Recyclable, environmentally friendly materials for carbon dioxide sequestration through mineralization

Abstract

Free of heavy metals, except silver and iron, recyclable, environmentally compatible materials (1) for the sequestration of carbon dioxide by mineralization, comprising at least one solid inorganic material (1.1) containing or consisting of alkaline earth oxides and / or hydroxides (1.1.1) or at least one solid inorganic mixture (1.1) containing or consisting of alkaline earth oxides and / or hydroxides (1.1.1) and at least one further solid inorganic component (1.1.2) which forms sparingly soluble carbonates with carbon dioxide and / or which adsorbs carbon dioxide, characterized in that the solid inorganic material (1.1) - fixed on and / or in at least one carrier material (2), selected from the group consisting of gas-permeable plant charcoals (2.1) and gas-permeable synthetic biodegradable solids (2.2) and gas-permeable bio-based biodegradable solids (2.2), using at least one liquid adhesive (3) or hot melt adhesive (3), selected from the group consisting of cements and inorganic synthetic biodegradable and bio-based biodegradable adhesives, or using at least one double-sided adhesive tape (3) based on at least one synthetic biodegradable or bio-based biodegradable solid (2.2), and / or encased by the at least one carrier material (2), or - is in bulk (1.1) which is fixed or enclosed by a container (4) made of solids (2.2) which is permeable to gas on at least two opposite sides.

Description

Field of invention

[0001] The present invention relates to recyclable, environmentally friendly materials for the sequestration of carbon dioxide by mineralization.

[0002] Furthermore, the present invention relates to gas-permeable filters and filter devices as well as building materials and components that contain or consist of recyclable, environmentally friendly materials for the sequestration of carbon dioxide by mineralization.

[0003] Furthermore, processes for producing recyclable, environmentally friendly materials for carbon dioxide sequestration through mineralization are described.

[0004] Furthermore, procedures for the disposal of the spent, recyclable, environmentally friendly materials for carbon dioxide sequestration by mineralization, as well as the filters and filter devices and the building materials and components they contain or are made of, are explained.

[0005] Last but not least, the alternative use of the consumed and / or disposed of, recyclable, environmentally friendly materials for the sequestration of carbon dioxide through mineralization is described. State of the art

[0006] At the 2023 UN Climate Change Conference, it was reiterated that limiting climate change requires not only a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, but also the net removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (keyword: "negative emissions"). A promising technology for the net removal of carbon dioxide is its reversible adsorption using suitable air filters containing carbon dioxide adsorbing materials. This process is also known as "Direct Air Capture (DAC)." The adsorbed carbon dioxide can be desorbed by heating the saturated adsorber materials and used for other purposes, such as the production of methane and other organic compounds, or it can be permanently stored in the ground.The cyclic adsorption / desorption process is also known as the "temperature swing process" (TSP), in which the adsorbent material is repeatedly activated and available for re-adsorption. The DAC process can be implemented both in stationary systems consisting of filter modules, independent of the emission sources (e.g., in large industrial areas), and in mobile and stationary filter systems located near or directly at the emission sources.

[0007] However, a disadvantage is that large-scale plants, such as the one operated by CLIMEWORKS in Iceland, are energy-intensive to operate, which makes the sequestered carbon dioxide very expensive. Furthermore, the final storage of carbon dioxide underground remains controversial.

[0008] For DAC, inorganic adsorbent materials such as modified and unmodified zeolites have already been considered. Examples include the publications of - Zeyu Tang et al.: “Development of zeolite adsorbents for CO2 separation in achieving carbon neutrality”, in npj Material Sustainability, 2, Article number 20 (2024), - Eduardo Perez-Botella et al.: “Zeolites in Adsorption Processes: State of the Art and Future Prospects”, in Chemical Revies, 2022, 122, 17647-17695, - Dina G. Boer et al.: “Zeolites as Selective Adsorbents for CO2 Separation”, in Applied Energy Materials, 2023, 6, 2633-2656, or - Louis Valencia et al.: “Bio based Micro- / Meso- / Macroporous Hybrid Foams with Ultrahigh Zeolite Loadings for Selective Capture of Carbon Dioxide”, in ACS Applied material & Interfaces, 2019, 11,40424-40431, or the patent specifications - EP 4 132 685A1 and B1, - US 9 463 466 B2 or - US 9 358 530 B2.

[0009] Zeolites are thermostable, non-toxic, and occur naturally as minerals. However, they have the disadvantage of requiring drying before they can be used in DAC (Direct Air Conditioning). Another disadvantage is that water has a smaller kinetic molecular diameter than carbon dioxide and is therefore preferentially absorbed by the pores of dry zeolites. This makes dry zeolites very effective drying agents. The air must therefore be pre-dried, which requires additional energy. To avoid this, the surface of the zeolites has been hydrophobically modified with organosilanes such as trimethylsilane. Reference is made to the patent specifications for examples. - WO 2021 / 029979 A1, - WO 2011 / 119808 A1 or - EP 3 225 298 B1 This additional, complex synthesis step can suppress the preferential uptake of water to some extent, but the problem remains that zeolites also adsorb nitrogen. Nitrogen has a kinetic molecular diameter only slightly larger than that of carbon dioxide. Therefore, the selectivity of the zeolites must be very precisely adjusted to ensure that primarily carbon dioxide is adsorbed.

[0010] In the review article by Chenguang Qian et al., “Research progress of CO2 capture and mineralization based on natural minerals,” in International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, 31 (6) 1208-1227, 2024, carbon dioxide adsorption on the untreated natural minerals kaolinite, halloysite, bentonite, montmorillonite, palygorskite, and sepiolite is reported under a carbon dioxide pressure of 1 to 30 bar. Only a few grams of CO2 per kilogram of mineral are adsorbed or chemisorbed. Pretreatment of the minerals with heat, sodium hydroxide, or hydrochloric acid only slightly increases carbon dioxide uptake.

[0011] In the publication by Eduin Yesid Mora Mendoza et al., “Iron oxides as efficient sorbents for CO2 capture”, in Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8, (3), 2944-2956, 2019, the adsorption of carbon dioxide by magnetite and hematite to form siderite (FeCO3) is described. The adsorption is carried out in a planetary ball mill at a CO2 pressure of 30 bar. Desorption of carbon dioxide occurs at temperatures above 360°C.

[0012] These inexpensive natural minerals are therefore unsuitable for DAC under normal conditions (0.04% CO2, T = 23°C and p = 1 bar).

[0013] In their review article, “Mechanistic Understanding of CaO-Based Sorbents for High-Temperature CO2 Capture: Advanced Characterization and Prospects,” published in ChemSusChem, 13(23), 6259–6272, 2020, Maximilian Krödel et al. summarize research on the cyclic adsorption of carbon dioxide onto calcium oxide followed by calcination of the resulting calcium carbonate. They specifically investigate the influence of metal oxide stabilizers and alkali hydroxides on particle sintering during calcination. This cyclic process generally requires very high temperatures.

[0014] In their article “Recent progress of geopolymers for carbon dioxide, capture storage and conversion” in the Journal of CO2 Utilization, Volume 78, December 2023, 102631, Sk S. Hassain and Fahrid Akhtar provide an overview of recent work on carbon dioxide sequestration using geopolymers and present data on adsorption to the materials under a carbon dioxide pressure of 1 bar. However, this does not correspond to environmental conditions.

[0015] A technologically and energetically less expensive method for sequestering carbon dioxide than DAC and its final storage in the deep subsurface would therefore be of great advantage.

[0016] Carbon mineralization is proposed as an alternative using the following methods: 1. Ex-situ carbon mineralization: Solid reactants are transported to the site of CO2 capture and then reacted with CO2-rich liquids or gases. 2. Surface carbon mineralization: CO2-containing liquids or gases are reacted with mine waste, alkaline industrial waste, or sedimentary formations rich in reactive rock fragments, all of which have a high proportion of reactive surface area. 3. In-situ carbon mineralization: CO2-containing fluids are circulated at depth through suitable rock formations. [cf. Chapter 6. Carbon Mineralization of CO2 - Negative Emissions Technologies and reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda, The National Academies Press Book, Washington DC, 2019]

[0017] Furthermore, the large-scale application of volcanic rock such as basalt as rock flour to the Earth's surface is proposed. This rock flour then binds carbon dioxide through accelerated weathering [see University of Augsburg, Press Release 86 / 21 - July 27, 2021 - How rock flour can bind more carbon dioxide than previously thought, International research team publishes study in the journal "Nature Geoscience"]. However, the article by Lars Fischer, "Volcanic rock to save climate goals - When basalt weathers, it binds carbon dioxide and could thus open a path to negative emissions. These are the last chance to still achieve climate goals," published on Spektrum.de on October 21, 2021, points out that this is not possible without limits. The most obvious problem is that the reaction increases not only the concentrations of calcium and silicon, but also the pH value.Water and soil become more alkaline when carbon dioxide is consumed during weathering. Furthermore, rock flour is heavy, so its production, transport, and application require a lot of energy, which in turn can increase CO2 emissions.

[0018] The American patent US 11,628,396 B2 proposes the installation of activated carbon filters under the hood of automobiles to capture carbon dioxide present in the vicinity of combustion engines, preventing it from entering the vehicle interior. However, according to the latest findings, the activated carbon must be electrically charged, similar to how it is used in a battery, to be suitable for the DAC-TSP process [see Huaiguang Li et al., “Capturing carbon dioxide from air with charged-sorbents”, Nature, Vol. 630, 20 June 2024, 654, https: / / www.nature.com / articles / s41586-024-07449-2].

[0019] Soda lime is used in anesthesia machines, closed-circuit breathing apparatus, and submarines to bind exhaled carbon dioxide, which makes up 4% to 5% of exhaled air. This is about one hundred times the carbon dioxide content of air (0.044%). Soda lime mainly contains calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), which reacts with carbon dioxide according to equation I to form lime, i.e., calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), and water. Ca(OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3 + H2O (I).

[0020] In medicine and diving, a mixture of calcium hydroxide and 2% to 4% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is used. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) and barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)₂) were also used in the past. In the presence of sodium hydroxide solution, the reactions proceed according to equations (II) to (IV): CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 (II) H2CO3 + 2NaOH = Na2CO3 + 2H2O (III) Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + 2NaOH (IV).

[0021] Used soda lime containing unreacted sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide is classified as waste requiring monitoring and must be disposed of under waste code 180106. Therefore, soda limes are also available that are free of sodium hydroxide and contain silicon dioxide or lithium hydroxide instead. Another problem with clinically used soda limes is the presence of residues of medications, anesthetics, and / or their decomposition products.

[0022] The use of heavy metal salts such as copper, manganese, or zinc salts as accelerators of the reaction of carbon dioxide with soda lime is also proposed. These additives exacerbate the problems associated with the disposal of soda lime.

[0023] [see also] - German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (DGAI): Soda lime: Instructions for correct handling and professional use in rebreathing systems; - INTERSURGICAL Complete Respiration Systems, SDS Hazard Communication Safety Data Sheet in accordance with REACH Regulation (EC) No. 1907 / 2006 amended by UK REACH Regulation (EU) 1272 / 2008, amended for Great Britain; - German patent application DE 197 40 736 A1 and - German patent application DE 10 2018 008 430A1].

[0024] The soda limes available on the market are loose fillers or granules with a diameter of a few millimeters, stored and distributed in plastic containers. For use in anesthesia machines, rebreathers, and diving equipment, they are filled into plastic filter cartridges. Current technology provides no information on whether the plastics are biodegradable.

[0025] The use of soda lime for the environmentally friendly sequestration of carbon dioxide from the air through mineralization and corresponding recyclable and biodegradable filter materials and building materials, as well as filters, filter devices and building components that contain or consist of these filter materials and building materials, is not known.

[0026] Although well-known gypsum-based building components such as Rigips® or Fermacell® boards are encased in paper or contain recycled paper fibers, they cannot absorb carbon dioxide from the air or other gases. Calcium silicate-based building components, particularly boards, are also known. These are manufactured and distributed, for example, by companies like Thermo Feuerungsbau Service GmbH (https: / / thermo-fb.de / ) and Heinze (https: / / www.heinze.de / alles-zu / kalziumsilikatplatten / 11397936 / ). They are also available under the name Klimaplatte24 in the online shop Klimaplatte 24 (https: / / klimaplatte24.de / ?msclkid=62dca3fa56161a0aee76c47c7a672b56). However, these calcium silicate boards are not used for the intended purpose of the invention, but rather as insulation materials, in fire protection, and to prevent mold growth. Object of the present invention

[0027] The present invention is based on the objective of providing environmentally friendly materials, in particular filter and building materials, free of heavy metals (except silver and iron), which no longer exhibit the disadvantages of the prior art and which bind carbon dioxide in the form of carbonate minerals that are sparingly soluble in pure water. These environmentally friendly carbonate minerals, free of heavy metals (except silver and iron), should be easy to dispose of and, when applied to soils, can be used as soil amendments.

[0028] Another object of the present invention is to propose environmentally friendly filter materials and filters, as well as building materials and components, free from heavy metals except silver and iron, which simultaneously serve to clean and disinfect air.

[0029] Likewise, it is the object of the present invention to propose methods for producing environmentally friendly materials free of heavy metals, except silver and iron, for the sequestration of carbon dioxide by mineralization, in particular filter materials and building materials.

[0030] Furthermore, the object of the present invention is to provide environmentally friendly filters that no longer exhibit the disadvantages of the prior art and that contain environmentally friendly filter materials free of heavy metals, except for silver and iron. These environmentally friendly filters, free of heavy metals, except for silver and iron, should be just as easy to dispose of and, when applied to soils, to use as soil amendments, as the filter materials they contain.

[0031] Furthermore, it is the object of the present invention to provide filter devices that contain the environmentally friendly filters. The solution according to the invention

[0032] Accordingly, the object of the present invention is achieved by the heavy metal-free materials (excluding silver and iron) for the sequestration of carbon dioxide by mineralization according to independent claim 1. For the sake of brevity, the heavy metal-free materials (excluding silver and iron) for the sequestration of carbon dioxide by mineralization will hereinafter be referred to as "materials according to the invention." Advantageous embodiments of the materials according to the invention are the subject of dependent claims 2 to 16, which refer back to claim 1.

[0033] Furthermore, the object of the present invention is achieved by the filters free of heavy metals, except silver and iron, according to dependent claim 17. For the sake of brevity, the filters free of heavy metals, except silver and iron, will hereinafter be referred to as "filters according to the invention." Advantageous embodiments of the filters according to the invention are the subject of dependent claims 18 to 22, which refer back to dependent claim 17.

[0034] Furthermore, the object of the present invention is achieved by the filter device according to dependent claim 23, which is hereinafter referred to as the "filter device according to the invention". Advantageous embodiments of the filter device according to the invention are the subject of dependent claims 24 to 26, which refer back to dependent claim 23. Advantages of the invention

[0035] With regard to the prior art, it was surprising and not foreseeable for the person skilled in the art that the object of the present invention would be solved by means of the filter materials and filters, the building materials and components according to the invention.

[0036] The common basis and inventive link that connects these inventions are the materials according to the invention, which underlie all aspects of the invention.

[0037] The materials according to the invention are, with the exception of optional silver or iron, free of heavy metals that can harm soils as well as fauna and flora. The inorganic materials and mixtures contained in the materials according to the invention bind large quantities of carbon dioxide as carbonates, which are sparingly soluble in pure water, and can also adsorb carbon dioxide. Thus, the solid, inorganic materials can bind up to 50 wt% of their own weight in carbon dioxide. The solid, inorganic materials are substances that are manufactured on an industrial scale, or they are natural and modified natural minerals. Therefore, they are also economically advantageous.

[0038] The consumed inorganic materials, which no longer bind any further carbon dioxide, are no longer problematic waste materials or special waste, but can be easily stored or applied to and / or in soils and re-enter the rock cycle.

[0039] The carrier materials used in the materials according to the invention consist of biocompatible plant charcoals, which are, among other things, an essential component of Terra Preta Humanidade [see European Patent EP 2 188 230 B1 and the corresponding American patent application US 2010 / 0109734 A1]. Alternatively, they consist of biodegradable or bio-based and biodegradable solids. These solids can be in a wide variety of forms, as long as they are gas-permeable and, in particular, air-permeable.

[0040] Because only inorganic or biodegradable or bio-based and biodegradable adhesives are used to fix the inorganic materials, they can be stored without problems together with the other components of the filters, building materials and components according to the invention, such as the biodegradable or bio-based and biodegradable containers, or applied to and / or in soils, stored underground and used as soil conditioners or as components of fertilizers.

[0041] Another advantage of the consumed filter materials and filters according to the invention, as well as building materials and components, is that they can be mechanochemically pulverized in a mixture with aluminas, after which the resulting powders can also be used as soil amendments and, furthermore, for the production of building materials.

[0042] Due to their diverse embodiments, the filters according to the invention can be reinstalled and reused in a removable manner in a wide variety of filter devices according to the invention, through which gases and, in particular, air flow. Thus, the filters according to the invention are ideally suited for filter devices according to the invention such as air conditioners and room fans for reducing the carbon dioxide concentration in occupied rooms, for filter devices according to the invention that are installed in or on means of transport such as cars or trucks, or on the outlet side of heat pumps, exhaust systems, and chimneys, or for stand-alone filter devices according to the invention that are exposed to airflow. In this way, large quantities of carbon dioxide can be removed from the air in a decentralized manner, resulting in "negative emissions," using numerous, comparatively small and inexpensive filter devices according to the invention.Alternatively, it can be prevented from the outset that carbon dioxide enters the air. Once the filter materials according to the invention are used up in the filter devices according to the invention, the used filters can be replaced with fresh ones.

[0043] Another major advantage of the filter materials, filters and filter devices according to the invention is that they can be equipped with microsilver particles in particular to contain biocides, so that they can continue to be used for cleaning and disinfecting contaminated air even after the filter materials have been consumed.

[0044] Comparable advantages arise for the building materials and components according to the invention.

[0045] Furthermore, another significant advantage of the filter materials, filters and filter devices and the building materials and components according to the invention is that, in the presence of oxygen, they are also able to mineralize sulfur dioxide as sparingly soluble alkaline earth sulfates such as gypsum (CaSO4).

[0046] Furthermore, the carbon dioxide bound in carbonates, especially alkaline earth carbonates, and particularly in calcium carbonate, can be released with dilute acids, especially sulfuric acid, and collected as a raw material. The resulting alkaline earth salts, especially gypsum, are additional valuable products.

[0047] Last but not least, the sequestration process does not require elaborate large-scale facilities; instead, sequestration can be carried out decentrally using numerous filter devices according to the invention, which can be optimally adapted to the conditions of the most diverse locations.

[0048] Overall, the filter materials, filters and filter devices as well as the building materials and components according to the invention enable everyone to significantly reduce their personal carbon or CO2 footprint without great effort and to gain valuable products in the process.

[0049] Numerous other advantages and applications are detailed in the following description. Detailed description of the invention

[0050] Within the scope of the present invention, the materials according to the invention serve as filter materials and building materials according to the invention.

[0051] The filter materials according to the invention, in turn, serve to manufacture the filters according to the invention, which are installed in the filter devices according to the invention.

[0052] The building materials according to the invention are in turn used to manufacture the building components according to the invention.

[0053] Within the scope of the present invention, "pure water" is understood to mean demineralized water, distilled water and drinking water.

[0054] Within the scope of the present invention, carbonates are considered to be sparingly soluble in pure water if their solubility product K L <10 -8 mol 2 / L 2 is.

[0055] Within the scope of the present invention, "gas-permeable" means that gases, particularly air, can pass through the filter materials and filters according to the invention without a significant increase in pressure differential. Gases include carbon dioxide or gases containing carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, preferably gases with a low concentration of carbon dioxide and optionally sulfur dioxide (<10%, preferably <5%, particularly preferably <5%, and especially <1%). This primarily refers to ambient air, particularly in the vicinity of plants producing carbon dioxide and optionally sulfur dioxide.

[0056] Within the scope of the present invention, “biodegradable” means that the materials in question are gradually degraded into environmentally compatible substances in the open air by solar radiation, weathering and microorganisms or by composting and fermentation, as well as in the soil by microorganisms and soil chemicals.

[0057] In the context of the present invention, “bio-based” means that the materials in question are renewable raw materials or materials that have been produced from renewable raw materials.

[0058] Within the scope of the present invention, “free from heavy metals” means that they are present as metals and metal compounds in a concentration that is below the detection limits of their respective detection methods or below the legally prescribed maximum concentration values.

[0059] The materials according to the invention serve to sequester carbon dioxide by mineralization. As a desirable and advantageous additional function, they can also mineralize sulfur dioxide as sparingly soluble sulfates such as gypsum in the presence of oxygen.

[0060] The materials according to the invention are free of heavy metals, except for silver and iron. In one advantageous embodiment, silver may be included as a biocide. In yet another advantageous embodiment, iron and iron compounds may be present as iron carbonate formers.

[0061] The materials according to the invention comprise, as a first essential component, at least one solid inorganic material containing or consisting of alkaline earth oxides and / or hydroxides. Alternatively, the at least one solid inorganic material comprises at least one solid inorganic mixture consisting of at least one alkaline earth oxide and / or hydroxide and at least one further solid inorganic component that forms sparingly soluble carbonates with carbon dioxide and / or adsorbs carbon dioxide, or the solid inorganic mixture consists of these two components.

[0062] The alkaline earth oxides and / or hydroxides are magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, and barium hydroxide. Calcium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, and / or calcium hydroxide are preferably used. Magnesium hydroxide and / or calcium hydroxide are particularly preferred. Calcium hydroxide is especially preferred.

[0063] If calcium hydroxide produced from burnt lime is used in the filter material according to the invention, where carbon dioxide is captured during production (CCS, Carbon Capture and Storage) or used directly as in sugar factories, the climate-protecting effect of the sequestration process is further increased [see also: - Greco-Coppi, M., Hofmann, C., Walter, D. et al., Negative CO emissions in the lime production using an indirectly heated carbonate looping process. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. GlobChange 28, 30 (2023). https: / / doi.org / 10.1007 / s 11027-023-10064-7; - Agustin Laveglia et al., From quarry to carbon sink: process-based LCA modelling of lime-based construction materials for net-zero and carbon-negative transformation, Green Chemistry 11, 2024; - Lhoist, Press release, Wülfrath, 28 July 2023, „CalCC“ for CO capture, Europe promote innovative technologies; - CemNet.com » Cement News » VTT electric kiln targets carbon neutral cement production, 09 December 2022, Published under Cement News Tagged Under: VTT Finland Western Europe Finnsementti Nordkalk].

[0064] Preferably, the at least one additional solid, inorganic component that forms sparingly soluble carbonates with carbon dioxide and / or adsorbs carbon dioxide is selected from the group consisting of natural, modified natural, and synthetic minerals. Geopolymers, aluminates, silicates, and zeolites, in particular calcium- and magnesium-containing geopolymers, aluminates, silicates, and zeolites, and / or iron-containing minerals are preferred.

[0065] The preferred mineral is at least one natural, modified natural and synthetic mineral from the group consisting of - Pozzolans, - Geopolymers (Polysialates (Si-O-Al), networks of tetrahedral [SiO4] 4- - and [AIO4] 5- -units), - calcined and precipitated calcium aluminates, - Amesit Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 - Anorthite (Ca(Al2Si2O8) (90-100% anorthite)), - Bytownite ((Ca,Na)[(Si,Al)4O8] (70-90 % Anorthite)), - Labradorite ((Ca,Na)[(Si,AI)4O8] (50-70 % Anorthite)), - Andesine ((Na,Ca)[(Si,AI)O8] (30-50 % Anorthite)), - Oligoclase ((Na,Ca)(Si,Al)4O8 (10-30 % Anorthite)), - Gehlenite (Ca2,Al2SiO7), - Hydrotalkite (Mg6Al2[(OH) 16 |CO 3] ·4H2O), - Mordenite (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si 40 )OR 96 ·28H2O, - Palygorskite (Attapulgite, (Mg,Al)4[OH|(Si,Al)4O 10 ]2·(4+4) H2O), - Vermiculite ((Mg 0,5 ,Ca 0,5 ,Na,K) 0,7 (Mg,Fe,Al)3[(OH)2|(Al,Si)2Si2O 10 ]·4H2O), - Chabasite-Ca (Ca2[Al4CysO 24 ]·13H2O), - Chabasite-Mg ((Mg 0.7 K 0.5 Ca 0.5 The 0.1 )[Al3Si9O 24] ·10H2O) - Chabasite-Sr ((Sr,Ca)2[Al4Si8O 24 ]·11H2O), - Ackermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7), - Antigorite (Blätterserpentine; Mg3Si2O5(OH)4), - Brucite (Mg(OH)2), - Bredigit (Ca7Mg(SiO4)4, - calcium bentonite (agricultural bentonite), - Calcium pyroxenes, - Chrysotile (fiber serpentine; Mg3Si2O5(OH)4), - Cuspidin (Ca4Si2O7F2), - beta-dicalcium silicate (CaSiO4), - gamma-dicalcium silicate (CaSiO4), - Enstatite (Mg2Si2O6), - Fosterite (Mg2[SiO4]), - Clinochrysotile - Lizardite (Mg3Si2O5(OH)4), - Merwinite (Ca3Mg(SiO4)2), - Olivine (Mg2SiO4), (Ca2SiO4), - Orthochrysotile, - Parachrysotile, - Periclase (MgO), - Plagioclase, - Sepiolite (Meerschaum, Mg8[(OH)2|Si6O 15 ]2·(4+8)H2O), - Smectites, calcium and magnesium smectites, - Steel slag - Talk (Mg3[(OH)2|Si4O 10 ]), - Toberomite (Ca4Si6O 17( H2O)2·(Ca · 3H2O)), - alumina cement, - Wollastonite (Ca3[Si3O9]), - Cronstedtite (Fe 2+ ,Fe 3+ )3(Si,Fe 3+ )2O5(OH)4, - Fayalite (Fe2SiO4) - Greenalith (Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ ) 2-3 Si2O5(OH)4, - Siderite (FeCO3) forming hematite-iron-carbon mixtures and - Siderite-forming ferrite-iron-carbon mixtures, selected.

[0066] The alkaline earth oxides and / or hydroxides and the natural, modified natural and / or synthetic minerals can be present in various forms. Preferably, they are present as thin layers, particularly 0.1 mm to 5 mm thick, fixed to the support materials. Alternatively, they are fine- or coarse-grained bulk materials with a preferred particle size of 0.1 mm to 10 mm. Particularly preferred are particles such as spheres, hollow spheres, shards, granules, ground chunks, pellets, rings, spheres with core-shell structures, ellipsoids, cubes, cuboids, pyramids, cones, cylinders, rhombuses, dodecahedra, truncated dodecahedra, icosahedra, truncated icosahedra, dumbbells, tori, plates, needles with circular, oval, elliptical, square, triangular, quadrilateral, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal or star-shaped cross-sections, as well as shards, rings, dumbbells, tori, needles and plates bent in at least one direction of space.Spheres or pellets are preferred.

[0067] The weight ratio of the at least one alkaline earth oxide and / or hydroxide to the at least one natural, modified natural and / or synthetic mineral can vary widely in the solid, inorganic mixture and thus be ideally adapted to the specific requirements. Preferably, this weight ratio of alkaline earth oxide and / or hydroxide to mineral is 1:100 to 100:1, more preferably 1:10 to 10:1, more preferably 1:8 to 8:1, more preferably 1:6 to 6:1, most preferably 1:4 to 4:1, and more particularly preferably 1:2 to 2:1.

[0068] The solid, inorganic materials to be used according to the invention may contain at least one additive selected from the group consisting of water, alkali hydroxides, in particular lithium, sodium and potassium hydroxide, pH indicators, in particular ethyl violet or titanium yellow, calcium salts, in particular calcium sulfate and chloride, silicon dioxide, quartz, glass, corundum, other zeolites, in particular zeolites A, X, Y, L, 5 or 11, polymeric superabsorbents, in particular superabsorbents based on polyacrylates, environmentally safe surfactants, in particular sugar surfactants (alkyl polyglycosides, APG), air-entraining agents such as wood resin (tall and balsam resins), lignosulfonates or salts of polycarboxylic acids, and accelerators such as tricalcium and monocalcium aluminate. Preferably, the at least one additive is used in comparatively small amounts.

[0069] A significant advantage of the solid, inorganic material to be used according to the invention is that it is already biocidal as such.

[0070] In the material according to the invention, the solid inorganic materials to be used, i.e. the alkaline earth oxides and / or hydroxides or the solid inorganic mixture, are fixed on and / or in at least one carrier material selected from the group consisting of gas-permeable, in particular air-permeable, plant charcoals as well as gas-permeable, in particular air-permeable, biodegradable and gas-permeable, in particular air-permeable, bio-based and biodegradable solids, and / or they are encased by the at least one carrier material.

[0071] Preferably, the at least one carrier material is selected from the group consisting of - particulate, porous, pyrogenic biochars that still reveal the plant structure of the starting materials, - sheet, particle and fibrous woods, polylactides (PLA), poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalates) (PBAT), polybutylene succinates (PBS), polycaprolactones (PBS), polyhydrocyanoates (PHA), thermoplastic starches (TPS), synthetic biodegradable polymers and blends of TPS with synthetic biodegradable polymers, in particular Mater-Bi, - Seed fibers, hard fibers, wool and fine animal hair, coarse animal hair, silks, fibers made from natural polymers, plant protein fibers, protein fibers and fibers based on starch and glucose and - Combinations of at least two of these materials, selected.

[0072] The preferred type of particulate, porous, pyrogenic biochar is produced by pyrolysis above 300°C of plants selected from the group consisting of kiri trees, bamboo, shrubs, beeches, oaks, and ash trees, as well as C4 plants exhibiting a crown-like structure. In particular, the C4 plants include grasses, maize, sugar cane, millet, giant miscanthus, and amaranth.

[0073] Preferred are the synthetic, biodegradable polymers polyesters, in particular the polyesters according to the dissertation: Biodegradable polyesters - New ways with bismuth catalysts, DISSERTATION to obtain the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences of the Department of Chemistry of the University of Hamburg, submitted by Gesa Behnken, from Hamburg, Hamburg 2008.

[0074] Preferred materials include wood fibers, seed fibers, hard fibers, wool and fine animal hair, coarse animal hair, silk and fibers made from natural polymers, plant protein fibers, and protein fibers based on wood, starch and glucose.

[0075] Particularly preferred are - Cellulose fibers (CO), in particular cotton (CO), viscose (CV), modal (CMD), lyocell (CLY), cupro (CUP), acetate (CA), triacetate (CTA), kapok (KP), poplar down, akon, bamboo fibers, nettle fibers, hemp fibers (HA), jute (JU), kenaf, linen (LI), hops, ramie (RA), pineapple, caroá, curauá, henequen, New Zealand flax, sisal (SI) and coconut (CC), - Wool from sheep (WO), alpaca, llama, vicuña, guanaco, angora (WA), rabbit, camel hair (WK), cashmere (WS) and mohair (WM), cattle hair, horsehair, goat hair, - Mulberry silk (SE), tussah silk (ST), mussel silk, soy protein fibers, zein and other prolamins, casein, albumins, collagen, glycoproteins, collagens, globulins, elastin, nucleoproteins, histones, keratin, chromoproteins, protamines, fibrinogens, phosphoproteins, prolamins, myosin, lipoproteins, hydrophobin, alginate fibers (ALG), chitosan fibers and - Mixtures of at least two of these fibers. In particular, cellulose fibers (CO) such as coconut fibers (CC), hemp fibers (HA), jute fibers (JU) and / or sisal fibers (SI) are used.

[0076] Further fibers of this type can be found in the Wikipedia article "Fiber" (Fiber - Wikipedia; downloaded on 14.01.2025).

[0077] The biodegradable wood fibers, seed fibers, hard fibers, wools and fine animal hair, coarse animal hair, silks and fibers made from natural polymers, plant protein fibers, and protein fibers based on wood, starch and glucose can comprise up to 99 wt% of the preselected total amount of fibers. - Mineral fibers are obtained from rock types with a fibrous structure, such as fibrous gypsum or wollastonite, - Fibers made of synthetic polymers such as polyester (PES), in particular polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyamide (PA) (USA nylon), polyimide (PL), polyamide-imide (PAI), aramid (AR), polyacrylic (PAN), in particular polyacrylonitrile, modacrylic (MAC), polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene (PE), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polypropylene (PP), polychloride (CLF), chlorofibers (CLF), in particular polyvinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride, elastane (EL); (EA / ELAS); (PUE), (USA: Spandex, Japan: polyurethane), polybenzoxazole (PBO) based on poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole), polybenzimidazole (PBI), polyurea, melamine (MEL, formerly also MF), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), Trivynil (It. DIN EN ISO 2076:2014-03 (without abbreviation, formerly: TV), Elastolefin (EOL) (USA: Lastol), Elastomultiester (ELE) (formerly also: EME; USA: Elasterell-p), Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA or PVAL), Polycarbonate (PC) and Polystyrene (PST, PS) - Fibers made from inorganic materials such as ceramic fibers, in particular oxide ceramic fibers such as aluminum oxides, mullites and yttrium oxides, and non-oxide ceramic fibers such as silicon carbide (SiC), silicon carbide nitride (SiCN) and polysilazanes (SiBCN), aluminum silicate wool, quartz fiber, silica fibers, basalt fibers, carbon fibers (CF), boron fibers, crystal fibers such as single-crystal fibers (whiskers) made from a monocrystalline material such as sapphire (Al2O3) or YAG (Y3Al5O). 12 ) and silicon carbide and silicon nitride fibers, slag fibers and nanotube fibers.

[0078] If these fibers are used, special measures must be taken during the disposal of the used materials according to the invention in order to separate these fibers and dispose of them separately in accordance with regulations. This embodiment of the material according to the invention is therefore only used for specific applications for which the additional disposal effort is justified for technical, environmental, and economic reasons.

[0079] The fibers are particularly preferably in the form of woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, crocheted fabrics, nonwovens, papers, fleeces, fiber-oriented fleeces, felts, random fiber fleeces, spunbond fleeces and / or melt-blown materials.

[0080] The fibers are mono- or multifilament fibers. Their thickness can vary widely, typically ranging from a few nanometers to 1 mm, depending on the material composition and intended use. Their length can also vary widely, ranging from 1 mm to 10 cm for short-cut fibers. Continuous fibers, on the other hand, can be of any length.

[0081] The fiber content of the materials according to the invention can vary very widely and can therefore be excellently adapted to the shape and intended use of the materials according to the invention. Preferably, the content is between 5 vol.% and 99 vol.%, more preferably between 10 vol.% and 95 vol.%, and particularly between 20 vol.% and 90 vol.%.

[0082] According to the invention, at least one liquid adhesive or hot melt adhesive selected from the group consisting of putties and inorganic, synthetic biodegradable and bio-based biodegradable adhesives is used to fix the alkaline earth oxides and / or hydroxides or the solid, inorganic mixtures onto and / or in the carrier materials, or double-sided, biodegradable adhesive tapes are used.

[0083] Preferably, the at least one adhesive is selected from the group consisting of cement-based adhesives, setting plasters, dental cement, lithium, sodium and potassium silicate, aluminum acetate, inorganic putty, window putty, animal glue, wallpaper pastes, adhesives based on casein, glutin, dextrin, starch, proteins, gelatin and polyvinyl acetate, as well as mixtures of at least two of these adhesives. In the case of gas-permeable, in particular air-permeable, perforated plate-shaped carrier materials, biodegradable, double-sided adhesive tapes are preferably used.

[0084] In a further advantageous embodiment of the filter material according to the invention, the at least one carrier material and / or the at least one adhesive contains an effective amount of at least one biocide. The at least one biocide is particularly effective against archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes, protists, fungi, fungal spores, green algae, viruses, or virions and prevents the decomposition of the at least one carrier material and / or the at least one adhesive and the growth of biofilms during the use of the filter material according to the invention. Preferably, solid, inorganic biocides are used that do not contain heavy metals, except for silver. Silver microparticles are preferably used. In particular, the silver microparticles described in paragraphs

[0065] to

[0075] of German patent application DE 10 2023 106 549 A1 are used.

[0085] Preferably, the materials according to the invention, in particular the filter materials and building materials, are produced using manufacturing process I.

[0086] Manufacturing process I includes at least the essential process steps. - Application of at least one liquid adhesive, at least one hot melt adhesive or at least one double-sided, biodegradable adhesive tape onto and / or in the at least one carrier material, - Application of the at least one solid or suspended solid inorganic material to the at least one carrier material comprising at least one uncured and / or undried liquid adhesive or hot melt adhesive or at least one biodegradable double-sided adhesive tape and - Fixing the at least one solid, inorganic material to the at least one carrier material by curing and / or drying the at least one liquid adhesive or hot melt adhesive or - Fixing the at least one solid, inorganic material by curing and / or drying the at least one suspended, solid, inorganic material and the at least one liquid adhesive or hot melt adhesive.

[0087] The suspension is preferably prepared by dispersing the at least one solid, inorganic material in a liquid, preferably water. Conventional and well-known dispersants such as stirred tanks with high-speed agitators, Ultraturrax, ultrasonic dispersers, or resonant acoustic mixers can be used.

[0088] The application of the at least one liquid adhesive to and / or into the at least one carrier material is preferably carried out using conventional and known methods such as dipping, spraying, in particular compressed air spraying, airless spraying, air-mix spraying, brushing, hot spraying, curtain casting, doctor blade application, two-component coating, electrostatic spraying, electrostatically assisted spraying, roller application, wiping, pouring, troweling, strip coating, ribbon coating, centrifuging and drum coating.

[0089] These application methods can also be used in the subsequent application of the suspension of the at least one solid, inorganic material.

[0090] In a preferred method for applying the at least one liquid adhesive or hot melt adhesive to and / or into the particulate, i.e., particle-shaped or fibrous, carrier materials described above, in particular isolated fibers and short-cut fibers, a system is used that includes an automatic feed of the particulate carrier materials onto an endless belt equipped with a non-stick coating and guided by at least two transport rollers, with a vibrating section. The fed particulate carrier materials are vibrated and, in a first station, sprayed with at least one liquid adhesive or a hot melt adhesive. The vibration ensures that the carrier materials are coated as uniformly as possible.Before the liquid adhesive or hot melt adhesive is cured, it is sprayed in a second station with the particulate, solid, inorganic material or with the suspension of the at least one solid, inorganic material while vibrating, so that the particles are evenly distributed on and in the carrier materials and adhere. If necessary, the adhesives are cured in a third station – also while vibrating – in a continuous oven or with IR emitters and / or UV radiation. The vibration prevents the materials according to the invention from sticking together and forming firmly adhering films on the continuous belt. If this does occur to some extent, the materials according to the invention are separated in a further station and then discharged into a storage container.Any remaining hardened adhesives adhering to the endless belt are scraped off with squeegees after the endless belt has been redirected.

[0091] In another preferred method for coating woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, textiles, nets, grids, papers, nonwovens, fiber-oriented nonwovens, felts, random-fiber nonwovens, and spunbond nonwovens, a belt coating system is used, comprising an automatic feed of the substrate materials onto an endless belt guided by transport rollers. In a first station, the fed endless belt is passed through an immersion bath containing a liquid adhesive. In a second station, the endless belt with the applied liquid adhesive is passed through the gap between two squeeze rollers, where excess liquid adhesive is squeezed off and collected in a tray.In a third step, the adhesive-coated continuous tape is sprayed or sprinkled across its entire width with the particulate, solid, inorganic material or the suspension of the at least one solid, inorganic material, so that the particles are evenly distributed on and within the substrate and adhere to it. Subsequently, in a fourth step, the liquid adhesives are cured in a continuous oven and / or with IR emitters and / or with UV radiation, resulting in the materials according to the invention. Finally, the materials in the form of a continuous tape can be cut to size as needed.

[0092] Preferably, the perforated plate-shaped materials according to the invention, in particular the perforated plate-shaped filter materials according to the invention, are produced from unperforated discs or plates. These are covered on one or both sides with the double-sided, biodegradable adhesive tape, in particular in the form of a double-sided, biodegradable adhesive film, after which the holes are punched out with the desired clear opening and in the desired grid. Subsequently, the particulate, solid, inorganic material or the suspension of the at least one solid, inorganic material is applied to one or both sides by spraying or sprinkling.

[0093] The process steps are preferably carried out under carbon dioxide-depleted or carbon dioxide-free air or under inert gas. Drying and curing can take place at temperatures from 20°C to 200°C. Preferably, the materials according to the invention are packaged airtight after their production until they are used.

[0094] The materials described above according to the invention, and in particular the filter materials according to the inventive manufacturing process I, are an essential component of the filters according to the invention.

[0095] Alternatively, the at least one filter material according to the invention is at least one bulk material.

[0096] The filters according to the invention each contain at least one layered filter material for the sequestration of carbon dioxide by mineralization. This at least one layered filter material can have different shapes. Preferably, it is flat and planar, a block, or a column with a circular, oval, or polygonal, preferably triangular, square, hexagonal, or octagonal, perimeter.

[0097] Alternatively, the at least one filter material is a layer of bulk material, the shape of which is determined by the container to be used as described below, by which the bulk material is fixed.

[0098] The at least one layered filter material or the bulk material layer is stored in at least one, in particular one, partially or entirely gas-permeable, and in particular partially or entirely air-permeable, container. The at least one partially or entirely gas-permeable container is constructed from synthetic, biodegradable and / or bio-based, biodegradable nets, grids, woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, textiles, papers, nonwovens, fiber-oriented nonwovens, felts, random fiber nonwovens, spunbond nonwovens and / or meltblown materials and / or sheets and / or perforated sheets made of synthetic, biodegradable and / or bio-based, biodegradable solids.

[0099] Preferably, the gas-permeable, in particular air-permeable, container is made of fibrous woods, polylactides (PLA), poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalates) (PBAT), polybutylene succinates (PBS), polycaprolactones (PBS), polyhydrocyanoates (PHA), thermoplastic starches (TPS) and / or blends of TPS with synthetic, biodegradable polymers such as Mater-Bi and / or from the seed fibers, hard fibers, wools, fine animal hair, coarse animal hair, silks, fibers made of natural polymers, plant protein fibers, protein fibers and / or fibers based on starch and / or glucose and / or from sheet- and perforated-plate woods, polylactides (PLA), poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalates) (PBAT), polybutylene succinates (PBS), polycaprolactones (PBS), composed of polyhydrocyanoates (PHA), thermoplastic starches (TPS) and / or blends of TPS with synthetic, biodegradable polymers such as Mater-Bi.

[0100] Preferably, the fibers, in particular hemp, jute, sisal, or coconut fibers, form tear-resistant nets, grids, or fabrics in the form of gas-permeable, especially air-permeable, boxes, bags, baskets, or tubes as containers. Particularly preferred are rods and / or discs incorporated into the nets, grids, or fabrics made of wood, bamboo, and / or the biodegradable polymers described above to support and reinforce the containers.

[0101] The at least one gas-permeable container preferably has at least one, in particular one, reversibly or permanently closable opening through which the at least one, in particular layered, filter material or the at least one bulk material is inserted into the interior of the gas-permeable, in particular air-permeable, container.

[0102] The at least one opening is preferably closable or closed with a textile seam, an adhesive, an adhesive tape, a zipper, a hook and loop fastener or with a network, grid, woven fabric, knitted fabric, textile, paper, nonwoven, fiber-oriented nonwoven, felt, random fiber nonwoven, spunbond nonwoven and / or a plate or perforated plate made of synthetic biodegradable and / or bio-based and biodegradable solids.

[0103] The at least one filter according to the invention can also contain at least one of the biocides described above in its container.

[0104] Preferably, the filter according to the invention is manufactured using manufacturing process II. Manufacturing process II comprises at least the following process steps: (I) Producing at least one material according to the invention, in particular a filter material according to the invention, using the production method I, (II) Formation of at least one layered filter material according to the invention, (III) Storage of the at least one layered filter material or filling of the at least one bulk material through the at least one opening into the at least one container, (IV) Closing the at least one opening with a textile seam, an adhesive, an adhesive tape, a zipper, a hook and loop fastener or with a network, grid, woven fabric, knitted fabric, textile, paper, nonwoven, fiber-oriented nonwoven, felt, random fiber nonwoven, spunbond nonwoven and / or a plate or perforated plate made of synthetic biodegradable and / or bio-based and biodegradable solids.

[0105] The process steps are preferably carried out under carbon dioxide-depleted or carbon dioxide-free air or under inert gas. Preferably, the filters according to the invention are hermetically sealed after their manufacture until they are used.

[0106] In the filter device according to the invention, at least one filter according to the invention is stored in at least one actively or passively generated gas stream, in particular an air stream, in a way that allows for its removal.

[0107] Preferably, the actively generated gas flow, in particular air flow, is generated externally by the filter device according to the invention using a stationary device that generates at least one gas flow, in particular an air flow. For this purpose, the at least one filter device according to the invention is placed in front of its gas outlet openings. Alternatively, the at least one filter device according to the invention is placed in the gas flow, in particular the air flow, generated by the device.

[0108] The devices for the external active generation of a gas flow, in particular an air flow, are preferably the outdoor unit of a heat pump, a vent pipe, an exhaust pipe, an air conditioning system, a wind turbine, or a wind power plant. The filter device according to the invention can be arranged on the air intake side and / or on the air outlet side of the heat pump.

[0109] Alternatively, the gas flow, in particular the air flow, is actively generated internally by means of a device integrated into the filter device according to the invention. Preferably, the integrated device is at least one fan selected from the group consisting of axial fans, counter-rotating axial fans, pressure axial fans, suction axial fans, single-sided or double-sided radial fans, centrifugal fans, diagonal fans, tangential or cross-flow fans, turbines and compressors.

[0110] Alternatively, the gas flow, particularly the air flow, is actively generated by means of the movement of a means of transport on land, water, or in the air, to which the filter device is connected. Examples of such means of transport include passenger cars, trucks, trains, ships, motorboats, airplanes, or zeppelins.

[0111] In contrast, passively generated airflow is caused by natural air movements such as wind, updrafts, or downdrafts. For this purpose, the filter devices according to the invention are positioned at suitable locations in the landscape, for example on hills, mountains, or beaches, where they are exposed to sea breezes.

[0112] Depending on their intended use and installation location, the filter devices according to the invention can have different designs, constructions, and shapes. Preferably, they each comprise at least one partially or completely gas-permeable, in particular air-permeable, supporting shell or outer wall in which at least one layered filter according to the invention is stably, securely, and removably mounted. Optionally, the supporting shell includes at least one of the aforementioned built-in devices, in particular at least one fan. Preferably, the filter devices according to the invention, when placed outdoors, have components for protection against rain, hail, snow, and ice, such as roofs and air inlet and outlet openings protected by louvers. They can be protected against vandalism, damage, and removal of the filter material according to the invention by sturdy metal grilles and locks.Fixed anchoring can prevent or at least make it more difficult to steal the filter devices according to the invention.

[0113] The filter devices according to the invention can further be equipped with peripherals for electronic, optical, optoelectronic, hydraulic, pneumatic, and mechanical control and regulation, measurement, and display of the physical and chemical parameters. These peripherals can include conventional and known electronic data processing systems, electrically, electronically, optically, optoelectronically, mechanically, hydraulically, and pneumatically actuated actuators, pressure, temperature, and flow measuring devices, as well as the corresponding sensors for chemical compounds in the gases or in the air, in particular carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide sensors.

[0114] Depending on the shape of the filters according to the invention, the supporting casing or outer wall can have the form of a polygonal, in particular square, round or oval, flat, block-like, column-like box or tube. It can be arranged vertically, obliquely, or horizontally.

[0115] The diameter of the outer wall, and thus of the device according to the invention, can vary widely and depends primarily on the volume of gas or air flowing through it. Preferably, the diameter is between 5 cm and 100 cm. A wall thickness of 0.2 cm to 3 cm is preferred, 0.3 cm to 3 cm is particularly preferred, and 0.5 cm to 3 cm is especially preferred.

[0116] The height of the outer wall can also vary widely. Preferably, the height is 30 cm to 500 cm, more preferably 50 cm to 500 cm, and particularly 60 cm to 500 cm.

[0117] The exterior wall can be made of a wide variety of materials. Examples of suitable materials include plastics, glass, hardwoods, metals, and composite materials made from these.

[0118] Suitable plastics include common and well-known linear and / or branched and / or blocky, comb-like and / or statistically structured polyaddition resins, polycondensation resins and / or (co)polymers of ethylene unsaturated monomers.

[0119] Examples of suitable (co)polymers are (meth)acrylate (co)polymers and / or polystyrene, polyvinyl esters, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl halides, polyvinylamides, polyacrylonitriles, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polybutylenes, polyisoprenes and / or their copolymers.

[0120] Examples of suitable polyaddition or polycondensation resins include polyesters, alkyds, polylactones, polycarbonates, polyethers, proteins, epoxy resin amine adducts, polyurethanes, alkyd resins, polysiloxanes, phenol-formaldehyde resins, urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, cellulose, polysulfides, polyacetals, polyethylene oxides, polycaprolactams, polylactones, polylactides, polyimides, and / or polyureas.

[0121] As is well known, thermosets are produced from multifunctional, low molecular weight and / or oligomeric compounds by thermally and / or actinic radiation-initiated (co)polymerization.

[0122] The plastics may contain common and well-known reinforcing fibers and fillers.

[0123] Examples of suitable metals are aluminum, chromium steel, high-alloy steel, low-alloy ferritic steel, unalloyed steel and titanium.

[0124] Examples of suitable hardwoods are beech, oak, and ash.

[0125] Examples of suitable glasses are described in Römpp-Online under the keywords "glass", "tempered glass" or "safety glass" or in the German translation of the European patent EP 0 847 965 B1 with the file number DE 697 312 168 T2, page 8, paragraph

[0053] . Examples of particularly suitable glasses are non-tempered, partially tempered and tempered float glass, cast glass or ceramic glass.

[0126] The outer wall can have at least one circumferential separation point at which the casing wall can be disassembled and reassembled. These separation points can be plug connections, bayonet connections, flange connections, or screw connections. The separation points facilitate the removal of the filters according to the invention and the assembly and maintenance of the filter device according to the invention.

[0127] The exterior wall is designed for permanent use.

[0128] The components of the filter device according to the invention, in particular those components of the filter device according to the invention that are exposed to the elements, are preferably coated with a biocidal coating. Coating materials for the production of such biocidal coatings are described, for example, in German patent DE 10 202 012 5919 B4, paragraphs

[0204] to

[0259] . In particular, Modinac® from C-PIPES in Maastricht, Netherlands, is used as a coating.

[0129] Preferably, the filter device according to the invention is manufactured using manufacturing method III. This comprises at least the process step (I) Introducing at least one filter according to the invention into the actively or passively generated gas flow of an empty filter device.

[0130] The filter device according to the invention serves to carry out the sequestration process, which comprises at least the following process steps: (I) active or passive passing of carbon dioxide-containing gases, in particular air, through at least one filter device according to the invention until the at least one filter material according to the invention is converted to carbonates and / or saturated with carbon dioxide in the at least one filter according to the invention, (II) Removal of the at least one resulting, spent filter according to the invention, together with the at least one spent filter material according to the invention containing carbonates and / or carbon dioxide, from the at least one filter device according to the invention and (III) Inserting at least one new filter according to the invention into the at least one filter device according to the invention.

[0131] The particular advantage of the sequestration process is that it simultaneously serves to purify and disinfect air contaminated with bacteria, archaea, fungi, microalgae, protozoa and viruses, and / or to sequester sulfur dioxide from gases and air by mineralization as sparingly soluble alkaline earth sulfate.

[0132] The building material according to the invention is used for the production of the building elements according to the invention, such as solid plates and perforated plates, perforated plates as filter plates, pipes, building blocks, hollow blocks, bricks, hollow bodies, spheres, cuboids, cylinders, pyramids and columns and column stubs with triangular, quadrilateral, pentagonal and hexagonal cross-sections, window frames, door frames, facades, curtain facades, walls, ceilings and suspended ceilings for the interior and exterior construction of buildings.

[0133] Preferably, the components according to the invention are manufactured using manufacturing process IV.

[0134] Manufacturing process IV includes at least the following process steps: (I) Suspending at least one particulate, solid inorganic material, preferably with a mean particle size d50 of 0.5 µm to 100 µm, more preferably 1 µm to 80 µm, more preferably 1 µm to 60 µm, more preferably 1 µm to 40 µm and more preferably 1 µm to 20 µm, and at least one type of at least one short-cut fiber of a length of 100 nm to 10 cm, more preferably 1 µm to 6 cm, more preferably 10 µm to 5 cm, more preferably 100 µm to 4 cm and more preferably 1 mm to 4 cm, and a thickness of 1 nm to 100 µm, more preferably 100 nm to 80 µm, more preferably 500 nm to 60 µm, more preferably 1 µm to 50 µm and in particular 10 µm to 40 µm, coated with at least one adhesive, and optionally at least one additive, in particular an air-entraining agent, in a liquid, in particular water, (II) Pouring the resulting suspension 1; 20 into a liquid-permeable mold or formwork, in particular made of wood, paper, cardboard, textile or plastic, in the hollow shape of the component to be produced according to the invention, (III) Drying of the suspension, curing of the adhesive and (IV) Removal of the mold or formwork and exposure of the component according to the invention or alternatively (V) Suspending at least one particulate, solid inorganic material, preferably with a mean particle size d50 of 0.5 µm to 100 µm, preferably 1 µm to 80 µm, particularly preferably 1 µm to 60 µm, most preferably 1 µm to 40 µm and particularly 1 µm to 20 µm, and optionally at least one additive, in particular an air-entraining agent, in a liquid, in particular water, (VI) Pouring the resulting suspension onto and into a woven, knitted, crocheted, nonwoven, textile, paper, nonwoven, fiber-oriented nonwoven, random fiber nonwoven or spunbond nonwoven or meltblown material to form a felt in the shape of the component to be produced according to the invention, wherein the shape is coated with at least one adhesive and is arranged on and / or in a liquid-permeable substrate, in particular made of wood, paper, cardboard, textile or plastic, (VII) Drying of the suspension, curing of the adhesive and (VIII) Removal and / or extraction of the resulting component according to the invention from and / or the substrate.

[0135] The liquid-permeable, in particular water-permeable, formwork, mold, or hollow mold has at least one liquid-permeable, in particular water-permeable, sieve-like area or surface with a mesh size that allows a maximum of 5% by mass of the total amount of the particulate, solid, inorganic material to pass through. Preferably, this area or surface is arranged in the direction of gravity for static manufacturing processes IV or, if centrifugal processes IV are used, in the direction of the centrifugal force.

[0136] The separated, particulate, solid, inorganic material or the separated suspension can be reused to produce a new, applicable suspension. This is a further advantage of manufacturing process IV.

[0137] The liquid-permeable, especially water-permeable, substrate has the form of a sieve surface with the mesh size specified above. Optionally, the sieve surface is surrounded by a raised edge or frame.

[0138] The liquid, especially the water, can be squeezed out under mechanical pressure after the application of the suspension into the formwork or mold or into and onto the fabric, knitted, crocheted, laid, textile, paper, nonwoven, fiber-oriented nonwoven, random fiber nonwoven or spunbond nonwoven or felt.

[0139] The process steps are preferably carried out under carbon dioxide-depleted or carbon dioxide-free air or under an inert gas. Drying and curing can take place at temperatures from 20°C to 200°C. Preferably, the components according to the invention are hermetically sealed after their manufacture until they are used.

[0140] In a further advantageous embodiment, the components according to the invention are coated with paper webs or cardboard in a moist or dried state and used in this way. Due to their high fiber content, they are particularly pressure-resistant.

[0141] Another particular advantage is that the suspensions, slurries or slurries used to manufacture the building elements according to the invention can surprisingly be used to bond building elements according to the invention, such as panels, to substrates such as walls and ceilings, and as screeds, plasters and fillers.

[0142] A further particular advantage of the present invention is that the at least one spent material according to the invention, in particular the spent filter material and the used building material, the spent filters and building components removed from a filter device according to the invention, can be reacted with dilute acids, releasing the carbon dioxide bound in the carbonates and simultaneously forming soluble or sparingly soluble alkaline earth salts. The released carbon dioxide can be collected, stored, or used for chemical syntheses. The soluble or sparingly soluble alkaline earth salts formed can be separated and used as further valuable products.

[0143] Examples of suitable dilute acids are hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid.

[0144] Examples of resulting salts are alkaline earth chlorides, nitrates, sulfates and phosphates, especially calcium chloride, nitrate, sulfate (gypsum) and phosphate.

[0145] The consumed materials according to the invention, in particular the consumed filter materials according to the invention, the used building materials according to the invention, the consumed filters according to the invention removed from the filter devices according to the invention and the used building components according to the invention can also be advantageously disposed of using the disposal method.

[0146] In the disposal process, the used materials according to the invention, in particular the used filter materials according to the invention, the used building materials, the used filters according to the invention removed from the filter devices according to the invention, and the used components according to the invention, are shredded. Subsequently, the used materials according to the invention, in particular the used filter materials according to the invention, the used building materials, the used filters according to the invention removed from the filter devices according to the invention, and the used components according to the invention, are mixed with alumina, preferably in a weight ratio of 20 parts alumina to 1 part material according to the invention, preferably 15 parts alumina to 1 part material according to the invention, and particularly 10 parts alumina to 1 part material according to the invention.The resulting mixture is dosed into at least one mechanochemical mill and ground therein into at least one powdered product. The at least one powdered product is then discharged from the at least one mechanochemical mill for further use. The grinding process can be carried out continuously or in batches.

[0147] Examples of suitable mechanochemical mills are described in paragraphs

[0076] to

[0101] and

[0298] to

[0319] of the German patent application DE 10 2019 006 084 A1.

[0148] According to the application, the unused material according to the invention is introduced as underground storage material for the sequestration of carbon dioxide in underground cavities, thus enabling the safe final disposal of carbon dioxide that is injected into the ground.

[0149] According to the application, the consumed or used materials according to the invention, and the comminuted, consumed or used materials according to the invention, are used to release the bound carbon dioxide and to simultaneously obtain soluble or sparingly soluble alkaline earth salts with dilute acids. The released carbon dioxide is stored and either permanently disposed of underground or used as a starting material for the production of organic compounds, in particular methane.

[0150] Furthermore, according to the application, the consumed or used materials according to the invention and the crushed, consumed or used materials according to the invention are used as soil amendments and components of fertilizers and as fillers for filling underground cavities such as cellars, caverns, catacombs and mine tunnels.

[0151] Furthermore, according to its use, at least one powdered product is used as a filler for filling underground cavities such as cellars, caverns, catacombs and mine tunnels, as a soil conditioner and for the production of building materials.

[0152] The present invention will now be described with reference to the Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9, Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12, Fig. 13, Fig. 14, Fig. 15 to Fig. 16 explained in more detail. Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9, Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12, Fig. 13, Fig. 14, Fig. 15 to Fig.Figure 16 serves to illustrate the filter materials, filter devices, and methods according to the invention and their modes of operation. Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9, Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12, Fig. 13, Fig. 14, Fig. 15 to Fig. The 16 figures are therefore not drawn to scale, but rather emphasize their essential features. They are also only exemplary and not limiting. It shows Fig. 1 the top view of a longitudinal section through a section of a layered material 1 with a solid, inorganic mixture 1.1; 1.1.1; 1.1; 1.1.2 on fibers 2; 2.2 which are impregnated with an adhesive 3; Fig. 2 View of the gas-impermeable front wall 4.4 of the container 4.4 of the filter 5; Fig.3 View of the perspective representation of filter 5 of the Fig. 2; Fig. 4 View of the underside of the container 4 of the filter 5 of the Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 with the supporting cross braces 4.3.1; Fig. 5 View of the section through a particle of plant charcoal 2.1 impregnated with alkaline earth oxides and / or hydroxides 1.1.1, for use in the filter according to the Fig. 2, Fig. 3 to Fig. 4; Fig. 6 View of the longitudinal section from a section of a perforated filter material 1, in which the openings 2.2.1 of the perforated plates made of solids 2.2 are spaced apart and the surface is coated with a solid, inorganic material 1.1 fixed by an adhesive tape 3, so that the air 7; 7.1; 7.2 flowing out of an opening 2.2.1 hits the solid, inorganic material 1.1 of the perforated plate 2.2 above; Fig.7 Schematic longitudinal section through an arrangement consisting of an outdoor unit of a heat pump 8 and a stationary filter device 6, through which the airflow 7.1 actively generated by the outdoor unit 8 flows; Fig. 8 View of the longitudinal section through an open, mobile filter device 6 with a radial fan 9 and four filters stacked on top of each other according to the Fig. 2, Fig. 3 to Fig. 4; Fig. 9 SUVs with position information for filters 5; Fig. 10 trucks with position data for filter 5; Fig. 11 View of the longitudinal section through a column-shaped, stationary filter device 6 with a circular cross-section and with an interchangeable filter 5; Fig. 12 Side view of the column-shaped, stationary filter device 6 of the Fig. 5; Fig.13 Schematic representation of the disposal process with a shredder 14, an alumina container 11, a solids mixer 15 and a rotating ball mill with grinding media 12.2 and grinding material 12.3; Fig. 14 Schematic representation of the plant 16 for the release of carbon dioxide and for the production of soluble or sparingly soluble alkali salts with an acid container 16.1, a reactor 17 with solid filter 17.2 for the retentate and gas space 17.3 as well as pressure line 18.4 and carbon dioxide storage 18; Fig. 15 Top view of the perspective representation of a reusable, fiber-reinforced building block 19 with the short-cut fibers 2.2; 3 in its water-permeable hollow form 19.1; and Fig.16 Top view of the longitudinal section through the device for producing a reusable, fiber-reinforced plate 19 on its liquid-permeable base 23 with the sieve base 22, the frame 23.1 and the fabric stack 2; 2.2; 3, the movable casting device 25 for the suspension 1.1; 20 and the movable squeeze roller 25. In Figures 1 to 16, the reference symbols have the following meaning. 1. Recyclable material free of heavy metals, excluding silver and iron, for the sequestration of carbon dioxide by mineralization; in particular filter material or building material; 1; 20 Suspension, mud or slurry of material 1 in liquid 20; adhesives, screeds, plasters and fillers 1CO3 Consumed and / or used material 1, in particular spent filter material 1 or used building material 1 1CO3Z Shredded spent and / or used material 1CO3, in particular spent filter material 1CO3 or used building material 1CO3 1.1 Solid inorganic material or solid inorganic mixture 1.1.1; 1.1.2 1.1; 20 Suspension of material 1 in liquid 20 1.1.1 Alkaline earth oxide, alkaline earth hydroxide 1.1.2 Another solid organic component that forms sparingly soluble carbonates with carbon dioxide and / or that adsorbs carbon dioxide 1.1.3 Additive 1.1.4 Biocide 2 Carrier material 2.1 Gas-permeable biochar, biochar particles 2.2 Biodegradable solid 3. Adhesive or hot melt adhesive, adhesive tape 4 Gas-permeable container 4.1 Lockable or closed opening 4.1.1 Opening direction 4.2 Gas-permeable mesh, grid, textile or perforated plate on the gas inlet side 4.3 Gas-permeable mesh, grid, textile or perforated plate on the gas outlet side 4.3.1 Cross braces 4.4 Gas-impermeable front wall 4.5 Gas-impermeable side wall 4.5.1 Tongue and groove connection 4.8 Eyelet 4.6 Upper, removable, gas-tight closure 4.7 Lower, permanently attached, gas-tight closure 5 filters; 5CO3 Used filter 5 5CO3Z Shredded spent filter 5CO3 6 Stationary or mobile filter device 6.1 Upper horizontal wall 6.2 Vertical side wall 6.2.1 Air intake grille with coarse filter 6.3 Lower horizontal wall 6.3.1 Air outlet grille with coarse filter 6.4 Gas- or air-permeable support grid 6.5 Lateral, gas-tight seal 6.6 Wheels 6.7 Removable roof, rain cover 6.7.1 Fastening 6.8 Gas inlet-side, vertical, gas-permeable protective wall 6.8.1 Gas inlet opening 6.8.2 Protective lamella 6.9 Gas outlet-side, vertical, gas-permeable protective wall 6.9.1 Gas outlet opening 6.9.2 Protective lamella 6.10 Foundation 6.11 Retaining grille 6.12 Attic 6.13 Adsorbent, drying agent 7 Gas flow, air flow, inflow 7.1 Actively generated gas flow or air flow 7.2 Passively generated gas or airflow 7.2.1 Natural air movement, wind 7.3 Carbon dioxide-depleted or -free exhaust air 7.4 Intake gas or air flow, supply air 8 Stationary, gas-flow-generating, external device, heat pump, outdoor unit of a heat pump 8.1 Gas outlet opening; Gas outlet side 8.1.1 Fan 8.2 Gas inlet side, air outlet side 8.3 Foundation 9 Internally installed device generating a gas or airflow, radial fan 9.1 Air outlet of the radial fan 9 9.2 Chamber floor 9.3 Fan chamber 10 Mobile means of transport 10.1 SUV 10.1.1 Position of filter 5 in the lower front 10.1.2 Position of filter 5 under the front hood 10.1.3 Position of filter 5 on the roof 10.1.4 Position of filter 5 below the side surfaces 10.1.5 Position of filter 5 in the lower rear panel 10.1.6 Position of filter 5 on the underside 10.1.7 Direction of movement 10.2 trucks 10.2.1 Direction of movement 10.2.2 Position of filter 5 on the front 10.2.3 Position of filter 5 on the roof of the driver's cab 10.2.4 Position of filter 5 on the roof of the semi-trailer 10.2.5 Position of filter 5 on the underbody of the semi-trailer 11 Clay, clay powder 11.1 Clay container 11.2 Conveyor line 11.3 Device for powder conveying and metering 12 Mechanochemical mill, rotating ball mill 12.1 Direction of rotation 12.2 Grinding media 12.3 Milling material 13 Powdered product 14 shredder, shredding machine 14.1 Additional material 14.2 Grinder 14.2.1 Opposite direction of rotation 14.3 Device for conveying and dosing the crushed material, screw conveyor 14.4 Conveyor line 15 solid mixers 15.1 Conveyor line for the mixture or the ground material 1CO3Z; 5CO 3 Z / Aluminum 15.2 Device for conveying and metering the mixture or ground material 16 Device for the release of CO2 and the production of alkaline earth salts 16.1 Container with diluted acid 16.1 16.2 Diluted acid 16.3 Conveyor line 16.4 Conveying and metering pump 16.5 Shut-off and flow valve 17 Reactor 17.1 Acid feed 17.2 Filter 17.3 Gas space 17.4 Gas bubbles 17.5 Filtrate 17.6 Liquid outlet 17.7 Shut-off and flow valve 17.8 Droplet protection 18 Carbon dioxide storage, pressure cylinder 18.1 Carbon dioxide outlet 18.2 Shut-off and flow valve 18.3 Compressor 18.4 Carbon dioxide pressure line 18.5 Shut-off and release valve, pressure reducer 18.6 Disconnect and connection point 19 Component; Filter plate 19CO3 used component 19CO3Z crushed used component 19.1 Hollow shape of the component 19 20 Liquid, water 21 Liquid-permeable mold or formwork made of wood, paper, cardboard, textile or plastic 2.2 as a hollow form 19.1 22 Sieve bottom of the mold or formwork 21 or the base 23 23 liquid-permeable base 23 made of metal or plastic 23.1 Raised edge or frame 24 Movable crushing roller 24.1 Direction of rotation of the squeeze roller 24 24.2 Direction of movement of the crushing roller 24 25 Movable casting device 25.1 Flexible supply line from the storage vessel (not shown) for the suspension 1.1; 20 to the dosing and delivery pump 25.2 25.1.1 Flowing suspension 1.1; 20 25.2 Dosing and delivery pump 25.3 Rigid supply line from the metering and delivery pump 25.2 to the slot nozzle 25.4 24.4 Wide slot nozzle 25.5 Falling curtain from suspension 1.1; 20 25.6 Direction of movement of the casting device 25 B Floor V Power source Detailed description of the figures Figure 1 Filter material according to the invention 1

[0153] The layered material 1 of the Fig. 1 comprises as a carrier material 2 a random-fiber fabric made of bio-based and biodegradable jute fibers 2.2. The spread-out random-fiber fabric 2.2 is impregnated with a liquid casein-based adhesive 3 before the application of calcium hydroxide spheres 1.1.1 with a diameter of 1.5 mm (100 parts by weight) and Chabasit-Ca in powder form as a further component 1.1.2 (20 parts by weight) of the mixture 1.1, as well as silicon dioxide powder as an additive 1.1.3 (5 parts by weight). The application is carried out using a powder spraying process. Subsequently, the mixture 1.1; 1.1.3 is fixed to the random-fiber fabric by heating in a convection oven.

[0154] In the Fig. Figure 1 shows the material after prolonged use. Due to the influx of carbon dioxide-containing air, a layer of calcium carbonate (1CO3) initially forms on the surface of the calcium hydroxide spheres (1.1). This layer grows inwards through diffusion of further carbon dioxide until almost all or all of the calcium hydroxide (1.1) has been converted into calcium carbonate (1CO3).

[0155] The resulting material 1 is ideally suited for use as filter material 1 in the filters 5 and filter devices 6 according to the invention, as a building material 1 according to the invention for the production of components 19 according to the invention, and for use in the sequestration process. It can also be disposed of using the disposal process and, in its spent or used and crushed state, can be used as 1CO3; 5CO3; 1CO3Z; 5CO3Z; 19CO3; 19CO3Z; or as product 13. Figures 2 to 5 Inventive filter 5

[0156] The filter 5 according to the invention comprises an airtight wooden frame 2.2 with a front wall 4.4, a rear wall 4.4, and two opposing side walls 4.5. The length of each wall is 40 cm, its height is 5 cm, and its thickness is 0.8 cm. The vertical edges of the side walls 4.5 are firmly connected to the vertical edges of the front and rear walls 4.4 by means of tongue-and-groove joints 4.5.1 and casein adhesive 3.

[0157] The underside of the frame is closed by an air-permeable mesh made of jute fiber 2.2, which is held by a circumferential fastening 4.3.1. The circumferential fastening 4.3.1 (not shown in detail) is formed by circumferential, superimposed square rods made of wood 2.2, glued to the lower edges of the walls 4.4; 4.5 using wood glue 3, and the jute fiber mesh is clamped between them. The load-bearing capacity of the jute fiber mesh 2.2 is increased by cross braces 4.3.2 made of wood 2.2. The underside is the air outlet side for the carbon dioxide-free or carbon dioxide-depleted air 7.3.

[0158] In a first embodiment, the frame 2.2 is filled with the filter material 1 according to the invention. Fig. 1 filled.

[0159] In a second embodiment, the frame 2.2 is filled with a bulk mixture 1.1 consisting of calcium hydroxide spheres 1.1.1 (100 parts by weight) and magnesium hydroxide spheres 1.1.1 (100 parts by weight) of a respective diameter of 1.5 mm, geopolymer grains 1.1.2 of a mean particle diameter of 1.5 mm (50 parts by weight) and crystal violet al pH indicator as an additive 1.1.3 (1 part by weight).

[0160] In a third embodiment, the gas-permeable biochar particles 2.1 are arranged according to the Fig. 5, which are coated with calcium hydroxide 1.1 and magnesium hydroxide 1.1 in a weight ratio of 2:1, filled.

[0161] The frame is filled from the top, which is the air inlet side for the carbon dioxide-containing air 7; 7.1. The top is also closed with a jute fiber mesh 2.2. The permanent fastening 4.2.1 is located on the upper, horizontal edges of the two side walls 4.5 and is made with wood glue 3 and four glued-on square wooden rods 2.2 (not shown in detail). The detachable fastening of the jute fiber mesh 2.2 to the upper edges of the front and back walls 4.4 is made using double-sided adhesive tape.

[0162] The transverse opening 4.1, sealed by a single-sided adhesive tape 3, is opened to replace the used filter material 1CO3 with fresh filter material 1 and folded back in the opening directions 4.1.1. After filling, the opening 4.1 is sealed again with a single-sided adhesive tape 3.

[0163] This embodiment of the filter 5 according to the invention is ideally suited for use in the filter devices 6 and sequestration processes according to the invention. It can also be disposed of using the disposal method and, in its spent state, can be used as 5CO3 or as product 13 for these applications. Figure 6 Filter material 1 on the basis of perforated plates 2; 2.2

[0164] Biodegradable, square, polygonal, or circular perforated plates 2 made of poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalate) (PBAT) 2.2 with a grid of openings 2.2.1 are covered on both sides with double-sided adhesive tapes 3 so that the openings 2.2.1 remain open. Calcium hydroxide spheres with a diameter of 2 mm are then fixed to the adhesive tapes 3. These perforated plates 2 serve as filter materials 1. They are mounted in a wooden container 4 2.2 parallel to one another or side by side in such a way that the perforated plates 1 are staggered with respect to their openings 2.2.1, so that the air 7; 7.1; 7.2 flowing out of an opening 2.2.1 comes into contact with the fixed calcium hydroxide 1.1 of the perforated plate 2 above or next to it.

[0165] This embodiment of the filter material 1 according to the invention is also ideally suited for use in the filters 5, filter devices 6 and sequestration processes according to the invention. It can also be disposed of using the disposal method and, in its spent state, can be used as 1CO3; 5CO3 or as product 13 for the applications. Figure 7 The combination of the outdoor unit of a heat pump 8 with a stationary filter device 6 according to the invention.

[0166] A filter device 6 is placed in front of the air outlet side 8.1 of an air-to-water heat pump 8, which is anchored in or on the ground B in or on a foundation 8.3. The heat pump 8, with its fan 8.1.1, is located on the ground B and anchored to a foundation 6.10. The heat pump 8 draws in the carbon dioxide-containing airflow 7.4 at the air inlet side 8.1. The fan 8.1.1 actively generates the carbon dioxide-containing airflow 7; 7.1 at the air outlet side as a supply 7.1 to the filter 5 or filters 5 with the filter materials 1; 1.1; 1.1.1; 1.1.2 for the sequestration process. The supplied air 7.1 exits the filter device 6 as carbon dioxide-depleted air 7.3 on the side facing away from the heat pump 8.

[0167] The plate-shaped filter unit 6 has a total height of 170 cm, a width perpendicular to the heat pump 8 of 200 cm, and a diameter of 30 cm. It features a stationary, air-inlet-side, air-permeable, vertical protective wall 6.8 and a stationary, air-outlet-side, air-permeable, vertical protective wall 6.9. Both protective walls 6.8 and 6.9 are made of sturdy stainless steel grilles and are secured against removal. The opposing side surfaces are closed by stationary, airtight stainless steel plates (not shown) connected to the protective grilles 6.8 and 6.9. A removable stainless steel roof 6.7 is mounted on this assembly to provide rain protection. It is attached to the upper ends of the protective grilles 6.8 and 6.9 and the side stainless steel plates by means of a vertical mounting 6.7.1 in the form of a circumferential frame.

[0168] The two openings bounded by the upper and lower ends of the protective grilles 6.8; 6.9 and the side stainless steel plates are closed by gas-tight stainless steel plates 4.6; 4.7. The upper gas-tight plate 4.6 forms the upper, removable closure 4.6.

[0169] The surfaces of these stationary components are covered with a biocidal coating made of Modenac® from C-PIPES, Maastricht, Netherlands, and are thus permanently protected against contamination, algae growth and biofilm formation.

[0170] The stationary components are designed for permanent use and can be disassembled and reused for maintenance and repair purposes.

[0171] Inside the chamber formed and protected by the stationary components described above is a suitable filter 5 containing the filter material 1.1; 1.1.1; 1.1.2 according to the invention and the container 4. The container 4 is formed on the side facing the protective grid 6.8 and on the side facing the protective grid 6.9 by a rigid, vertical grid 4.2; 4.3 made of the biodegradable plastic poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalate) (PBAT) 2.2, which is impermeable to the filter material 1. The upper and lower horizontal sides and the vertical sides of the container 4 consist of gas-impermeable PBAT sheets.

[0172] After the filter material 1 is consumed by the formation of calcium carbonate 1CO3, the roof 6.7 and the closure 4.6 are removed, and the used filter 5CO3 is pulled out of the filter device 6 and replaced by a new filter 5.

[0173] This embodiment of the filter device 6 according to the invention is ideally suited for carrying out the sequestration process and is particularly energy-efficient because it utilizes existing, otherwise unused airflows 7. The spent filter 5CO3 can be recycled entirely using the disposal process. Alternatively, the spent filter material 1CO3 can be removed from the container 4 and used directly, while the container can be reused or recycled separately. Figure 8 Mobile filter device according to the invention 6

[0174] The mobile filter device 6 according to the invention is mobile. That is, it can be moved back and forth on the floor B by means of four wheels 6.6. Its box-shaped housing is constructed of 1.5 mm thick stainless steel sheets welded together. It is designed for continuous use and comprises three vertical side walls 6.2 with dimensions of 100 cm in height and 40 cm in width, an upper horizontal wall 6.1 with dimensions of 40 cm x 40 cm, and a lower horizontal wall 6.3 with dimensions of 40 cm x 40 cm. The four filters 5 with dimensions of 2 cm x 35 cm x 40 cm according to the Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4 to Fig.The filters 5 are placed on air-permeable support grids 6,4 through an open, airtight, closable door measuring 100 cm in height and 40 cm in width (not shown). The two lateral free spaces next to the filters 5 are sealed with airtight plastic strips 6.5, 2.5 cm wide and 40 cm long, so that the carbon dioxide-containing (and possibly sulfur dioxide-containing) airflow 7.1 flows only through the filters 5.

[0175] In the upper part of the box-shaped housing 6.1; 6.2; 6.3 is the fan chamber 9.3, which contains the electrically driven, controllable radial fan 9 (see ~V) that actively generates an airflow 7; 7.1. The radial fan 9 is mounted on the bottom 9.2 of the fan chamber and has a maximum air delivery rate of 830 m³ / h. 3 / hour. The chamber floor 9.2 leaves the air outlet 9.1 of the radial fan 9 unobstructed. Each side of the fan chamber 9 has a circular air inlet grille 6.2.1, which is equipped on the inside with a coarse filter (not shown). Supply air 7; 7.4 is drawn in through these four upper air inlet grilles 6.2.1.

[0176] In the lower section of the box-shaped housing 6.1; 6.2; 6.3, there is a circular air outlet grille 6.3.1 on each side, equipped on the inside with a coarse filter (not shown). The carbon dioxide-depleted or carbon dioxide-free (and, if applicable, sulfur dioxide-depleted or sulfur dioxide-free) exhaust air 7.3 is blown to the outside through these four lower air outlet grilles 6.3.1.

[0177] This embodiment of the filter device 6 according to the invention is also ideally suited for carrying out the sequestration process, whereby large volumes of air can be filtered in a comparatively short time. The spent filters 5CO3 can be recycled entirely using the disposal process. Alternatively, the spent filter material 1CO3 can be removed from the container 4 and used directly, while the container can be reused or recycled separately. Figures 9 and 10: The installation of filters 5 according to the invention in motor vehicles

[0178] The filters 5 according to the invention Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4 to Fig.5 can be provided in a wide variety of forms. Therefore, after appropriate adaptation, they are highly suitable for installation in electrically or combustion engine-powered motor vehicles. Within the scope of the present invention, the installation aims to sequester the carbon dioxide produced by the combustion engines during traffic, and not to purify the air for the vehicle interiors. Installation in electrically powered motor vehicles is therefore also practical as long as combustion engines are permitted. The airflows 7.1 necessary for the sequestration process are actively generated by the movement of the motor vehicles (see direction of movement 10.1.7 and 10.2.1).

[0179] For an SUV 10.1, the filters 5 can be installed in the following positions: 10.1.1 in the lower front, 10.1.2 under the front hood, 10.1.3 on the roof, 10.1.4 under the side surfaces, 10.1.5 in the lower rear front and 10.1.6 on the underbody.

[0180] The following positions are suitable for a 10.2 truck: 10.2.2 in the front, 10.2.3 on the roof of the driver's cab, 10.2.4 on the roof of the semi-trailer and 10.2.5 on the underside of the semi-trailer.

[0181] The carbon dioxide and, if applicable, sulfur dioxide-depleted or carbon dioxide and, if applicable, sulfur dioxide-free air 7.3 flows out of the filters 5 in the opposite direction to the direction of movement 10.1.7; 10.2.1. Figures 11 and 12 Stationary filter device according to the invention operated with air streams 7.2.1 passively generated by wind 7.2.1 6

[0182] The Fig. Figure 11 shows a longitudinal section along the imaginary central axis through the stationary filter device 6 according to the invention. Fig. Figure 12 shows the side view of the outside of the stationary filter device 6 according to the invention.

[0183] The stationary filter device 6 according to the invention has a column shape and is preferably located in exposed locations in the landscape that are rich in natural air movements such as wind, downdrafts, or updrafts 7.2.1. It has a circular cross-section with a diameter of 50 cm and a total height of 150 cm. Its vertical, air-permeable outer wall 6.8; 6.9, made of stainless steel coated with a biocidal coating of Modenac® from C-PIPES, Maastricht, Netherlands, has five horizontally arranged rows of air inlet and outlet openings 6.8.1; 6.9.1. Within a horizontal row, the individual air inlet and air outlet openings 6.8.1; 6.9.1 are separated from each other by narrow vertical sections of the outer wall 6.8; 6.9.

[0184] The superimposed rows of air inlet and outlet openings 6.8.1; 6.9.1 are separated from each other by wide vertical sections of the outer wall 6.8; 6.9. The air inlet and outlet openings 6.8.1; 6.9.1 are protected from the elements, especially rain and snow, by five ring-shaped, downward-sloping protective louvers 9.8.2; 9.9.2 made of coated stainless steel. The wind direction 7.2 determines the position of the air inlet openings 6.8.1 and the air outlet openings 6.9.2 in the outer wall 6.8; 6.9.

[0185] The stationary filter device 6 according to the invention is anchored in the area of ​​the floor space 6.10 on or / or in the floor B by means of a foundation 6.10. The upper end is formed by a removable, overlying roof 6.7 made of Modenac®-coated stainless steel. The roof surface projects beyond the perimeter of the outer wall 6.8; 6.9. It is attached to the upper end of the outer wall 6.8; 6.9 by means of a vertical fastening 6.7.1 in the form of a circumferential, round frame 6.7.1.

[0186] In the floor compartment 6.12 there is an adsorbent 6.13 for water and other substances that may enter the interior. A suitable adsorbent 6.13 is bentonite.

[0187] Above the floor space 6.12, a horizontal support grid 6.11 is arranged, which supports the filter 5 according to the invention. The filter 5 occupies the entire space up to the upper end of the outer wall 6.8; 6.9. Its air-permeable container 4 consists of bio-based, biodegradable solids 2.2. In this case, it is an air-permeable mesh 4.2 made of coconut fibers 2.2, which completely surrounds the filter material 1 according to the invention. Vertical wooden rods 2.2 are inserted to stabilize the mesh 4.2. On the upper side of the mesh 4.2 are two eyelets 6.8 made of coconut fibers 2.2. Hooks for pull ropes are attached to these eyelets, with which the used filter 5CO3 is pulled out of the interior or a new filter 5 is inserted into the empty interior.

[0188] The spent filter material 1CO3 can be removed from container 4 and used as a soil amendment or for the production of fertilizers. It can also be reacted with acids to form sparingly or readily soluble calcium salts and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide can be collected, compressed, and stored for later use. Figure 13 Disposal methods

[0189] The disposal process is preferably carried out using the in Fig. 13 schematically sketched systems were carried out.

[0190] The spent filter materials 1CO3 or the spent filters 5CO3 are fed into the shredder 14 or the comminution machine 14, preferably a two- or four-shaft comminution machine with counter-rotating rollers 14.2; 14.2.1, via the material feeder 14.1 and comminuted therein [see, e.g., MOCO Maschinen- und Apparatebau GmbH & Co. KG, Viernheim, Germany]. The comminuted materials 1CO3Z or 5CO3Z are conveyed by means of the device 14.3 for conveying and metering the comminuted material, preferably by means of a screw conveyor 14.3, through the conveying line 14.4 to the solids mixer 15, e.g., to a vertical conical screw mixer 15 or to a vertical belt mixer 15 for solids and powders [see, e.g., Bachiller, Barcelona, ​​Spain]. At the same time, the alumina powder 11.1 is conveyed from the alumina container 11 through the conveying line 11.2 using the device 11.3 for conveying and dosing the alumina powder 11.1 is conveyed into the solids mixer 15, where materials 11.1 and 1CO3 or 11.1 and 5CO3 are mixed together. The mixture 11.1; 1CO3 or 11.1; 5CO3 is metered through the conveying line 15.1 by means of the conveying and metering device 15.2 into the ball mill 12 rotating in the direction of rotation 12.1 [see, for example, ball mills from Christian Pfeiffer Maschinenfabrik GmbH, Beckum, Germany] and ground therein into a fine powder 13 using steel balls as grinding media 12.2. The disposal process is carried out continuously or in batch mode.

[0191] Powder 13 is discharged and used in particular for the production of building materials. Figure 14: The production of sparingly or readily soluble alkaline earth salts and carbon dioxide using the sequestration process

[0192] In a device 16 for the release of carbon dioxide and the production of alkaline earth salts, spent and / or spent and comminuted filter materials 1CO3; 1CO3Z and / or filters 5CO3; 5CO3Z are placed in a stainless steel filter reactor 17 on the horizontal filter 17.2. A preselected quantity of dilute sulfuric acid 16.2 is introduced from the container 16.1 into the filter reactor 17 via the acid inlet 17.1 by means of the metering and delivery pump 16.4, through the delivery line 16.3 and the open shut-off and flow valve 16.5. The shut-off and flow valve 17.7 is closed during this process. After the acid addition is complete, the shut-off and flow valve 16.5 is closed. The carbon dioxide is released from the alkaline earth carbonates, especially from calcium and magnesium carbonate, as bubbles 17.4, rises in the dilute sulfuric acid and collects in the gas space 17.3 when the shut-off and flow valve 18.2 is closed.When a preselected pressure is reached in the gas space 17.3, the shut-off and release valve 18.2 is opened, and the carbon dioxide is pumped by the compressor 18.3 through the carbon dioxide outlet 18.1, which is protected from liquid ingress by a shell-shaped splash guard 17.8, the carbon dioxide pressure line 18.4, and the open shut-off and release valve 18.5 or the open pressure reducer 18.5 into the carbon dioxide storage tank 18 or the pressure cylinder 18. During this process, care must be taken to ensure that the pressure in the gas space 17.3 does not become so low towards the end of the pumping that the remaining dilute acid 16.2 and the filtrate 17.5 begin to boil. Subsequently, the valves 18.2 and 18.5 are closed, and the pressure in the reactor 17 is reduced to atmospheric pressure. After pressure equalization, the remaining dilute acid 16.2 and the filtrate 17.5, which may contain water-soluble components, are discharged with the shut-off and flow valve 17 open.7 through the liquid outlet 17.5. Subsequently, the sparingly soluble alkaline earth sulfates are removed from the filter 17.2 and collected, and new spent and / or spent and shredded filter materials 1CO3; 1CO3Z and / or filter 5CO3; 5CO3Z are layered onto the filter 17.2.

[0193] These process steps are repeated until the pressure cylinder 18 has reached the prescribed maximum fill level of carbon dioxide. The filled pressure cylinder 18 can then be removed from the connection point 18.6, e.g., a pipe connection with a cutting ring seal and union nut, with the shut-off and release valve 18.5 or pressure reducer 18.5 closed, and replaced with an empty pressure cylinder 18.

[0194] The experiment is repeated with dilute nitric acid. The soluble alkaline earth nitrates, especially calcium and magnesium nitrate, are then dissolved in the remaining dilute acid 16.2 and the filtrate 17.5 and can be isolated after draining or used further in solution.

[0195] The collected carbon dioxide can be stored permanently or used as a raw material for chemical syntheses and fermentation, especially to produce methane. Figure 15 The production of a fiber-reinforced building block 19 according to the invention in the form of a cuboid

[0196] For the production of the building block 19 according to the invention in the form of a cuboid, a water-permeable wooden mold 21 with a wall thickness of 2.5 mm and a sieve plate 22 is provided as a hollow mold 19.1. The sieve plate 22 has a mesh size that allows a maximum of 5% by mass of the total amount of the particulate, solid, inorganic material 1.1 in the suspension 1; 20 to pass through. In this case, the mesh size is 0.2 µm. The hollow mold 19.1 has the following external dimensions: length = 50 cm, width = 30 cm, and depth = 20 cm.

[0197] To prepare a suspension 1; 20, a solid mixture 1.1 consisting of 700 parts by weight of calcium hydroxide 1.1.1 of an average particle size d is first prepared. 50 of 4.5 µm, 100 parts by weight pozzolan 1.1.2 of an average particle size d 50 of 3 µm, 100 parts by weight wollastonite 1.1.2 of an average particle size d 50 of 4 µm, 100 parts by weight of chabazite calcium 1.1.2 of an average particle size d50 of 3 µm, 100 parts by weight silicon dioxide 1.1.3 of an average particle size d 50 of 2.5 µm, 1 part by weight of tall resin 1.1.3 (air void former) and 1.5 parts by weight of sugar surfactant 1.1.3 (alkyl polyglycoside, APG) produced in a powder mixer.

[0198] 300 parts by weight of short-cut hemp fibers 2.2 with an average fiber diameter of 30 µm and an average length of 3 cm are impregnated with aluminum acetate 3. After the aluminum acetate 3 has partially dried, the short-cut hemp fibers 2.2, together with the solid mixture 1.1 (1102.5 parts by weight), are suspended in an Ultraturrax in 400 parts by weight of water 20. This results in 1802.5 parts by weight of the pasty suspension 1; 20.

[0199] The pasty suspension 1; 20 is poured into the mold 19.1. The water 20 passes through the sieve bottom 22. The sieving or filtration can be accelerated by applying slight pressure using a plunger with a length of 49.8 cm and a width of 29.8 cm. Subsequently, the resulting building block 19 according to the invention, made of the recyclable, environmentally friendly material 1, is dried in a convection oven at 80°C. Afterward, the building block 19 according to the invention is removed from the mold 19.1.

[0200] In contrast to conventional building elements based on gypsum or calcium silicate, the building elements according to the invention 19 are climate-active. This means that over time they absorb significant amounts of carbon dioxide from the air and harden through the formation of carbonates and through the pozzolanic reaction, thereby becoming even more stable. As a result, they sustainably improve indoor air quality in occupied spaces. They also absorb sulfur dioxide from the air and bind it in the form of gypsum. Finally, their production generates considerably less carbon dioxide than the production of conventional cement and concrete.

[0201] Because of their environmentally safe composition, the components 19 according to the invention can be disposed of according to the invention and the resulting products can be used in a manner according to the invention.

[0202] Surprisingly, the components 19 according to the invention are ideally suited for lining underground cavities in which the carbon dioxide obtained by Direct Air Capture (DAC) is to be safely stored.

[0203] The experiment is repeated with short-cut fibers 2.2 made of cellulose fibers (CO) and lignin fibers, selected from the group consisting of cotton (CO), viscose (CV), modal (CMD), lyocell (CLY), cupro (CUP), acetate (CA), triacetate (CTA), kapok (KP), poplar down, akon, bamboo fibers, nettle fibers, hemp fibers (HA), jute (JU), kenaf, linen (LI), hops, ramie (RA), pineapple, caroá, curauá, henequen, New Zealand flax, sisal (SI) and coconut (CC), and the same favorable results are obtained. Figure 16 The production of a fiber-reinforced, rectangular plate according to the invention 19

[0204] Thirty layers of a fine-mesh jute fabric 2.2 of 105 g / m² with dimensions length = 50 cm, width = 30 cm are placed one on top of the other in a shallow sieve with a sieve base 22 as a water-permeable substrate 23. The jute fabric 2.2 is impregnated with potassium silicate 3. The stack 2.2; 3 has a height of approximately 3 cm.

[0205] The flat sieve 23 is made of stainless steel and has the following internal dimensions: length = 50 cm, width = 30 cm. It has a raised rim or frame 23.1 with a height of 4 cm; its wall thickness is 2 mm. The sieve base 22 has a mesh size that allows a maximum of 5% by mass of the total amount of the particulate, solid, inorganic material 1.1 in the suspension 1.1; 20 to pass through. In this case, the mesh size is 0.2 µm.

[0206] A solid mixture 1.1 consisting of 800 parts by weight of calcium hydroxide 1.1.1 of an average particle size d is prepared. 50of 4.5 µm, 100 parts by weight pozzolan 1.1.2 of an average particle size d 50 of 3 µm, 100 parts by weight of vermculite 1.1.2 of an average particle size d 50 of 4 µm, 100 parts by weight of talc 1.1.2 of an average particle size d 50 of 3 µm, 100 parts by weight silicon dioxide 1.1.3 of an average particle size d 50 A 2.5 µm particle size and 1 part by weight of tall resin 1.1.3 (air-entraining agent) are prepared in a powder mixer. 1201 parts by weight of the mixture 1.1 are suspended in 500 parts by weight of water 20, which contains 2 parts by weight of sugar surfactant 1.1.3 (alkyl polyglycoside, APG), in an Ultraturrax. This results in 1703 parts by weight of the pasty suspension 1.1; 20.

[0207] The suspension 1.1; 20 is conveyed from a storage vessel with a stirrer (not shown) through the flexible feed line 25.1 to the movable pouring device 25 (see arrow – incoming suspension 25.1.1). The metering and conveying pump 25.2 delivers the suspension 1.1; 20 to the 30 cm long slot nozzle 25.4, which runs parallel to the 30 cm long lateral part of the raised frame 23.1. The falling curtain 25.5 of suspension 1.1; 20 emerges from the slot nozzle 25.5 and spreads into the layers of jute fabric 2.2; 3, with the water 20 passing through the sieve bottom 23. The pouring device 25 is moved at a constant speed in the direction of travel 25.6 over the entire surface of the layers of jute fabric 2.2; 3. The movable squeeze roller 24, which follows the casting device 25 in the direction of movement 24.2 and rotates in the direction of rotation 24.1, presses the applied suspension 1.1; 20 into the jute fabric 2.2; 3.This smooths the surface of the resulting plate 19 according to the invention, made from the recyclable, environmentally friendly material 1, and accelerates the drainage of the water 20. The resulting plate 19 according to the invention is then dried in a convection oven at 80°C. Afterwards, the plate 19 according to the invention is removed from the base 23 and hermetically sealed until use.

[0208] The panel 19 according to the invention is particularly well suited for climate-active lining of interior spaces in the form of wall and ceiling panels. In occupied rooms, it absorbs exhaled carbon dioxide and thus improves air quality. This allows the supply of fresh air via air conditioning systems to be significantly reduced, resulting in noticeable energy savings.

[0209] Another advantage is that the plates 19 according to the invention, in particular the perforated plates 19 according to the invention, can be used not only as building elements 1, but also as particularly durable filter materials 1 according to the invention in the filters 5 and filter devices 6 described above according to the invention.

[0210] The experiment was repeated with short-cut fibers 2.2 made from cellulose fibers (CO) and lignin fibers, selected from the group consisting of cotton (CO), viscose (CV), modal (CMD), lyocell (CLY), cupro (CUP), acetate (CA), triacetate (CTA), kapok (KP), poplar down, akon, bamboo fibers, nettle fibers, hemp fibers (HA), jute (JU), kenaf, linen (LI), hops, ramie (RA), pineapple, caroá, curauá, henequen, New Zealand flax, sisal (SI) and coconut (CC), and the same favorable results were obtained.

[0211] Surprisingly, the suspensions, slurries or slurries 1; 20 used to manufacture the panels 19 according to the invention can be used for bonding the panels 19 and as screeds, plasters and fillers 1; 20. QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

[0000] This list of documents cited by the applicant was automatically generated and is included solely for the reader's convenience. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA accepts no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited patent literature

[0000] EP 4 132 685A1

[0008] US 9 463 466 B2

[0008] US 9 358 530 B2

[0008] WO 2021 / 029979 A1

[0009] WO 2011 / 119808 A1

[0009] EP 3 225 298 B1

[0009] US 11,628,396 B2

[0018] DE 197 40 736 A1

[0023] DE 10 2018 008 430A1

[0023] EP 2 188 230 B1

[0039] US 2010 / 0109734 A1

[0039] DE 10 2023 106 549 A1

[0084] EP 0 847 965 B1

[0125] DE 697 312 168 T2

[0125] DE 10 202 012 5919 B4

[0128] DE 10 2019 006 084 A1

[0147] Zitierte Nicht-Patentliteratur

[0000] - Zeyu Tang et al.: „Development of zeolite adsorbents for CO2 separation in achieving carbon neutrality“, in npj Material Sustainability, 2, Article number 20 (2024

[0008] Eduardo Perez-Botella et al.: „Zeolites in Adsorption Processes: State of the Art and Future Prospects“, in Chemical Revies, 2022, 122, 17647-17695

[0008] Dina G. Boer et al.: „Zeolites as Selective Adsorbents for CO2 Separation“, in Applied Energy Materials, 2023, 6, 2633-2656

[0008] Louis Valencia et al.: „Bio based Micro- / Meso- / Macroporous Hybrid Foams with Ultrahigh Zeolite Loadings for Selective Capture of Carbon Dioxide“, in ACS Applied material & Interfaces, 2019, 11,40424-40431

[0008] Chenguang Qian et al., „Research progress of CO2 capture and mineralization based on natural minerals“, in International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, 31 (6) 1208-1227, 2024

[0010] Eduin Yesid Mora Mendoza et al., „Iron oxides as efficient sorbents for CO2 capture“, in Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8, (3), 2944-2956, 2019

[0011] Maximilian Krödel et al., „Mechanistic Understanding of CaO-Based Sorbents for High-Temperature CO2 Capture: Advanced Characterization and Prospects“, in ChemSusChem, 13, (23), 6259-6272, 2020

[0013] Sk S. Hassain and Fahrid Akhtar report in the article “Recent progress of geopolymers for carbon dioxide, capture storage and conversion” in Journal of CO2 Utilization, Volume 78, December 2023, 102631

[0014] Chapter 6. Carbon Mineralization of CO2 - Negative Emissions Technologies and reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda, The National Academies Press Book, Washington DC, 2019

[0016] University of Augsburg, Press Release 86 / 21 - 27.07.2021

[0017] Spektrum.de from October 21st

[0017] Huaiguang Li et al., “Capturing carbon dioxide from air with charged-sorbents”, Nature, Vol 630, 20 June 2024, 654, https: / / www.nature.com / articles / s41586-024-07449-2

[0018] - INTERSURGICAL Complete Respiration Systems, SDS Hazard Communication Safety Data Sheet in accordance with REACH Regulation (EC) No. 1907 / 2006 amended by UK REACH Regulation (EU) 1272 / 2008

[0023] Companies Thermo Feuerungsbau Service GmbH (https: / / thermo-fb.de /

[0026] https: / / www.heinze.de / alles-zu / kalziumsilikatplatten / 11397936 /

[0026] https: / / klimaplatte24.de / ?msclkid=62dca3fa56161a0aee76c47c7a672b56

[0026] Greco-Coppi, M., Hofmann, C., Walter, D. et al., Negative CO emissions in the lime production using an indirectly heated carbonate looping process. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. GlobChange 28, 30 (2023). https: / / doi.org / 10.1007 / s 11027-023-10064-7

[0063] Agustin Laveglia et al., From quarry to carbon sink: process-based LCA modelling of lime-based construction materials for net-zero and carbon-negative transformation, Green Chemistry 11, 2024

[0063] - Lhoist, Press release, Wülfrath, 28 July 2023, „CalCC“ for CO capture, Europe promote innovative technologies

[0063] CemNet.com » Cement News » VTT electric kiln targets carbon neutral cement production, 09 December 2022, Published under Cement News Tagged Under: VTT Finland Western Europe Finnsementti Nordkalk

[0063] Dissertation: Biodegradable polyesters - New approaches with bismuth catalysts, DISSERTATION submitted to obtain the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences of the Department of Chemistry of the University of Hamburg by Gesa Behnken, from Hamburg, Hamburg 2008

[0073] Fiber” (Fiber - Wikipedia; downloaded on 14.01.2025

[0076]

Claims

[1] Heavy metal-free, recyclable, environmentally compatible materials (1) for carbon dioxide sequestration by mineralization, containing at least one solid inorganic material (1.1) containing or consisting of alkaline earth oxides and / or hydroxides (1.1.1) or at least one solid inorganic mixture (1.1) containing or consisting of alkaline earth oxides and / or hydroxides (1.1.1) and at least one further solid inorganic component (1.1.2) which forms sparingly soluble carbonates with carbon dioxide and / or which adsorbs carbon dioxide, characterized by , that the solid inorganic material (1.1) - fixed on and / or in at least one carrier material (2), selected from the group consisting of gas-permeable plant charcoals (2.1) and gas-permeable synthetic biodegradable solids (2.2) and gas-permeable bio-based biodegradable solids (2.2), using at least one liquid adhesive (3) or hot melt adhesive (3), selected from the group consisting of cements and inorganic synthetic biodegradable and bio-based biodegradable adhesives, or using at least one double-sided adhesive tape (3) based on at least one synthetic biodegradable or bio-based biodegradable solid (2.2), and / or encased by the at least one carrier material (2), or - is in bulk (1.1) which is fixed or enclosed by a container (4) made of solids (2.2) which is permeable to gas on at least two opposite sides. [2] Materials (1) according to claim 1, characterized by , that at least one further solid inorganic component (1.1.2) is selected from the group consisting of natural, modified natural and synthetic minerals. [3] Materials (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by , that the alkaline earth oxides and / or hydroxides (1.1.1) are magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, and that the at least one natural, modified natural and synthetic mineral (1.1.2) from the group consisting of - Pozzolans, - calcined and precipitated calcium aluminates, - Geopolymers (Polysialates (Si-O-Al), networks of tetrahedral [SiO4] 4- - and [AlO4] 5- -units), - calcined and precipitated calcium aluminates, - Amesit Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 - Anorthite (Ca(Al2Si2O8) (90-100% anorthite)), - Bytownite ((Ca,Na)[(Si,Al)4O8] (70-90 % Anorthite)), - Labradorite ((Ca,Na)[(Si,Al)4O 3] (50-70 % Anorthite)), - Andesine ((Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)4O8] (30-50 % Anorthite)), - Oligoclase ((Na,Ca)(Si,Al)4O8 (10-30 % Anorthite)), - Gehlenite (Ca2,Al2SiO7), - Hydrotalkite (Mg6Al2[(OH) 16 |CO3]·4H2O), - Mordenite (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si 40 )OR 96 ·28H2O, - Palygorskite (Attapulgite, (Mg,Al)4[OH|(Si,Al)4O 10 ]2·(4+4)H2O), - Vermiculite ((Mg 0,5, Ca 0,5, Na,K) 0,7 (Mg,Fe,Al)3[(OH)2|(Al,Si)2Si2O 10 ]·4H2O), - Chabasite-Ca (Ca2[Al4Si8O 24 ]·13H2O), - Chabasite-Mg ((Mg 0.7 K 0.5 Ca 0.5 The 0.1 )[Al3Si9O 24 ]·10H2O) - Chabasite-Sr ((Sr,Ca)2[Al4Si8O 24 ]·11H2O), - Ackermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7), - Antigorite (Foliated serpentine; Mg3Si2O5(OH)4), - Brucite (Mg(OH)2), - Bredigit (Ca7Mg(SiO4)4, - calcium bentonite (agricultural bentonite), - Calcium pyroxenes, - Chrysotile (fiber serpentine; Mg3Si2O5(OH)4), - Cuspidin (Ca4Si2O7F2), - beta-dicalcium silicate (CaSiO4), - gamma-dicalcium silicate (CaSiO4), - Enstatite (Mg2Si2O6), - Fosterite (Mg2[SiO4]), - Clinochrysotile - Lizardite (Mg3Si2O5(OH)4), - Merwinite (Ca3Mg(SiO4)2), - Olivine (Mg2SiO4), (Ca2SiO4), - Orthochrysotile, - Parachrysotile, - Periclase (MgO), - Plagioclase, - Sepiolite (Meerschaum, Mg8[(OH)2|Si6O 15 ]2·(4+8)H2O), - Smectites, calcium and magnesium smectites, - Steel slag - Talk (Mg3[(OH)2|Si4O 10 ]), - Tobermorite (Ca4Si6O 17(H2O)2·(Ca·3H2O)), - alumina cement, - Wollastonite (Ca3[Si3O9]), - Cronstedtite (Fe 2+ ,Fe 3+ )3(Si,Fe 3+ )2O5(OH)4, - Fayalite (Fe2SiO4) - Greenalith (Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ ) 2-3 Si2O5(OH)4, - Siderite (FeCO3) forming hematite-iron-carbon mixtures and - Siderite-forming ferrite-iron-carbon mixtures, has been selected. [4] Materials (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by , that the calcium hydroxide is produced from calcium oxide, in the production of which the carbon dioxide is captured. [5] Materials (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized by , that - the biochars (2.1) are particulate, porous, pyrogenic biochars that still reveal the plant structure of the starting materials, - the solid (2.2) is selected from the group consisting of sheet, particle and fibrous woods, polylactides (PLA), poly(butylene adipate coterephthalates) (PBAT), polybutylene succinates (PBS), polycaprolactones (PBS), polyhydrocyanoates (PHA), synthetic biodegradable polymers, thermoplastic starches (TPS), blends of TPS with synthetic biodegradable polymers, seed fibers, hard fibers, wools and fine animal hair, coarse animal hair, silks, fibers made from natural polymers, plant protein fibers, protein fibers and fibers based on starch and glucose and combinations of at least two of these solids (2.2). [6] Materials (1) according to claim 5, characterized by , that - the particulate, porous, pyrogenic biochars (2.1) can be produced by pyrolysis above 300 °C of plants selected from the group consisting of kiri trees, bamboo, shrubs, beeches, oaks and ash trees, as well as C4 plants exhibiting a wreath anatomy, - the synthetic, biodegradable polymers (2.2) polyesters are and - wood fibers, seed fibers, hard fibers, wools and fine animal hairs, coarse animal hairs, silks and fibers made from natural polymers, plant protein fibers, and protein fibers from the group consisting of - Fibers based on wood, starch and glucose, - Cellulose fibers (CO), selected from the group consisting of cotton (CO), viscose (CV), modal (CMD), lyocell (CLY), cupro (CUP), acetate (CA), triacetate (CTA), kapok (KP), poplar down, akon, bamboo fibers, nettle fibers, hemp fibers (HA), jute (JU), kenaf, linen (LI), hops, ramie (RA), pineapple, caroá, curauá, henequen, New Zealand flax, sisal (SI) and coconut (CC), - Wool from sheep (WO), alpaca, llama, vicuña, guanaco, angora (WA), rabbit, camel hair (WK), cashmere (WS) and mohair (WM), cattle hair, horsehair and goat hair, - Mulberry silk (SE), tussah silk (ST), mussel silk, soy protein fibers, zein and other prolamins, casein, albumins, collagen, glycoproteins, globulins, elastin, nucleoproteins, histones, keratin, chromoproteins, protamines, fibrinogen, phosphoproteins, prolamins, myosin, lipoproteins, hydrophobin, alginate fibers (ALG), chitosan fibers and - Mixtures of at least two of these fibers. [7] Materials (1) according to claim 6, characterized by that the C4 plants are grasses, maize, sugar cane, millet, giant miscanthus and / or amaranth. [8] Materials (1) according to claim 6 or 7, characterized by , that the fibers (2.2) are present as such, as woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, crocheted fabrics, nonwovens, papers, nonwovens, fiber-oriented nonwovens, felts, random fiber nonwovens, spunbond nonwovens and / or melt-blown materials. [9] Materials (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized by , that the at least one liquid adhesive (3) and the at least one hot melt adhesive (3) is selected from the group consisting of cement-based adhesives, setting plasters, dental cement, lithium, sodium and potassium water glass, aluminum acetate, inorganic putty, window putty, animal glue, wallpaper pastes, adhesives based on casein, glutin, dextrin, starch, proteins, gelatin and polyvinyl acetate and mixtures of at least two of these adhesives (3). [10] Materials (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized by , that the at least one inorganic material (1.1) contains at least one additive (1.1.3) selected from the group consisting of water, alkali hydroxides, pH indicators, calcium salts, quartz, glass, corundum, other zeolites, polymeric superabsorbents, environmentally safe surfactants, air-entraining agents and accelerators. [11] Materials (1) according to claim 10, characterized by , that the additive (1.1.3) is selected from the group consisting of water, lithium, sodium and potassium hydroxide, ethyl violet or titanium yellow, calcium sulfate and chloride, silicon dioxide, quartz, glass, corundum, zeolites A, X, Y, L, 5 and 11, superabsorbents based on polyacrylates, sugar surfactants (alkyl polyglycosides, APG), wood resin (tall and balsam resins), lignosulfonates and salts of polycarboxylic acids and tricalcium and monocalcium aluminate. [12] Materials (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized by that the at least one carrier material (2) and / or the at least one adhesive (3) contains or contain an effective amount of at least one biocide (1.1.4). [13] Materials (1) according to claim 12, characterized by that at least one biocide (1.1.4) is silver microparticles. [14] Materials (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized by that they are gas-permeable filter materials (1) and building materials (1). [15] Materials (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized by , that the building materials (1) are in the form of slurries or suspensions, bulk materials and building elements (19). [16] Materials (1) according to claim 15, characterized by, that the building elements (19) are solid slabs and perforated slabs, tubes, building blocks, hollow blocks, bricks, hollow bodies, spheres, cuboids, cylinders, pyramids and columns and truncated columns with triangular, quadrilateral, pentagonal and hexagonal cross-sections, window frames, door frames, facades, curtain walls, walls, ceilings and suspended ceilings. [17] Filters free of heavy metals, except silver and iron (5), comprising - at least one layered filter material (1) according to claims 14 to 16 or at least one bulk material (1.1) according to claim 1 as well as - at least one container (4) for the at least one layered filter material (1) or the at least one bulk material (1.1), wherein the at least one container (4) is wholly or partially gas-permeable and is constructed from networks, grids, woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, crocheted fabrics, nonwovens, papers, nonwovens, fiber-oriented nonwovens, felts, random fiber nonwovens, spunbond nonwovens and / or melt-blown materials, sheets and / or perforated sheets made of synthetic biodegradable and / or bio-based and biodegradable solids (2.2). [18] Filter (5) according to claim 17, characterized by, that the at least one gas-permeable container (4) made of fibrous wood, polylactides (PLA), poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalates) (PBAT), polybutylene succinates (PBS), polycaprolactones (PBS), polyhydrocyanoates (PHA), thermoplastic starches (TPS) and / or blends of TPS with synthetic, biodegradable polymers and / or made of seed fibers, hard fibers, wool, fine animal hair, coarse animal hair, silk, fibers made of natural polymers, plant protein fibers, protein fibers and / or fibers based on starch and / or glucose (2.2) and / or made of sheet and perforated wood, polylactides (PLA), poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalates) (PBAT), polybutylene succinates (PBS), polycaprolactones (PBS), is composed of polyhydrocyanoates (PHA), thermoplastic starches (TPS) and / or blends of TPS with synthetic, biodegradable polymers (2.2). [19] Filter (5) according to claim 17 or 18, characterized by, that the at least one gas-permeable container (4) has at least one reversibly or permanently sealed opening (4.1) through which the at least one filter material (1) or the at least one bulk material (1.1) has been inserted into the interior of the gas-permeable container (4). [20] Filter (5) according to claim 19, characterized by , that the at least one opening (4.1) can be closed or is closed with a textile seam, an adhesive (3), an adhesive tape (3), a zipper, a hook and loop fastener or with a network, grid, woven fabric, knitted fabric, crocheted fabric, nonwoven fabric, textile, paper, nonwoven, fiber-oriented nonwoven, felt, random fiber nonwoven, spunbond nonwoven and / or a plate or perforated plate made of synthetic biodegradable and / or bio-based and biodegradable solids (2.2). [21] Filter (5) according to any one of claims 17 to 20, characterized by, that the at least one layered filter material (1.1) is flat and planar, a block or a column with a circular, oval or polygonal perimeter. [22] Filter (5) according to any one of claims 17 to 21, characterized by , that at least one container (4) contains at least one biocide (1.1.4). [23] Filter device (6) wherein at least one filter (5) according to one of claims 18 to 22 is stored in at least one actively (7.1) or passively (7.2) generated gas stream (7) in a way that allows for its removal. [24] Filter device (6) according to claim 23, characterized by , that the actively generated gas flow (7.1) passes through the filter device (6) - is generated by means of a stationary, gas-generating, external device (8), in front of whose gas outlet opening (8.1) or in whose gas stream (7.1) generated externally by (8) the filter device (6) is placed, - is produced using a device (9) built internally into the filter device (6) or - is generated by the movement of a means of transport (10) on land, water and in the air, to which the filter device (6) is connected, and the passively generated gas flow (7.2) is caused by natural air movements (7.2.1). [25] Filter device (6) according to 23 or 24, characterized by , that - the device (8) is the outdoor unit of a heat pump, a vent pipe or an exhaust pipe, in front of whose gas outlet openings (8.1) the filter device (6) is placed, or a wind turbine or wind power plant, in whose gas movement (7.1) it is placed, - the device (9) is at least one fan selected from the group consisting of axial fans, counter-rotating axial fans, pressure axial fans, suction axial fans, single-sided or double-sided radial fans, centrifugal fans, diagonal fans, tangential or cross-flow fans, turbines and compressors, - the natural air movement (7.2.1) wind, updraft or downdraft is, - the means of transport (10) is a car, a truck, a train, a ship, a motor boat, an airplane or a zeppelin. [26] Filter device (6) according to claim 25, characterized by , that the filter device (6), in which the passively generated gas flow (7.2) is generated by natural air movements (7.2.1), stands freely in the landscape.

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