METHOD AND SLICING MACHINE FOR SLICING A BATCH OF FOOD LOAVES INTO SLICES

Description

I. Area of ​​application

[0001] The invention relates to improving weight accuracy when producing slices or portions of the most precise weight possible from several slices by cutting the slices from a mostly elongated loaf of food, the cross-section of which, however, changes more or less significantly along its length in its original state, in particular a loaf of fresh beef or pork. More precisely, the invention relates to a method with the features of the preamble of claim 1 and a slicing machine with the features of the preamble of claim 3. II. Technical Background

[0002] In the production of precisely weighted slices and the subsequent packaging with the nominal weight specified on the packaging (= "fixed packaging") of For individual slices (single-slice portion), any excess weight of each slice is a loss factor for the manufacturer, whereas for weight-accurate multi-slice portions, with a specified nominal weight, individual slices with underweight on the one hand and excess weight on the other can be combined to create a weight-accurate portion, and only the proportionally much smaller excess weight of the entire multi-slice portion represents a loss factor.

[0003] In order to control the weight of the slices to be cut off, the loaf is usually pressed in the longitudinal direction and, if necessary, also in the transverse direction, usually in a so-called form tube that is open at the front and back but completely closed, to achieve a cross-section that is as uniform as possible along its length.

[0004] The pressed loaf is then pushed forward by the longitudinal press ram from the opposite open end face, the cutting end, of the mold tube by a defined feed distance, i.e., an overhang, usually until it comes to rest against a stop plate with pressure, and a slice is cut off immediately at the front end face of the mold tube using a knife. The axial position of the knife relative to the mold tube and its front end face generally remains unchanged.

[0005] It should be clarified that the feed distance automatically set for each disc on the machine, the so-called Thickness adjustment, is usually slightly larger than the set value Distance between the stop plate and the axial position of the knife, because the portion of the loaf protruding from the front of the forming tube expands laterally, and the resulting overhang of the advanced loaf from the forming tube becomes shorter. The actual disc thickness,The thickness of the disc after it has been separated, i.e., after it has been able to expand freely, is usually slightly larger than the set distance and slightly smaller than the thickness setting.

[0006] For the purposes of the present invention, a fixed correlation between weight and thickness of both the disc and the entire loaf is assumed, and thus the weight and thickness of a disc are virtually equated, i.e., correction weight and correction thickness are used virtually synonymously, and are therefore also generally referred to as correction value.

[0007] Before a loaf is sliced, the total volume and thus the total weight of the loaf compressed within it – with the cutting end closed – is automatically and approximately determined by detecting the position of the longitudinal press ram and, if applicable, the transverse press ram relative to the mold tube – in particular by determining the extension length of the respective ram from a working cylinder – while a defined force, the measuring force, is applied to the press rams. The measuring force preferably corresponds to the feed force with which the loaf is later pushed forward step by step out of the mold tube for slicing off slices using the longitudinal press ram.

[0008] From the total volume of the loaf and the cross-section of the mold tube in the pressed state, the target thickness that all discs of this loaf would need to have can be automatically calculated in order to produce only discs whose weight is at least a specified value – especially without any residue in the form of underweight discs. Target weight, for example the nominal weight indicated on the label of the individual packaged disc or a Reference weight, which may be slightly higher than the nominal weight, and which the manufacturer of the packages specifies internally.

[0009] However, there are several reasons why, despite adjusting the longitudinal position of the knife to a position corresponding to the target thickness of a disc of the pressed loaf, the discs may still not have the target weight, in particular their weight may be outside a tolerance range, especially below a lower tolerance limit of this tolerance range.

[0010] Causes of being underweight can include The fact that such a loaf retains some quality of its original shape – often a barrel shape with the greatest thickness and cross-section in its middle area, or conversely a spindle shape – even in the pressed state, meaning that the mold cavity, for example in the case of a barrel shape, is not completely filled in terms of cross-section in its end areas, i.e., when separating the first and last slices, and that, due to the unequal static friction between the loaf and the mold tube, before the cutting begins, the pressed loaf does not completely fill the mold tube cross-section with its front end.

[0011] In addition, the loaves of meat in a batch – which generally represent the same piece of meat from the point of origin on the live animal – may have a similar shape in terms of quality, but can differ significantly in quantity, meaning that the processing parameters determined for the first pressed loaf cannot simply be transferred to the subsequent loaves of the same batch.

[0012] Even in terms of quality, individual loaves from the same batch can differ from one another when cut open, for example with regard to specific weight, degree of freezing, water content, especially on the outer surfaces and thus the static friction against the mold tube, as well as other factors.

[0013] The operating parameters of the machine used for slicing can also change during the slicing of a batch of loaves, for example due to partial heating and expansion of individual machine parts.

[0014] According to the invention The main focus, however, is on the production of weight-accurate individual slice portions, i.e., slices, each of which is placed on or over, but as close as possible to, the chosen Target weight in particular one internally defined by the manufacturer of the discs Reference weight, The deviation is particularly important if it lies within an existing tolerance range, or at least above a lower tolerance limit, thus avoiding reject discs. The following often apply: external, most statutory,Conditions for the sale of portions with a specified nominal weight, on the basis of which - and not on the basis of the actual weight - the price indicated on the package is determined and often also the manufacturer of the packages containing the portions is paid: 1. Condition:

[0015] The average actual weight of all portions produced in a batch with the same stated nominal weight must be above the nominal weight.

[0016] For very large batches that require more than one working day to cut, this can also apply to the sub-batches cut on each individual working day. 2. Condition:

[0017] The actual weight of each individual portion, i.e., in the case of single-slice portions, of each individual slice, must be above a certain threshold. external, mostly legalThe lower tolerance limit TU lies, for example, 15 g below the nominal weight for a nominal weight between 500 g and 1000 g.

[0018] If the second condition is violated, the corresponding portion is rejected; if, on the other hand, the first condition is violated, the entire produced batch is rejected.

[0019] Optional, manufacturer-specific condition: As 3. Condition should be frequent and also according to the invention The fulfillment of the first condition must also be ensured for partial batches, especially within each individual loaf.

[0020] The average actual weight of all slices produced from one loaf should therefore be higher than the nominal weight.

[0021] In this process, the individual body must according to the inventionIt doesn't necessarily have to be sliced ​​completely without any leftover bits, although that would be ideal. However, this requires larger tolerances for the weight of the individual slices compared to the option where a small piece of the loaf is allowed to remain at the end, even if it falls outside the tolerance range, and it generally also increases the amount of leftover bread.

[0022] A device and a method with the features of the preamble of the independent device and method claim are each known from both DE 102004041915 A1 and DE 102016107849 A1. III. Description of the invention a) Technical task

[0023] The object of the invention is therefore to provide a method and a device for slicing loaves into slices of precise weight, in which ideally not a single slice has an actual weight outside the tolerance range, in particular below the lower tolerance limit. b) Solution of the task

[0024] This problem is solved by the features of claims 1 and 3. Advantageous embodiments are described in the dependent claims.

[0025] This task can be accomplished when cutting open pressed, i.e., definedly shaped, loaves – from the described fully enclosed form tube, which has a constant cross-section along its longitudinal extent – ​​by the following method. Procedure This can be solved, which requires appropriate training. Slicing machine requires a suitably trained automatic control system.

[0026] The thickness settings for the discs are automatically calculated and specified by the machine's control system so that the weight of the discs complies with the values ​​entered into the control system.

[0027] Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed below that the nominal weight indicated on the subsequent packaging, and not a higher, internally defined, reference weight, is selected and entered into the control system for the cutting process.

[0028] Regarding the Procedure First, it must be determined how many slices with at least the reference weight can be obtained from the loaf to be sliced, for which the total weight and / or total volume of the loaf should first be determined, whereby, due to an assumed constant specific weight - at least for a batch of meat pieces - each of these two values ​​can be calculated from the other value.

[0029] For this purpose, one could simply weigh the loaf before slicing and calculate the maximum achievable number of slices with a specific reference weight.

[0030] However, since such a loaf has an irregular shape in its initial state, and in particular does not have a constant cross-section along its main direction of extension, one would then have to additionally know the cross-section at every point along the loaf and redetermine and adjust the thickness of each slice that leads to achieving the reference weight.

[0031] To avoid this, the loaf is deformed in a fully enclosed mold tube, the cavity of which has a constant cross-section along its entire length, at least longitudinally, for example by means of a longitudinal press ram, so that the loaf completely fills the inner cross-section of the mold tube cavity at every longitudinal position and is formed into a uniform strand, i.e., a caliber, which has the same cross-section throughout its length. Knowing the cross-sectional area of ​​the mold tube cavity and thus of the strand, only the thickness of the disc needs to be determined to achieve a disc with a predetermined weight, such as the reference weight.

[0032] The volume of the entire billet can also be determined in this way by determining the length of the billet as it is formed into a strand in its deformed state, i.e., when the deformed billet already fills the cross-section of the mold tube cavity along its entire length. This is easily and automatically accomplished by determining the position of the longitudinal press ram and knowing the position of the opposite stop, which is usually located directly at the cutting end, during longitudinal pressing.

[0033] The loaf, formed into a strand, is subject to a measuring force applied to the longitudinal press die, preferably being the same force used later when cutting the loaf, pushing it forward a defined distance beyond the front end of the forming tube between the separation of the individual slices and, in particular, pressing it against a stop.

[0034] The GoalThe primary goal is to ensure that the individual slices are neither rejected due to being underweight, nor do they have as little excess weight as possible compared to the reference weight, in order to minimize the unpaid "giveaway" portion. Since the loaf does not need to be sliced ​​completely, one underweight slice can remain per loaf, which can then be used for other purposes.

[0035] However, the almost always applicable first condition must be met: the average weight of all slices, e.g., of a batch of loaves, must also be above an externally specified lower tolerance limit, usually the nominal weight, which is set by the client or the legislator, otherwise the entire batch is rejected.

[0036] Therefore, the manufacturer will do everything to maintain this necessary average weight of all discs, and at the same time try to ensure that as few discs as possible have a weight below the external tolerance lower limit, which would make the individual disc scrap.

[0037] The possible procedures and the cutting machine used to solve the existing task are explained using the following figures: c) Examples of implementation

[0038] Embodiments according to the invention are described in more detail below by way of example. The figures show: Figure 1a - d: A slicing machine in principle - viewed from the side in different phases of slicing a loaf of bread, Figure 2a, b :cross-section of two-part shaped tubes in various operating states, Figure 3a:a pressed loaf in side view, in which the slices to be produced from it are already marked, Figure 3b A weight diagram showing all slices of different loaves when weight is adjusted relative to the reference weight. Figure 3b1: an enlargement from Figure 3b , Figure 3c: a table illustrating the inventive procedure for adjusting the weight of the discs loaf by loaf, as shown in Figure 3b graphically represented, Figure 4a: the unclaimed application of correction values ​​to a loaf with more slices than the preceding loaf, Figure 4b: the unclaimed application of correction values ​​to a loaf with fewer slices than the preceding loaf, Figure 5: A table for the unclaimed procedure for adjusting the weight of the discs from disc to disc within the same loaf.

[0039] How Figure 3b 1 This shows that the manufacturer of so-called rigid packaging is given the nominal weight on the one hand. Gnenn - which is printed on the packaging and thus, so to speak, guaranteed to the customer - specified, and on the other hand, a specified lower tolerance limit. TU, As previously described, this is usually the lower tolerance limit for individual discs.

[0040] He can use it to control the thickness settings. D even a reference weight that must be adhered to Gbezug specify, for example, the nominal weight Gnenn is. However, if the average of the actual weights is then Gist all discs S1 - Sn one batch only slightly below this nominal weight Gnenn If the entire batch of discs produced is defective, it is rejected.

[0041] Therefore, it is often considered internal specified reference weight Gbezug a slightly higher weight than the nominal weight Gnenn chosen to minimize this risk, as in Figure 3b and 3b 1 depicted. Loaf-by-loaf correction of thickness settings according to the Figures 3a - c:

[0042] Since it is assumed that the loaves L1 until Lz Since they are similar to a batch, attempts are made to identify those resulting from a previous sequence. f Actual weights determined of loaves from a batch of loaves Gist the individual discs S1 until Sn of the loaf from the first S1 until the last disc Sn for the next loaves to be cut L2, L3 to correct so that, if possible, all discs S1 until Sn all subsequent loaves L2, L3 etc. comply with at least the two weight conditions mentioned above, and preferably also with the third internal condition.

[0043] For this purpose, the first loaf L1 a batch of loaves in slices S1 until Sn cut with predefined thickness settings, usually the same thickness setting That shouldfor all discs S1 until Sn, which theoretically corresponds to the reference weight Gbezug or nominal weight Gnenn all discs S1 until Sn should lead to the discs S1 until Sn They are weighed individually.

[0044] How Figure 3a iVm Figure 1a shows, it also fills - in this case by a longitudinal press ram 4 against a stop plate 13 - compressed loaf L1 the cavity of the square tube 2 Especially at the beginning and end, the results aren't always as desired. If you then cut all the slices with the calculated correct thickness setting... That should on, which theoretically at least to the reference weight Gbezug The first slices would lead to... S1, S2, S3 as well as the last discs Sn-1, Sn still underweight.

[0045] Figure 3b qualitatively shows the weights of the discs S1 until Sndifferent, successive loaves to be cut open L1 until L3, which in this case - even in the pressed state - have a slight barrel shape, so that primarily the thickness settings for the first and last slices of the loaf are located there. L should be corrected: This consists of the Basic idea in it, for those discs S1 - Sn, so disc numbers S1 - Sn, of a loaf which had a weight difference compared to the reference weight Greference, before cutting open the next loaf, e.g. L2, Loaf correction weights, for example KL2 and corresponding loaf correction thicknesses, e.g. KL2' to determine the thickness settings for the analogous individual slices of the next loaf and to correct these loaf correction thicknesses before slicing the next loaf, with the aim that their actual weights then correspond to the reference weight. Gbezugreach or exceed, and this applies to the entire loaf.

[0046] According to Figure 3b the first three slices and the last two slices of the first sliced ​​loaf L1 still below this reference weight Gbezug, However, only the first two and the last one are below the nominal weight (Gnenn), and only the first one is below the lower tolerance limit. TU.

[0047] In contrast, the situation was already different with the second loaf. L2 as well as the following loaves, due to the loaf correction values, all slices above the nominal weight Gnenn.

[0048] As explained above, there is a fixed relationship between a correction thickness and an assumed, known specific gravity. KL', and a correction weight KL, which can therefore be used synonymously as a correction value.

[0049] In Figure 3cThe specific procedure for determining the loaf correction weights is shown vertically from top to bottom in the respective column, whereby there is in particular no effect from one disc number to the next within the same loaf.

[0050] It is assumed that according to Figure 3b 1 A nominal weight is specified for each individually packaged single-slice portion. Gnenn a weight of 175 g is to be printed on it, which is why the processor of the machine's control system has, as a precaution, included a reference weight. Gbezug specified 180 g to ensure it remains above an external tolerance lower limit TU to be between 170 g.

[0051] Before cutting open the first loaf L1, the weight determined during the pressing of this first loaf and the axial length of the first loaf were used. L1 a uniform thickness setting for the entire loaf L1 Dsoll(L1)determined, i.e., a thickness setting for slicing the discs, where the weight of each disc mathematically then the reference weight Gbezug should correspond.

[0052] With this thickness setting Dsoll(L1) As the same starting thickness setting applies to all slices, the first loaf L1 is cut open and the actual weights are recorded. Gist(L1) the individual discs S1 until Sn of the first loaf L1 determined and their difference weights ΔL1 reference weight G-reference.

[0053] For the following second loaf L2 will be assigned to each disc number S1 until Sn individually a loaf correction weight KL2 determined which corresponds to this difference weight, but with the opposite sign.

[0054] Even before cutting open the second loaf L2 is calculated from the weight determined during the pressing of this second loaf and the axial length of the second loaf. L2one for the entire loaf L2 same thickness setting Dsoll(L2) determined, where the weight of each disc mathematically then the reference weight Gbezug should correspond.

[0055] This thickness setting Dsoll(L2) of the 2nd loaf L2 will now be applied to each disc S1 until Sn to achieve a correction thickness corresponding to the loaf correction weight KL2 KL2' This disc number was changed and the thickness settings were corrected accordingly. D1 to Dn the second loaf L2 They were cut open, the slices weighed, and their actual weights determined. Gist(L2) determined.

[0056] This involves converting the loaf correction weight determined based on the previous, first loaf. KL2 for the second, subsequent loaf L2 into a corresponding correction thickness KL2' This occurs automatically based on the weight and volume determined during pressing, including the axial length of the new loaf.L2, so that it is clear what weight an axial length unit, for example 1 mm in the longitudinal direction of this new loaf, represents. L2, corresponds.

[0057] Due to the corrected thickness settings, the weight difference is ΔL2 between the actual weights Gist(L2) of the 2nd loaf and the reference weight Gbezug now usually less than with the first slices of the 2nd loaf, namely only slightly below the reference weight for the 1st and 2nd slices. Gbezug, and both discs are already above the lower tolerance limit TU.

[0058] The intention is to adjust the thickness settings for the next loaf to be sliced ​​based on the actual weights of the slices, not just for one loaf, but for a limited sequence. f from previous loaves, in this case f = 4 preceding loaves Lx-4 to Lx-1, before cutting open the next loaf Lx to correct.

[0059] The loaf correction weight KLx each disc number, e.g. KLx(S2), The average of the difference weights should be used. ΔLun(f) the actual weights Gist the analogous slices of the previous loaves Lx-4 to Lx-1 this episode f = 4 compared to the reference weight Gbezug - naturally with the opposite sign - correspond to the thickness these discs would have exhibited if they had not already been cut with corrected thickness settings, i.e., the thickness they would have exhibited with the calculated thickness setting. That should of the respective loaf Lx-4 to Lx-1 would have had.

[0060] Therefore, starting with the second loaf of a batch, the uncorrected actual weights are also used for the sliced ​​pieces of a loaf, e.g. Gistun(L2), The weight of each disc is determined, and from this the uncorrected difference weights are calculated, e.g. ΔL2un , whose average over the preceding sequence f the loaf correction weight, for example KL3for each slice individually for the loaf to be cut subsequently, e.g. L3 results.

[0061] The uncorrected actual weight Gistun is determined by taking the current weight Gist the correction weight KLx this disc is removed: According to Figure 3c The first disc S1 of the second loaf L2 had an actual weight increased by 20 g after a previous correction of the thickness setting. Gist(L2) of 178 g. The uncorrected actual weight Gistun(L2) This amounts to 178 - 20 = 158 g.

[0062] The loaf correction weight, for example. KLx is preferably the mean the episode preceding this disc f loaves Lx-4 to Lx-1 for example, this disc S1 accumulated uncorrected difference weights ΔL(x-4)un until ΔL(x-1)un with a changed sign.

[0063] Since the actual weight of the first sliced ​​loaf L1The thickness determined with the starting thickness setting, i.e. without correction weight, is the same for the first loaf. L1 the current weight Gist(L1) a specific disc, e.g. S1, at the same time the uncorrected actual weight e.g. Gistun(L1) and the difference in weight ΔL1 Each disc simultaneously has its uncorrected difference in weight ΔL1un.

[0064] Since when determining the loaf correction weights KL3 and loaf correction thicknesses KL3' the preceding sequence of sliced ​​loaves comprised only two loaves and which was intended for a sequence f fixed upper limit of f If the value of 4 has not been reached, the loaf correction weight will be determined using the following methods: KL3' only the uncorrected difference weights ΔL1un , ΔL2un the two previous loaves L1, L2 averaged from the corresponding discs and with the opposite sign as loaf correction weights KL3 used.

[0065] Similarly, the correct loaf correction thicknesses are determined using the same method. KL4' a specific disc, e.g. S1, for the 4th loaf, the uncorrected difference weights ΔL1un , ΔL2un , ΔL3un These slices of the 1st to 3rd loaf, averaged, based on the dimensions and weight of this next loaf L4 from this the loaf correction thicknesses KL4' calculated and the sign changed. For this next loaf L4 also calculated thickness setting Dsoll(L4) It is then sliced ​​again by the corresponding loaf correction thicknesses. KL4' corrected.

[0066] If one proceeds analogously, the following steps are used to determine the loaf correction weight. KL6 or the loaf correction thickness KL6' for the 6th loaf KL6 Only the uncorrected difference weights of this disc number from the 2nd to 5th loaf are used to determine the loaf correction weight. KL7 or the loaf correction thickness KL7' for the 7th loaf KL7 only the uncorrected difference weights of the 3rd to 6th loaves, and so on.

[0067] Since only a limited number of preceding loaves and their uncorrected actual weights of the slices are taken into account, long-term changes during the slicing of a batch of loaves can be represented, and unique outliers in the form of loaves with very large weight differences of the sliced ​​pieces are only considered over a limited number of subsequent loaves.

[0068] This consideration of the actual weights of the analogous disc numbers of previous loaves applies across all disc numbers. S1 until Sn of a loaf, and in the case of barrel-shaped loaves, this usually also applies to the last slices. Sn-3 until Sn in the first loaves of a batch to loaf correction thicknesses KL2', KL3'.

[0069] In the present case, this procedure means that already when cutting open the second loaf L2 the actual weights Gist all slices of a loaf at or above the lower tolerance limit TU lay and from the 3rd loaf onwards L3 also the reference weight Gbezug reached.

[0070] It's possible that a loaf will be used instead of the one in Figure 3a The depicted barrel shape has a spindle shape, and therefore, in particular, the slices at the front and rear ends are cut with the calculated correct thickness setting. That should these have an actual weight which is above a limit - for example, one chosen by the processor himself. TO lies. Then the resulting loaf correction values ​​of these 1st and last slices would be negative correction values.

[0071] In practice, however, attempts are usually only made to avoid being underweight, because if the disc is overweight – even if there is a binding upper tolerance limit – TO If there is excess material, it is usually manually cut off the slice before packaging and used for other purposes. These trimmings typically only add up to the weight of a whole slice when there are 10 to 20 slices that are overweight in this way, so this economic loss is significantly less than repeatedly losing entire slices as rejects.

[0072] Instead of using the same starting thickness setting for slicing all slices of a first loaf L1 can for this first loaf L1 also specific slice-by-slice thickness settings D1 until Dn or slice-by-slice correction thicknesses ΔL1, by which the starting thickness setting is to be corrected, can be specified, for example based on experience with previous batches.

[0073] If used as a reference weight Gbezug such a close to the lower limit of tolerance TU or even if this is chosen by the user, the average value of the uncorrected difference weights of the sequence of preceding loaves can be multiplied by a factor that is at least 1.0 but no more than 1.5, preferably no more than 1.3, preferably no more than 1.2, to prevent the actual weights of the discs from exceeding the lower tolerance limit. TU to ensure.

[0074] If used as a reference weight Gbezug the nominal weight Gnenn or a weight is chosen that is closer to the nominal weight than to the lower tolerance limit TU,The average value of the uncorrected difference weights can be used to calculate the correction weight. ΔLun The number of loaves preceding the sequence is multiplied by a factor between 0.5 and 2.0 to prevent exceeding the lower tolerance limit. TU to ensure this by using the actual weights. (Cut cleanly)

[0075] This change, especially the increase, of the specified thickness settings for some slices from one loaf to the next is uncritical as long as the total length of the pressed loaf is equal to or greater than the sum of these changed thicknesses across all slices of a loaf, i.e., in particular, as long as no residual slice would have remained without increasing the specified thicknesses.

[0076] If you want a loaf, on the other hand residue-freeTo cut the loaf, the thickness settings specified for the individual slices for cutting the first loaf have already been applied, in particular the calculated thickness setting that is the same for all slices. That should, so precisely that no remaining slice should be left over.

[0077] If the specified thickness settings of some slices are then increased, the sum of the specified thickness settings would exceed the total length of the loaf.

[0078] To avoid this, an optional attempt is made to set a negative loaf correction value for the slice numbers where no positive loaf correction value occurred and was taken into account in the previously sliced ​​loaves, i.e., to reduce the thickness settings for these slices so that the sum of the thickness settings of all slices again corresponds to the total length of the loaf.

[0079] This applies in particular only to those disc numbers which, even taking into account this negative loaf correction value, still have a higher actual weight than the reference weight, i.e., the nominal weight or the lower tolerance limit. (Different number of slices per loaf)

[0080] The preceding explanations assumed that all pressed blocks had the same cross-section. However, since a transverse pressing ram is used, i.e., when transverse pressing is carried out, this is generally force-controlled, resulting in different cross-sections for the individual pressed blocks.

[0081] Since the individual loaves also have different weights, the number of slices that can be produced from the different loaves and have a target weight can also vary, either additionally or instead.

[0082] For different cross-sections, but especially for two consecutive loaves to be cut with the same number of slices, the loaf correction value resulting from a specific slice number of the preceding loaf is optionally applied to the same slice number of the subsequent loaf to be cut. This is based on the consideration that, due to the qualitatively identical shape of the loaves, the same deviations will occur in the ranges of certain slice numbers, despite potentially different cross-sectional sizes.

[0083] According to Figure 4a , b When there is a different number of slices on two consecutive loaves to be cut, it must be clarified how the allocation of the loaf correction weights of the slice numbers from the preceding to the following loaf is carried out.

[0084] This is done in particular by assigning the resulting loaf correction values ​​of the same disc number in the following loaf to a central range of disc numbers, especially up to the middle of the disc numbers, of the preceding loaf, and applying them to this loaf. If the preceding loaf has an odd number of discs, the middle disc number is treated the same way.

[0085] From this area onwards, especially the middle of the slice numbers of the preceding loaf, the assignment from the preceding to the following loaf is made starting from the last slice number, i.e. the correction value resulting from the last slice of the preceding loaf is applied to the last slice of the following loaf, and the same procedure is followed for the penultimate, the second-to-last, and so on.

[0086] This can lead to two different situations: Figure 4a shows the case where the following loaf has a higher number of slices than the preceding one, in which case the following loaf has two more slices.

[0087] Following the procedure described above, the two middle disc numbers are then assigned, for example, S10 and S11 The subsequent loaf no longer has a loaf correction value directly assigned from a disc number of the preceding loaf.

[0088] Instead, for each of these previously uncorrected disc numbers, the loaf correction value is taken from the disc number adjacent to the nearest end of the loaf and thus progresses towards the middle of the following loaf until all previously uncorrected disc numbers have been assigned a loaf correction value.

[0089] If according to Figure 4b If the following loaf has fewer slices than the preceding loaf, then, according to the numbering procedure described above, slices are assigned to the middle section of the following loaf, here the slices. S8 and S9, Two loaf correction values ​​are assigned from the slice numbers of the previous loaf.

[0090] In this case, each of these discs, here S8 and S9, in each case the average of the two values ​​of the respective disc S8 or S9Assigned loaf correction values ​​were applied. (corrected) L1 -Attitude)

[0091] If you want to avoid that especially with the first loaf L1 a batch L1 to Lz a disk, in particular one of the first disks S1, S2.... and / or one of the last discs Sn-1, Sn If the loaf is underweight and therefore rejects, it can already be cut open for the first loaf. L1 the specified thickness setting D1 until Dn for the individual discs S1 - Sn starting from the calculated target thickness That should by increasing by loaf correction values KL1 Increases may be determined, for example, from experience gained when cutting other batches of the same pieces of meat with regard to their position on the animal, or based on other empirical values. Maintaining the average weight across the entire batch:

[0092] Optionally, it is also checked whether the average ØΣGist the actual weights Gistof the discs produced so far from the batch above the nominal weight Gnenn, is, and if not, the accumulated discrepancy weight is determined, in particular by summing up the previous difference weights of the individual discs compared to the reference weight, especially the nominal weight. Gnenn. Subsequently, measures are taken to compensate for the accumulated weight deficit by the end of the batch, in particular by adjusting the reference weight. Gbezug It is changed, especially increased.

[0093] The increase in the reference weight Gbezug can be carried out in such a way that this increase in the number of loaves still to be cut in this batch at least mathematically compensates for the previously accumulated deficit or preferably exceeds it by at least one percent, better at least 2 percent, better at least 3 percent.

[0094] At the same time, the accumulated weight loss over the rest of the batch should not be exceeded by more than 6%, preferably not more than 5%, preferably not more than 4% by these measures, i.e., overcompensated, in order to keep losses for the processor within limits.

[0095] Both measures are preferably checked during the cutting of the remaining batch, in particular after cutting each further loaf, and if the test result is negative, i.e., if a compensation of the accumulated weight deficit cannot be achieved by the end of the batch according to calculations, the reference weight is increased. Gbezug The value is increased or decreased again until this is achieved mathematically.

[0096] Is the average ØΣGist the actual weights all The slices produced so far in this batch remain permanently below the reference weight, for example even after more than 10 or more than 20 loaves. Gbezug,Therefore, measures must be taken to increase the actual weights of the slices still to be cut, i.e., the remaining loaves of the batch, so that the average of all slices produced from the entire batch is still above the reference weight. Gbezug, especially the nominal weight Gnenn, lies.

[0097] For this purpose, the reference weight can be used for the remaining slices to be cut, for example. Gbezug be increased or the lower tolerance limit TUThe quantity must be increased, taking into account the remaining loaves available, in such a way that the accumulated weight deficit can be compensated, or better yet overcompensated, by at least 1%, better at least 2%, better at least 3%, but preferably not more than 6%, better not more than 5%, better not more than 4%.

[0098] Preferably, during the cutting of the remaining loaves, the check is repeated several times, in particular after the cutting of each further loaf, to determine whether such compensation can be expected to be achieved, and if the result of the check is negative, the increase is increased so that the compensation can be expected to be achieved for the remaining loaves to be cut. Maintaining the average weight even within a single loaf:

[0099] Due to the – albeit limited – differences between the individual loaves L1, L2... can conclusions be drawn from the actual weights Gist the discs S1 - Sn of a cut-open previous loaf Lx-1 Only a limited optimization when cutting a subsequent loaf Lx cause, for example, because the lower tolerance limit TU for the current weight Gist the discs S1 - Sn is relatively high, at about 94% of the nominal weight Gnenn, and thus the variation from loaf to loaf can be greater than this distance.

[0100] Instead or in addition to this, especially for the first loaves of a batch, it is advisable to adjust the specified thickness settings. D1, D2, D3 ...for separating slices S1, S2, S3 ...from a thickness setting, for example D1to the next disc whose thickness can still be adjusted, e.g. D2 or D3 even within primarily a smaller sub-batch, especially one and the same loaf Lx, to provide for in order to avoid particularly underweight, and possibly also overweight, slices or portions, whereby in the following only slices are referred to, but the same procedure can be applied to portions. By distributing a difference in weight across several subsequent disks, Figure 5:

[0101] This is to be achieved by a differential weight ΔS , i.e., an overweight or underweight, between the uncorrected actual weight of a disc and the reference weight, is compensated for by this difference in weight ΔS on a group g with a fixed group size of e.g. g = 3 subsequent disks with opposite sign, and thus balanced over a limited number of subsequent disks.

[0102] Because of the speed of cutting, the amount of a slice, for example, S1 Determined actual weight Gist and thus their difference in weight is no longer distributed across the immediately next disc, e.g. S2 can be applied, but the next disc whose thickness can be adjusted is usually the one after that. S3 or even the third next disc S4, the group starts from, for example, g = 3 disks with this next controllable disk.

[0103] If, therefore, according to Figure 5 The first slice of a loaf is underweight. ΔS was found to be 9 grams, and this was due to a consequence of gIf the thickness is to be distributed across 3 subsequent slices, but the next adjustable thickness setting is the one after that (here, that of the 3rd slice of this loaf), the previously applicable thickness setting, e.g., Dsoll, of the 3rd to 5th slices is increased by one slice correction thickness each. KSnext increased, which corresponds to 3 grams.

[0104] Almost every slice that is cut (e.g. S7 ) adding or subtracting multiple disc correction thicknesses (e.g. +3+2+0), since each disc (e.g. S7 ) simultaneously in several correction groups triggered by preceding, successive, sliced ​​and weighed slices g1 = S3 - S5, g2 = S4 - S6, g3 = S5 - S7 may lie.

[0105] In general terms, the procedure is as follows: from each detached slice (e.g. S3 ) the difference weight ΔSof their uncorrected actual weight Gistun to the reference weight Gbezug determined, from this is calculated by dividing by a group size g, e.g. g = 3 and the change of sign results in a disc correction weight KSnext determined, for the group g3 the next discs that can still be reached in terms of thickness adjustment (e.g. S5 until S7) their respective predefined thickness settings will be applied. (D5 until D7) to adjust the disc correction thicknesses KSnext corrected, before cutting each slice (e.g. S5 ) all from the preceding groups (g1, g2...) will be this disc (S5) relevant disc correction thicknesses KSnext for correcting the specified thickness setting for this disc (e.g. D5 ) applied.

[0106] The first slice of a loaf represents a special case: The first slice of the first loaf of a batch is produced with a predetermined thickness setting. D1, often the thickness setting which is calculated from the total weight of the loaf and the desired reference weight That should, cut open.

[0107] The specified thickness setting for the first disc S1 one of the following loaves L2, L3... In contrast, it is usually already corrected for disc correction thicknesses, as described above, by disregarding the change from the last disc of one loaf to the first disc of the following loaf within a sequence, i.e., the group g also extends across the border between two consecutive loaves.

[0108] Generally speaking, for the first or first slices of a loaf that is not the first loaf of a batch, the specified thickness setting of this slice is adjusted by all slice correction thicknesses relevant for this slice. KSnext from the preceding, relevant groups g1, g2... corrected, whereby the groups g1, g2... across the border between two consecutive loaves L1, L2 can extend far. Combination of loaf correction values ​​and disc correction values:

[0109] Loaf correction values KL and disc correction values KS can also be used in combination with each other: Since most types of loaves L the differences between the various loaves L1 until Lz a larger percentage of a batch than within a loaf L3 the differences between two consecutive ones, with the target thickness That should cut slices Snext-1, Snext,is usually the loaf correction value KL the primary correction value to be considered, and the disc correction value KS the correction value to be considered secondarily.

[0110] Therefore, if, especially from the 2nd loaf onwards, a determined disc correction value that deviates from zero is obtained with negative Value -KS If a loaf correction value other than zero exists, it should be disregarded. positive Value +KL is determined for the same disc.

[0111] If, on the other hand, an additional disc S is used for the same disc positive disc correction value +KS Once determined, the positive correction value is +KL, +KS to apply which is higher, i.e., either the (positive) loaf correction value +KL or the (positive) disc correction value +KS. The same applies to negative correction values.

[0112] Regarding the in the Figures 1a to 1d rudimentary representation Slicing machine 1 for cutting slices S loaves L One after the other, in particular using the described method, such a slicing machine comprises 1 Firstly, a holding device 2 for the loaf to be cut L.

[0113] The holding device 2 This is a completely enclosed, open-ended square tube. 2 with a cross-section of its inner free space that remains constant over its entire length 7.

[0114] Furthermore, the slicing machine includes 1 a cutting unit 6, in which, in particular, a knife axis 3' rotating, disc-shaped or sickle-shaped knife 3, which extends from the front end of the loaf L a slice S separates the part that comes from the cutting end2a of the shaped tube 2 is in front of it, as well as a control system. 1*, all moving parts of the slicing machine 1 controls.

[0115] According to the invention, the control 1* trained to operate the slicing machine 1 to control it in such a way that it uses the described method for varying the weight of the discs S carries out.

[0116] According to the invention, the slicing machine comprises 1 besides the shaped tube 2 one from the rear open end, the loading end 2b, fitting perfectly into its inner free space 7 retractable, at the front end of a piston rod 12 attached, longitudinal press die 4 for pressing the loaf L in longitudinal direction 10, until this one is in front of the longitudinal press die 4 remaining interior space 7fills as completely as possible and has a cross-section that is uniform over its entire length, corresponding to the cross-section of the interior. 7 owns.

[0117] Furthermore, a stop plate is usually included. 13 for the one made from the shaped tube 2 forwards by means of the longitudinal press ram 4 pushed-out loaf L present, the distance between them A to the front end, the cutting end 2a of the shaped tube 2, can be adjusted.

[0118] The stop plate 13 can be fully attached to the front end face of the shaped tube 2 The approaching state can also be used as a front stop during longitudinal pressing of the loaf. L in the tubing 2 through the longitudinal press die 4 serve.

[0119] The knife 3 In contrast, it is usually positioned at the same longitudinal position, especially relative to the profile tube. 2,especially directly on the front end face of the shaped tube 2, e.g. in a first transverse direction 11.1 moved back and forth and thus from the now back to the stop plate 13 forward-pushed loaf L one slice each S separates.

[0120] How the sequence of Figures 1a to 1d as can be seen, it covers before contacting the loaf. L through the cutting edge 3a of the knife 3 the cover plate 13 - viewed in the longitudinal direction 10 - the entire cross-section of the shaped tube 2 off, and moves as the cutting edge increasingly plunges into the water. 3a the knife 3 into the loaf L together with this, for example in this first transverse direction 11.1, so that they can pass through the gap 17 between cutting edge 3a and the functional edge 13a the cover plate 13 passing discS finally, over this top edge 13a - which may or may not be beveled - the stop plate 13 tip down and onto the conveyor 8 can fall, as in the Figures 1b and 1c to recognize.

[0121] Then the knives move 3 and stop plate 13 opposite to the direction of immersion, i.e. in the transverse direction 11.1, back, as in Figure 1d depicted, and the loaf L is in turn via the front cutting end 2a of the square tube 2 pushed out until it touched the stop plate 13, which are at the desired distance A, especially the thickness setting D, adjusted again in the longitudinal direction 10 considers the entire cross-section of the inner mold cavity 7 covers.

[0122] How best to enlarge the Figure 1a shows, can in longitudinal direction 10considers stop plate 13 and knife 3 in the side view perpendicular to the immersion direction 11.1 They are considered to overlap slightly if appropriate chamfers on the facing edge areas ensure that the remaining gap between them is minimal. 17 is large enough so that the detached disc S through the gap 17 can move through it.

[0123] Such a slicing machine 1 It also has a scale. 16 - see Figure 1d -, which is the actual weight Gist each detached slice S individually determined, as well as a control unit 14 - see Figure 1a - with which, in particular, on the one hand, the feed path, around which the longitudinal press punch 4 the loaf L The distance can be adjusted as it moves forward before the next slice is cut off. On the other hand, the distance can also be determined based on this. Athe stop plate 13 to the axial position at which the knife 3 is located when cutting off a slice S can be set manually and especially automatically by the control system. 1*.

[0124] The before a slice is cut off S thickness setting to be determined D This feed distance is, as a rule, not only the same length, but slightly greater than the set distance. A, However, both parameters affect the later weight. Gist the detached disc S influence.

[0125] The scale 16 However, it is usually not located under the conveyor belt. 8, onto which the detached disc SThe weight falls directly down, as the vibrations from the impact of the falling disc make exact weight determination very difficult, but is usually only determined under the immediately following conveyor. 9.

[0126] If technically possible, however, weighing should take place as far upstream as possible and immediately after the disc has been cut off. S, especially immediately after impact with the conveyor 8, This will happen because the weight Gist the just-cut disc S This should be known as early as possible in order to adjust the thickness settings accordingly. D discs to be separated afterwards S to be able to influence it as quickly as possible.

[0127] The loaf L can not only in the longitudinal direction 10 by a longitudinal press die 4not only are they pressed, but also – preferably beforehand or simultaneously – by a transverse pressing ram 5 in one of the transverse directions, preferably also the first transverse direction 11.1, in which the knife 3 moved during separation.

[0128] Appropriate designs of shaped tubes 2 show - viewed in the longitudinal direction 10 - the Figures 2a , b: This consists of the longitudinal direction 10 considered shaped tube 2 in the circumferential direction from two components, namely a U-shaped transverse press tub in this direction of view 15, A transverse press die fits into its open side. 5 in a transverse direction, preferably the first transverse direction 11.1, is driven in, and the previously placed loaf L, which in its unpressed initial state has an approximately elliptical cross-section, in this transverse direction 11.1compressed until it at least partially has a cross-section corresponding to the cross-section 7' of the remaining inner free space 7 in the tubing 2 assumes.

[0129] The transverse press die 5 It can be driven forward to a fixed transverse position, so that the cross-section then 7' of the inner free space 7 in the shaped tube 2 with the front surface 4a of the longitudinal press die 4 agrees, which can then have an unchangeable shape and size.

[0130] The transverse press die is preferred. 5 However, it is force-controlled, so its final pressing position is not fixed. Then the longitudinal pressing ram must 4 in the direction of movement of the transverse press ram 5 have a variable cross-section that automatically adapts to the cross-section 7' of the current interior 7 of the shaped tube 2 adapts.

[0131] While in Figure 2b the inner freedom 7 the transverse press trough 15 a cross-section 7' possesses, which is roughly rectangular in shape with rounded edges, possesses in Figure 2a the inner freedom 7 a cross-section 7', the one opposite the lower-reaching side wall 15a the transverse press trough 15 has a strongly rounded and sloping bottom, while the front surface of the transverse press die 5 has an analogous, opposing contour, resulting in an oblique, approximately parallelogram-shaped or oblong-hole-shaped inner cross-section 7' with rounded edges in a closed form tube 2 results.

[0132] Such a cross-section 7' of the interior 7 This is due to the mostly elliptical initial cross-section of the loaves. Lcloser than a rectangular cross-section and requires less transverse compression than with the cross-sectional shape 7' according to Figure 2b , in which the width of the inner free space 7 is usually chosen to be smaller than the greatest extent of the approximately elliptical cross-section of the unpressed loaves L.

[0133] The control 1* is with the scale 16, with the control unit 14 and likewise with the drives of all existing press rams 4, 5 as well as the drives for the cutting unit 6, especially the knife, 3, connected via signal technology, so that the control system 1* all movements of the slicing machine 1 can be controlled automatically. REFERENCE MARK LIST

[0134] 1 Cutting machine 1* steering 2 Formed tube 2a Cutting end 2b Loading end 3Knife 3' Knife axis 3" Knife level 3a Cutting edge 4 Longitudinal press die 5 Cross-press die 6 Cutting unit 7 Hollow tube, inner space 7' cross-section 8 Conveyor 9 Conveyor 10 Longitudinal direction, axial direction, feed direction 11 transverse direction 11.1 first transverse direction 11.2 second transverse direction 12 piston rod 13 Stop plate 14 Control unit 15 Cross-pressed tub 15a, b side wall 16 Scale A Distance D, D1 - Dn (calculated) thickness setting of the individual discs That should calculated thickness setting Dist Actual thickness d disc thickness f Consequence g group k, k1, k2 Correction factor Gbezug Reference weight Gist Current weight Gistun uncorrected actual weight Gsoll Target weight Gsollun uncorrected target weight Gnenn Nominal weight KL, KL1, KL2 Loaf correction weight KL', KL1', KL2' Loaf correction thickness KS, KS1, KS2 Disc correction weight KS', KS1', KS2' Disc correction thickness L1 to Lz loaf TB Tolerance range TU Lower tolerance limit TO Tolerance limit ΔL Different weight ΔLun uncorrected difference weight e.g. ΔL2(S1) Weight difference of disc S1 in loaf L2 S1 to Sn disc

Claims

1. A Method for slicing a batch of loaves (L1 to Lz) into slices, by automatically varying the thickness adjustments (D) for the slices (S1 to Sn) to be cut off, comprising the following steps: A) Arranging each loaf (L1 to Lz) in a holding device (2) for holding the loaf (e.g. Lx) and advancing the loaf during slicing in a feed direction (10'), wherein each loaf (L1 to Lz) is received each under a measuring pressure in a circumferentially closed forming tube (2) of the holding device (2) with a cross section (7') of the forming tube cavity (7) which is constant over the entire length, B) determining a volume of the respective loaf (e.g. Lx) on the basis of the cross section (7') and a length of a part of the forming tube cavity (7) which is under measuring pressure, the length being determined from a position of a longitudinal press die (4) of the holding device (2), and determining the loaf weight of the respective loaf (e.g. Lx) based on the determined volume, C) calculating a maximum number (n) of such slices (S1 to Sn) with a predetermined reference weight (Gbezug) which can be produced from this loaf (e.g. Lx), respectively, based on the weight of the loaf determined in step B and the reference weight, D) calculating a nominal thickness (Dsoll), which is the same for all slices (S1 to Sn) of this loaf (e.g. Lx), as a starting thickness adjustment, wherein a fixed correlation is assumed between weight and thickness of a slice, and the nominal thickness is determined in such a way that the weight of the slice (S1 to Sn) predicted according to the fixed correlation for a slice with the nominal thickness corresponds to at least the predetermined reference weight (Gbezug), I) slicing the first loaf into slices according to the starting thickness adjustment (Dsoll), wherein the loaf is pushed forward in the feed direction (10') by means of the longitudinal press die (4), and E) determining the actual weight (Gist) of each cut off slice (S1 to Sn) of the first loaf, characterized in that F) before slicing of each new loaf (e.g. L5), in each case for each slice number at which, in one of the preceding loaves (e.g. L1 to L4) of a sequence (f, e.g. f=4) of loaves, an uncorrected actual weight (e.g. Gistun(L4)) differs by an uncorrected difference weight (e.g. ΔL4un) from the reference weight (Gbezug), a slice correction weight (e.g. KL5) is determined as a function of the uncorrected difference weights (e.g. ΔL4un) of this slice number in the sequence (f) of the preceding loaves (e.g. L1 to L4), G) the thickness adjustments (D1 to Dn) for the slice numbers (S1 to Sn) of this new loaf (e.g. L5) are corrected with respect to the starting thickness adjustment (Dsoll) of this loaf (e.g. L5) by such slice correction thicknesses (e.g. KL5') which correspond to the respective slice correction weight (e.g. KL5) according to the fixed correlation, H) the new loaf (e.g. L5) is cut into slices (S1 to Sn) with the thickness adjustments (D1 to Dn) thus corrected for the individual slice numbers, wherein the actual weight of each cut off slice is determined again, and wherein: - the uncorrected actual weight (e.g. Gistun(L4)) of a slice (e.g. S1) for each loaf is determined starting with the second loaf by subtracting, from the measured actual weight (e.g. Gist(L4)) of the slice (e.g. S1), the slice correction weight (e.g. KL4) which was taken into account when calculating the corrected thickness adjustment (KL4') for this slice (S1) of this loaf (L4), and wherein the uncorrected actual weight (Gistun(L1)) of each slice of the first loaf (L1) corresponds to the actual weight (Gist(L1)) of this slice, - the uncorrected difference weight (e.g. ΔL4un = Gistun(L4) - Gbez) of a slice (e.g. S1) for each loaf is determined by subtracting the reference weight (Gbez) from the uncorrected actual weight (e.g. Gistun(L4)) of the slice, - the correction weight (e.g. KL5) for a slice (e.g. S1) of the new loaf (L5) is determined as mean value of the uncorrected difference weights (ΔL4un, ΔL3un, ΔL2un, ΔL1un) of the slices with the same slice number (e.g. S1) in the sequence (f) of preceding loaves (L4, L3, L2, L1), but with reverse sign.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that - the sequence (f) of the considered preceding loaves (Lx-f to Lx-1) is at most 10, better at most 8, better at most 6, better at most 4 loaves.

3. A slicing machine (1) for slicing loaves (L) into slices (S1 to Sn) having an actual weight (Gist) of as many individual slices (S1 to Sn) as possible within a tolerance range (TB) by varying the thickness adjustment (D), comprising - a holding device (2) for holding the loaf (L) to be sliced, - a cutting unit (6) for cutting off slices (S1 to Sn) from the loaf (L) to be sliced, the cutting unit (6) being controllable with respect to the thickness adjustment(D) for the parameters influencing the slice (S1 to Sn) to be cut off, - a scale (16) for automatic weighing of all slices (S1 to Sn) or portions to be cut off, - a control (1*) which controls all movable components of the device, characterized in that the control (1*) is able to perform the method according to any of the preceding claims.