of jaw joint treatment, in particular to a temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model which comprises a model body, a temporal bone mimicry part, a temporal bone mimicry part, a mandible mimicry part, a joint capsule module detachably mounted on the temporal bone mimicry part and used for simulating a mandible, and a joint capsule module detachably mounted on the mandible mimicry part and used for simulating the mandible. The mimicry mandible is rotatably connected with the joint capsule module through the rotating shaft, so that the mimicry mandible part can rotate relative to the joint capsule module. By arranging the mimic temporal bone part, the mimic mandibular bone part and the joint capsule module, all joints which may be involved in the original temporal-mandibular joint operation process are modularized, and a user can place all the joints on the model body according to own requirements. Meanwhile, the joint capsule module serving as a main object of operation training can be independently replaced after training is completed, other parts do not need to be replaced, and the teaching cost is effectively reduced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of oral medical teaching aids, and in particular to a temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model and trainer. Background Technology

[0002] The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is one of the most complex joints in the human body and the only bilaterally linked synovial joint in the head. It connects the mandible to the skull, responsible for the flexible movement of the mandible and participating in important functions such as chewing, speaking, swallowing, and facial expressions. However, some poor usage habits in daily life, such as teeth grinding, prolonged chewing of hard foods, and opening the mouth too wide, can cause excessive load on the joint.

[0003] To repair a damaged temporomandibular joint (TMJ), surgery is usually required. Prior to surgery, TMJ repair training is typically necessary to prepare for different patient scenarios. However, there are few commercially available TMJ training models, and those that exist suffer from serious shortcomings, including limited practicality and low fidelity in simulating internal anatomy. These models can only meet the most basic introductory training for TMJ surgery; they are inadequate and far from sufficient for advanced surgical training needs such as exploring the complex and delicate surgical techniques within the TMJ joint capsule, and for simulating the replacement and repair of internal structures in real lesion models.

[0004] Furthermore, these models lack sufficient flexibility and sustainability in their design, and often require complete replacement after a single use. This not only greatly increases the economic cost of training but also results in a huge waste of resources. Utility Model Content

[0005] To solve, or at least partially solve, the above-mentioned technical problems, this application provides a temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model, which includes: a model body, a simulated temporal bone portion disposed within the model body for simulating the temporal bone, a simulated mandibular bone portion disposed within the model body for simulating the mandible, a joint capsule module detachably mounted on the simulated temporal bone portion, and a rotating shaft through which the simulated mandible is rotatably connected to the joint capsule module, so that the simulated mandibular bone portion can rotate relative to the joint capsule module.

[0006] Preferably, the joint capsule module includes: a joint capsule having a simulated muscle, a first connecting rod connected to the joint capsule and detachably connected to the simulated temporal bone portion, a second connecting rod connected to the joint capsule, and a through hole formed on the second connecting rod, through which a rotating shaft passes to allow the simulated mandible to rotate relative to the joint capsule module.

[0007] Preferably, the first connecting rod and the second connecting rod are connected to each other to form a rigid whole, and the joint capsule encloses the central part of the first connecting rod and the second connecting rod.

[0008] Preferably, the first connecting rod and the second connecting rod are hinged to each other so that the second connecting rod can rotate relative to the first connecting rod, and the joint capsule covers the hinged portion of the first connecting rod and the second connecting rod.

[0009] Preferably, the model body also includes: a base, on which a slide is provided, and the simulated mandible part has a docking part, which is embedded in the slide, so that the simulated mandible part can slide along the slide.

[0010] Preferably, the mating part passes through the slide and extends beyond the base, and the part of the connecting rod extending beyond the base is provided with threads, and the nut is screwed onto the connecting rod to secure the simulated mandible part by friction with the base.

[0011] Preferably, a flexible pad is provided on the surface of the nut that abuts against the base.

[0012] Preferably, the temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model also includes an elastic module, one end of which is detachably connected to the base and the other end of which is detachably connected to the simulated mandibular part. The elastic module is used to push the simulated mandibular part to tend to move along one end of the slide, or the elastic module is used to pull the simulated mandibular part to tend to move along the other end of the slide.

[0013] Preferably, the model body also includes a rotating seat, which is disposed on the docking part and connected to the simulated mandible part, and the simulated mandible part adjusts its posture by rotating the rotating seat.

[0014] Preferably, the temporomandibular joint training manipulative model further includes: a pressure sensor, mounted on the simulated mandible, used to record the external force borne by the simulated mandible and generate a pressure signal; a control module, communicatively connected to the pressure sensor, used to receive the pressure signal and generate a resistance signal based on the received pressure signal; and a resistance generator, connected to the rotating base, communicatively connected to the control module, which applies rotational resistance to the rotating base based on the received resistance signal.

[0015] Preferably, the teaching aid model also includes: a cover body that matches the model body. The cover body covers the model body and forms a receiving space with the model body to accommodate the simulated temporal bone, joint capsule module and simulated mandible. The cover body is made of flexible material and forms a simulated side face similar to the human face. The simulated side face is provided with a positioning simulated ear.

[0016] The embodiments of this application also disclose a temporomandibular joint trainer, which includes the temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model described above. The temporomandibular joint trainer further includes: a probe mirror for inserting into the temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model to perform operations and capture images during the operation; and a display that is communicatively connected to the probe mirror to display the images captured by the probe mirror.

[0017] Compared to existing technologies, the temporomandibular joint trainer of this application can accurately simulate the connection between the temporal and maxillofacial joints in the human oral cavity. Due to its modular design, the relative positions of the temporal and maxillofacial joints can be adjusted as needed. Simultaneously, the joint capsule module can simulate the parts that need to be treated during maxillofacial surgery. Through simulated surgical operation training using the joint capsule module, doctors can further master the surgical techniques for maxillofacial joint treatment. Because the joint capsule module is replaceable, doctors only need to replace it after each simulated surgical operation, reducing training costs. Attached Figure Description

[0018] To more clearly illustrate the embodiments of this application, the relevant drawings will be briefly described below. It is understood that the drawings described below are only for illustrating some embodiments of this application, and those skilled in the art can obtain many other technical features and connections not mentioned herein based on these drawings.

[0019] Figure 1 This is a three-dimensional structural schematic diagram of a temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model according to an embodiment of this application;

[0020] Figure 2 This is a three-dimensional structural schematic diagram of a temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model according to an embodiment of this application;

[0021] Figure 3 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of a joint capsule according to an embodiment of this application;

[0022] Figure 4 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of a joint capsule according to an embodiment of this application;

[0023] Figure 5 This is a three-dimensional structural schematic diagram of a temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model according to an embodiment of this application;

[0024] Figure 6 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of a temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model according to an embodiment of this application.

[0025] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures:

[0026] 1. Mimicking the temporal bone; 11. Docking hole; 2. Mimicking the mandible; 22. Docking part; 3. Joint capsule module; 31. First connecting rod; 311. Connecting hole; 32. Second connecting rod; 321. Through hole; 33. Joint capsule; 4. Model body; 41. Slide; 5. Rotating shaft; 6. Cover; 61. Positioning mimicking ear. Detailed Implementation

[0027] The present application will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0028] The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a crucial joint connecting the mandible to the skull. It consists of the condyle, glenoid fossa, articular disc, and ligaments, and performs complex movements such as chewing and speaking. TMS disorders or arthritis can cause pain and functional impairments. In medical education and clinical training, TMS training models are widely used for anatomical teaching, surgical simulation, and rehabilitation research.

[0029] However, the existing model still has significant limitations: the static anatomical model only shows fixed structures and cannot simulate dynamic movement and biomechanical properties. The model can only meet the most basic introductory operation training for temporomandibular joint surgery. It is far from sufficient for advanced surgical training needs such as in-depth exploration of complex and delicate surgical operation techniques within the temporomandibular joint capsule, as well as the replacement and repair of internal structures in simulated real lesion models.

[0030] In addition, existing jaw joint training models are all integrated models. After the surgical simulation training is completed, the training model needs to be replaced as a whole. The design of these models lacks sufficient flexibility and sustainability. Once used once, they often need to be replaced as a whole. This not only greatly increases the economic cost of training, but also causes a huge waste of resources.

[0031] In view of this, the first embodiment of this application proposes a temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model to solve the above-mentioned technical problems.

[0032] First Implementation Method

[0033] refer to Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 and Figure 4 The present application provides a training tool model for temporomandibular joint. The training tool model includes: a model body 4, a simulated temporal bone part 1, which is set inside the model body 4 to simulate the temporal bone, a simulated mandibular bone part 2, which is set inside the model body 4 to simulate the mandible, a joint capsule module 3, which is detachably mounted on the simulated temporal bone part 1, and a rotating shaft 5, through which the simulated mandible is rotatably connected to the joint capsule module 3, so that the simulated mandibular bone part 2 can rotate relative to the joint capsule module 3.

[0034] The temporal bone and mandible in the human oral cavity are connected by the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). This joint allows the mandible to rotate, enabling the opening and closing of the mouth and the chewing action required for daily eating. The TMJ is enclosed by a fibrous connective tissue capsule, which reduces friction during jaw movement. However, when the human oral cavity cannot open and close normally, effective treatment of the TMJ may be necessary to restore its normal function. There are various causes of TMJ injury, including ligament damage or joint displacement. Therefore, during treatment training, simulations must be conducted to address these possible causes and accurately reflect the patient's specific situation. The simulated temporal bone portion 1 and simulated mandibular bone portion 2 can simulate the human temporal bone and mandible, respectively. Since both portions are mounted on the model body 4, the model body 4 bears their load-bearing function. Depending on the patient's condition, the position of the simulated mandibular bone portion 2 can be adjusted to better suit the patient's specific situation, achieving accurate simulation and improving the accuracy of the simulation process.

[0035] Furthermore, the joint capsule module 3 can simulate the temporomandibular joint requiring treatment and, through its rotational connection with the simulated mandibular bone portion 2, simulate oral opening and closing movements, thus accurately reproducing the condition of the human oral cavity. When the simulated mandibular bone portion 2 has rotational function, simulating surgical operations on the joint capsule module 3 can more realistically reflect the possible linkage changes of the mandible during surgery, further improving the accuracy of the simulation. Since most temporomandibular joint surgeries are performed on the joint capsule 33, the joint capsule module 3 may be damaged during the simulation. After the surgical simulation is completed, only the joint capsule module 3 needs to be disassembled and replaced, which not only simplifies the operation process but also greatly reduces the cost of using the teaching aid.

[0036] In addition, refer to Figure 3 , Figure 4 The joint capsule module 3 shown includes: a joint capsule 33 having a simulated muscle, a first connecting rod 31 connected to the joint capsule 33 and detachably connected to the simulated temporal bone portion 1, a second connecting rod 32 connected to the joint capsule 33, a through hole 321 formed on the second connecting rod 32, and a rotating shaft 5 passing through the through hole 321 to allow the simulated mandibular bone portion 2 to rotate relative to the joint capsule module 3.

[0037] The simulated muscles on the joint capsule 33 can accurately mimic the muscle relationship between the temporal bone and the mandible, thus realistically reproducing the condition of the patient's facial muscles at this time. Especially when the patient's temporomandibular joint injury originates from ligament or muscle problems, the simulated muscle tissue on the joint capsule 33 can accurately reproduce these injuries, providing a realistic simulation environment for muscle therapy. In terms of structural design, the through hole 321 on the second connecting rod 32 allows the rotating shaft 5 to pass through, ensuring that the simulated mandible part 2 can move synchronously. Considering that the joint capsule module 3 is a disposable consumable during training, the structural design of the through hole 321 is kept as simple as possible, only meeting basic rotation functions. This not only reduces the manufacturing cost of the joint capsule module 3 but also improves the convenience of production.

[0038] To ensure the positioning accuracy of the joint capsule 33 and achieve a tight fit with the simulated temporal bone portion 1 and the simulated mandibular joint portion, the first connecting rod 31 and the second connecting rod 32 are interconnected to form a rigid whole. The joint capsule 33 is wrapped around the central part of the first connecting rod 31 and the second connecting rod 32, ensuring that the joint capsule 33 can perfectly fit with both the simulated temporal bone portion 1 and the simulated mandibular joint portion simultaneously. This rigid integral design reduces the use of additional connectors and further reduces manufacturing costs.

[0039] Furthermore, the connection method between the first connecting rod 31 and the simulated temporal bone portion 1 can be flexibly adjusted according to actual needs. For example, when simulating the anterior-posterior displacement of the mandible relative to the face, the first connecting rod 31 and the simulated temporal bone portion 1 can be connected using the same through hole 321 as the second connecting rod 32, thus enabling the model to adjust anteriorly and posteriorly relative to the face. When simulating lateral displacement caused by damage to the temporomandibular joint, such as a crooked mouth, the first connecting rod 31 and the simulated temporal bone portion 1 can be achieved through a combination of connecting hole 311 and docking hole 11. In this case, the rotation plane of the connecting hole 311 on the first connecting rod 31 is perpendicular to the rotation plane of the through hole 321 on the second connecting rod 32, which can simulate the lateral deviation of the temporomandibular joint relative to the human face, providing reliable technical support for simulating a crooked mouth. This design not only improves the realism of the simulation but also provides more precise and diverse training scenarios for oral treatment.

[0040] Of course, in order to simulate the growth of more patients, the first connecting rod 31 and the second connecting rod 32 are hinged to each other so that the second connecting rod 32 can rotate relative to the first connecting rod 31, and the joint capsule 33 covers the hinge part of the first connecting rod 31 and the second connecting rod 32.

[0041] Different patients may have slight differences in the growth angle of their temporomandibular joint. To accommodate these individual differences, the first connecting rod 31 and the second connecting rod 32 are hinged, allowing for bending and thus changing the angle between the two connecting rods. This design enables the relative angle between the simulated temporal bone portion 1 and the simulated mandibular bone portion 2, which are connected to the first connecting rod 31 and the second connecting rod 32 respectively, to be adaptively adjusted as needed. This gives the entire training manipulative model more degrees of freedom for adjustment, allowing it to better adapt to the growth patterns of different patients and improving the model's versatility and practicality.

[0042] A further optimization is that the joint capsule 33 located at the hinge completely encloses the entire hinge area, thus avoiding the problem of the hinge being exposed. This design not only completely hides the hinge area after the joint capsule module 3 is installed, maintaining the model's integrity and aesthetics, but also ensures that the hinge area will not affect operation or be accidentally touched during training due to exposure, guaranteeing smooth training. This attention to detail not only improves the model's safety and stability but also enhances the user experience.

[0043] Second Implementation Method

[0044] In the first embodiment of this application, by modularizing the various simulated parts, each part in the teaching aid model becomes replaceable. In particular, some key simulated objects, such as the joint capsule 33, can be replaced individually, effectively reducing the simulation cost. However, some patients with temporomandibular joint disorders may have temporomandibular joint displacement, which means that the temporomandibular joint will have a larger displacement than in a normal healthy state.

[0045] In view of this, the improvement of the second embodiment of this application compared with the first embodiment is that, referring to Figure 1 , Figure 2 The model body 4 shown also includes: a base, on which a slide 41 is provided, and the simulated mandibular part 2 has a docking part 22, which is embedded in the slide 41 so that the simulated mandibular part 2 can slide along the slide 41.

[0046] By sliding the simulated mandibular bone portion 2 along the slide rail 41 provided on the base, a significant deviation can be achieved between the simulated mandibular bone portion 2 and the simulated temporal bone portion 1. This design aims to simulate the scenario where the temporomandibular joint shifts anteriorly and posteriorly relative to the temporal bone after damage, such as the inability to open and close normally due to excessive compression. The specific offset amount can be personalized and precisely simulated according to the patient's specific situation, ensuring that the model can realistically reflect the patient's actual condition and provide a strong reference for the formulation of treatment plans and training operations.

[0047] In addition, the docking part 22 passes through the slide 41 and extends beyond the base. The part of the connecting rod that extends beyond the base is provided with threads, and the nut is screwed onto the connecting rod to secure the simulated mandible part 2 by friction with the base.

[0048] Once the simulated mandibular bone portion 2 has slid along the slide 41 to the target position and completely replicated the patient's condition, the connecting portion 22 needs to be fixed to the base with a nut to prevent displacement of the simulated mandibular bone portion 2 due to external forces during subsequent simulation treatment and simulation processes. This fixing measure ensures that the simulated mandibular bone portion 2 maintains its original posture and position throughout the entire operation, thereby guaranteeing the accuracy of the simulation and avoiding errors that may occur during training.

[0049] A further optimization involves placing a flexible pad between the nut and the base. This flexible pad provides the nut with a degree of elasticity during tightening. Depending on the tightening force of the nut, the simulated mandibular portion 2 will generate a corresponding reaction force after being subjected to external force, thus simulating the subtle changes that the mandible may undergo after actual force adjustments. This design not only enhances the simulation and practicality of the teaching aid but also provides more possibilities for detailed adjustments during training, thereby better meeting the personalized needs of different patients.

[0050] Third Implementation Method

[0051] The second embodiment of this application discloses a method of simulating different patient conditions by providing a slide 41 on the base so that the simulated mandibular portion 2 can slide along the slide 41. However, in actual surgery, not only will different mandibular misalignments occur, but the external force exerted by the facial muscles will also affect the surgical procedure.

[0052] In view of this, the improvement of the third embodiment of this application compared with the second embodiment is that the temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model further includes an elastic module. One end of the elastic module is detachably connected to the base, and the other end is detachably connected to the simulated mandibular bone portion 2. The elastic module is used to push the simulated mandibular bone portion 2 to tend to move along one end of the slide 41, or the elastic module is used to pull the simulated mandibular bone portion 2 to tend to move along the other end of the slide 41.

[0053] Because muscles possess inherent tension and compressive force, during actual surgery, when a surgeon applies external force to the patient's jawbone, the compressed muscles generate corresponding resistance, which can affect the surgical technique. To realistically simulate this situation in training, an elastic module was incorporated into the design. This module generates elasticity when gradually compressed and exhibits a corresponding retraction force when stretched, thus simulating the muscle's response to force. Specifically, the elastic module connected to the simulated mandibular region 2 effectively simulates the muscle characteristics of the cheek, particularly the changes in muscle movement when the mouth is open. This design significantly enhances the realism of the simulation training scenario and ensures that users are exposed to a wider range of situations consistent with actual surgery during training. Through this meticulous simulation, surgeons' training becomes more realistic, thereby contributing to improved accuracy and safety in surgical procedures.

[0054] In addition, the model body 4 also includes a rotating seat, which is set on the docking part 22 and connected to the simulated mandibular part 2. The simulated mandibular part 2 adjusts its posture by rotating the rotating seat.

[0055] When the simulated mandibular bone portion 2 rotates, it can mimic the opening and closing movements of the human mouth to simulate the treatment process. To further enhance the simulation effect, the temporomandibular joint training manipulative model also includes: a pressure sensor, mounted on the simulated mandibular bone portion 2, which records the external force exerted on the simulated mandibular bone portion 2 and generates a pressure signal; a control module, communicatively connected to the pressure sensor, which receives the pressure signal and generates a resistance signal based on the received pressure signal; and a resistance generator, connected to the rotating base and communicatively connected to the control module, which applies rotational resistance to the rotating base based on the received resistance signal.

[0056] When the surgeon applies external force to the simulated mandibular bone portion 2, the pressure sensor instantly detects the force exerted on it. This force data is then transmitted to the control module. Based on the received data, the control module instructs the resistance generator to generate corresponding resistance, increasing the resistance of the rotating seat during rotation. This accurately simulates the feedback force generated by the facial muscles after the patient's jawbone is subjected to external force. This mechanism ensures that the simulation training process closely approximates the mechanical response during actual surgery.

[0057] Even more ingeniously, the resistance generated by the resistance generator changes synchronously with the external force detected by the pressure sensor, increasing as the external force gradually increases. This design better matches the biomechanical characteristics of human muscles. Furthermore, considering the differences in muscle density among patients of different ages, the resistance generator's output can be adjusted accordingly based on the patient's age. In this way, both young and elderly patients can receive targeted resistance feedback during simulation training, further enhancing the realism of the simulation training scenario and making the simulated environment closer to diverse actual treatment situations. This design not only enhances the comprehensiveness of the training but also provides doctors with a more realistic training experience, helping to improve the precision and adaptability of surgical procedures.

[0058] Fourth Implementation Method

[0059] Since most temporomandibular joint surgeries require making a minimally invasive incision on the patient's face, doctors need to learn to identify the location of the joint under the skin from their face during routine teaching and training.

[0060] In view of this, the improvement of the fourth embodiment of this application compared to the third embodiment is that, referring to... Figure 6 The teaching aid model shown also includes: a cover 6, which matches the model body 4. The cover 6 covers the model body 4 and forms a receiving space with the model body 4 to accommodate the simulated temporal bone 1, the joint capsule module 3 and the simulated mandibular bone 2. The cover 6 is made of flexible material and forms a simulated side face similar to the human face. A positioning simulated ear 61 is provided on the simulated side face.

[0061] By attaching a cover 6 with a simulated profile to the model body 4, the previously exposed simulated temporal bone 1, joint capsule module 3, and simulated mandibular bone 2 can be covered and hidden, thus more realistically reproducing the human facial structure. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is usually located subcutaneously, and the facial skin surface lacks obvious landmarks. Therefore, doctors typically need to use the ear as a reference when locating the TMS from the skin surface. In this simulation design, the simulated ear 61 successfully simulates the ear's position, providing doctors with an accurate positioning reference. With the simulated ear, doctors can more easily and accurately locate the subcutaneous TMS by observing the ear's position on the skin surface, achieving a simulation training effect highly similar to actual clinical situations. This design not only enhances the realism of the training but also provides doctors with more intuitive operational guidance, helping to improve the precision of surgical procedures.

[0062] Fifth Implementation Method

[0063] The fifth embodiment of this application also discloses a temporomandibular joint trainer, which includes the temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model described above. The temporomandibular joint trainer also includes: a probe mirror for inserting into the temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model to perform operations and capture images during the operation; and a display that is communicatively connected to the probe mirror to display the images captured by the probe mirror.

[0064] The probe mirror can transmit all the images captured by the operating end to the display screen, thereby recording the operation of the probe mirror in the temporomandibular joint training manipulative model. This allows users to intuitively understand their operation and facilitates further learning and improvement.

[0065] Finally, it should be noted that those skilled in the art will understand that many technical details have been presented in the embodiments of this application to facilitate a better understanding of the present application. However, even without these technical details and various changes and modifications based on the above embodiments, the technical solutions claimed in the claims of this application can be substantially achieved. Therefore, in practical applications, various changes can be made to the above embodiments in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of this application.

Claims

1. A training manifold model for the temporomandibular joint, characterized in that, The teaching aid model includes: Model ontology(4); A simulated temporal bone portion (1) is set within the model body (4) to simulate the temporal bone; The simulated mandibular part (2) is set inside the model body (4) to simulate the mandible; The joint capsule module (3) is detachably mounted on the simulated temporal bone portion (1); A pivot (5) is provided, through which the simulated mandible is rotatably connected to the joint capsule module (3) so that the simulated mandible part (2) can rotate relative to the joint capsule module (3).

2. The temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model according to claim 1, characterized in that, The joint capsule module (3) includes: Joint capsule (33), with muscle-like features; The first connecting rod (31) is connected to the joint capsule (33) and is detachably connected to the simulated temporal bone portion (1); A second connecting rod (32) is connected to the joint capsule (33). A through hole (321) is formed on the second connecting rod (32). The rotating shaft (5) passes through the through hole (321) to allow the simulated mandibular part (2) to rotate relative to the joint capsule module (3).

3. The temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model according to claim 2, characterized in that, The first connecting rod (31) and the second connecting rod (32) are connected to each other to form a rigid whole, and the joint capsule (33) encloses the central part of the first connecting rod (31) and the second connecting rod (32).

4. The temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model according to claim 2, characterized in that, The first connecting rod (31) and the second connecting rod (32) are hinged to each other so that the second connecting rod (32) can rotate relative to the first connecting rod (31); The joint capsule (33) encloses the hinge joint of the first connecting rod (31) and the second connecting rod (32).

5. The temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model according to claim 4, characterized in that, The model ontology (4) also includes: A base, on which a slide rail (41) is provided; The simulated mandibular portion (2) has: The docking part (22) is embedded in the slide (41) so that the mimicry mandibular part (2) can slide along the slide (41).

6. The temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model according to claim 5, characterized in that, The docking part (22) passes through the slide (41) and extends beyond the base, and the part of the connecting rod that extends out of the base is provided with threads; A nut is screwed onto the connecting rod to secure the simulated mandible portion (2) by friction with the base.

7. The temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model according to claim 6, characterized in that, The nut abuts against the surface of the base and is provided with a flexible pad.

8. The temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model according to claim 6, characterized in that, The temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model also includes: An elastic module, one end of which is detachably connected to the base and the other end of which is detachably connected to the mimicry mandibular portion (2), is used to push the mimicry mandibular portion (2) to move along one end of the slide (41), or the elastic module is used to pull the mimicry mandibular portion (2) to move along the other end of the slide (41).

9. The temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model according to claim 5, characterized in that, The model ontology (4) also includes: A rotating seat is disposed on the docking part (22) and connected to the mimicry mandibular part (2). The mimicry mandibular part (2) adjusts its posture by rotating the rotating seat.

10. The temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model according to claim 9, characterized in that, The temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model also includes: A pressure sensor is disposed on the simulated mandibular part (2). The pressure sensor is used to record the external force borne by the simulated mandibular part (2) and generate a pressure signal. The control module is communicatively connected to the pressure sensor and is used to receive the pressure signal and generate a resistance signal based on the received pressure signal. A resistance generator is connected to the rotating base and is communicatively connected to the control module. The resistance generator applies rotational resistance to the rotating base based on the received resistance signal.

11. The temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model according to claim 1, characterized in that, The teaching aid model also includes: A cover (6) is fitted to the model body (4). The cover (6) covers the model body (4) and forms a receiving space with the model body (4) to receive the simulated temporal bone part (1), the joint capsule module (3), and the simulated mandibular bone part (2). The cover (6) is made of flexible material and forms a mimicry face similar to the human face. The mimicry face is provided with a positioning mimicry ear (61).

12. A temporomandibular joint trainer, characterized in that, The temporomandibular joint trainer includes the temporomandibular joint training teaching aid model as described in any one of claims 1-11; The temporomandibular joint trainer also includes: A probe is used to penetrate deep into the temporomandibular joint training manipulative model to perform operations and capture images during the operation; A display, communicatively connected to the probe mirror, is used to display the images captured by the probe mirror.

Images