Support system for pitched roofs

Abstract

The invention relates to a support for at least partially covering pitched roofs and / or for cladding buildings and its use.

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of roof coverings.

[0002] In particular, the present invention relates to a support and a support system for at least partially covering pitched roofs or for cladding buildings. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of a support for at least partially covering pitched roofs or for cladding buildings.

[0003] Finally, the present invention relates to a pitched roof comprising at least a partial covering made of supports according to the invention.

[0004] While flat roofs can generally be easily equipped with green roofs or solar panels, this is considerably more difficult with pitched roofs. Green roofs, in particular, are challenging because the planting substrate and vegetation must be secured against slippage. Furthermore, there is no system that would allow for the simple replacement of a green roof with solar panels, or vice versa, on pitched roofs. This is disadvantageous because, due to the impending changes in energy supply and climate change, the demand for solar panels, especially photovoltaic modules, and green roofs is increasing and will continue to grow in importance.

[0005] While solar modules make it possible to generate heat and electricity from sunlight and, in the case of electricity generation, to obtain electricity for self-consumption or even for feeding into the grid, a green roof makes it possible to at least partially unseal sealed surfaces and retain water on the roof.

[0006] This water retention of green roofs is becoming increasingly important, as heavy rainfall events and, consequently, flooding are more likely to occur and become more intense due to climate change.

[0007] Furthermore, a green roof also protects the roof from solar radiation and thus extends the lifespan or service life of the materials underneath.

[0008] Furthermore, green roofs evaporate water and lower the ambient temperature, thus counteracting urban heat island effects. In addition, green roofs also store a significant amount of carbon dioxide.

[0009] Last but not least, a green roof also cleans runoff rainwater and filters pollutants from the air, and, compared to a roof covered solely with tiles or concrete slabs, it also provides improved sound insulation. Despite these advantages, there are currently very few systems that allow for reliable greening of pitched roofs.

[0010] As previously mentioned, flat roofs can easily be equipped with solar panels or green roofs in certain areas, and the various functionalities can be combined and adjusted as needed. This is not yet possible with pitched roofs, primarily because attaching the green roof to the slope presents challenges. While green roof systems for pitched roofs do exist, they are only suitable for roof pitches up to 25° and are similar in design to flat roof green roof systems. These systems are not suitable for roof pitches exceeding 25°.

[0011] Furthermore, WO 2021 / 028539 A1 describes a rooftop planting system for greening roofs, in which either planting boxes are mounted on top of tiles or the planting box itself is shaped like a tile. This allows for either greening pitched roofs on existing tiled roofs or replacing the roof tiles with the planting boxes. The planting boxes are designed to have the shape and dimensions of a tile and can be installed like a single tile. However, a disadvantage of this design is that when using a planting box that is mounted on top of the existing roof covering, the weight of the roof covering increases significantly.When replacing the roof covering with the planting boxes attached according to WO 2021 / 028539 A1, the problem arises that the roof greening is applied in the form of small units, each the size of a single tile, which makes the process very laborious. Furthermore, this type of roof covering is only compatible with a specific type of roof tile in terms of shape and is not universally applicable with different tile shapes.

[0012] In the area of ​​solar modules, customers and building contractors can currently choose between standard solar modules, which are mounted on top of the existing roof covering using a support structure, and integrated solar modules, which replace tiles, as well as so-called solar tiles. Solar tiles are tiles whose surface is printed or equipped with solar cells, so that after installation, the roof covering is hardly distinguishable from a roof covered with conventional tiles. However, a disadvantage of solar tiles is that the tiles must be individually wired to each other, making the system very complex and prone to malfunctions.

[0013] It would be desirable to have a large-area roofing system available that can be optionally equipped with various functional elements, such as a green roof or solar modules, whereby the functionality can preferably be easily exchanged afterwards, i.e. after installation on the roof.

[0014] One object of the present invention is therefore to avoid, or at least mitigate, the disadvantages associated with the prior art described above.

[0015] In particular, an object of the present invention is to provide a roof covering or an element for a roof covering which allows the flexible mounting of functional elements, such as solar modules or a green roof, on a pitched roof, preferably making subsequent modification or replacement of the functional elements possible without further ado.

[0016] Furthermore, another object of the present invention is to provide an element or system that is compatible with known and widely used roofing systems and can be installed, if possible, in the same way as a conventional roofing system. In addition, it should be possible to eliminate the need for a layer in the traditional roofing system. Currently, for example, solar panels or green roof elements are installed as an additional layer on top of the tiles. The present invention aims to overcome this need.

[0017] The subject matter of the present invention according to a first aspect of the present invention is thus a support according to claim 1; further, advantageous embodiments of this aspect of the invention are the subject matter of the corresponding dependent claims.

[0018] A further subject matter of the present invention, according to a second aspect of the present invention, is the use of a support according to the invention as claimed in claim 23.

[0019] Yet another subject matter of the present invention, according to a third aspect of the present invention, is a pitched roof according to claim 24.

[0020] It goes without saying that any special features, characteristics, designs and embodiments, as well as advantages or the like, which are subsequently described in relation to only one aspect of the invention – for the purpose of avoiding unnecessary repetition – shall of course apply accordingly to the other aspects of the invention, without the need for any express mention.

[0021] Furthermore, it should be noted that for all relative or percentage quantities mentioned below, especially those based on weight, it must be ensured that, within the scope of the present invention, these quantities are selected by a person skilled in the art in such a way that the sum of the ingredients, additives, excipients, or the like always results in 100% or 100% by weight. This is self-evident to a person skilled in the art.

[0022] Furthermore, it is assumed that all parameter specifications mentioned below, or similar, can in principle be determined or ascertained using standardized or explicitly specified determination methods, or using determination procedures that are generally familiar to the person skilled in the art.

[0023] Having said that, the subject matter of the present invention will now be explained in more detail.

[0024] The subject matter of the present invention - according to a first aspect of the present invention - is therefore a support for at least partially covering pitched roofs or for cladding buildings, preferably for covering pitched roofs, wherein the support has a base body for receiving and / or fastening functional elements.

[0025] The support is preferably a roofing element that can be used as a uniform roofing or cladding element for preferably, but not exclusively, pitched roofs, i.e., sloping roofs. However, the support can also be used for at least partial cladding of structures or building components, such as walls, pillars, or partitions. The support can therefore also be used on vertical surfaces. The support according to the invention particularly allows for the universal conversion of roofs, especially pitched roofs, into green roofs, photovoltaic (PV) / solar thermal roofs, and / or retention roofs, thereby replacing, in particular, traditional tiles and concrete roof tiles.

[0026] The support can preferably be used on structures with an angle of inclination in the range of 15 to 90°, in particular 25 to 90°, preferably 30 to 90°, wherein an angle of inclination of 90° corresponds to a vertical surface.

[0027] The support according to the invention is preferably compatible with common tile shapes, so that the system can be retrofitted, at least partially, onto existing roofs at any time. In particular, the support according to the invention also allows for the exchange of different functional elements, i.e., in particular the subsequent functional conversion of roof surfaces, for example from a photovoltaic / solar thermal roof to a green roof or vice versa. If no functionality is desired, for example, blank elements can be attached to the supports so that the roof covering resembles a conventional roof.

[0028] The support structure or the roofing or cladding element according to the invention combines the previously separate system structures of green roofs and photovoltaic / solar thermal roofs, thus enabling versatile and flexible roof coverings to be installed by a roofer alone. The universal applicability of the support structure or roofing or cladding element according to the invention allows for flexible roof design and combines the advantages of the previous individual systems. The support structure or element according to the invention can be installed solely by roofers, thereby eliminating the risk of damage to the roof covering by other trades.

[0029] In the context of the present invention, a sloping roof is understood to be a roof with at least one inclined roof surface.

[0030] Preferably, at least one side of the roof has a roof pitch in the range of 15 to 80°, in particular 25 to 70°, preferably 30 to 60°. However, the support or the roofing or cladding element according to the invention can also be used to cover or clad vertical structures, for example walls, in particular house walls or noise barriers, and pillars.

[0031] The support structure or the roofing or cladding element according to the invention has a modular design, making it suitable for a variety of applications, such as green roofs, retention roofs, or solar roofs. Preferably, the support structure or the roofing and / or cladding element according to the invention forms a support system that allows for flexible and easily modifiable functionality of the roof surface, preferably enabling changes to be made to specific areas of the roof surface.

[0032] Within the scope of the present invention, the functional element is typically selected from roof greening, in particular planting boxes, photovoltaic modules, solar thermal modules, heat pumps, air conditioning units, ventilation units, and blanking elements. A particularly preferred functional element is selected from roof greening, photovoltaic modules, solar thermal modules, and blanking elements. Particularly good results are obtained within the scope of the present invention when the functional element is selected from roof greening, photovoltaic modules, and blanking elements.

[0033] A blind element is a panel that is attached to or onto the roof structure. This allows for the creation of a closed and visually appealing roof covering, and the blind element can be designed to mimic tiles or other roofing materials, such as metal sheets. Blind elements can be made from a variety of materials. However, wood, plastic, metal, or combinations thereof have proven effective, particularly plastic, metal, and their mixtures. Aluminum composite panels, which have a plastic core laminated with aluminum sheets on one or two sides, are a particularly popular material for blind elements.

[0034] As previously explained, the carrier or the cover element according to the invention enables a quick replacement of the functional elements, even afterwards, i.e. in the already installed state.

[0035] As regards the basic body of the support or roofing element, it is common for it to be in the form of a box open at the top.

[0036] Preferably, the basic body is rectangular and open at the top, i.e., on the side facing away from the building when installed.

[0037] The side walls of the base body can be designed in such a way that all side walls have the same height, i.e., a base body with a uniform side wall height is obtained.

[0038] Alternatively, the side walls of the base body can also be designed to have different heights. In particular, it is preferred if the head and foot of the support or base body, i.e., the sides intended to face the ridge or eaves when the support according to the invention is installed on a roof, have different heights. Preferably, the head or the side facing the ridge has a lower height than the foot or the side facing the eaves. For example, it has proven advantageous if the difference in height between the head and foot of the base body is in the range of 0.3 to 7 cm, particularly 0.5 to 5.5 cm, preferably 0.75 to 4.5 cm, and more preferably 1 to 4 cm. In this embodiment, the side walls connecting the head and foot, or the longitudinal sides of the base body, are then designed such that the height difference is bridged.is balanced, i.e. the side walls have a height that increases from the head to the foot side, and are therefore essentially wedge-shaped.

[0039] Furthermore, within the scope of the present invention, it is typically provided that the base body has functional features. The base body can be equipped with a variety of functional features and flexibly adapted to the respective applications.

[0040] Typically, the functional devices are selected from the group of retention devices, separation devices, fastening devices, or mixtures thereof.

[0041] Particularly good results are obtained when the basic body has functional features in the form of knobs, ridges, partitions, fastening devices, grooves or a mixture thereof.

[0042] The studs and ridges are primarily retention devices that cause a delayed runoff of water from the roof.

[0043] Particularly good results are obtained when the fastening devices are devices for securing the functional elements. Preferably, the fastening devices are selected from the group of devices for producing clamp connections, plug connections, snap-fit ​​connections, screw connections, or combinations thereof.

[0044] Regarding, for example, the fastening of insert boxes or planters, or other functional elements such as PV or solar thermal modules, it has proven advantageous according to the invention if the base body, in particular at the head and / or foot end, has one or more fastening devices.

[0045] According to the invention, it has proven advantageous to arrange a fastening rail, particularly an internal one, in the base body at the foot end, especially along the foot side of the base body. The insert boxes or planters can then be easily connected and fixed to the base body or support along this fastening rail.

[0046] A detachable connection between the functional element and the base body is preferred. The fastening can therefore be achieved, for example, using the connections mentioned above and / or via a hook-in or clip-in mechanism. In this case, the insert or planter box advantageously has a correspondingly complementary hook-in or clip-in rail. This allows for easy and flexible secure arrangement of the insert or planter boxes in the base body or support according to the invention. Advantageously, no drilling or additional fasteners such as screws or the like are required. Rather, it is possible to simply "click" the insert or planter boxes into the support according to the invention, i.e., hook or clip them in, thus enabling user-friendly positioning and adequate securing of the insert or planter boxes within the base body or support.

[0047] It may also be advantageous to provide fastening devices on the head side of the base body. Preferably, within the scope of the present invention, these are designed as individual fastening elements that can be detachably connected to or attached to the carrier. Fastening clips or clamps are particularly preferred.

[0048] These fastening clips are advantageously designed to extend under the top frame of the support according to the invention and / or over the edge of a functional element, in particular an insert or planter box. The clips can therefore be advantageously used and attached, especially in the area of ​​conduits or channels, or even the bottom flanges of the base body of the support according to the invention, in order to hook under the frame of the support. This additional securing mechanism further strengthens the protection of the functional element or the insert or planter box against slipping or even falling out of the support within the frame.

[0049] Furthermore, it is also possible to provide additional fastening devices, such as mounting rails, on the base body, particularly when a particularly robust or extremely durable connection between the support and the functional element is required. This might be the case, for example, for the installation of photovoltaic systems.

[0050] An alternative design of corresponding fastening devices provided on the base body can ultimately provide so-called fastening plates or be specifically designed to accommodate them, which in turn allows for a particularly resistant and durable additional securing of functional elements in the carrier.

[0051] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the base body has at least one groove, in particular a groove system.

[0052] The presence of grooves, particularly a groove system, allows for the flexible use of partitions and sealing walls. This enables the beam and base body to be flexibly adapted, especially in their dimensions, at the roof edge or in the area of ​​roof structures and installations such as skylights or chimneys, for example, by cutting or sawing. Subsequently, the watertightness and function of the beam or the roofing and / or cladding element are restored. Furthermore, a groove system also allows for the flexible integration of other functional elements, such as fastening devices, particularly those for securing functional components, into the base body of the beam.

[0053] Furthermore, it may be provided that the carrier has a device for conveying liquid and / or gases, in particular water and / or air, preferably water.

[0054] According to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention, the means for conveying liquids and / or gases are preferably provided in the form of passageways in the outer walls of the base body. Preferably, these means for conveying liquids and / or gases are attached to the head and / or foot ends, in particular to the head and foot ends, of the supports. Preferably, the means for conveying the liquids and / or gases have extensions, in particular in the form of tubes or pipes, at least at the foot end of the support or base body. This enables a flexible connection between the individual base bodies and the conveyance of liquids and / or gases, in particular air and water, from one base body or support to another.

[0055] In the case of use as a green roof application, water in particular is channeled through the base bodies, and when used as a PV or solar thermal roof, rainwater can be channeled from one base body to another and thus drain away easily, although preferably with a time delay; on the other hand, air can also rise and cool the solar modules.

[0056] According to an alternative preferred embodiment of the present invention, the device for conveying liquids and / or gases is preferably integrated into the base body, in particular into the bottom of the base body.

[0057] Preferably, the device(s) for conveying liquids and / or gases are designed, for example, in the form of pipes or channels integrated into the base body, or in particular its base. The integrated devices also advantageously extend from the top to the bottom of the support along the base body.

[0058] In this embodiment, it has proven advantageous if the base body, or in particular its base, has several channels for conveying liquids and / or gases. These are advantageously arranged at regular intervals within the base body (or base). A corresponding base body therefore preferably has a plurality of regularly spaced channels or troughs, particularly in the base of the base body, which preferably extend from the top to the bottom of the support along the base body.

[0059] Any liquid or gas that accumulates can be collected within the base body and efficiently drained away, ensuring that no excess liquid is retained within the base body or support structure. Instead, all excess liquid can seep into the support structure and thus be drained into the base body and through its base.

[0060] Advantageously, the devices for conveying liquids and / or gases are designed in such a way that they can be arranged flush with one another in a composite of carriers according to the invention, so that continuous devices for conveying liquids and / or gases are obtained over the entire covered area, via which liquids such as (rain)water can be reliably collected and transported below any insert or planting boxes in the base body (base) and can be directed, for example, into a rain gutter.

[0061] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the base body is designed in the form of a trapezoidal sheet, with devices for conveying liquids and / or gases integrated, particularly in the base body, or the base body, particularly the base body, has a plurality of alternating upper and lower chords. Advantageously, the lower chords form the devices for conveying liquids and / or gases integrated into the base body (base).

[0062] Excess liquid can be reliably collected and drained away in the lower chords. The base body, or in particular the trapezoidal sheets of several beams according to the invention, can advantageously be arranged such that the upper and lower chords transition continuously into one another, i.e., extend over the entire covered area, so that liquid can be drained away from the roof in a controlled and continuous manner without excess liquid accumulating.

[0063] Equally advantageous in this embodiment is the possibility of comparatively intensive ventilation of any functional elements, e.g. of insert or planting boxes or also of PV or solar thermal systems or modules arranged in the carrier.

[0064] If, within the scope of the present invention, carriers with a base body, in particular with integrated means for conveying liquids and / or gases in the base body, are used, it has proven advantageous for any functional elements, especially for insert or planting boxes, if these are also or additionally provided with means for conveying liquids, in particular in the form of openings in the outer walls of the insert or planting boxes, as explained in more detail below. Preferably, these means for conveying liquids are arranged on the eaves side to ensure effective conveyance or drainage of liquid.

[0065] Furthermore, within the scope of the present invention, it is typically provided that the support can be combined with a conventional roof covering.

[0066] In particular, the support is preferably compatible with commercially available roof tiles, such as clay roof tiles and concrete blocks. This allows for a partial replacement of the original roof covering with the support, covering, and / or cladding system according to the invention, thus enabling flexible and cost-effective roof design, allowing for the implementation of a wide variety of design options and customer requirements.

[0067] Within the scope of the present invention, it is preferably provided that the support has at least one fastening device for attaching the support to a pitched roof or a building structure and / or for attaching the support to at least one further support and / or to a conventional roof covering. The support or the roofing and / or cladding element according to the invention should preferably be attached directly to the pitched roof or the building structure. Due to its modular design, the support or the roofing and / or cladding element can also be combined with further supports or roofing and / or cladding elements or conventional roof coverings. This can be achieved, for example, by means of screw points in the base plate of the roofing element.

[0068] Particularly good results are obtained within the scope of the present invention when the carrier has at least one folded section. In this context, it has proven advantageous if the folded section has a top folded section and / or a side folded section. Preferably, the folded section has a top folded section and a side folded section.

[0069] According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the head and side interlocking parts are formed in one piece. By using an interlocking part, which in particular consists of a head and side interlocking part, it is possible to lay the beams like roof tiles and, moreover, to create a flexible spacing between the individual beams or roofing and / or cladding elements.

[0070] Furthermore, the head and side seam sections also allow for a simple combination of the support or covering and / or cladding element with common roof coverings in the form of roof tiles or concrete roof tiles.

[0071] Furthermore, the support or the roofing and / or cladding element preferably also features a tongue and groove joint. The side, top, and bottom interlocks ensure a watertight seal between the individual supports or roofing elements without the need for additional seals. The adjustability of the supports or elements allows for variable roofing configurations according to batten and rafter spacing as well as the building width. Since the support or roofing element is compatible with common tile shapes, the system can be retrofitted to existing buildings at any time, not necessarily across the entire surface.

[0072] According to a further preferred embodiment, the folded part, in particular the head folded part, has a projection, in particular a suspension lug, extending downwards from the plane of the folded part. The suspension lug allows the support or the roofing element to be attached to the counter battens.

[0073] Furthermore, as already mentioned, it is preferably provided within the scope of the present invention that the base body is designed to accommodate one or more, preferably several, insert or planting boxes. In this context, it has proven advantageous if the base body is designed to accommodate 1 to 20, in particular 2 to 18, preferably 5 to 15, preferably 8 to 15 insert or planting boxes. It is particularly preferred within the scope of the present invention if the base body is designed to accommodate 2 to 10, in particular 3 to 8, preferably 3 to 5, insert or planting boxes.

[0074] With regard to the insert or planting box, it has proven advantageous according to the invention if the insert or planting box has a height in the range of 2 to 13 cm, in particular 3 to 11 cm, preferably 5 to 10 cm, more preferably 7 to 9 cm. Insert or planting boxes with the aforementioned heights are particularly suitable for accommodating green roofs or for accommodating PV or solar thermal modules.

[0075] Within the scope of the present invention, the insert or planting box is typically designed to accommodate a green roof. Alternatively, the insert box can also have other functionalities and, for example, be designed to accommodate solar panels or solar thermal modules.

[0076] In this context, it has proven beneficial for green roofs to include a substrate and planting. The substrate typically consists of water-permeable, mineral, and nutrient-poor materials, while the plantings usually consist of undemanding plants that can withstand extended periods of drought, such as sedum.

[0077] Within the scope of the present invention, it has proven advantageous for the planting box to have at least one water retention device. Good results are achieved in this regard when the water retention device consists of nubs and / or ridges. The water retention device prevents water from running off the surface too quickly and thus contributing to flooding during heavy rainfall. It also stores the water to create a water reservoir for the green roof over a longer period. It is particularly important to ensure that water retention devices are provided at regular and relatively close intervals within the planting boxes, as otherwise there is a risk that water will collect at the bottom of the planting box and the green roof in the upper part of the planting box will not receive enough water.

[0078] Furthermore, within the scope of the present invention, the insert or planting box may include a device for fixing textile materials, in particular woven, knitted, or nonwoven fabrics, preferably nonwovens. Devices for fixing textile materials may, for example, be in the form of hooks or prongs projecting from the base of the main body. Textile materials can be used, in particular, to prevent the green roof and parts of the substrate from being torn out of the planting box in strong winds.

[0079] A preferred design for the insert or planting box is therefore as follows. At the bottom of the insert or planting box are retention features for water storage, in particular in the form of nubs and / or ridges. A fleece layer is placed over this, followed by the substrate layer. Optionally, another fleece layer can be applied to protect the substrate. The plants are then arranged on top, with their roots extending through any fleece layer present into the substrate.

[0080] Pre-planted planting boxes are particularly preferred when inserted into the base of the support structure or roofing element. This allows for very rapid roof greening and guarantees that the planting boxes will actually be planted. Planting directly on the roof by a roofer or gardener would be very time-consuming, and it is uncertain whether the plants would actually take root or develop seedlings.

[0081] According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the insert or planting box has recesses and / or openings for conveying liquids, especially water. The recesses and / or openings are arranged, in particular, at the top and / or bottom of the insert or planting box, especially at the top and bottom of the planting boxes. Furthermore, it is preferably provided that the recesses or openings have a projection on one side of the planting box. The projection is preferably designed such that it can be positively inserted into the recess and / or opening of another planting box, so that no water can flow between the planting boxes.

[0082] As previously stated, the support structure preferably includes a device for conveying liquids and / or gases, in particular water and / or air, preferably water. In the case of a green roof application, water in particular can be conveyed through the base bodies, and when used as a PV or solar thermal roof, rainwater can be conveyed from one base body to another and thus drain away easily, although preferably with a time delay; air can also rise and cool the solar modules.

[0083] According to a further embodiment of the present invention, it can also be provided that the airflow directed past the underside of the solar module(s) is collected and fed to a heat pump in order to increase its efficiency.

[0084] Regarding the dimensions of the support, it is preferably provided that the support has a length in the range of 100 to 150 cm, preferably 100 to 130 cm, and preferably 120 cm. Likewise, it can be provided that the support has a width in the range of 60 to 100 cm, preferably 70 to 90 cm, and preferably 80 cm. The support preferably has approximately the dimensions of a Euro pallet, thus enabling particularly easy transport.

[0085] Alternatively, the carrier can also be designed to have a width of 100 to 150 cm, preferably 100 to 130 cm, preferably 120 cm, and a length of 60 to 100 cm, preferably 70 to 90 cm, preferably 80 cm. In this alternative configuration, the carrier preferably has approximately the dimensions of a Euro pallet, particularly to facilitate transport.

[0086] However, it is also possible for the base body to have the dimensions of a solar module, or for the length and / or width of the base body to correspond to half the length and / or half the width of a solar module. Preferably, one solar module can be attached to each base body of the support. However, it is equally possible to attach one solar module to several supports, in particular base bodies.

[0087] Within the scope of the present invention, it has also proven advantageous if the support has a height in the range of 2 to 20 cm, in particular 3 to 15 cm, preferably 5 to 12 cm, more preferably 5 to 11 cm, and more preferably 5 to 10 cm. These height ranges are particularly suitable for extensive green roofs and, on the other hand, allow for sufficient water retention as well as the possibility of installing PV or solar thermal modules. Furthermore, it is also ensured that even during heavy rain, the load on the roof structure from the weight of the water does not become excessive.

[0088] If one or more insert or planting boxes are incorporated into the base body of the support, then it has proven advantageous according to the invention if the total height of the support and insert or planting box has a height in the range of 4 to 26 cm, in particular 6 to 22 cm, preferably 8 to 18 cm, preferably 9 to 15 cm, preferably 10 to 14 cm.

[0089] Regarding the material from which the support or the roofing and / or cladding element is made, a wide variety of materials can be selected. In particular, the support or the roofing and / or cladding element is manufactured from plastic-containing materials. According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the element consists of a fiber-reinforced plastic, especially a glass fiber-reinforced plastic. In this context, it has proven advantageous if the plastic is selected from high-performance plastics, polyolefins, especially polypropylene or polyethylene, or recycled plastics, preferably recycled plastics. Due to their low weight, fiber-reinforced plastics have the advantage that they do not unnecessarily burden the roof structure and the supports are easy to handle. The sustainability of the system is further improved, especially with the use of recycled plastics.

[0090] A further object of the present invention - according to a second aspect of the present invention - is the use of a previously described support for at least partial covering of pitched roofs or buildings, preferably for at least partial covering of pitched roofs.

[0091] For further details on this aspect of the invention, reference can be made to the above explanations regarding the carrier according to the invention, which applies accordingly to the use according to the invention.

[0092] Yet another object of the present invention - according to a third aspect of the present invention - is a pitched roof, comprising at least partial covering with previously described supports.

[0093] For further details on this aspect of the invention, reference can be made to the above statements on the other aspects of the invention, which apply accordingly to the pitched roof according to the invention.

[0094] The figure depictions show, according to... Fig. 1: a support according to the invention in top view; Fig. 2: a perspective view of a support according to the invention; Fig. 3a: a side view of a support according to the invention looking towards the foot side; Fig. 3b: a side view of a support according to the invention looking at one of the longitudinal sides; Fig. 4: a section of a roof structure with partial roof covering made of beams according to the invention; Fig. 5: a support according to the invention in a top view with partition walls; Fig. 6: a support according to the invention with partitions in perspective view; Fig. 7: a perspective view of a support according to the invention with planting boxes; Fig. 8: a planted planter box; Fig. 9: an unplanted planter with functional features; Fig. 10: an unplanted planter with additional functional features; Fig. 11: a section of a roof structure with supports according to the invention, which are provided with a roof greening; Fig. 12: a section of a roof structure with supports according to the invention, which are provided with solar modules; Fig. 13: a section of a roof structure with supports according to the invention, which are provided with solar modules, a roof greening and blind elements; Fig. 14: a section of a roof structure with supports according to the invention, which are equipped with solar modules and a heat pump; Fig. 15: An alternative embodiment of a support according to the invention in perspective view Fig. 16: another alternative embodiment of a support according to the invention in perspective view; Fig. 17: a perspective view of the alternative support according to the invention with an insert or planting box; Fig. 18: a perspective view of the alternative support according to the invention with three insert or planting boxes; Fig. 19: a support according to the invention with a mounting rail in a frontal perspective view; Fig. 20: a front view of two interconnected supports according to the invention; Fig. 21: a side view of two interconnected supports according to the invention; Fig. 22: a perspective view of the alternative support according to the invention with an insert or planting box and related fastening elements; Fig. 23: a side view of the ridge-side fastening of the insert or planting box in the support; Fig. 24: a side view of the eaves-side fastening of the insert or planter box in the support; and Fig. 25: a perspective view of the alternative support according to the invention with two planting boxes and alternative fastening elements relating thereto.

[0095] The subject matter of the present invention is below described and illustrated in more detail by means of the figures based on preferred embodiments in a non-limiting manner.

[0096] It shows Fig. 1 a support 1 according to the invention, which has a base body 2.

[0097] The base body 2 is preferably rectangular and has a base (not shown in the figure), a top 3, a bottom 4, and at least two longitudinal sides 5. The base body 2 is preferably rectangular and designed in the form of a box open at the top. The base body 2 is suitable for receiving and / or attaching functional elements. The functional elements are preferably selected from green roof systems, photovoltaic modules, solar thermal modules, heat pumps, air conditioning units, ventilation units, and blanking elements.

[0098] The base body 2 preferably has functional elements not shown in the figures, in particular retention elements, separation elements, fastening elements, or combinations thereof. For retention, in particular to retain water on the roof surface, ribs and studs are particularly suitable. For separation, partition walls are particularly suitable, which can preferably be variably attached to the base body via grooves, in particular a groove system. For this purpose, grooves are preferably provided at regular or irregular intervals parallel to the longitudinal side 5 or end faces 3 of the base body 2. Other functional elements, such as fastening elements, can also be flexibly accommodated in the base body 2 via grooves or groove systems. Fastening elements particularly suitable are devices for receiving or...Manufacturing of plug-in, clamp, snap-in, or screw connections with which the functional elements can be attached to the base body 2. The fastening devices are preferably used for attaching functional elements.

[0099] The support 1 preferably has at least one folded section, in particular a head folded section 6 and / or a side folded section 7. Preferably, the support 1 has a head folded section 6 and a side folded section 7. Particularly good results are obtained if the head folded section 6 and the side folded section 7 are formed in one piece. The folded sections make it possible to combine several supports 1 to form at least a partial roof covering, whereby the interlocking and overlapping of the individual supports eliminates the need for sealing systems such as gaskets or sealing lips. Watertightness is achieved by simple overlapping, as with roof tiles. Furthermore, the interlocking design of the support 1 makes it preferably compatible with conventional roof coverings, in particular roof tiles, such as clay tiles and concrete roof tiles, so that the support according to the invention is also suitable for the partial roof covering of existing buildings.

[0100] Fig. Figure 2 shows a perspective view of the support 1. The base body of the support 1 preferably has features for conveying liquids and / or gases 8, in particular openings, so that liquids and / or gases, such as water and / or air, can pass from one base body 2 to another base body 2. Preferably, the openings have tubular extensions at least on the bottom side 4, so that the conveyance of, for example, water or air from one base body 2 to another base body 2 is possible with virtually no loss.

[0101] In addition to the head seam part 6 and the side seam part 7, the beam 1 preferably has at least one side seam rib 9, which is suitable for overlapping with the side seam part 7 of another beam 1 or a conventional roof covering, as shown in Fig. 3a shown.

[0102] Fig. Figure 3b shows a view of a longitudinal side 5 of the beam 1. The beam 1 preferably has at least one foot interlock rib 10, which can overlap with a head interlock section 6 of another beam 1 or a standard roof tile. The interlock sections and ribs allow the beams 1 to be shifted within certain limits, similar to roof tiles, so that a full roof covering can be achieved regardless of the batten spacing, rafter spacing, and roof width.

[0103] Furthermore, the groove system preferably provided in the base body 2 makes it possible to adapt the dimensions of the support 1 to the respective conditions, for example to shorten it in order to take into account roof structures or installations, such as chimneys or roof windows.

[0104] The support 1 preferably also has a suspension lug 11, which serves to suspend the support on the batten.

[0105] It shows Fig. Figure 4 shows a section of a roof structure with battens 12, into which roof tiles 13 and supports 1 according to the invention are partially suspended. The supports 1 overlap both with other supports 1 and with tiles 13, so that a closed roof covering is formed in the area shown.

[0106] It shows Fig. Figure 5 shows a top view of a support 1 according to the invention, in which partition walls 14 are inserted. The partition walls 14 each have recesses 15 for conveying liquids and / or gases. The partition walls 14 create individual compartments, for example for holding planting boxes 16. Fig. Figure 6 shows a perspective view of the support 1 according to the invention with partition walls 14. The partition walls 14 can, for example, be connected to the base body 2 of the support 1 via a groove system.

[0107] It shows Fig. 7 another perspective view of a support 1 according to the invention with planting boxes 16. According to the in Fig. In the preferred embodiment shown in Figure 7, no partition walls 14 are provided between the planting boxes 16 in the base body 2.

[0108] The planting boxes 16 preferably contain at least one substrate 17 and a planting 19, as shown in Fig. Figure 8 shows that the planting boxes 16 are preferably inserted into the base body 2 while already planted, thus ensuring that the plants actually take root and that no planting boxes 16 remain unplanted. This would be particularly inconvenient, as a roofer or gardener would then have to access the roof and replant the boxes, incurring additional costs. The planting boxes 16 preferably have recesses 15 for allowing water to pass through from one planting box 16 to another. Preferably, the recesses 15 of the planting boxes 16 have an overflow 24 on at least one side, as shown in Figure 8. Fig. Figure 9 shows the overflow. The overflow 24 is preferably designed such that it overlaps the recess 15 of another planting box 16, preferably in a material-bonded manner, so that when water is conveyed from one planting box 16 to another planting box 16, no water runs between the planting boxes 16.

[0109] As in Fig. 9 and Fig. As shown in Figure 10, the planting boxes preferably have functional features. These functional features can be, in particular, as shown in Figure 10. Fig. Figure 9 shows ribs 20 for retaining water. Preferably, the ribs 20 are arranged such that rainwater is retained evenly in the planting box 16, ensuring that all plants 18 are adequately supplied with water. Furthermore, the functional features can also be devices for fixing textile materials 21, in particular in the form of hooks or spikes. With the devices for fixing textile materials 21, textile materials, in particular knitted fabrics, woven fabrics, or nonwovens, preferably nonwovens, which are applied to the surface of the substrate and protect the substrate and the plants from being washed or blown out of the planting boxes 16 during heavy rain or wind, can be fastened in the planting boxes 16. The functional features, in particular water retention devices, can also be in the form of knobs 19, as shown in Figure 9. Fig. 10 is shown, and can be formed. It is also possible that, for example, the knobs 19 and ridges 20 for water retention in the planting boxes 16 are combined with each other.

[0110] It shows Fig. Figure 11 shows a section of a roof structure with battens 12 and partial covering with supports 1 according to the invention, which are equipped with a roof greening, in particular planting boxes 16. Other parts of the roof structure are covered with roof tiles 13.

[0111] In addition to the installation of a green roof, it is also possible to equip the support beams 1 with other functional elements, such as solar modules 22. It shows Fig. Figure 12 shows a section of a roof structure with battens 12, onto which supports 1 according to the invention are partially mounted, to which solar modules 22, in particular photovoltaic modules, are attached. Other parts of the roof are covered with conventional roof tiles 13. Due to the modular design of the supports 1 according to the invention, it is easy to switch between a green roof and a solar roof. It is also possible to partially construct a roof as a solar roof and partially as a green roof. Since the base bodies 2 preferably have openings at their top 3 and bottom 4 sides, the solar modules 22 can be cooled by an airflow that is guided under the solar modules 22 through the base bodies 2 of the supports 1, which increases the efficiency of the solar modules 22.

[0112] In Fig. Figure 13 shows a section of a roof structure covered over a large area with beams 1 according to the invention. The beams 1 are each equipped with solar modules 22, planters 16, or cover elements 25. The cover elements 25 are panels that are attached to or within the base body 2 of the beam 1 and ensure a uniform and closed roof surface. The cover elements 25 can be visually similar to conventional roof coverings, such as roof tiles 13 or metal sheets. The cover elements 25 preferably consist of wood, metal, plastic, or mixtures thereof. Composite panels made of plastics and aluminum, in which aluminum sheets are laminated to one or two sides of a plastic panel, are particularly suitable.

[0113] Fig. Figure 14 shows a section of a roof structure in which part of the support 1 is equipped with solar modules 22 and also with a heat pump 23. The efficiency of the heat pump 23 can be increased by using the heated airflow passing under the solar modules 22 to operate the heat pump 23.

[0114] As an alternative to the horizontal installation of the heat pump 23 according to Fig. 14 It is also possible to mount the heat pump upright using a mounting system which is attached to a base body 2 of the support 1 and to collect the heated airflow at the head sides 3 of the support 1 which is equipped with solar modules 22 and to supply it to the heat pump 23.

[0115] The beam 1 preferably has a length parallel to the longitudinal sides 5 of the base body in the range of 100 to 150 cm, preferably 100 to 130 cm, and more preferably 120 cm. Likewise, the beam can be provided with a width parallel to the head side 3 or the foot side 4 of the base body 2 in the range of 60 to 100 cm, preferably 70 to 90 cm, and more preferably approximately 80 cm. The beam 1 thus preferably has the dimensions of a Euro pallet, enabling particularly easy transport of the beams. Furthermore, the large surface area of ​​the beam 1 also makes it possible to cover a roof quickly, cost-effectively, and efficiently.

[0116] Regarding the height of the support, it is typically provided that the support has a height in the range of 5 to 15 cm, in particular 7 to 12 cm, preferably 8 to 11 cm, preferably 10 cm. The support 1 according to the invention thus increases the roof structure only relatively slightly compared to conventional tiles and not at all compared to roofs with photovoltaic or solar thermal systems.

[0117] The support 1 is preferably made of plastics, in particular fiber-reinforced, preferably glass fiber-reinforced, plastics. This ensures that the support 1 is very lightweight and, even with vegetation, does not place a greater load on the roof structure than a conventional tiled roof. Furthermore, such a lightweight support 1 can be moved and installed on a roof easily and without difficulty, particularly without mechanical assistance.

[0118] The Fig. Figure 15 shows an alternative preferred embodiment of the support 1 according to the invention. The support 1 according to the invention has a base body 2. The base body 2 is preferably rectangular, wherein the base body is in particular wider than it is deep or longer. The base body 2 is preferably designed in the form of a box open at the top. The side walls of the base body 2 are designed such that all side walls have the same height, i.e., a base body 2 with a uniform side wall height is obtained.

[0119] In this preferred embodiment, the base body advantageously has integrated means for conveying liquids and / or gases 8, particularly in its base. These means for conveying liquids and / or gases 8 are preferably designed as conduits or channels integrated into the base body, or particularly its base. The integrated means 8 advantageously extend from the top 3 to the bottom 4 of the support 1 along the base body 2.

[0120] Advantageously, the base body 2, or in particular its base, has several devices 8, and these are arranged at regular intervals in the base body (base) 2, so that they can be arranged flush with each other in a composite of supports according to the invention, and so that, for example, (rain) water can be reliably collected and transported below any insert or planting boxes in the base body (base) and directed, for example, into a rain gutter.

[0121] As part of the in Fig. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention shown in Figure 15, the devices 8 are configured such that the base body 2, in particular in the base of the base body, has devices 8 integrated in the form of a trapezoidal sheet, or the base body (base) 2 has a plurality of alternating upper and lower chords. Advantageously, the lower chords form the devices 8 integrated into the base body (base) 2.

[0122] Excess liquid can be reliably collected and drained away in the lower chords. The base body 2, and in particular the trapezoidal sheets of several beams 1, can advantageously be arranged such that the upper and lower chords merge seamlessly into one another, i.e., extend over the entire covered area, so that liquid can be drained from the roof in a targeted and continuous manner without any accumulation of excess liquid. Equally advantageous is the comparatively intensive ventilation of any functional elements, e.g., planting boxes 16 or PV or solar thermal systems or modules 22 arranged in the beam.

[0123] In addition to the features 8, the base body 2 of the support 1, according to this preferred embodiment, also has a head 3, a foot 4, and at least two longitudinal sides 5. The base body 2 is suitable for receiving and / or attaching functional elements. The functional elements are preferably selected from green roof systems, photovoltaic modules, solar thermal modules, heat pumps, air conditioning units, ventilation units, and blanking elements.

[0124] The carrier 1 also preferably has at least one folded part, in particular a head folded part 6 (see Fig. 21) and / or a side-folding section 7. Preferably, the carrier 1 has a head-folding section 6 and a side-folding section 7. Particularly good results are obtained if the head-folding section 6 and the side-folding section 7 are formed in one piece; however, a two-piece construction is equally preferred.

[0125] The support 1 also preferably has at least one foot fold rib 10, which is connected to a head fold part 6 of another support 1 (see Fig. 21) or can overlap a standard roof tile. Similarly, the interlocking parts 7 are designed to overlap each other (see below). Fig. 20). The interlocking parts and ribs allow the supports 1, corresponding to roof tiles, to be moved within certain limits, so that a full roof covering can be obtained regardless of the spacing of the battens, the spacing of the rafters and the roof width.

[0126] The support 1 also preferably has a suspension lug 11, which serves to suspend the support from the batten.

[0127] In a further alternative embodiment of the present invention, which is described in Fig. As shown in Figure 16, it has proven advantageous if the side walls, particularly those of the head 3 and foot 4 of the base body 2, have different heights. This means that the sides intended to face the ridge (head 3) and eaves (foot 4) respectively when the support 1 according to the invention is installed on a roof, have different heights.

[0128] Preferably, the head end, or the side 3 facing the ridge, has a lower height than the foot end, or the side 4 facing the eaves. In this regard, it has proven advantageous, for example, if the difference in height between the head and foot ends 3, 4 of the base body 2 is in the range of 0.3 to 7 cm, in particular 0.5 to 5.5 cm, preferably 0.75 to 4.5 cm, and more preferably 1 to 4 cm. In this embodiment, the side walls connecting the head and foot ends, or the longitudinal sides 5 of the base body 2, are designed such that the height difference is bridged or compensated for; that is, the side walls or longitudinal sides 5 have a height that increases from the head end to the foot end 3, 4, and are thus essentially wedge-shaped.

[0129] In the carrier 1 according to the preferred embodiment, in accordance with the Fig. 15 and Fig. 16 One or more functional elements, in particular insert or planting boxes 16, can be used, as in the Fig. 17 and Fig. 18 shown.

[0130] As in Fig. 17 and Fig. As shown in Figure 18, the planting boxes 16 preferably also have functional features, such as ledges 20 for retaining water. Preferably, the ledges 20 are arranged in such a way as to ensure that rainwater is retained evenly in the planting box 16, so that the entire planting is adequately supplied with water.

[0131] Furthermore, it has been implemented according to the Fig. 17 and Fig. 18 proven effective if the insert or planting boxes 16 themselves are also or additionally provided with devices 8 for conveying liquids, in particular in the form of passage openings in the outer walls of the insert or planting boxes 16, in addition to the base body 2 for conveying excess liquid. Preferably the devices 8 are arranged on the eaves side or in the direction of the foot side 4 to ensure effective conveying or conveying of liquid.

[0132] As in Fig. As shown in Figure 19, it has proven advantageous for attaching insert boxes or planters 16, or other functional elements such as PV or solar thermal modules 22, if the base body 2 has one or more fastening devices, particularly at the top and / or bottom 3, 4. Preferably, a fastening rail 26, particularly an internal one, is arranged in the base body 2 at the bottom, especially along the bottom side 4 of the base body 2. The insert boxes or planters 16 can be connected and fixed to the base body 2 or support 1 along this fastening rail 26.

[0133] A detachable connection between the functional element and the base body 2 is preferred. The fastening can therefore be achieved, for example, by means of clamping connections, plug connections, snap-in connections, screw connections or combinations thereof and / or via a hook-in or latching mechanism (see [reference]). Fig. 24). In this case, the insert or planting box 16 advantageously has a correspondingly complementary mounting or hooking rail 26. In this way, a secure arrangement of insert or planting boxes 16 in the base body 2 or support 1 according to the invention is easily and flexibly achieved. Advantageously, no drilling or additional fastening means such as screws or the like are required.

[0134] According to the in Fig. In the further preferred embodiment of the present invention shown in Figure 22, fastening devices are also provided on the head side of the base body 2. Preferably, these are designed as individual fastening elements 27 that can be detachably connected to or are connected to the support 1. Fastening clips or clamps are particularly preferred.

[0135] These fastening clips are designed such that they extend under the head-side frame of the support 1 according to the invention and / or over the edge of a functional element, in particular an insert or planting box 16 (cf. Fig. 23). The clamps can therefore be advantageously used, in particular in the area of ​​conduits or channels or also lower chords in the base of the base body of the support according to the invention, and attached there to the head side 3 of the base body 2.

[0136] Furthermore, as in Fig. 25 It is also possible to provide additional fastening devices or elements 27, such as fastening rails, on the base body, particularly if a particularly resistant or extremely durable connection between the support and the functional element is required. In the design according to Fig.25 are provided on the base body 2 fastening devices or elements 27 for so-called fastening plates 28 or are designed in particular to receive these, which in turn allows for a particularly resistant and durable additional securing of functional elements in the carrier. Reference symbol list: 1 carrier 2 basic shapes 3 Header 4 foot page 5 Long side 6 Head fold part 7 side fold section 8 Device for conveying liquids and / or gases 9 side fold rib 10 Footfold rib 11 Hanging nose 12 battens 13 roof tiles 14 Partition wall 15 recess 16 insert or planting boxes 17 Substrat 18 Planting 19 studs 20 Bridge 21 Device for fixing textile materials 22 solar modules 23 Heat pump 24 Overflow 25 Blind element 26 Mounting rail 27 Fastening device or element 28 mounting plates QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

[0000] This list of documents cited by the applicant was automatically generated and is included solely for the reader's convenience. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA accepts no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited patent literature

[0000] WO 2021 / 028539 A1

[0011]

Claims

[1] Support (1) for at least partially covering pitched roofs and / or for cladding buildings, preferably for at least partially covering pitched roofs, characterized by that the carrier has a base body (2) for receiving and / or fastening functional elements. [2] Carrier (1) according to claim 1, characterized by that the functional element is selected from green roofs, photovoltaic modules, solar thermal modules, heat pumps, air conditioning units, ventilation units and blind elements. [3] Carrier (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by that the base body (2) is in the form of a box open at the top. [4] Carrier according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by that the base body (2) has functional devices, in particular in the form of retention devices, separation devices, fastening devices or mixtures thereof. [5] Carrier according to claim 4, characterized bythat the fastening devices, in particular devices for fastening the functional elements, are selected from devices for producing clamp connections, plug connections, snap-in connections, screw connections or mixtures thereof. [6] Carrier (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the base body (1) has a groove system. [7] Carrier (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the carrier (1) has devices for conveying liquids and / or gases, in particular water and / or air. [8] Carrier (1) according to claim 7, characterized bythat the support (1) has devices for conveying liquids and / or gases, in particular water and / or air, integrated into the base body (2), in particular into the base of the base body (2), in particular wherein the devices integrated, in particular into the base body base, are selected from lines and / or channels. [9] Carrier (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the support (1) can be combined with a conventional roof covering, in particular can be combined in certain areas. [10] Carrier (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the support (1) has at least one fastening device for fastening the support (1) to a pitched roof or a building and / or for fastening the support to at least one further support (1) and / or a conventional roof covering. [11] Carrier (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized bythat the carrier (1) has at least one folding part, in particular wherein the folding part has a head folding part (6) and / or a side folding part (7), preferably a head folding part (6) and a side folding part (7). [12] Carrier (1) according to claim 11, characterized by that the folding part, in particular the head folding part (6), has a bulge projecting downwards from the plane of the head folding part (6), in particular a suspension lug (11). [13] Carrier (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the base body (2) is designed to accommodate one or more, preferably several, plant boxes (16). [14] Carrier (1) according to claim 13, characterized by that the planter box (16) is designed to accommodate a green roof. [15] Carrier (1) according to claim 14, characterized by that the green roof comprises a substrate (17) and plants (18). [16] Carrier (1) according to one of claims 13 to 15, characterized by that the plant box (5) has at least one water retention device. [17] Carrier (1) according to claim 15, characterized by that the water retention devices are selected from knobs (19) and / or webs (20). [18] Carrier (1) according to one of claims 13 to 17, characterized by that the planter (5) has devices (21) for fixing textile materials, in particular woven fabrics, knitted fabrics or nonwovens. [19] Carrier (1) according to one of claims 13 to 18, characterized by that the plant box (5) has recesses and / or openings for the transmission of liquids, in particular water. [20] Carrier (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized bythat the carrier (1) has a length in the range of 100 to 150 cm, preferably 100 to 130 cm, preferably 120 cm, and / or the carrier (1) has a width in the range of 60 to 100 cm, preferably 70 to 90 cm, preferably 80 cm. [21] Carrier (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the base body (2) has the dimensions of a solar module or that the length and / or width of the base body (2) corresponds to half the length and / or half the width of a solar module. [22] Carrier (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the carrier (1) has a height in the range of 5 to 15 cm, in particular 7 to 12 cm, preferably 8 to 11 cm, preferably 10 cm. [23] Use of a support according to one of claims 1 to 22 for at least partially covering pitched roofs or buildings, preferably for at least partially covering pitched roofs. [24] Pitched roof, comprising at least a partial covering with supports according to one of claims 1 to 22.

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