Air cooled compact power systems

Abstract

An apparatus with a bus bar, a heat-pipe, and device, which has a metal structure, a metal element, and a transistor. The metal structure may include first and second surfaces, that are flat and opposite facing. The metal element may include first and second surfaces that are flat and opposite facing. The transistor may include first and second terminals between which electrical current is transmitted when the transistor is activated. The first and second terminals may include firstand second surfaces, respectively, that are substantially flat and opposite facing. The firstand second surfaces of the first and second terminals, respectively, may be sintered to the first and second surfaces, respectively, of the metal structure and the metal element, respectively. The heat-pipe is thermally connected to the bus bar. The second surface of the metal structure is electrically and thermally connected to the bus bar.

Description

AIR COOLED COMPACT POWER SYSTEMSIan Byers Gary Miller Stuart Wooters Martin Baker Michael GrimesBACKGROUND

[0001] Power systems employ power semiconductors including power transistors and power diodes. Power converters are examples of power systems. Power converters convert electrical power. An “inverter” is one type of power converter. Inverters convert direct current (DC) power into alternating current (AC) power. A “rectifier” is another type of power converter. Rectifiers convert AC power into DC power. DC / DC converters (e.g., buck, boost, or buck / boost converters) convert DC power of one voltage level into DC power of another voltage level.AC / AC converters (e.g., variable frequency drives, matrix converters, etc.) convert AC power in one form into AC power in another form. Some AC / AC converters, which may include a DC link electrically connected between a rectifier and an inverter, convert AC power of one frequency into AC power of another frequency.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0002] The present technology may be better understood, and its numerous objects, features, and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings.

[0003] Figure 1A illustrates relevant components of an example three-phase inverter.

[0004] Figure IB is a timing diagram that shows example gate control signals.

[0005] Figure 1C illustrates relevant components of an example three-phase rectifier.

[0006] Figures 2A-1, 2A-2, and 2A-3 are top, bottom, and side views, respectively, of an example packaged switch.

[0007] Figures 2B-1, 2B-2, and 2B-3 are top, bottom, and side views, respectively, of an example packaged switch.

[0008] Figures 2C-1, 2C-2, and 2C-3 are top, bottom, and side views, respectively, of an example packaged switch.

[0009] Figures 2D-1, 2D-2, and 2D-3 are top, bottom, and side views, respectively, of an example packaged switch.

[0010] Figures 2E-1, 2E-2, and 2E-3 are top, bottom, and side views, respectively, of an example packaged diode.

[0011] Figure 2F is a top view showing a portion of an example transistor.

[0012] Figure 2G is a side-view showing a portion of an example transistor.

[0013] Figure 2H is a side-view showing a portion of an example layered sheet.

[0014] Figure 3A shows an example packaged switch.

[0015] Figure 3B shows an example packaged switch.

[0016] Figure 3C shows an example packaged switch.

[0017] Figure 3D shows an example packaged switch.

[0018] Figure 3E shows an example packaged switch.

[0019] Figure 3F shows an example packaged switch.

[0020] Figure 3G shows an example packaged switch.

[0021] Figure 3H shows an example packaged switch.

[0022] Figure 31 shows an example packaged switch.

[0023] Figure 3J shows an example packaged switch.

[0024] Figure 3K shows an example packaged switch.

[0025] Figure 3L shows an example packaged switch.

[0026] Figure 3M shows an example packaged diode.

[0027] Figure 3N shows an example packaged diode.

[0028] Figure 30 shows an example packaged switch.

[0029] Figure 3P shows an example packaged switch.

[0030] Figure 4A-1 shows top and side views of an example die substrate.

[0031] Figure 4A-2 shows top and side views of an example die substrate with example transistors.

[0032] Figure 4A-3 shows top and side views of an example die substrate with example transistors and pedestals.

[0033] Figure 4A-4 shows top and side views of an example die clip.

[0034] Figure 4A-5 shows top and side views of an example switch module.

[0035] Figure 4A-6 shows top and side views of an example die substrate with exampletransistors and pedestals.

[0036] Figure 4A-7 shows top and side views of an example switch module.

[0037] Figure 4A-8 shows top and side views of an example die substrate with example transistors and pedestals.

[0038] Figure 4A-9 shows top and side views of an example switch module.

[0039] Figure 4B-1 shows top and side views of an example die substrate with example transistors.

[0040] Figure 4B-2 shows top and side views of an example die substrate with example transistors and pedestals.

[0041] Figure 4B-3 shows top and side views of an example switch module.

[0042] Figure 4B-4 shows top and side views of an example die substrate with example transistors and pedestals.

[0043] Figure 4B-5 shows top and side views of an example switch module.

[0044] Figure 4C-1 shows top and side views of an example die clip with example transistors.

[0045] Figure 4C-2 shows top and side views of an example switch module.

[0046] Figure 4D-1 shows top and side views of an example die clip with example transistors and pedestals.

[0047] Figure 4D-2 shows top and side views of an example paddle.

[0048] Figure 4D-3 shows top and side views of an example switch module.

[0049] Figure 4E-1 shows top and side views of an example die substrate with example transistors.

[0050] Figure 4E-2 shows top and side views of an example die clip with example transistors and pedestals.

[0051] Figure 4E-3 shows top and side views of an example switch module.

[0052] Figure 4F-1 shows top and side views of an example die substrate with example transistors.

[0053] Figure 4F-2 shows top and side views of an example die substrate with example transistors and pedestals.

[0054] Figure 4F-3 shows top and side views of an example switch module.

[0055] Figure 4G-1 shows top and side views of an example transistor.

[0056] Figure 4G-2 shows top and side views of an example transistor with example signal frames.

[0057] Figure 4G-3 shows top and side views of an example transistor with example signal frames and pedestals.

[0058] Figure 4G-4 shows a side view of the structure shown in Figure 4G-3.

[0059] Figure 4G-5 shows a cross sectional view of the structure shown in Figure 4G-3.

[0060] Figure 4G-6 shows top and side views of an example die substrate with an example transistor.

[0061] Figure 4G-7 shows top and side views of an example switch module.

[0062] Figure 4G-8 shows a top view of example transistors with example signal frames and pedestals.

[0063] Figure 4G-9 shows a top view of an example die substrate with example transistors.

[0064] Figure 4G- 10 shows a side view of an example die substrate with example transistors.

[0065] Figure 4G-11 shows a side view of an example switch module.

[0066] Figure 4G-12 shows a top view of an example switch module.

[0067] Figure 4H shows top and side views of an example diode module.

[0068] Figure 5A-1 is a bottom view of an example converter.

[0069] Figure 5A-2 is a side view of an example converter.

[0070] Figure 5A-3 shows example heat-pipes.

[0071] Figure 5A-4 is a bottom view of an example converter.

[0072] Figure 5A-5 is a side view of an example converter.

[0073] Figure 5A-6 is a side view of an example converter.

[0074] Figure 5A-7 shows an example heat-fin.

[0075] Figure 5A-8 is a bottom view of an example converter.

[0076] Figure 5A-9 is a side view of an example converter.

[0077] Figure 5A-10 shows example heat-fins.

[0078] Figure 5B-1 is a bottom view of an example converter.

[0079] Figure 5B-2 is a side view of an example converter.

[0080] Figure 5C-1 is a bottom view of an example converter.

[0081] Figure 5C-2 is a side view of an example converter

[0082] Figure 5C-3 is a side view of an example converter

[0083] Figure 5D-1 is a bottom view of an example converter.

[0084] Figure 5D-2 is a side view of an example converter.

[0085] Figure 5D-3 is a side view of an example converter.

[0086] Figure 5E is a bottom view of an example converter.

[0087] Figure 5F-1 is an end view of an example converter.

[0088] Figure 5F-2 is front view of an example converter.

[0089] Figure 5F-3 is back view of an example converter.

[0090] Figure 5G is a bottom view of an example integrated converter.

[0091] Figure 5H is a bottom view of an example integrated converter.

[0092] Figure 51-1 is a bottom view of an example solid-state circuit breaker.

[0093] Figure 51-2 is a side view of an example solid-state circuit breaker.

[0094] Figure 5J-1 is a front view of an example converter.

[0095] Figure 5J-2 is a side view of an example converter.

[0096] Figure 5J-3 is a side view of example air-cooled bus bars and a coupling.

[0097] Figure 5J-4 is an end view of example air-cooled bus bars and a coupling.

[0098] Figure 5J-5 is a side view of an example air-cooled bus bar.

[0099] Figure 5J-6 is end view of an example air-cooled bus bar.

[0100] Figure 5K is a bottom view of an example integrated converter.

[0101] The use of the same reference symbols in different figures indicates identical items. A reference symbol in the text without a letter and / or number after may refer to elements bearing that reference symbol. For example, reference symbol “204” may refer to 204, 204L, 204H, 204L-1, etc., and reference symbol “204L” may refer to 204L, 204L-1, etc.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0102] Power systems include power converters, solid-state circuit breakers (SSCBs), etc. Power converters include inverters, rectifiers, DC / DC converters, variable frequency drives, etc. An SSCB is a device that can switch an electrical circuit on or off. SSCBs may be employed, for example, in an electrical path between a voltage source such as a battery and a power converter such as an inverter. The present disclosure will be described primarily with respect to inverters, rectifiers, and SSCBs. The present disclosure may also find application in other power systems.

[0103] Inverters and rectifiers of this disclosure may be bidirectional. Bidirectional inverters can convert DC power into AC power while operating in the forward direction and convert AC power into DC power while operating in reverse direction. Bidirectional rectifiers can convert AC power into DC power while operating in the forward direction and convert DC power into AC power while operating in reverse direction.

[0104] Inverters and rectifiers vary in design. For example, inverters and rectifiers may have one or more phases. Each phase may include one or more legs or half-bridges, each of which may include a “high-side switch” electrically connected to a “low-side switch.” Switches conduct current between their current terminals when turned on (i.e., activated).

[0105] Figure 1A illustrates relevant components of a three-phase inverter 100 for converting DC power from a battery into three-phase AC power for an electric motor. Each phase includes a high-side switch connected to a low-side switch. Each high-side switch includes a high-side transistor THx connected in parallel with a high-side diode DHx, and each low-side switch includes a low side transistor TLx connected in parallel with a low-side diode DLx. In Figure 1 A, each transistor T is an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT).

[0106] High-side transistors TH1-TH3 are connected in series with low-side transistors ELITES, respectively, via nodes N1-N3, respectively, which in turn are connected to respective terminals of inductive elements Wa-Wc. For purposes of explanation only, inductive elements Wa-Wc take form in stator windings of a synchronous or asynchronous electric motor of an electric vehicle (EV).

[0107] The collector terminals of TH1-TH3 and the cathode terminals of DH1-DH3 are connected to each other and to a V+ input terminal, while the emitter terminals of TL1-TL3 andthe anode terminals of diodes DL1 -DL3 are connected to each other and to a V- input terminal. DC voltage Vdc is provided between the V+ and V- input terminals by a battery or other DC power source.

[0108] High-side transistors TH1-TH3 and low-side transistors TL1-TL3 are controlled by microcontroller 110 through gate drivers H101-H103 and L101-L103, respectively. A driver is a device that accepts a low-power input signal from a device (e.g., a microcontroller) and produces a corresponding high-power output signal that is needed to activate a transistor.

[0109] Control of the transistors T is relatively simple. High-side gate drivers H101-H103 and low-side gate drivers L101-L103 receive driver control signals (e.g., pulse width modulation signals PWM-H1 - PWM-H3 and PWM-L1 - PWM-L3) from microcontroller 110. High-side gate drivers H101-H103 activate high-side transistors TH1-TH3, respectively, by asserting high- power, gate control signals VgHl-VgH3, respectively, when PWM-H1 - PWM-H3 signals, respectively, are asserted. Low-side gate drivers L101-L103 activate low-side transistors TL1- TL3, respectively, by asserting high-power, gate control signals VgLl-VgL3, respectively, when PWM-L1 - PWM-L3 signals, respectively, are asserted. Each of the transistors TH1-TH3 and TL1-TL3 conducts current to or from a connected stator winding W when activated.

[0110] Through coordinated activation of transistors TH1-TH3 and TL1-TL3, the direction of electrical current flow in stator windings may be controlled so that current can travel into or out of a winding. Figure IB illustrates an example timing diagram for gate control signals VgHl- VgH3 and VgLl-VgL3. This timing diagram is provided only to facilitate a basic understanding of inverter control. In practice, more complicated timing patterns are typically used to control inverters.

[0111] Microcontroller 110 controls high-side transistors TH1-TH3 and low-side transistors TL1-TL3 via PWM-Hl - PWM-H3 and PWM-L1 - PWM-L3 signals, respectively.Microcontrollers, such as microcontroller 110, and other similar data processing devices may include a central processing unit (CPU), memory that stores instructions executable by the CPU, and peripherals such as timers, input / output (I / O) ports, etc. Microcontroller 110 generates the PWM-H1 - PWM-H3 and PWM-L1 - PWM-L3 signals based on CPU executable instructions stored in memory. Gate drivers H101-H103 generate the VgHl-VgH3 signals based on the PWM-H1 - PWM-H3 signals, and gate drivers L101-L103 generate the VgLl-VgL3 signalsbased on the PWM-L1 - PWM-L3 signals. Microcontroller 110 can adjust the duty cycle and / or period of the pulse width modulation (PWM) signals in accordance with instructions stored in memory.

[0112] Figure 1C illustrates relevant components of a three-phase rectifier 150 that could be used for converting three-phase AC power from a power distribution grid into DC power for charging an EV battery. Inverter 100 and rectifier 150 are similar. Like inverter 100, each phase of rectifier 150 includes a high-side switch connected to a low-side switch. Each high-side switch includes transistor THx connected in parallel with diode DHx, and each low-side switch includes transistor TLx connected in parallel with diode DLx. High-side transistors TH1-TH3 are connected in series with low-side transistors TL1-TL3, respectively, via nodes N1-N3, respectively, which in turn are connected to respective terminals of inductive elements La-Lc, respectively. For purposes of explanation only, inductive elements La-Lc take form in inductors of an LCL filter 162, which in turn is coupled to a three-phase AC power source 164.

[0113] The collector terminals of TH1-TH3 and the cathode terminals of DH1-DH3 are connected to each other, and to a V+ output terminal, while the emitter terminals of TL1-TL3 and the anode terminals of diodes DL1-DL3 are connected to each other, and to a V- output terminal.

[0114] High-side transistors TH1-TH3 and low-side transistors TL1-TL3 are controlled by rectifier controller 160 via gate drivers H101-H103 and L101-L103, respectively. Through coordinated activation of high-side and low-side IGBTs, rectifier 150 provides a rectified DC voltage Vrdc at output terminals V+ and V-, which in turn may be connected to an isolated DC / DC converter or other device that may employ one or more aspects of the present disclosure. Although not shown, a filter may be connected between the output terminals V+ and V- to smooth Vrdc before it is provided to another device such as an isolated DC / DC converter.

[0115] While inverter 100 and rectifier 150 are similar, at least one difference exists. Rectifier 150 includes controller 160, which may include a phase-lock loop (PLL) and other components for synchronizing the control of high-side transistors TH1-TH3 and low-side transistors TL1- TL-3 to the frequency (e.g., 60 Hertz) of the three-phase AC input power provided by source 164. Controller 160 may also include a CPU and a memory that stores CPU executable instructions that may be different from the CPU executable instructions stored in memory ofmicrocontroller 110 of inverter 100. Like microcontroller 110, controller 160 generates PWM- H1 - PWM-H3 and PWM- 1 - PWM-L3 signals. Gate drivers Hl 01 -Hl 03 generate the VgHl- VgH3 signals based on the PWM-H1 - PWM-H3 signals, and gate drivers L101-L103 generate the VgLl-VgL3 signals based on the PWM-L1 - PWM-L3 signals. Controller 160 can adjust the duty cycle and / or period of the PWM signals.

[0116] EVs, DC fast chargers, industrial machines (e.g., industrial pumps, fans, compressors, etc.), electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, etc., employ power converters that are large and heavy. A need exists for smaller and lighter power converters with high power density (power / volume). For example, the October 2017 “Electrical and Electronics Technical Team (EETT) Roadmap” published in part by the US Department of Energy, sets lOOkW / L as the 2025 power density target for EV inverters. The 2017 EETT Roadmap states, “To meet the 2025 EETT R&D target, the power density must be increased by more than 800 percent compared to 2015 EETT R&D technical targets, and 450 percent compared to current on-road technology.”

[0117] “Power modules” are disclosed. Power modules may include “switch modules” and “diode modules.” “Packaged power modules” are disclosed. Packaged power modules may include packaged switch modules and packaged diode modules. Power converters and SSCBs are disclosed that may employ packaged switches and / or packaged diodes.

[0118] A switch module may include a “power stack” that includes a “switch,” which may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, soldered, etc.) to and sandwiched between a “die substrate” and a “die clip.” A switch may be bidirectional, or capable of controlling current in the forward and reverse directions. A switch may include one, two or more power transistors (hereinafter “transistors”). Transistors in a switch may be connected in parallel, anti-parallel, or back-to-back. A switch may also include one or more power diodes (hereinafter “diodes”) that are connected in parallel or anti-parallel with one or more transistors. Depending on its configuration, a switch may transmit 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400 amperes (A) or more of current when activated or turned on. Switch modules may include one or more additional components such as transistor control terminal drivers (hereinafter “drivers” such as gate drivers or base drivers), resistors, capacitors, current sensors, temperature sensors, voltage sensors, voltage regulators, etc.

[0119] A diode module may include a power stack that includes one or more diodes that may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, soldered, etc.) to and sandwiched between a die substrate and a die clip. Multiple diodes may be connected in parallel. Diode modules may also include one or more additional components such as resistors, capacitors, current sensors, temperature sensors, voltage sensors, etc.

[0120] Die substrates and die clips are electrically and thermally conductive elements. Die substrates and die clips may have die substrate terminals and die clip terminals, respectively. Electrical current can transmit along a substantially linear path between a die substrate terminal and a die clip terminal that includes an activated switch or diode. Heat generated at a switch or diode and electrical current conducted by the switch or diode, can simultaneously transmit through a die substrate terminal and / or a die clip terminal. Die substrate terminals and die clip terminals may be thermally and electrically connected to bus bars, heat sinks, or bus bars that also act as heat sinks.

[0121] Packaged switch modules (hereinafter also referred to as packaged switches) may contain one or more switch modules. Packaged switch modules may be used in converters, SSCBs, etc. A packaged switch module with just one switch module is called a “packaged switch.” A packaged switch module with two switch modules is called a “packaged half bridge.” Switches may or may not be electrically connected inside a packaged half bridge.

[0122] Packaged diode modules (hereinafter also referred to as packaged diodes) may contain one or more diode modules. Packaged diode modules may be used in converters or other power systems.

[0123] Transistors and diodes in converters and SSCBs can run very hot. Without cooling the transistors and diodes may operate inefficiently or fail. Cooling systems often include expensive electro-mechanical pumps that circulate cooling liquid between a converter and a radiator where heat is exchanged. Unfortunately, electro-mechanical pumps can fail. Also, electro-mechanical pumps draw power from batteries in vehicles such as EVs and eVTOLs, which reduces their overall range. Liquid cooling systems also require tubes that fluidly connect the electromechanical pump, the converter, and the radiator. These tubes can clog or leak, which can lead to converter shutdown if enough cooling liquid leaks out of the system or liquid flow is obstructed. Further, the electro-mechanical pumps and tubes add weight, volume, cost, and complexity tosystems in which they are employed such as EVs, eVTOLs, DC fast charging stations, etc.

[0124] “Air-cooled” converters and air-cooled SSCBs are disclosed. The present disclosure will be described primarily with reference to air-cooled inverters (hereinafter also as referred to as inverters) and air-cooled rectifiers (hereinafter also referred to as rectifiers), it being understood the present disclosure can find application in other types of air-cooled converters such as air-cooled DC / DC converters or air-cooled AC / AC converters. Air-cooled converters may employ packaged switches and / or packaged diodes. Air-cooled converters may use metal heat-fins to cool packaged switches and / or packaged diodes. Air-cooled converters may use metal heat-fins and heat-pipes to cool packaged switches and / or packaged diodes. The power density of a disclosed air-cooled inverter can meet or possibly exceed the target of lOOkW / L that is set forth in the 2017 EETT Roadmap mentioned above without use of expensive liquid cooling systems. Current density may also be an important advantage of the disclosed converters. For example, an inverter of the present disclosure may be able to transmit the same amount of continuous current using fewer transistors than prior art inverters that are larger in volume.[00125J The present disclosure will be described primarily with reference to inverters and rectifiers, it being understood the one or more aspects of the present disclosure can find application in other power converters such as DC / DC converters, matrix converters, AC / AC converters, etc., and other power systems such as SSBCs, etc.Packaged Switches and Packaged Diodes

[0126] Packaged switches and packaged diodes may be cuboid in shape with six faces: top, bottom, front, back, left side, and right side. Some packaged switches may conform to aspects of an industry standard package such as the TO-247 package.

[0127] Figures 2A-1, 2A-2, and 2A-3 are top, bottom, and side views, respectively, of an example packaged switch 247p. Figures 2B-1, 2B-2 and 2B-3 are top, bottom, and side views, respectively, of an example packaged switch 247q. Figures 2C-1, 2C-2 and 2C-3 are top, bottom, and side views, respectively, of an example packaged switch 247s. Figures 2D-1, 2D-2 and 2D-3 are top, bottom, and side views, respectively, of an example packaged switch 247d. Packaged switches 247s and 247d are examples that may conform to one or more aspects of the TO-247 package standard. Figures 2E-1, 2E-2, and 2E-3 are top, bottom, and side views, respectively, of an example packaged diode 245.Cases

[0128] Packaged switches and packaged diodes may have cases. Figures 2A-1 - 2A-3 show example case 248p. Figures 2B-1 - 2B-3 show example case 248q. Figures 2C-1 - 2C-3 show example case 248s. Figures 2D-1 - 2D-3 show example case 248d. Figures 2E-1 - 2E-3 show example case 249.

[0129] Cases may isolate, protect and / or support switch module components or diode module components such as power stacks. Cases may be made of glass, plastic, ceramic, etc. For explanation only, cases are presumed to be made of plastic such as a mold compound like epoxy resin. Modem mold compounds have evolved into complex formulations that contain as many as 20 distinct raw materials. Fillers such as alumina may be added to increase a mold compound’s thermal conductivity, which may help to cool switch module components and diode module components including transistors and diodes. Cases may be formed around switch modules and diode modules using any one of many different types of packaging techniques including transfer molding.

[0130] Packaged switches and packaged diodes can be small. For example, the length Ip, width wp, and height hp of packaged diode 245, packaged switch 247q, packaged switch 247s, and / or packaged switch 247d, without connector-leads 288, may measure around 21mm, 16mm, and 5mm, respectively, it being understood the size (e.g., 21mm x 16mm x 5mm) and shape (e.g., cuboid) of these packaged switches and packaged diodes can vary and should not be limited to that shown or described in this disclosure. The length Ip, width wp, and height hp of packaged switch 247p, without connector-leads 288, may measure around 21mm, 16mm, and 12mm, respectively, it being understood the size (e.g., 21mm x 16mm x 12mm) and shape (e.g, cuboid) of packaged switch 247p can vary and should not be limited to that shown or described in this disclosure. For example, the example lengths, widths and / or heights of packaged switch 247p, 247q, 247s, or 247d above could double depending on the nature of the internal components such as the power stacks contained therein.

[0131] The size and shape of a packaged switch may depend on one or more factors such as the number and / or types of transistors in the packaged switch. For example, a packaged switch 247d with six metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) connected in parallel may be longer and / or wider than a packaged switch 247d with four MOSFETs connectedin parallel. Or a packaged switch 247q with two MOSFETs connected in parallel may be thinner than a packaged switch 247q with two MOSFETs connected back-to-back. Some transistors such as IGBTs may be wider and / or longer than others such as MOSFETs. Packaged switch 247d with four IGBTs connected in parallel may be longer and / or wider a packaged switch 247d with four MOSFETs connected in parallel.

[0132] External surfaces of the cases may be substantially flat. “Substantially” may be used to describe a feature such as flatness. The term “substantially” means the feature has a variation that is within an acceptable tolerance. For example, a substantially flat surface means a surface with a variation in flatness that is within an acceptable tolerance such as 10.0 pm.Switch Modules and Diode ModulesConnecting Elements

[0133] Switch modules and diode modules may include metal traces, bond-wires, straps, leads, tabs, signal frames, etc., or other metal connecting elements that can be used to create an electrical path between two or more devices. Electrical connecting elements may be used to transmit signals. Signals may include voltage signals and current signals.

[0134] Traces may have flat surfaces and may be formed on rigid printed circuit boards (PCBs), flexible PCBs, direct bond copper (DBC) substrates, etc. Bond-wires have a small diameter (e.g., 10 pm or less, and up to several hundred micrometers). Straps, leads, tabs, and signal frames may be thicker than traces and bond-wires and rated to conduct substantially more current.

[0135] Straps, leads, bond-wires, signal frames, etc., may be attached, joined, connected, bonded, etc., together or to traces, die clips, die substrates, paddles, control terminal pads, etc. Components may be attached, joined, connected, bonded, etc., through an electrically conductive attachment, bond, connection, or joint material such as solder or silver sintering paste.Components may be attached, joined, connected, bonded, etc., through a dielectric or electrically insulating attachment, connection, bond, or joint material. When a strap, lead or other connecting element is attached, j oined, connected, bonded, etc., to a device (e.g., a die substrate) through a dielectric material, the device is electrically insulated from the strap, lead, or other connecting element.

[0136] Leads may be cylindrical-shaped “pins,” or leads can have a square or rectangle shaped cross-section. For purposes of explanation only, straps, signal frames, tabs, and leads have square or rectangular cross-sections. Straps, tabs, signal frames, and leads may be formed (e.g., cut, sawed, diced, stamped, etc.) from thin sheets of electrically conductive material such as metal.

[0137] Switch modules or diode modules may include DBC substrates. For example, a DBC substrate may be thermally attached (e.g., soldered) to a flat surface of a die substrate or die clip. A DBC substrate may be composed of a ceramic tile (commonly alumina) with a sheet of copper bonded to both sides by a high-temperature oxidation process (the copper and substrate may be heated to a carefully controlled temperature in an atmosphere of nitrogen containing about 30 ppm of oxygen; under these conditions, a copper-oxygen eutectic forms that bonds successfully both to copper and the oxides used as substrates). The top copper layer may be preformed prior to firing or chemically etched using PCB technology to form traces, while the bottom copper layer, which may be thermally attached to a flat surface of a die substrate or die clip, is usually kept plain. DBC substrates may have thermal advantages over rigid PCBs when employed in switch modules or diode modules. For example, more heat from a device (e.g., a gate driver) may be dissipated through a DBC substrate upon which the device is mounted.

[0138] Switch modules or diode modules may include PCBs. For example, a PCB may be attached to a flat surface of a die substrate or a die clip. PCBs have flat conductive traces that may be etched from one or more thin sheet layers of metal laminated onto and / or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate. Metal vias extending through non-conductive substrate layers can electrically connect traces at different levels. Example packaged diode 245, packaged switch 247p, packaged switch 247q, packaged switch 247s, and packaged switch 247d do not include a PCB or DBC substrate.

[0139] Connecting elements (e.g., traces, bond-wires, signal frames, etc.) may carry signals (e.g., gate control signals, temperature sensor output signals, current terminal voltage levels, etc.) between leads and components (e.g., transistors, temperature sensors, etc.) internal to packaged switches and packaged diodes. Connecting elements may carry signals between components internal to packaged switches and packaged diodes. A bond-wire may carry signals between a transistor control terminal and a strap or DBC substrate in a packaged switch. Traces of PCBs orDCB substrates can carry signals (e.g, PWM signals, gate control signals, temperature sensor signals, etc.), voltages (e.g., DC supply voltages), etc. Traces of a PCB or DCB substrate may carry signals in electrical paths between components (e.g, a temperature sensor) internal to switch module or diode module, and components (e.g., a microcontroller) external to the switch or diode module. Traces of flexible PCBs may be used in converters to facilitate communication between a data processing device such as an MCU and other components such as drivers, voltage sensors, current sensors, etc., as will be more fully described below.

[0140] Packaged diodes or packaged switches may include one or more “connector-leads.” The ends of some connector-leads may be electrically connected to die substrates, paddles, die clips, etc., which in turn may be electrically connected to transistor or diode current terminals. Ends of some connector-leads may be electrically connected to traces, straps, signal frames, etc., which in turn may be electrically connected to transistor control terminals. Packaged switches may include connector-leads with ends that may be electrically connected to straps through bond-wires, and the straps may be connected to die clips, paddles, or die substrates through a material that electrically insulates the straps from the die clips, paddles or die substrates.

[0141] Connector-leads can extend laterally from cases. The connector-leads of a packaged switch or packaged diode can mate with a “connector” that is external to the packaged switch or packaged diode. A connector may be attached to an external PCB (e.g., a driver PCB or a control PCB more fully described below) upon which microcontrollers, drivers, voltage regulators, and / or other components may be mounted. Connector-leads may carry signals between components of a switch module or diode module, and components on the external PCB.

[0142] Figures 2A shows connector-leads 288gl, 288g2, 288c, 288dc, and 288ds. Figures 2B shows connector-leads 288gl, 288g2, 288dc, and 288ds. Figures 2C and 2D show connector- leads 288g, 288dc, and 288ds. Figures 2E show connector-leads 288ds and 288dc.

[0143] Although not shown in Figures 2A-1 and 2B-1 connector-lead 288gl may be electrically connected to one or more first control terminals (e.g., gate terminals) of one or more first transistors internal to packaged switches 247p or 247q, and connector-lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to one or more second control terminals (e.g., gate terminals) of one or more second transistors internal to packaged switches 247p or 247q. In some instances, connector-leads 288gl and 288g2 may be connected to respective control terminals of onetransistor (e g., a bidirectional bipolar junction transistor) in packaged switch 247q. Although not shown in Figures 2C-1 and 2D-1 connector-lead 288g may be electrically connected to one or more control terminals (e.g., gate terminals) of one or more transistors internal to packaged switches 247s and 247d. Connector-leads 228ds and 228dc may be electrically connected to a die substrate and die clip, respectively. Connector-lead 288c may be electrically connected to a paddle, which is more fully described below.Power Stacks

[0144] A power stack may include a switch or diode, which may be electrically and thermally connected to and positioned between a die substrate and a die clip. Die substrates and die clips may be formed from an electrically and thermally conductive material (e.g., metal) as will be more fully described below.

[0145] Die substrates and die clips may include die substrate terminals and die clip terminals, respectively. Packaged switches and packaged diodes of Figures 2A-1 - 2E-3 show example die substrate terminals 230 and die clip terminals 344.

[0146] Die substrate terminal 230 may have a width wds around 13.5 mm, and a length Ids around 16.5 mm. Die clip terminal 344 may have a width wdc around 13.0 mm, and a length Ide around 16.0 mm. The lengths and widths of a die substrate terminal 230 and a die clip terminal 344 may depend on the number and / or type of transistors in the switch positioned between them. For example, a packaged switch 247q with six metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) connected in parallel may have die substrate and die clip terminals 230 and 344, respectively, that are wider and / or longer than die clip terminals 230 and 344, respectively, in a packaged switch 247q with only four MOSFETs connected in parallel. A packaged switch 247d with two IGBTs connected in parallel may have die clip terminals 230 and 344, respectively, that are wider and / or longer than die clip terminals 230 and 344, respectively, in a packaged switch 247d with only two MOSFETs connected in parallel.

[0147] The lengths and widths of a die substrate terminal 230 and a die clip terminal 344 in diode package 245 may depend on the number and / or type of diodes between them. A packaged diode 245 with four diodes connected in parallel may have die clip terminals 230 and 344, respectively, that are wider and / or longer than die clip terminals 230 and 344, respectively, in a packaged diode 245 with only two diodes connected in parallel.

[0148] Connector-1 eads 288ds and 288dc in Figures 2A-1 - 2E-3 may be electrically connected to die substrate terminal 230 and die clip terminal 344, respectively. Connector-leads 288ds and 288dc can carry substantial current (e.g., 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 amperes (A) or more). For ease of illustration connector-leads 288 in Figures 2A-3, 2B-3, 2C-3, 2D-3, and 2E-3 are shown as being contained in a common plane. Connector-leads 288 need not be contained in a common plane.

[0149] Switch modules may include power stacks, each of which may include a switch that is thermally and electrically connected to and positioned between a die substrate and a die clip. The die substrate may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to the switch, or indirectly connected to the switch through one or more electrically and thermally conductive components such as pedestals (more fully described below). Likewise, the die clip may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to the switch, or indirectly connected to the switch through one or more electrically and thermally conductive components such as pedestals.

[0150] Two items can be directly or indirectly connected, attached, bonded, or joined together. Two items (e.g., a transistor and a die substrate, or a bus bar and a die substrate terminal) that are thermally and electrically connected, attached, bonded , or joined together, either directly or indirectly, can concurrently conduct substantial electrical current (e.g., 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400 A or more) and substantial heat (e.g., 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1200, 1600 Watts or more) between them. Two items thermally and electrically connected, attached, bonded, or joined can concurrently conduct substantial electrical current and substantial heat between them through a direct connection, attachment, bond, or joint (e.g., a silver sintered connection, attachment, bond, or joint). Two items thermally and electrically connected, attached, bonded, or joined indirectly together can concurrently conduct substantial electrical current and substantial heat between them through one or more intervening items such as a pedestal. Respective surface areas of two items can be directly connected, attached, bonded, or joined together by pressing the surface areas together using a mechanical structure such as a clamp, screw, etc.

[0151] A thermal and / or electrical connection may be more than just a point-to-point connection. Two items that are thermally and / or electrically connected, bonded, attached, bonded, or joined may have respective surface areas (e.g., 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400 mm2ormore) that are directly connected, attached, bonded, or joined together through a layer of connection, attachment, bond or joint material; in other words, flat-surface to flat-surface connection. A thermal and / or electrical connection, attachment, bond, or joint directly connecting, attaching, bonding, or joining two items may substantially fdl all the space directly between respective surface areas of the two items that face each other.

[0152] Diode modules may include power stacks, each of which may include at least one diode electrically and thermally connected to and positioned between a die substrate and a die clip. A diode may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to a die substrate, or indirectly connected to the die substrate through one or more electrically and thermally conductive components such as pedestals. A diode may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to a die clip, or indirectly connected to the die clip through one or more electrically and thermally conductive components such as pedestals.

[0153] Sintering may be a process of forming a connection joint, bond, or attachment by the application of heat and / or pressure without melting a sintering material to the point of liquefaction. Before a pair of items such as a die substrate and a transistor are sintered, a thin layer of sintering material (e.g., silver, alloy of silver, etc.) may be applied to one or both surfaces of the items to be sintered. During the sintering process the atoms in the sintering material diffuse across boundaries of the items to be sintered, fusing them together and effectively creating one solid item. The sintering temperature need not reach the melting point of the sintering material, nor does the sintering process need to reach the melting point of the items (e.g., a die substrate and transistor) to be sintered together. Sintering, unlike soldering, should not create bubbles or other voids that can adversely affect thermal and electrical conductivity between the items. While other methods of attaching items can be employed, sintering may be preferred since it may create a mechanically stronger bond, especially when compared to soldering. A strong bond is particularly important when it is subjected to stress (e.g., thermal and / or mechanical stress) of extreme environments. For example, a bond can be subjected to severe mechanical stress caused by road vibrations of moving electric vehicles, and a bond can be subjected to severe thermal stress caused by temperature cycling. Moreover, since the melting point of the sintering material is higher than the temperature used in soldering, brazing, epoxy bonding, sintering, or other processes used in the construction of a packaged switch, diode, or converter, those processes should not disturb the sintered connection.

[0154] The die clip and die substrate of a power stack may be substantially identical, or they may be substantially different in size, shape and / or composition. Die substrates can vary in size, shape, and composition between different versions of power stacks. Likewise, die clips can vary in size, shape, and / or composition between different versions of power stacks.

[0155] A switch may include one or more semi-controllable and / or fully controllable transistors (e.g., insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), reverse-blocking IGBT (RB-IGBT), non-punch through IGBT (NPT-IGBT), metal-oxide field effect transistor (MOSFET), silicon- controlled rectifier (SCR), thyristor, symmetrical gate turn off thyristor (GTO thyristor), bidirectional thyristor (BT), bidirectional triode thyristor or TRIAC, bidirectional control thyristor (BCT), bipolar junction transistor (BJT), bidirectional BJT (BBJT (aka BTran)), etc ). A switch may also include one or more diodes (e.g., normal diode, zener diode, etc.) connected in parallel or anti parallel with one or more transistors. Transistors and / or diodes may be made from any one of many different types of semiconductor materials such as Si, SiC, GaN, GaO, cubic boron arsenide, etc.

[0156] A transistor may have two current terminals (e.g., collector and emitter terminals in an IGBT or BJT, source and drain terminals in a MOSFET, cathode and anode terminals in a thyristor, collector / emitter terminals in a BBJT, cathode / anode terminals in a BT, etc.) between which current can flow when the transistor is activated or tumed-on. A diode may have two current terminals (e.g., a cathode terminal and an anode terminal). A current terminal may include one or more pads, each of which may have a substantially flat surface to which an electrical and thermal connection can be made. First current terminal(s) (e.g., drain terminal(s), collector(s), cathode(s), etc.) of a switch may be electrically and thermally connected to a die substrate terminal, such as die substrate terminal 230 shown in Figures 1 A - 2E, through the body of the die substrate. Second current terminal(s) (e.g., source(s), emitter(s), anode(s), etc.) may be electrically and thermally connected to a die clip terminal, such as die clip terminal 344 shown in Figures 1 A - 2E, through the body of the die clip.

[0157] Transistors include control terminals (e.g., gate terminal in a MOSFET or IGBT, base terminal in a BJT or BBJT, etc.). Transistors are controlled (activated or deactivated) by signals received at their control terminals. Some transistors may be purely unidirectional or capable of controlling electrical current flow from the first terminal to the second current terminal whenactivated, and capable of blocking current in the reverse direction (i.e., from the second current terminal to the first current terminal) when deactivated. Some transistors (e.g., MOSFETs) are quasi-unidirectional or capable of controlling electrical current flow from the first terminal to the second current terminal when activated but incapable of controlling electrical current flow in the reverse direction when deactivated. Transistors may be bidirectional or capable of controlling electrical current flow in both directions between their first and second current terminals when activated, and capable of blocking current flow in both directions between their first and second current terminals when deactivated. A BBJT is an example of bidirectional transistor.

[0158] As noted, a current terminal may include one or more pads, each of which may have a substantially flat surface. A low resistance path may exist between a current terminal pad and a die substrate terminal 230 in a power stack. A low resistance path may exist between a current terminal pad and a die clip terminal 344 in a power stack. A low resistance path between a current terminal pad and a die substrate terminal 230 or die clip terminal 344 may have a thermal resistance of 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.03, 0.02 °C / Watt or lower, and electrical resistance of 16, 12, 10, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3 ohms or less. No dielectric should exist in a low resistance path between a current terminal pad and a die substrate terminal 230 or die clip terminal 344. A low resistance path may include one or more connections, attachments, j oints, or bonds (e.g., one or more sintered connections, attachments, joints, or bonds) between a current terminal pad and a die substrate or a die clip. A low resistance path may further include a pedestal or other metallic component between a current terminal pad and a die substrate or a die clip. A low resistance path may mean the cross-sectional area of the path, which cross-sectional area is parallel to the surface of the current terminal pad, does not substantially decrease from the current terminal pad to a die substrate terminal 230 or a die clip terminal 344. The cross-sectional area of some low resistance paths, which cross-sectional area is parallel to the surface of the current terminal pad, may increase from the current terminal pad to a die substrate terminal 230 or a die clip terminal 344, which enables better heat spreading from the current terminal pad to the die substrate terminal 230 or the die clip terminal 344. Substantial heat (e.g., 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 750, 1500 Watts or more) and current (e.g., 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400 A or more) can concurrently flow from a current terminal pad to a die substrate terminal 230 or a die clip terminal 344 through a low resistance path. Ideally, a cross-sectional area of a low resistance path between a current terminal pad and a die substrate terminal 230 or die clip terminal 344should not decrease as electrical current and heat conducts from the current terminal pad to the die substrate terminal 230 or die clip terminal 344. Ideally, a low resistance path between a current terminal pad and a die substrate terminal 230 or die clip terminal 344 should have a cross-sectional area that is not less than the surface area of the current terminal pad.

[0159] Transistors in a switch may be connected in parallel (i.e., first current terminals are electrically connected, and second current terminals are electrically connected). Transistors in a switch may be connected back-to-back (e.g., two transistors connected in series but with their first current terminals connected or their second current terminals connected). Transistors in a switch may be connected in anti-parallel (e.g., two transistors connected in parallel but with the first and second current terminals of the first transistor connected to the second and first current terminals, respectively, of the second transistor). Switches may be bidirectional or capable of controlling the flow of current in both directions. A switch may be bidirectional if it contains quasi unidirectional transistors such as MOSFETs, which are connected back-to-back. A switch may be bidirectional if it contains purely unidirectional transistors such as BJTs or IGBTs including NPT-IGBTs or RB-IGBTs, which are connected in anti-parallel. A switch may be bidirectional if it contains only one bidirectional transistor such as BBJT or several bidirectional transistors connected in parallel.

[0160] A switch may be a hybrid or a mix of different types of transistors connected in parallel, back-to-back, or in anti-parallel. For example, a hybrid switch may include one or more MOSFETs and one or more IGBTs connected in parallel (i.e., drains and collectors are electrically connected, and sources and emitters are electrically connected). Other hybrid switches are contemplated.

[0161] Different types of drivers may be needed to control different types of transistors. Some gate drivers that can activate and deactivate an IGBT cannot activate and deactivate a MOSFET, and vice versa. However, other drivers are capable of concurrently controlling different types of transistors. For example, some gate drivers can independently generate separate signals for controlling the gates of a MOSFET and an IGBT in a switch. Independently controlled signals can be turned on at different times. For example, independently controlled signals for respective transistors can be asserted at different times.

[0162] Multiple transistors in a switch may be connected in parallel and controlled by acommon signal received at their control terminals. Parallel connected transistors in a switch may be controlled by respective, independent control signals received at their control terminals. Groups of parallel connected transistors in a switch may be controlled by respective, independent control signals. All or fewer than all (e.g., one, two, or more, but less than all) parallel connected transistors in the switch may be activated at the same time when controlled by respective, independent control signals.

[0163] A pair of transistors in a switch may be connected in anti-parallel, or two groups of parallel connected transistors in a switch may be connected in anti-parallel. The pair of antiparallel transistors may be controlled by respective, independent signals, or the two groups of parallel connected transistors that are connected in anti-parallel may be controlled by respective, independent control signals. Only one in the pair of anti-parallel connected transistors should be activated at a time, and only one of the two groups of parallel connected transistors that are connected in anti-parallel should be activated at a time.

[0164] A pair of transistors in a switch may be connected back-to-back, or two groups of parallel connected transistors in a switch may be connected back-to-back. The pair of back-to- back connected transistors may be controlled by respective, independent signals, or the two groups of parallel connected transistors that are connected back-to-back may be controlled by respective, independent control signals. Only one of in the pair of back-to-back connected transistors in a switch should be activated at a time, and only one of two groups of parallel connected transistors that are connected back-to-back should be activated at a time.

[0165] Transistors or diodes may be vertically structured semiconductors devices or dies. A vertically structured transistor may have a trench-like structure with a first current terminal (e.g, a drain terminal, collector terminal, collector / emitter terminal, etc.) on or near a first surface (e g., bottom surface) of the die, and a second current terminal (e.g., a source terminal, emitter terminal, collector / emitter terminal, etc.) on or near an oppositely facing second surface (e.g., top surface) of the die. A vertically structured transistor may also have a control terminal (e.g., base terminal or gate terminal) on or near the top surface of the die. Some transistors such as BBJTs or BCTs may have a second control terminal on or near the bottom surface of its die. The cathode terminal and the anode terminal of vertically structured diode may be on or near oppositely facing top and bottom surfaces, respectively.

[0166] A current terminal may include one or more electrically and thermally conductive (e.g., metallic) contact pads (hereinafter pads), each of which may be in electrical or ohmic contact with an underlying doped semiconductor region (e.g., a source, a drain, an emitter, a collector, an emitter / collector, an anode, a cathode, etc.). A control terminal may include one or more pads. A control terminal pad may or may not be in ohmic contact with an underlying doped semiconductor region (e.g., a gate, a base, etc.). In IGBTs and MOSFETs a dielectric layer may electrically isolate a gate terminal pad from an underlying gate. A B JT or BBJT base terminal pad may be in electrical or ohmic contact with an underlying base.

[0167] Current terminal and control terminal pads may be formed on the same side or surface of a transistor. The current terminal pad(s) in a transistor may have flat surface areas that are larger than those of the transistor’s control terminal pad(s). Current terminals pads may have flat surfaces that may be exposed and configured for connection (e.g., sintered connection) directly to corresponding flat surfaces of die clips, die substrates, paddles, pedestals, etc. Current terminal pads may have a surface area with a size that enables heat transfer to thermally and electrically connected (e.g., sintered) die clips, paddles, pedestals, etc., and the larger the surface area the more heat can be transferred. First current terminal pad surfaces (e.g., drain and collector terminal pad surfaces of MOSFETs and IGBTs (or BJTs), respectively) may have a flat surface area of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 16, 20 mm2or more. Second current terminal pad surfaces (e.g., source and emitter terminal pad surfaces of MOSFETs and IGBTs (or BJTs), respectively) may have a flat surface area of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16 mm2or more. Exposed flat surfaces of current terminal pads on a side of a transistor may be contained in a common plane.

[0168] Exposed flat surfaces of control terminal pads in a transistor (e.g., a BBJT more fully described below) may be contained in a common plane. Control terminal pads may also have flat surfaces that may be connected (e.g., wire bonded, soldered, sintered, etc.) to bond-wires, signal frames, etc.

[0169] Flat surfaces of control terminal and current terminal pads in a transistor may be in the same plane. Surfaces of current terminal pad(s) in a transistor may be contained in a plane that is elevated from and parallel to a plane that contains the surfaces of control terminal pad(s). The current terminal pad(s) in a transistor may be manufactured with a height that is greater than the height of the control terminal pad(s) so that a flat surface of a die substrate or die clip may bedirectly connected (e.g., sintered) to flat surfaces of the current terminal pad(s) while avoiding contact with the control terminal pad(s). An etched layer of photoresist may be formed on a wafer that exposes current terminal (e.g., source terminals) pad(s) while covering control terminal (gate terminal) pad(s). Metal could then be deposited to increase the height of the current terminal pad(s). Thereafter the photoresist layer may be removed to leave exposed surface(s) of the current terminal pad(s) contained in a common plane that is higher than the common plane that contains the surface(s) of the control terminal pad(s). The added height given to the current terminal pad(s) may be viewed as “pedestals.”

[0170] Flat surfaces of terminal pads on top and bottom sides of a transistor or a diode may face opposite directions. In general, an outward pointing vector normal to the average elevation of first surface of a pair of oppositely facing surfaces, may point an opposite direction with respect to an outward pointing vector normal to the average elevation of the second surface of the pair of oppositely facing surfaces.

[0171] Figure 2F shows a partial top or overhead-view of an example, vertically structured BBJT 250. Figure 2G shows a partial cross-sectional, side-view of BBJT 250 taken along line 1- 1 in Figure 2F. Example current and control terminal pads are shown in Figures 2G and 2F. With respect to Figure 2F, BBJT includes a first (e.g., top) substantially flat surface 252 and an oppositely facing second (e.g., bottom) and substantially flat surface 254.

[0172] Figure 2G shows collector / emitter regions 256 on one side that may form a junction with a drift or bulk substrate 258, and collector / emitter terminal pads 262 that are electrically connected to respective collector / emitters regions 256. Collector / emitter terminal pads 262 define exposed flat surfaces 280. Figure 2G shows a base region 260 disposed between the collector / emitter regions 256, and a base terminal pad 264 that is electrically connected to base region 260. Base terminal pad 264 defines a flat surface 282. Surfaces 280 and 282 are contained in a common plane, it being understood surfaces 280 may be contained in a plane that is higher or lower than the plane that contains surface 282. Figure 2G shows collector / emitter regions 270 on the opposite side that may form a junction with bulk substrate 258, and collector / emitter terminal pads 272 that electrically couple to respective collector / emitter regions 270.Collector / emitter terminal pads 272 define flat surfaces 284. Figure 2G shows base region 276, and a base terminal pad 278 that is electrically coupled to the base region 276. Base terminal pad278 defines a flat surface 286. Surfaces 284 and 286 are contained in a common plane, it being understood surfaces 284 may be contained in a plane that is higher or lower than the plane that contains surface 286. Although not shown in Figure 2G, BBJTs may include several collect or / emitter regions and several base regions on both sides. In Figure 2G, only two collector / emitter terminal pads are shown, and only one base terminal pad is shown on each side; however, two or more collector / emitter terminal pads may be implemented BBJTs on each side, and two or more base terminal pads may be implemented in BBJTs on each side. Terminal pads may be formed by depositing a metallic material through windows in an insulation material (not shown) covering a side of a transistor such as a BBJT.

[0173] The example BBJT 250 is an NPN structure, which means the collector / emitter regions 256 and 270 are N-type, the bases regions 260 and 276 are P-type, and the bulk substrate 258 is P-type. Note that PNP-type BBJTs are also contemplated; however, so as not to unduly lengthen the discussion a PNP-type BBJT is not specifically shown.

[0174] With continuing reference to Figure 2F, collector / emitter region 256 defines several internal regions 290 that are not doped. Defined within each example internal region 290 is base region 260.

[0175] A switch can transmit high levels of current (e.g., 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400 A or more) between a die clip and a die substrate without failure depending on the size (e.g., current terminal width and length), type (e.g., MOSFET), semiconductor material (e.g., GaN), and number of activated transistors connected in parallel. A transistor can transmit high levels of current (e.g., 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400 A or more) between its current terminals at high switching speeds (e.g., up to 100 kHz or more for Si IGBTs, up to 500 kHz or more for SiC MOSFETS, up to 1.0 GHz or more for GaN MOSFETs, etc.). When thermally connected to and cooled by heat sinks or bus bars that also act as heat sinks, transistors may be able to transmit more current at higher switching speeds without breaking, delaminating, or degrading. Likewise, when thermally connected to and cooled by heat sinks or bus bars that also act as heat sinks, diodes may be able to transmit more current without breaking, delaminating, or degrading.

[0176] A switch may be electrically and thermally connected to and sandwiched between die substrates and die clips. The first current terminal (e.g., collector terminal, drain terminal, etc.) pad(s) and the second current terminal (e.g., emitter terminal, source terminal, etc.) pad(s) of atransistor in a switch may be directly or indirectly connected to a die substrate and a die clip, respectively, or vice versa. The flat surface(s) of the first current terminal pad(s) and the flat surface(s) of the second current terminal pad(s) of a transistor in a switch may be indirectly connected to flat surfaces of a die substrate and a die clip, respectively, or vice versa. The flat surface(s) of the first current terminal pad(s) of a transistor may be directly connected to a flat surface of a die substrate while the flat surface(s) of the second current terminal pad(s) may be indirectly connected to a flat surface of a die clip, or vice versa. The flat surface(s) of the first current terminal pad(s) of a transistor may be directly connected to a flat surface of a die clip and the flat surface(s) of the second current terminal pad(s) may be directly connected to a flat surface of a die substrate, or vice versa. A direct connection may include only sintering or other type of bonding material between a current terminal pad surface and a surface of a die substrate or a die clip. A current terminal pad can be indirectly connected to a die clip or die substrate through an electrically and thermally conductive pedestal with flat end surface that is sintered to a flat surface of the current terminal pad.

[0177] A switch may include multiple transistors, each of which may be electrically and thermally connected to and sandwiched between a die clip and a die substrate. Flat surfaces of first current terminal pads and flat surfaces of second current terminal pads of parallel connected transistors in a switch may be directly or indirectly connected to flat surfaces of a die substrate and a die clip, respectively, or vice versa. The flat surface(s) of the first current terminal (e.g., collector) pad(s) of a first transistor (e.g., a first RB-IGBT) in a switch and the flat surface(s) of the second current terminal (e.g., emitter) pad(s) of a second transistor (e.g., a second RB-IGBT) in the switch may be directly or indirectly connected to a flat surface of a die substrate, while the flat surface(s) of the second current terminal (e.g., emitter) pad(s) of the first transistor and the flat surface(s) of the first current terminal (e.g., collector) pad(s) of the second transistor may be directly or indirectly connected to a flat surface of a die clip, or vice versa. Flat surfaces of first current terminal (e.g., drain) pads of first and second transistors in a switch may be directly or indirectly connected to flat surfaces of a die substrate and a die clip, respectively, while second current terminal (e.g., source) pads of the first and second transistors may be indirectly connected to each other.

[0178] The control terminal (e.g., gate terminal, base terminal, etc.) pad(s) of one or more transistors in a switch may be controlled by a voltage signal or a current signal from a driver, orcontrol terminals of respective transistors or respective groups of transistors in a switch may be controlled by respective voltage signals or current signals from respective drivers. Different types of transistors may need different types of drivers for effective control. A driver may be configured to separately control different types of transistors. Control terminals of a BBJT may be controlled by the separate signals from a driver, or by separate control signals from respective drivers.

[0179] Control terminal pad(s) may be positioned on only one side of some transistors (e.g., MOSFETs and IGBTs), or control terminal pads on opposite facing sides of other transistors (e.g., BBJTs). The control terminal pad(s) may be positioned adjacent to current terminal (e.g., source terminal or emitter terminal) pad(s) in some transistors (e.g., MOSFETs or IGBTs), or control terminal pads may be interspersed between current terminal (e.g., collector / emitter terminal) pads in other transistors (e.g., BBJTs).

[0180] A transistor control signal may be carried from a driver to a control terminal pad in an electrical path that includes a lead, trace, strap, bond-wire, signal frame, etc., or a serially connected combination of two or more thereof. A bond-wire may be wire-bonded to a control terminal pad in some switch modules. A signal frame may be soldered to one or more control terminal pads in some switch modules.

[0181] One or more pedestals in a power stack may be electrically and thermally connected to and positioned between a transistor and a die clip, paddle, bridge or die substrate. The pedestals can be configured to provide space for bond-wire(s) beneath the die clip, paddle or die substrate. In some power stacks, one or more pedestals are electrically and thermally connected to and positioned between a transistor and a die clip, and one or more pedestals are electrically and thermally connected between the transistor and a paddle or die substrate. Pedestals can be configured so that liquid mold compound (e.g., liquid resin) can flow around them during transfer mold packaging of switch modules or diode modules to create packages in which the mold compound (e.g., resin) electrically isolates exposed surfaces of die clips and die substrate that face each other. The mold compound may also cover exposed bond wires, straps, signal frames, current terminal pads, and / or control terminal pads.

[0182] One or more diodes may be electrically and thermally connected to and sandwiched between die substrates and die clips. The flat surface of a first current terminal (e.g., anodeterminal) pad and the flat surface of a second current terminal (e.g., cathode terminal) pad(s) of a diode may be directly or indirectly connected to a die substrate and a die clip, respectively, or vice versa. Like switches, a diode current terminal pad can be indirectly connected to a die substrate or die clip through a pedestal that is sintered to the pad, and direct connections may include only sintering or other type of bonding material between current terminal pads and die substrates or die clips. Since diodes lack control terminals, there is no need to accommodate bond-wires. A first current terminal pad and a second current terminal pad of a diode may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to respective flat surfaces of a die clip and a die substrate.

[0183] A die clip can transmit substantial current into or out of a packaged switch or packaged diode through its die clip terminal while concurrently transmitting substantial heat out of the packaged switch or packaged diode through its die clip terminal. A die substrate can transmit substantial current into or out of a packaged switch or packaged diode through its die substrate terminal while concurrently transmitting substantial heat out of the packaged switch or packaged diode through its die substrate terminals.[00184J A pedestal can transmit substantial current into or out of a current terminal pad to which it is electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) while concurrently transmitting substantial heat out of the current terminal pad to which it is electrically and thermally attached. A flat end surface of a pedestal can be connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of only one current terminal pad, or a flat end surface of a pedestal can be connected (e.g., sintered) directly to surfaces of multiple current terminal pads in a transistor or diode. Pedestals in a switch module or diode module may be identical in structure. Some switch modules may not employ pedestals; opposite facing current terminal pad surfaces in a transistor or diode may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to respective surfaces of a die clip and die substrate. Likewise, some packaged diodes may not employ pedestals; opposite facing current terminal pad surfaces may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to respective surfaces of a die clip and die substrate.

[0185] Power stacks may include additional electrically and thermally conductive components such as bridges and paddles more fully described below. Pedestals and other components (e.g., bridges) may provide a low resistance electrical and thermal path between current terminal pads and die clips or die substrates. The flat end surfaces of pedestals may be directly attached (e.g., sintered) to flat surfaces of current terminal pads, while the oppositefacing flat end surfaces of the pedestals may be directly attached (e.g., sintered) to the flat surface(s) of a die clip, paddle or die substrate. Or the oppositely facing flat end surfaces of pedestals may be indirectly attached to the flat surface(s) of a die substrate, paddle or die clip through one or more intermediate components such as bridges, also more fully described below. In other versions the oppositely facing end surfaces of a pedestal may be directly attached to current terminal (e.g., source) pads of a pair of transistors that are connected back-to-back.

[0186] Die substrates, die clips, pedestals, paddles, and bridges may be formed using different methods. Die substrates, die clips, pedestals, paddles, and bridges may be 3-D printed. Die substrates, die clips, paddles, pedestals, and bridges may be extruded. Die substrates, die clips, paddles, pedestals, and bridges may be formed through a sintering process in which a solid mass is formed by applying pressure and heat to a sintering powder in a mold without melting it to the point of liquefaction. Die substrates, die clips, pedestals, paddles, and bridges may be formed from a thin sheet of highly conductive material. A layer of sintering enhancement material (e.g., silver or silver allowy) may be formed (e.g., electroplated) on the surface(s) of die substrates, die clips, paddles, pedestals, or bridges, before or after die substrates, die clips, paddles, pedestals, or bridges are formed. Barrel plating may be used to form the thin layer of sintering material on the surface of die substrates, die clips, paddles, pedestals, etc. A barrel plating process involves placing the items (e.g., pedestals) in a barrel-shaped cage that is manufactured from nonconductive material. The cage is then submerged into a tank containing the appropriate chemical solution, while a slow tumbling action is used to commence the plating action. Die substrates, pedestals, die clips, bridges, paddles, etc., should lack a dielectric element.

[0187] Die clips, die substrates, paddles, pedestals, bridges, etc., may be formed (e.g., machined, cut, stamped, sawed, diced, etc.) from a thin (e.g., 0.1 mm - 3.0 mm) sheet of one or more metal layers. The term metal includes a pure metal (e.g., copper, iron, aluminum, gold, silver, molybdenum, etc.) or a metal composite. A metal composite is made by combining two or more distinct materials, at least one of which is a pure metal.

[0188] A thin (e.g., 3.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 mm or less) sheet from which die substrates, die clips, paddles, pedestals, or bridges are formed (e.g., machined, cut, stamped, sawed, diced, etc.), may be layered. Two or more layers in a layered sheet may be substantially uniform in thickness. Each layer in a layered sheet may be a metal, or each layer in a layeredsheet may be a metal composite. One or more layers in a layered sheet may be metal, while one or more layers in the layered sheet may be a metal composite.

[0189] For purposes of explanation only, the present disclosure presumes die substrates, die clips, paddles, pedestals, and bridges are formed from sheets of highly conductive materials. For purposes of explanation only, a die substrate, die clip, paddle, pedestal, and bridge that is directly connected (e.g., sintered) to current terminal pad surface of a transistor or diode is presumed to be formed from a layered sheet unless otherwise noted.

[0190] Figure 2H shows a side view of a portion of an example layered sheet 265 from which pedestals, paddles, bridges, die clips, die substrates or other components can be formed. Layered sheet 265 may be 0.5 - 1.16 mm between first and second oppositely facing flat surfaces 275 and 277. Section 271 consists of a central layer 266 of metal (e.g., molybdenum, which may be well suited for use with die substrates or pedestals to be attached to low CTE (e.g., SiC) based devices such as MOSFETs or diodes) or metal composite (copper / diamond, copper / molybdenum, copper / tungsten, etc.) between layers 267 of metal (e g., copper) or metal composite. It should be noted that layer 266 can be a material other than molybdenum. Section 271 may be sandwiched between metal (e.g., nickel) or metal composite layers 268 as shown. A nickel layer 268 may prevent migration of copper to a silver layer 269. Layers 268 may be formed (e.g., electroplated) on layers 267. Section 273 may be sandwiched between layers of sintering enhancement material (e.g., sliver) 269 as shown. Layers 269 may be formed (e g., electroplated) on layers 268. For purposes of explanation only, layers 268 and 269 are formed before pedestals, paddles, bridges, die clips, die substrates or other components are formed from sheet. In other versions, one or both of layers 268 and 269 can be added to pedestals, paddles, bridges, die clips, die substrates or other components after they are formed from a sheet with only layers 266 and 267.

[0191] Layer 266 may have a thickness tc that is substantially equal to the thickness tl of layers 267. For example, tc and tl may both be 0.30 - 0.35 mm. Layer 266 may have a thickness tc greater than or less than the thickness tl of layers 267. For example, layer 266 may be two times or four times thicker than layer 267, or layer 266 may be one half or less as thick as layer 267. Layers 268 and 269 may be substantially equal in thickness. For example, each of t2 and t3 may be 0.005 - 0.015 mm.

[0192] Properties such as thickness tc and tl and composition of flat layers 266 and 267 may vary. Layers 267 may have higher thermal conductivity and provide more efficient heat spreading qualities when compared to layer 266. Central layer 266 may have a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) that is lower than the CTE of layers 267. As more fully noted below, CTE may be a factor in the mechanical integrity of a connection between a bridge, pedestal end, die substrate, paddle, die clip surface, etc., and a transistor or diode.

[0193] The flat surface of current terminal pad may be electrically and thermally connected (e g., sintered) directly to the flat surface (i.e., 275 or 277) of a bridge, pedestal end, die substrate, paddle, die clip surface, etc., formed from sheet 265. A sintered connection may be formed using, for example, a silver or copper sintering paste, film or preform. Components with different CTEs may expand and contract at different rates with a change in temperature. The composition and / or thickness of layers 266 and 277 may be selected so that the CTE of a die substrate, die clip, pedestal, paddle, bridge, etc., is close to or substantially equal to the CTE of the transistor or diode to which the die substrate, die clip, pedestal, paddle, bridge, etc., is connected (e.g., sintered). Close CTEs may reduce the chance, for example, a MOSFET drain terminal pad detaches or delaminates from the surface of a die substrate due to mechanical stress or strain caused by differences in expansion or contraction rates between the die substrate and the MOSFET when the temperature of the MOSFET cycles between hot and cold. The composition and / or thicknesses of layers 266 and 267 of a bridge, pedestal end, die substrate, paddle, die clip surface, etc., may be chosen based on one or more factors such as the type of transistor or diode to which it is attached. For example, a molybdenum or molybdenum / copper layer 266 between copper layers 267 of a die substrate may give it a CTE that is close or substantially equal in value to the CTE of a SiC MOSFET to which the die substrate is silver sinter attached.

[0194] Die substrates, die clips, bridges, or paddles may be formed with integrated pedestals. A bridge with integrated pedestals (hereinafter “integrated bridge”) may be formed (machined, cut, stamped, sawed, diced, etc.) from a sheet of metal or metal composite, or from a layered sheet like that shown in Figure 2H.

[0195] A die substrate may have only one terminal exposed through the case of a packaged switch or packaged diode through which heat and current may be transmitted. The die substrateterminal may have a flat surface for mechanical, electrical, and thermal mating with a flat surface of, for example, a bus bar. The surface of the die substrate terminal may be entirely flat.

[0196] A die clip may have only one terminal exposed through the case of the packaged switch or packaged diode through which heat and current may be transmitted. A die clip terminal may have a flat surface for mechanical, electrical, and thermal mating with a flat surface of, for example, a bus bar. The surface of the die clip terminal may be entirely flat.

[0197] Die substrate terminals or die clip terminals may have surfaces that are entirely flat and substantially flush or coplanar with case surfaces of the packaged switches or packaged diodes in which they are contained. In other versions, the die substrate terminals or die clip terminals may have surfaces that are entirely flat and substantially parallel to and recessed below the case surfaces, or they may be parallel to and protrude above the case surfaces. Some die clip terminals may not be exposed through the case of a packaged switch (e.g., packaged switch 247s).

[0198] Figures 2A-1 - 2E-2 show example die substrate terminals 230 and example die clip terminals 344. Figures 2C-1 - 2C-3 show an example packaged switch 247s in which its die clip terminal is not exposed through case 248s. Figures 2A-1 - 2E-2 show die substrate terminals 230 and die clip terminals 344 with rectangular-shaped, and entirely flat surfaces that are parallel to and slightly above, parallel to and slightly below, or substantially flush with flat case surfaces of packaged switch 247 and packaged diode 245, even though terminals 230 and 344 may appear to be flush with the case surfaces.

[0199] The size and shape of die substrate terminals or die clip terminals should not be limited to that shown in the figures. In other words, the die substrate terminals and die clip terminals may take different forms, shapes, and sizes. A die clip terminal or a die substrate terminal may include one or more recesses that can mate with similarly shaped extensions of an external device (e.g., a phase bus bar, a V+ bus bar, a V- bus bar, etc., all of which are more fully described below) to facilitate electrical, thermal and / or mechanical connection therebetween. Or a die clip terminal or a die substrate terminal may include one or more extensions that can mate with similarly shaped recesses of an external device (e.g., a phase bus bar, a V+ bus bar, a V- bus bar, etc.,) to facilitate electrical, thermal and / or mechanical connection therebetween.

[0200] Current can enter a packaged switch or packaged diode through a die substrate terminal, and then exit through a die clip terminal, or current can flow through a packaged switch or packaged diode in the reverse direction. To illustrate, current can enter packaged switch 247d through die substrate terminal 230 of a die substrate, flow through the die substrate, a switch, a die clip in that order, and then exit packaged switch 247d via die clip terminal 344, or current (e.g., free-wheeling diode current) can flow in the reverse direction. Current can enter packaged diode 245 through die substrate terminal 230 of a die substrate, flow through the die substrate, a diode, a die clip in that order, and then exit packaged diode 245 via die clip terminal 344, or current (e.g., reverse recovery current) can flow in the reverse direction.

[0201] Die substrates and die clips can transmit substantial current to or from their connected switches or diodes while concurrently transmitting substantial heat away from their connected switches or diodes. Terminals of die substrates and die clips can transmit substantial current into or out of packaged switches or packaged diodes while concurrently transmitting substantial heat out of packaged switches or packaged diodes. For example, die substrate terminal 230 in Figure 2A-1, 2B-1, 2C-1, 2D-1, or 2E-1 may be flat and can have a width wds around 14.5 mm and a length Ids around 17.5 mm, and may be electrically connected to a flat surface of a bus bar. A die substrate can transmit 50, 100, 200, 400 A or more of current between its connected switch or diode(s) and a bus bar via its die substrate terminal 230. Die clip terminal 344 in Figure 2A-2, 2B-2, 2D-2, or 2E-2 can have a width wdc around 14.0 mm and a length Ide around 17.0 mm and may be thermally and electrically connected to a flat surface of bus bar. The die clip can transmit 50, 100, 200, 400 A or more of current between its connected switch or diode(s) and the bus bar via its die clip terminal 344. Connector-leads 288ds or 288dc in Figures 2A-1 - 2E-3 can transmit 10, 40, 80, 100, 200 A or more into or out of a packaged switch or packaged diode.

[0202] Transistors in a switch may get hot due to conduction and switching losses, especially when they conduct high current at high switching speeds. Diodes can also get hot while conducting current. A die substrate, depending on its dimensions, can conduct large amounts of transistor or diode generated heat out of a packaged switch or packaged diode through its die substrate terminal. For example, die substrate terminal 230 in Figures 2A-1, 2B-1, 2C-1, 2D-1, or 2E-1 can have a width around 14.5 mm and a length around 17.5 mm. The flat surface of die substrate terminal 230 may be electrically and thermally connected to a flat surface of heat sink or a bus bar that may also act as a heat sink. Die substrate terminal 230 can transmit anywherebetween zero and 750 Watts or more of heat out of packaged switch 247p, 247q, 247s, or 247d, or packaged diode 245. In other words, die substrate terminal 230 can transmit 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 750 Watts or more of heat. A die substrate may be thick (e.g., 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 mm or more when measured between oppositely facing surfaces), and the thicker it is, the more thermal capacitance it provides, which may be important for absorbing a sudden increase in heat from by an attached switch or diode.

[0203] Like die substrates, a die clip can conduct large amounts of transistor or diode generated heat out of a packaged switch or packaged diode through its die clip terminal. For example, die clip terminal 344 in Figures 2A-2, 2B-2, 2D-2, or 2E-2 can have a width around 14.0 mm and a length around 17.0 mm, and may be electrically and thermally connected to a flat surface of a heat sink or bus bar that may also act as a heat sink. Die clip terminal 344 can transmit anywhere between zero and 750 Watts or more of heat out of packaged switch 247p, 247q, p 247d or packaged diode 245. In other words, die substrate clip 344 can transmit 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 750 Watts or more of heat. A die clip may be thick (e.g., 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 mm or more when measured between oppositely facing surfaces), and the thicker it is, the more thermal capacitance it provides, which may be important for absorbing a sudden increase in heat from by an attached switch or diode.

[0204] Although not shown in Figures 2A-1 - 2E-3, packaged switch 247p, 247q, 247d, 247s or packaged diode 245 may include one or more pedestals. Pedestals may have different sizes, shapes, and compositions. For purposes of explanation only, each pedestal or integrated bridge is formed from a layered sheet like that shown in Figure 2H with layer 266, which may be a metal other than molybdenum if the pedestal or integrated bridge is to be attached (e.g., sintered) directly to a device (e.g., transistor) that is not SiC based (e.g., GaN based MOSFET). Each pedestal may have opposite facing first and second substantially flat (e.g., within a tolerance of 0.01 mm) end surfaces. The first and second end surfaces may be entirely flat. Multiple pedestals in a power stack may be substantially identical in size, shape, and composition. Groups of one or more pedestals in a power stack may be substantially different in size, shape, and composition.

[0205] Pedestals may be uniform in cross-section between the opposite facing first and second flat end surfaces. Or pedestals may have a non-uniform cross-section between the opposite facing first and second flat end surfaces. For example, the cross-sectional width near thefirst flat end surface, which may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to a flat surface of a current terminal pad, may be less than the cross-sectional width near the second flat end surface.

[0206] First flat end surfaces of pedestals may be thermally and electrically connected (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surfaces of respective current terminal pads in a transistor of a power stack, and the second flat end surfaces of the pedestals may be thermally and electrically connected (e.g., sintered) directly to the flat surface(s) of a die substrate or a die clip on the side facing opposite the side that contains the die substrate terminal 230 or die clip terminal 344. Or the second flat end surfaces of the pedestals may be thermally and electrically connected (e.g., sintered) directly to the flat surface(s) of a bridge, which in turn includes an oppositely facing flat surface that may be thermally and electrically connected (e.g., sintered) directly to the flat surface(s) of the die substrate or die clip on the side facing opposite the side that contains the die clip terminal 344 or die substrate terminal 230.

[0207] The first flat end surface of a single pedestal may be thermally and electrically connected (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surfaces of current terminal pads in a transistor of a power stack, and the second flat end surface of the pedestal may be thermally and electrically connected (e.g., sintered) directly to the flat surface of a die substrate or a die clip on the side facing opposite the side that contains the die substrate terminal 230 or die clip terminal 344. Or the second flat end surface of the single pedestal may be thermally and electrically connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of a bridge, which in turn includes an oppositely facing flat surface that may be thermally and electrically connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of the die substrate or die clip on its side facing opposite the side that contains the die clip terminal 344 or die substrate terminal 230.

[0208] One or more first transistors may be electrically connected back-to-back with the one or more second transistors, respectively, in a power stack. First flat end surfaces of pedestals may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) to respective flat current terminal (e.g., source) pads in first transistors, respectively, while the second flat end surfaces of the pedestals may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to respective flat current terminal (e.g., source) pads of second transistors in the power stack. Or first flat end surfaces of pedestals may be electrically and thermally connected (e g., sintered) directly to respective pairs of flat current terminal (e.g., source) pads in first transistors while the second flat end surfaces ofthe pedestals may be electrically and thermally connected (e g., sintered) directly to respective pairs of flat current terminal (e.g., source) pads of the second transistors in the power stack.

[0209] Pedestals may be integrally formed with and extending from a surface of die substrate or die clip on the side oppositely facing the side that contains the die substrate terminal 230 or die clip terminal 344, respectively, or the pedestals may be integrally formed with and extending from a flat surface of a bridge on the side oppositely facing a side that is connected (e.g., sintered) to a die substrate or die clip. In this alternative the first flat end surfaces of the pedestals may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to respective flat surfaces or respective pairs of current terminals pads in one or more transistors of a power stack.

[0210] The first flat end surface of a pedestal may have a shape that is substantially equal to the shape of the flat surface of the current terminal pad to which it is connected. The first end of a pedestal may have a flat surface area configured for connection to flat surfaces of a pair of adjacent current terminal pads in a transistor. Flat surfaces of current terminal pads may be connected to first flat surfaces of pedestals, paddles, die clips, die substrates, etc., using any one of many different attachment technologies (e.g., sintering, soldering, transient liquid phase bonding, conductive adhesion process, etc.). Second oppositely facing flat end surfaces of pedestals may be connected to flat surfaces of paddles, die clips, die substrates, etc., using any one of many different attachment technologies (e.g., sintering, soldering, transient liquid phase bonding, conductive adhesion process, etc.).

[0211] Bond-wires have been used in the past to transmit large current (1 A or more) in power converters. The connections in Figures 1A and 1C of N1 to TL1, N2 to TL2, and N3 to TL3, and V+ to TH1, TH2, and TH3, may take form in one or more bond-wires (not shown) wire bonded to current terminal pads of the IGBTs. These bond-wires are prone to failure during temperature cycling. For example, bond-wires or the bond-wire connections often crack or fracture during temperature cycling. Bond-wire lift off may also occur. The failure may be attributed to relatively high current density and low thermal capacity in the bond-wires themselves or in the connections between the bond-wires and current terminal pads. In contrast current density is lower and thermal capacity higher in pedestals, which have larger cross-section when compared to bond-wires. Current density may also be lower in the connection (e.g., sintered connection) between a flat surface of current terminal pad and a flat surface of aconnected pedestal. Failures like those associated with bond-wires described above are less likely to occur when end surfaces of pedestals are connected (e.g., sintered) to current terminal pad surfaces. Pedestals provide additional advantages over bond-wires, such as lower parasitic parameters (e.g., inductance, resistance, and capacitance). The parasitic inductance in the electrical path, including the pedestal(s), between a die substrate terminal and a die clip terminal in a packaged switch may be 0.15 nH or less. Lower parasitic inductance can improve operational aspects of packaged switches.

[0212] A pair of components may be directly or indirectly connected, attached, bonded, or joined together. A pair of components can be directly connected, attached, bonded, or joined together by soldering, sintering, brazing, gluing, etc. The material used for soldering, sintering, brazing, gluing, etc., the pair of components together may be electrically and / or thermally conductive. A pair of components can be directly connected, attached, bonded, or joined together by pressing (i.e., “press-fitting”) surfaces of the components against each other using mechanical structures such as clamps and bolts. Thus, a pair of components can be directly connected, attached, bonded, or joined together without material (e.g., solder, sintering material, conductive adhesive, thermal interface material (TIM), electrically insulating glue, etc.) between the pair of components. A pair of components can be indirectly connected, attached, bonded, or joined together through one or more additional components (e.g., die substrate, die clip, pedestal, transistor, wire, ribbon, lead, trace, etc ).Example Packaged Switches 247

[0213] With continued reference to Figures 2A-1 - 2A-3, 2B-1 - 2B-3, 2D-1 - 2D-3, Figures 3A-3L, 30 and 3P illustrate example packaged switches 247p, 247q, or 247d when seen from the side. Cases (e.g., case 248) are transparent in Figures 3A-3L, 30 and 3P to enable a better understanding of packaged switch components, their interaction, and their relative positions. Further, connector-leads 288ds and 288dc are not shown to enable a better understanding.

[0214] Example packaged switches 247 shown in Figures 3A-3L, 30 and 3P include switch modules 376A-376L, 3760, and 376P respectively, each of which includes a power stack, which in turn includes a switch 304 that is electrically and thermally connected between die substrate 360 and die clip 372, all of which are shown symbolically. Die substrate terminals 230 and die clip terminals 344 are also shown symbolically. Figure 3K also includes a symbolically shownpaddle 361 . Although not shown in 3K, paddle 361 may include oppositely facing flat surfaces to which flat ends of respective pedestals may be directly connected (e.g., sintered).

[0215] The surfaces of die substrate terminals 230 and die clip terminals 344 may be entirely flat and flush with respective surfaces of cases 248. Or surfaces of die substrate terminals 230 and die clip terminals 344 may be entirely flat and recessed below or protruding above the surfaces of cases 248. Switch module components, including die substrates 360 and die clips 372 may vary in size, shape, composition, etc., between packaged switches 247 of Figures 3A-3L, 30 and 3P.

[0216] Although not shown in Figures 3A-3L, 30 and 3P each power stack may include one or more pedestals, each of which may have opposite facing first and second end surfaces that are entirely flat. The first flat end surface of a pedestal may be directly connected (e.g., sintered, soldered, transient liquid phase bonded, conductive adhesion process, etc.) to one or more current terminal pads in a transistor of a switch 304, and the second flat end surface of the pedestal may be directly connected (e.g., sintered, soldered, transient liquid phase bonded, conductive adhesion process, etc.) to the flat surface of die substrate 360 or die clip 372 on the side facing opposite the side that contains die substrate terminal 230 or die clip terminal 344. Or the second flat end surface of the pedestal may be directly connected to the flat surface of a bridge, which in turn includes an oppositely facing flat surface that may be directly connected (e.g., sintered, soldered, transient liquid phase bonded, conductive adhesion process, etc.) to the flat surface of die substrate 360 or die clip 372 on the side facing opposite the side that contains the die clip terminal 344 or die substrate terminal 230. Or the second flat end surface of the pedestal may be directly connected to one or more current terminals of another transistor.Pedestals may be integrally formed with and extending from a flat surface of a bridge, which in turn includes an oppositely facing flat surface that may be directly connected to the flat surface of die substrate 360 or die clip 372 on the side facing opposite the side that contains the die clip terminal 344 or die substrate terminal 230.

[0217] Figures 3A-3P show relative positioning of components. Die substrate 360, switch 304, and die clip 372 may be stacked as shown. In one sense, stacking first and second components means the first and second components are contained in first and second planes, respectively, which are separated, but parallel to each other. The first component in the firstplane may be directly above the second component in the second plane, or the first component may be laterally offset in the first plane so that the second component is not directly beneath the first component. Electrical current can be transmitted between die clip terminal 344 and die substrate terminal 230 via an activated switch 304.

[0218] Switch modules 376 may include connector-leads 288g, 288ds, 288c, and 288dc, but for ease of illustration connector-leads 288dc and 288ds are not shown in Figures 3 A-3P. Connector-lead 288g may be electrically connected to the control terminal pad(s) of each transistor in switch 304 of Figures 3A-3D, and 30. Connector-lead 288gl may be electrically connected to the control terminal pad(s) of one or more first transistors in switch 304 of Figures E-L, and 3P. Connector-lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to the control terminal pad(s) of one or more second transistors in switch 304 of Figures E-L, and 3P. The one or more first transistors are the same as the one or more second transistors in Figures 3G and 3L.

[0219] Die substrate 360 and die clip 372 may conduct large current (e.g., 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400 A or more) into or out of packaged switches 247q, 247d, and 247p via die substrate terminal 230 and die clip terminal 344, respectively. Switch 304 may get hot. Die substrate 360 and die clip 372 can conduct substantial switch heat out of packaged switch 247 via die substrate terminal 230 and die clip terminal 344, respectively, while die substrate terminal 230 and die clip terminal 344 concurrently conduct large current.

[0220] Figure 3A is an example of a packaged switch 247dA. In Figure 3A switch 304dA includes an IGBT electrically connected in parallel with a diode D. Each collector terminal in an IGBT and each cathode terminal in a diode may have one or more conductive pads with entirely flat surfaces that can be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of, for example, a die substrate. For purposes of explanation only, each collector terminal in an IGBT and each cathode terminal in a diode has only one conductive pad unless otherwise noted. Each emitter terminal in an IGBT may have multiple conductive pads with entirely flat surfaces that can be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surfaces of respective pedestals or the flat surface of one pedestal. Each anode terminal in a diode may have a pad with an entirely flat surface that can be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of a pedestal. In other versions the flat surfaces of the emitter terminal and anode terminal pads may be directly connected (e.g.,sintered) directly to a flat surface of a die clip.

[0221] The flat surfaces of pads in collector terminal c and cathode terminal in Figure 3A may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to a flat surface of die substrate 360, and the flat surfaces of pads in emitter terminal e and anode terminal may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to first flat end surfaces of pedestals. The second flat surfaces at the opposite ends of the pedestals (i.e., the second flat end surfaces) may be connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of die clip 372. Pad surface connections (e.g., sintered connections) enable thermal and electrical transmission.

[0222] Connector-lead 288g may be electrically connected to the gate terminal g of the IGBT. Although not shown in Figure 3A, switch module 376A may include a strap that is attached to the same surface of die substrate 360 to which the pads of collector terminal c and cathode terminal are connected. The strap may be electrically isolated from die substrate 360. One or more bond-wires may electrically connect the strap to the pad(s) of the gate terminal g. For purposes of explanation only, each IGBT in this disclosure is presumed to have only one gate terminal pad unless otherwise noted. Connector-lead 288g may be electrically connected to the strap. An end portion of connector-lead 288g may be directly connected (e.g., soldered) to the strap. Or one or more bond-wires may electrically connect the strap to the end portion of the connector-lead 288g.

[0223] Figure 3B is an example of a packaged switch 247dB. In Figure 3B switch 304dB includes four n-channel MOSFET s connected in parallel. Each drain terminal in a MOSFET may have one or more conductive pads with entirely flat surfaces that can be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of, for example, a die substrate. For purposes of explanation only, each drain terminal in this disclosure is presumed to have only one conductive pad unless otherwise noted. Each source terminal in a MOSFET may have multiple conductive pads with entirely flat surfaces that can be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to, for example, flat surfaces of respective pedestals or the flat surface of one pedestal. In other versions the flat surfaces of the source terminal pads may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to a flat surface of a die clip.

[0224] In Figure 3B the flat surfaces of pads in drain terminals dl-d4 may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to a flat surface of die substrate 360, and the flat surfaces of pads insource terminals sl-s4 may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to first flat end surfaces of respective pedestals. The second flat surfaces at the opposite ends of the pedestals (i.e., the second flat end surfaces) may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of die clip 372. Connector-lead 288g may be electrically connected to the gate terminals of each MOSFET. For purposes of explanation only, each MOSFET in this disclosure is presumed to have only one gate terminal pad unless otherwise noted. Although not shown in Figure 3B, switch module 376B may include a strap that is attached to the same surface of die substrate 360 to which the pads of the drain terminals dl-d4 are connected. The strap may be electrically isolated from die substrate 360. One or more bond-wires may electrically connect the strap to the pads of the gate terminals in each of the MOSFETs. Connector-lead 288g may be electrically connected to the strap. An end portion of connector-lead 288g may be directly connected (e.g., soldered) to the strap. Or one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the strap to an end portion of the connector-lead 288g.

[0225] In Figure 3C switch 304dC includes a symmetrical GTO thyristor. A symmetrical GTO thyristor’s cathode terminal may have one or more conductive pads with entirely flat surfaces that can be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of, for example, a die substrate. For purposes of explanation only, the cathode terminal of a symmetrical GTO thyristor in this disclosure is presumed to have only one conductive pad unless otherwise noted. A symmetrical GTO thyristor’s anode terminal may include one or more conductive pads with entirely flat surfaces that can be electrically and thermally connected (e g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of a single pedestal. In other versions the flat surface(s) of the anode terminal pad(s) may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to a flat surface of a die clip.

[0226] The flat surface of the pad in the cathode terminal of Figure 3C may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of die substrate 360, and the flat surface(s) of the anode terminal pad(s) may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) directly to the first flat end surface of a pedestal. The second flat surface at the opposite ends of the pedestal may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of die clip 372.

[0227] For purposes of explanation only, each symmetrical GTO thyristor in this disclosure is presumed to have only one gate terminal pad unless otherwise noted. Connector-lead 288g may be electrically connected to the gate terminal of the GTO thyristor. Although not shown in Figure3C, switch module 376C may include a strap that is attached to the same surface of die substrate 360 to which the pad of the cathode terminal is connected. The strap may be electrically isolated from die substrate 360. One or more bond-wires may electrically connect the strap to the pad of the gate terminal of the symmetrical GTO thyristor. Connector-lead 288g may be electrically connected to the strap. An end portion of connector-lead 288g may be directly connected (e.g., soldered) to the strap. Or one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the strap to an end portion of the connector-lead 288g.

[0228] In Figure 3D switch 304dD includes a TRIAC. A TRIAC’s first current terminal anode- 1 may have one or more conductive pads with entirely flat surfaces that can be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of, for example, a die substrate. For purposes of explanation only, each first current terminal anode-1 is presumed to have only one conductive pad in this disclosure unless otherwise noted. A TRIAC’s second current terminal anode-2 may include one or more conductive pads with entirely flat surfaces that can be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to the flat surface of a single pedestal. In one version, the flat surfaces of the anode-2 pads may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of a die clip.

[0229] The flat surface of the pad of anode-1 in Figure 3D may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to a flat surface of die substrate 360, and the flat surface(s) of anode-2 may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to the first flat end surface of a pedestal. The flat surface at the opposite ends of the pedestal may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of die clip 372.

[0230] For purposes of explanation only, each TRIAC in this disclosure is presumed to have only one gate terminal pad unless otherwise noted. Connector-lead 288g may be electrically connected to the gate terminal pad of the TRIAC. Although not shown in Figure 3D, switch module 376D may include a strap that is attached to the same surface of die substrate 360 to which the pad of anode-1 is / are connected. The strap may be electrically isolated from die substrate 360. One or more bond-wires may electrically connect the strap to the pad of the gate terminal of the TRIAC. Connector-lead 288g may be electrically connected to the strap. An end portion of connector-lead 288g may be directly connected (e.g., soldered) to the strap. Or one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the strap to an end portion of the connector-lead288g.

[0231] Figure 3E illustrates an example of a packaged switch 247qE. Switch 304qE includes four n-channel MOSFETs connected in parallel. The flat surfaces of pads in drain terminals dl- d4 may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to a flat surface of die substrate 360, and the flat surfaces of pads in source terminals sl-s4 may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to first flat end surfaces of pedestals. The flat surfaces at the opposite ends of the pedestals (i.e., the second flat end surfaces) may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of die clip 372. Connector-lead 288gl may be electrically connected to the gate terminals of a first pair of MOSFETs as shown, while connector-lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to the gate terminals of the other pair of MOSFETs. Although not shown in Figure 3E, switch module 376E may include first and second separate straps that are attached to the same surface of die substrate 360 to which the pads of drain terminals dl-d4 are connected. The straps may be electrically isolated from die substrate 360. One or more bond-wires may electrically connect the first strap to the pads of the gate terminals in the first pair MOSFETs as shown, while one or more bond-wires may electrically connect the second strap to the pads of the gate terminals in the other pair MOSFETs. Connector-lead 288gl may be electrically connected to the first strap, and connector-lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to the second strap. An end portion of connector-lead 288gl may be directly connected (e.g., soldered) to the first strap, and an end portion of connector-lead 288g2 may be directly connected (e.g., soldered) to the second strap. Or one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the first strap to an end portion of connector-lead 288gl, and one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the second strap to an end portion of connector-lead 288g2.

[0232] Figure 3F illustrates an example of a packaged switch 247qF. Switch 304qF includes three MOSFETs connected in parallel with an IGBT. The flat surfaces of pads in collector terminal c and drain terminals d may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to a flat surface of die substrate 360, and the flat surfaces of pads in emitter terminal e and source terminals s may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to first flat end surfaces of pedestals. The flat surfaces at the opposite ends of the pedestals (i.e., the second flat end surfaces) may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of die clip 372. Connector-lead 288gl may be electrically connected to the gate terminals g of the MOSFETs, while connector- lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to the gate terminal g of the IGBT. Although notshown in Figure 3F, switch module 376F may include first and second separate straps that are attached to the same surface of die substrate 360 to which the pads of drain terminals d and collector terminal c are connected. The straps may be electrically isolated from die substrate 360. One or more bond-wires may electrically connect the first strap to the pad of the gate terminal in the IGBT as shown, while one or more bond-wires may electrically connect the second strap to the pads of the gate terminals g in the MOSFETs. Connector-lead 288gl may be electrically connected to the first strap, and connector-lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to the second strap. An end portion of connector-lead 288gl may be directly connected (e.g., soldered) to the first strap, and an end portion of connector-lead 288g2 may be directly connected (e.g., soldered) to the second strap. Or one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the first strap to an end portion of connector-lead 288gl, and one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the second strap to an end portion of connector-lead 288g2.

[0233] Figure 3G illustrates an example packaged switch 247qG, which includes a BBJT. Each of a BBJT’s current terminals c / e may have multiple conductive pads with entirely flat surfaces that can be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surfaces of respective pedestals. The flat surfaces of pads in the first current terminal c / el may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to respective first flat surfaces of first pedestals, and the opposite facing second flat surfaces of the first pedestals can be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of die substrate 360. The flat surfaces of pads in the second current terminal c / e2 may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to first flat end surfaces of respective second pedestals. The flat surfaces at the opposite ends of the second pedestals may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of die clip 372.

[0234] Connector-lead 288gl may be electrically connected to base terminal bl of the BBJT, while connector-lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to base terminal b2. For purposes of explanation only, each base terminal b in a BBJT of this disclosure is presumed to have multiple base terminal pads unless otherwise noted. The base terminal pads on each of the BBJT side may be arranged in groups, with each group having several linearly positioned base terminal pads with exposed flat surfaces. For purposes of explanation only, no dielectric or other material exists between base terminal pads in a group of linearly positioned base terminal pads. Although not shown in Figure 3G, switch module 376G may include a first signal frame with a surface thatis electrically connected (e.g., soldered) to surfaces of pads of base terminal bl, and a second signal frame with a flat surface that is electrically connected (e.g., soldered) to surfaces of pads of base terminal b2. The signal frames may be electrically isolated from each other. Connector- lead 288gl may be electrically connected to the first signal frame, and connector-lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to the second signal frame. An end portion of connector-lead 288gl may be directly connected (e.g., soldered) to the first signal frame, and an end portion of connector-lead 288g2 may be directly connected (e.g., soldered) to the second signal frame. Or one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the first signal frame to an end portion of connector-lead 288gl, and one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the second signal frame to an end portion of connector-lead 288g2.

[0235] Figure 3H illustrates an example of a packaged switch 247ph. Switch 304ph includes a MOSFET connected in parallel with a BBJT. In an alternative of packaged switch 247ph, two or more MOSFETs may be electrically connected in parallel with a BBJT, the combination of which may be connected between die substrate 360 and die clip 372.[00236J Flat surfaces of pads in the first current terminal c / el in Figure 3H may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to first flat surfaces of respective first pedestals, and the opposite facing second flat surfaces of the first pedestals can be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of die substrate 360. Flat surfaces of pads in the second current terminal c / e2 may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to first flat end surfaces of respective second pedestals. The flat surfaces at the opposite ends of the second pedestals may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of die clip 372. Connector-lead 288gl may be electrically connected to base terminal bl of the BBJT, while connector-lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to base terminal b2. Although not shown in Figure 3H, switch module 376H may include a first signal frame with a surface that is electrically connected (e.g., soldered) to surfaces of pads of base terminal bl, and a second signal frame with a flat surface that is electrically connected (e.g., soldered) to surfaces of pads of base terminal b2. The signal frames may be electrically isolated from each other. Connector-lead 288gl may be electrically connected to the first signal frame, and connector-lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to the second signal frame. An end portion of connector-lead 288gl may be directly connected (e g., soldered) to the first signal frame, and an end portion of connector- lead 288g2 may be directly connected (e.g., soldered) to the second signal frame. Or one or morebond-wires may electrically connect to the first signal frame to an end portion of connector-lead 288gl, and one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the second signal frame to an end portion of connector-lead 288g2.

[0237] In Figure 3H the flat surface of the pad in drain terminal d may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to a flat surface of die substrate 360, and the flat surfaces of pads in source terminal s may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to first flat end surface of a pedestal. The flat surface at the opposite end of the pedestals (i.e., the second flat end surface) may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of die clip 372. Connector-lead 288c may be electrically connected to the gate terminal pad of the MOSFET. Although not shown in Figure 3H, switch module 376H may include a strap that is attached to the same surface of die substrate 360 to which the pad of the drain terminal d is connected. The strap may be electrically isolated from die substrate 360. One or more bond-wires may electrically connect the strap to the pad of the gate terminal. Connector-lead 288c may be electrically connected to the strap. An end portion of connector-lead 288c may be directly connected (e.g., soldered) to the strap. Or one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the strap to an end portion of the connector-lead 288c.

[0238] Figure 31 illustrates an example of a packaged switch 247ql, which may be bidirectional. Switch 304qI includes first and second groups of RB-IGBTs connected in antiparallel. Each group of RB-IGBTs includes two RB-IGBTs connected in parallel. In an alternative version, the RB-IGBTs may be replaced by NPT-IGBTs or BJTs. Each of the RB- IGBTs’ collector terminals cl of the first group and each of the RB-IGBTs’ collector terminals c2 of the second group may have one conductive pad with a surface that is entirely flat. Each of the RB-IGBTs’ emitter terminals e l of the first group and each of the RB-IGBTs’ emitter terminals e2 of the second group may have conductive pads with surfaces that are entirely flat. The flat surfaces of the pads in the collector terminals cl-1 and cl-2 may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to a flat surface of die substrate 360, and the surfaces of the pads in the collector terminals c2-l and c2-2 may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to a flat surface of die clip 372. The flat surfaces of the pads in each emitter terminal e may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to the first flat end surface of a pedestal. The flat surfaces at the opposite ends of the pedestals connected to the pads of emitter terminal e2-l and e2-2 may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of die substrate 360, while the flatsurfaces at the opposite ends of the pedestals connected to the pads of emitter terminals el-1 and el -2 may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of die clip 372. Connector-lead 288gl may be electrically connected to gate terminals g2, while connector-lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to gate terminals gl. Although not shown in Figure 31, switch module 3761 may include a first strap that is attached to the same surface of die substrate 360 to which the pads of collector terminals cl and emitter terminals e2 are connected, and a second strap that is attached to the same surface of die clip 372 to which the pads of collector terminals c2 and emitter terminals el are connected. The first and straps may be electrically isolated from die substrate 360 and die clip 372, respectively. One or more bondwires may electrically connect the first strap to the pads of gate terminals g2, while one or more bond-wires may electrically connect the second strap to the pads of gate terminal gl. Connector- lead 288gl may be electrically connected to the first strap, and connector-lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to the second strap. An end portion of connector-lead 288gl may be directly connected (e.g., soldered) to the first strap, and an end portion of connector-lead 288g2 may be directly connected (e.g., soldered) to the second strap. Or one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the first strap to an end portion of connector-lead 288gl, and one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the second strap to an end portion of connector-lead 288g2.

[0239] Figure 3J illustrates an example of a packaged switch 247qJ, which may be bidirectional. In Figure 3J switch 304qJ includes first and second groups of MOSFETs connected back-to-back. Each group includes four MOSFETs. Each of the MOSFETs’ source terminals s may have conductive pads that are entirely flat. Each of the MOSFETs’ drain terminals d may have a conductive pad that is entirely flat. The flat surfaces of the pads in the drain terminals dl and d2 may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to flat surfaces of die substrate 360 and die clip 372, respectively. The flat surfaces of the pads in source terminals si may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to the first flat end surfaces of respective pedestals. The flat surfaces at the opposite ends of the pedestals may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surfaces of pads in respective source terminals s2. Connector-lead 288gl may be electrically connected to gate terminals gl, while connector-lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to gate terminals g2. Although not shown in Figure 3J, switch module 376J may include first and second separate straps that are attached to die substrate 360 and die clip 372,respectively. The first strap may be attached to the same surface of die substrate 360 to which the pads of drain terminals dl are connected, and the second strap may be attached to the same surface of die clip 372 to which the pads of drain terminals d2 are connected. The first and second straps may be electrically isolated from each other and from die substrate 360 and die clip 372. One or more bond-wires may electrically connect the first strap to the pads of the gate terminals gl, while one or more bond-wires may electrically connect the second strap to the pads of the second gate terminals g2. Connector-lead 288gl may be electrically connected to the first strap, and connector-lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to the second strap. An end portion of connector-lead 288gl may be directly connected (e.g., soldered) to the first strap, and an end portion of connector-lead 288g2 may be directly connected (e.g., soldered) to the second strap. Or one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the first strap to an end portion of connector-lead 288gl, and one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the second strap to an end portion of connector-lead 288g2.

[0240] Figure 3K illustrates an example of a packaged switch 247pK, which may be bidirectional. Packaged switch 247pK in Figure 3K includes components of the packaged switch 247qJ in Figure 3J in addition to a paddle 361 and connector-lead 288c. Paddle 361 is shown symbolically. Although not shown, paddle 361 has oppositely facing first and second flat surfaces. In Figure 3K switch 304K includes first and second groups of MOSFETs connected back-to-back. Each group includes four MOSFETs connected in parallel. Each of the MOSFETs’ source terminals s may have conductive pads that are entirely flat. Each of the MOSFETs’ drain terminals d may have a conductive pad that is entirely flat. The flat surfaces of the pads in the drain terminals dl and d2 may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to flat surfaces of die substrate 360 and die clip 372, respectively. The flat surfaces of the pads in source terminals si may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to the first flat end surfaces of respective first pedestals. The flat surfaces at the opposite ends of the first pedestals may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to the first flat surface of paddle 361. The flat surfaces of the pads in source terminals s2 may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to the first flat end surfaces of respective second pedestals. The flat surfaces at the opposite ends of the second pedestals may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to the second flat surface of paddle 361. Connector-lead 288gl may be electrically connected to gate terminals gl, while connector-lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to gate terminals g2.Although not shown in Figure 3K, switch module 376K may include first and second separate straps that are attached to die substrate 360 and die clip 372, respectively. The first strap may be attached to the same surface of die substrate 360 to which the pads of drain terminals dl are connected, and the second strap may be attached to the same surface of die clip 372 to which the pads of drain terminals d2 are connected. The first and second straps may be electrically isolated from each other and from die substrate 360 and die clip 372. One or more bond-wires may electrically connect the first strap to the pads of the gate terminals gl, while one or more bondwires may electrically connect the second strap to the pads of the second gate terminals g2. Connector-lead 288gl may be electrically connected to the first strap, and connector-lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to the second strap. An end portion of connector-lead 288gl may be directly connected (e.g., welded) to the first strap, and an end portion of connector-lead 288g2 may be directly connected (e.g., welded) to the second strap. Or one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the first strap to an end portion of connector-lead 288gl, and one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the second strap to an end portion of connector-lead 288g2. Connector-lead 288c is electrically connected to paddle 361.

[0241] Figure 3L illustrates a packaged switch 247ql, which may be bidirectional. Figure 3L shows a switch 304ql that has four BBJTs connected in parallel. The flat surfaces of pads in the first current terminal c / el of each BBJT may be directly connected (e g., sintered) to first flat surfaces of respective first pedestals, and the opposite facing second flat surfaces of the first pedestals in each BBJT can be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of die substrate 360. The flat surfaces of pads in the second current terminal c / e2 may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to first flat end surfaces of respective second pedestals. The flat surfaces at the opposite ends of the second pedestals may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of die clip 372.

[0242] Connector-lead 288gl may be electrically connected to base terminal bl of each BBJT, while connector-lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to base terminal b2 of each BBJT. Although not shown in Figure 3L, switch module 376L may include a first signal frame with a surface that is electrically connected (e.g., welded) to surfaces of pads of base terminal bl in each BBJT, and a second signal frame with a flat surface that is electrically connected (e.g., welded) to surfaces of pads of base terminal b2 in each BBJT. The signal frames may be electrically isolated from each other. Connector-lead 288g 1 may be electrically connected to thefirst signal frame, and connector-lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to the second signal frame. An end portion of connector-lead 288gl may be directly connected (e.g., welded) to the first signal frame, and an end portion of connector-lead 288g2 may be directly connected (e.g., welded) to the second signal frame. Or one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the first signal frame to an end portion of connector-lead 288gl, and one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the second signal frame to an end portion of connector-lead 288g2.

[0243] Figure 30 is an example of a packaged switch 247dO. In Figure 30 switch 304dO includes four IGBTs connected in parallel. Each collector terminal in an IGBT may have one or more conductive pads with entirely flat surfaces that can be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of, for example, a die substrate. For purposes of explanation only, each collector terminal in this disclosure is presumed to have only one conductive pad unless otherwise noted. Each emitter terminal in an IGBT may have multiple conductive pads with entirely flat surfaces that can be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to, for example, flat surfaces of respective pedestals or the flat surface of one pedestal. In other versions the flat surfaces of the emitter terminal pads may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to a flat surface of a die clip.

[0244] In Figure 30 the flat surfaces of pads in collector terminals cl-c4 may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to a flat surface of die substrate 360, and the flat surfaces of pads in emitter terminals el-e4 may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to first flat end surfaces of pedestals. The second flat end surfaces at the opposite ends of the pedestals (i.e., the second flat end surfaces) may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of die clip 372. Connector-lead 288g may be electrically connected to the gate terminals of each IGBT. For purposes of explanation only, each IGBT in this disclosure is presumed to have only one gate terminal pad unless otherwise noted. Although not shown in Figure 30, switch module 3760 may include a strap that is attached to the same surface of die substrate 360 to which the pads of the collector terminals cl-c4 are connected. The strap may be electrically isolated from die substrate 360. One or more bond-wires may electrically connect the strap to the pads of the gate terminals in each of the IGBTs. Connector-lead 288g may be electrically connected to the strap. An end portion of connector-lead 288g may be directly connected (e.g., welded) to the strap. Or one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the strap to an end portion of the connector-lead 288g.

[0245] Figure 3P illustrates an example of a packaged switch 247qP. Switch 304qP includes two MOSFETs connected in parallel with two IGBTs. The flat surfaces of pads in collector terminals c and drain terminals d may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to a flat surface of die substrate 360, and the flat surfaces of pads in emitter terminals e and source terminals s may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to first flat end surfaces of pedestals. The flat surfaces at the opposite ends of the pedestals (i.e., the second flat end surfaces) may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a flat surface of die clip 372. Connector-lead 288gl may be electrically connected to the gate terminals g of the IGBTs, while connector-lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to the gate terminals g of the MOSFETs. Although not shown in Figure 3P, switch module 376P may include first and second separate straps that are attached to the same surface of die substrate 360 to which the pads of drain terminals d and collector terminal c are connected. The straps may be electrically isolated from die substrate 360. One or more bond-wires may electrically connect the first strap to the pad of the gate terminals in the IGBTs as shown, while one or more bond-wires may electrically connect the second strap to the pads of the gate terminals g in the MOSFETs. Connector-lead 288gl may be electrically connected to the first strap, and connector-lead 288g2 may be electrically connected to the second strap. An end portion of connector-lead 288gl may be directly connected (e.g., welded) to the first strap, and an end portion of connector-lead 288g2 may be directly connected (e g., welded) to the second strap. Or one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the first strap to an end portion of connector-lead 288gl, and one or more bond-wires may electrically connect to the second strap to an end portion of connector-lead 288g2. Packaged switch 304qP should not be limited to two MOSFETs connected in parallel with two IGBTs. In an alternative version, three or four MOSFETs may be connected in parallel with the two IGBTs, three or four IGBTS may connected in parallel with the two MOSFETs, three MOSFETS may be connected in parallel with three IGBTs, or four MOSFETS may be connected in parallel with four IGBTs. The size (i.e., length and width) of the die substrate 360 and die clip 372 should increase to accommodate each of these alternative versions of packaged switch 304qP.Example Packaged Diodes 245

[0246] With continued reference to Figures 2E-1 - 2E-3, Figures 3M and 3N illustrate example packaged diodes 245 when seen from the side. Cases (e.g., case 249) are transparent Figures 3M and 3N to enable a better understanding of packaged diode components, their interaction, and their relative positions.

[0247] Example packaged diodes 245 shown in Figures 3M and 3N include diode modules 378M and 378N, respectively, each of which includes a power stack, which in turn includes one or more diodes D electrically and thermally connected to and positioned between die substrate 360 and die clip 372, all of which are shown symbolically. Die substrate terminals 230 and die clip terminals 344 are also shown symbolically. The surfaces of die substrate terminals 230 and die clip terminals 344 may be entirely flat and set below, set above, or flush with respective surfaces of cases 249. Diode module components, including die substrates 360 and die clips 372 may vary in size, shape, composition, etc., between packaged diodes 245 of Figures 3M and N.

[0248] Although not shown in Figures 3M and 3N each power stack may include one or more pedestals, each of which may have opposite facing first and second end surfaces that are entirely flat. Each first flat end surface of the one or more pedestals may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) to a flat surface of a current terminal pad of a respective diode D, The second flat end surface of each of the one or more pedestals may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) to a flat surface of die substrate 360 or die clip 372 on its side facing opposite the side that contains die substrate terminal 230 or die clip terminal 344. In an alternative version, pedestals are not used in the power stacks of Figures 3M and 3N, and current terminals are connected (e.g., sintered) directly to respective flat surfaces of die clip 372 and die substrate 360.

[0249] Figures 3M and 3N show relative positioning of components. Die substrate 360, one or more diodes D, and die clip 372 may be stacked as shown. Electrical current can be transmitted between die clip terminal 344 and die substrate terminal 230 via one or more diodes D. Diode modules 376M and 376N may include connector-leads 288ds and 288dc, but for ease of illustration neither is shown in Figures 3M and 3N. In many versions of a packaged diode, connector-leads 288ds and 288dc are not needed and left out.

[0250] Die substrate 360 and die clip 372 may conduct large current (e.g., 1, 5, 10, 50, 200, 400 A or more) into or out of packaged diode 245 via die substrate terminal 230 and die clip terminal 344, respectively. Diodes generate heat. Die substrates 360 and die clips 372 can conduct substantial heat generated by the one or more diodes D out of packaged diode 245 via die substrate terminals 230 and die clip terminals 344, respectively.

[0251] Figures 3M and 3N illustrate respective examples of packaged diode 245 that can becooled through their die substrate and die clip terminals. Tn Figures 3M and 3N the cathode terminal of each of the one or more diodes D may have one or more conductive pads that are entirely flat. The anode terminal in each of the one or more diodes D may have one or more conductive pads that are entirely flat. The flat surface(s) of the pad(s) in the cathode terminal(s) may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to a flat surface of die substrate 360, and the flat surface(s) of pad(s)s in the anode terminal(s) may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to first flat end surfaces of respective pedestals. The flat surfaces at the opposite ends of the pedestal(s) (i.e., the second flat end surface(s)) may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) to a flat surface of die clip 372. Or the flat surface(s) of pad(s) in the anode terminal(s) may be directly connected (e.g., sintered) to a flat surface of die clip 372.Example Power Stack Terminals

[0252] Power stacks are created by electrically and thermally connecting transistors and / or diodes between die clips and die substrates. The first current terminal (e.g., collector terminal, drain terminal, cathode terminal, etc.) pad(s) of each transistor and / or diode may be sintered to a die substrate (or die clip) using a layer of highly conductive sintering material that may include silver, copper, etc. No dielectric exists between the transistor and / or diode and a die substrate terminal of the connected die substrate (or die clip terminal of the connected die clip). The second current terminal (e.g., emitter terminal, source terminal, anode terminal, etc.) pad(s) of each transistor and / or diode may be sintered to a die clip (or die substrate) through a layer of highly conductive sintering material that may include silver, copper, etc. No dielectric exists between a transistor and / or diode and a die clip terminal of the connected die clip (or die substrate terminal of a die substrate). Accordingly, no dielectric should exist between a die substrate terminal and a die clip terminal in a power stack.

[0253] Die substrate terminals and die clip terminals may have rectangular-shaped flat surfaces that are exposed through cases for connection to, for example, bus bars. The dimensions (e.g., width and length) of the exposed terminals are configured to transmit substantial current and heat. A die substrate terminal may be parallel to, but oppositely facing (i.e., 180 degrees) at least one flat surface of a die substrate to which the first current terminal (e.g., collector terminal, drain terminal, etc.) pad(s) is / are sintered. A die clip terminal may be parallel to, but oppositely facing (i.e., 180 degrees) at least one flat surface of a die clip to which the second current terminal (e.g., collector terminal, drain terminal, etc.) pad(s) is / are sintered.

[0254] Example die substrate terminal 230 and die clip terminal 344 of Figures 2A-1 - 2E-3 may be electrically connected to one or more first current terminals (e.g., drain(s)) and one or more second current terminals (e.g., source(s)), respectively, of one or more transistors inside packaged switches 247p, 247q, 247s and 247d, or die substrate terminal 230 and die clip terminal 344 may be electrically connected to one or more first current terminals (e.g., cathode(s)) and one or more second current terminals (e.g., anode(s)), respectively, of diodes inside packaged diode 245.

[0255] Die substrate terminals and die clip terminals may be configured for direct electrical and / or thermal connection to devices. Die substrate terminal 230 or die clip terminal 344 may be electrically and / or thermally connected to a surface of a heat sink, a bus bar, or a bus bar that also acts as a heat sink. For example, die substrate terminal 230 or die clip terminal 344 may be electrically and / or thermally connected to a flat surface of a “V+ bus bar” with a V+ terminal that may be electrically connected to a V+ terminal of a battery, fuel cell, DC / DC converter, etc. Die substrate terminal 230 or die clip terminal 344 may be electrically and / or thermally connected to a “V- bus bar” with a V- terminal that may be electrically connected to a V- terminal of the battery, fuel cell, DC / DC converter, etc. Die substrate terminal 230 or die clip terminal 344 may be electrically and / or thermally connected to an AC bus bar, which is also called a “phase bus bar” with an AC terminal that may be electrically connected to a terminal of a stator winding W of a motor, an inductor L of a filter, or other device. A heat sink or bus bar may include flat surfaces that may be press-fitted, welded, sintered, or connected in another manner to flat surfaces of die substrate terminals 230 or die clip terminals 344 to create an electrical and thermal connection between them. A press-fit or soldered connection can reduce or eliminate problems related to differences in coefficients of thermal expansion described below.

[0256] A bus bar can take one of many different configurations depending on the design of the power converter in which it is used. A bus bar may be assembled from several components. In general, a bus bar is a metal element that distributes high current (e.g., 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 A or more). The material composition (e.g., copper, aluminum, etc.) and cross- sectional area of a bus bar, or elements thereof, determines the maximum amount of current that may be carried, and parasitic parameters. Bus bars with wider cross-sectional areas may have lower parasitic parameters, including parasitic inductance, which affects voltage overshoot (aka voltage spike). The inductance of the disclosed bus bars may bel.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4 nH or lessbetween a bus bar terminal (e.g., V+, V-, or phase bus bar terminal) and a die substrate terminal or die clip terminal of a packaged switch to which the bus bar is directly connected.

[0257] A heat sink or bus bar may have one or more channels. Channels may be open ended at both ends of a heat sink or bus bar. Cooling air may flow into a bus bar or heat sink through a first open end of a channel and flow out of the heat sink or bus bar through a second open end of the channel. Channels may be open ended at only one end of a heat sink or bus bar. Channels open at one end or both ends may receive heat-pipes. A typical heat-pipe may have phase-change material and a wick inside a sealed tube made of metal such as copper or aluminum. The sealed tube may be circular, oval, square, rectangular, etc., in cross section. One or more layers of thermally conductive dielectric such as aluminum nitride or beryllium oxide can be formed on all or a portion of a heat-pipe’s inner and / or outer surfaces. The dielectric layer on the outer surfaces can electrically insulate heat-pipes from heat sinks or bus bars in which they are received. Or the dielectric layer on the outer surfaces can electrically insulate heat-pipes from metal heat-fins to which they are attached. In another no dielectric exists between heat-pipes and the heat sink or bus bar in which they are received. In this alternative version, outer surfaces of the metal heat-pipes can be electrically and thermally connected to the heatsinks or bus bars in which they are received and metal heat-fins to which they are attached.

[0258] In general, heat sinks or bus bars may be made (e.g., extruded, 3D printed, casted, etc.) in whole or in parts from a conductive metal like copper or aluminum, and can have different shapes, sizes, and dimensions (e.g., length, width, height, etc.) to accommodate different design objectives. A heat sink or bus bar that also acts as heat sink may be formed by casting aluminum, copper, or other material around heat-pipes. Casting is a process in which a liquid metal is delivered into a mold that contains a negative impression (i.e., a three-dimensional negative image) of the intended shape. Bare heat-pipes or heat-pipes that are fully or partially coated with a thin layer of dielectric material, may be received in the mold before liquid metal is delivered. In other words, bus bars can be cast around heat-pipes. Heat sinks or bus bars that also act as heat sinks may be formed by attaching (e.g., soldering, sintering, brazing, etc.) two metal halves together after naked, fully or partially dielectric coated heat-pipes are inserted therebetween and placed in aligned grooves thereof. The two halves may be formed by extrusion, 3D printing, casting, etc. Before the halves are attached, a thin layer of thermal paste (also called thermal compound, thermal grease, thermal interface material (TIM), thermal gel, heat paste, heat sinkcompound, heat sink paste or CPU grease) may be applied to the outer surface the heat-pipe to eliminate air gaps or spaces in the interface between the heat-pipe and the heat sink or bus bar that also acts as a heat sink to create a better thermal connection. In still another version, the heat sink or bus bar in which the bare, fully, or partially coated heat-pipe is received may be heated so that metal of the heat sink or bus bar reflows to eliminate air gaps or spaces in the interface between the heat-pipe and the heat sink or bus bar to create a better thermal connection.

[0259] A bus bar may lack heat-pipes. A metal bus bar may include channels that are open- ended at both ends of a bus bar. Cooling air may flow into a bus bar through a first open end of a channel and flow out of the bus bar through a second open end. A bus bar with open-ended air channels at both ends (hereinafter air-cooled bus bar) may be extruded from metal such as copper or aluminum and may have a square or rectangular cross-sectional shape with four side walls that are connected at right angles with each other. Metal heat-fins with opposite facing flat surfaces may be integrally connected to and extend between inner flat surfaces of opposing side walls. The heat-fins may extend between opposite first and second ends of the extruded aircooled bus bar. The heat-fins may define channels through which air can flow through the extruded air-cooled bus bar. The air flow may cool the heat-fins. Channels at the first and second open ends may be in fluid communication with respective first and second air manifolds. Die substrate terminals 230 or die clip terminals 344 of a packaged switch 247 or packaged diode 245 may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., soldered, sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to an outer flat surface of a wall or to oppositely facing outer flat surfaces of walls.Example Switch Modules and Diode Modules

[0260] With continuing reference to Figures 3A-3P, Figures 4A - 4H illustrate example switch modules 376, example diode modules 378, and their components. Each of the example switch modules 376 and diode modules 378 include a switch or diode(s) sandwiched between a die substrate and a die clip.

[0261] Figure 4A-1 shows top and side views of an example die substrate 360, connector-lead 288ds, and connector-lead 288g. A die substrate may be formed (e.g., stamped, cut, sawed, diced, etc.) from a thin (e.g., 0.7 mm - 1.5 mm) sheet of metal, which may or may not be electroplated with silver. Or a die substrate may be formed (e.g., stamped, cut, sawed, diced, etc.) from a thin (e.g., 0.7 mm - 1.5 mm) layered sheet like that shown in Figure 2H. Exampledie substrate 360 and collector-lead 288ds may be formed from a thin (e.g., 0.7 mm - 1 .5 mm) layered sheet like that shown in Figure 2H. Connector-lead 288ds may be integrally connected to die substrate 360 as shown. In another version, connector-lead 288ds may be separately formed and subsequently attached (e.g., welded) to die substrate 360. In yet another version, no connector-lead 288ds is connected to die substrate 360.

[0262] Die substrate 360 may include opposite facing, entirely flat surfaces of substantially equal area, one of which is designated 362 while the other defines example die substrate terminal 230. Die substrate terminal 230 may be configured for thermal and electrical connection to a flat surface of a device such as a bus bar as will be more fully described below.

[0263] Die substrate 360 may have a width wds around 13.5 mm, and a length Ids around 16.5 mm. Connector lead 288ds may have a width around 1.2 mm, and length around 20 mm. Connector lead 288g may have a width around 1.2 mm, and length around 18 mm. Bond area 367 provides a surface where a bond-wire can be wire-bonded.

[0264] Surfaces of current terminal (e.g., drain terminal, collector, cathode terminal, etc.) pads in transistors and / or diodes may be electrically and thermally attached directly to surface 362 of die substrate 360. For example, flat first current terminal (e.g., drain terminal, collector terminal, cathode, anode-2 terminal, etc.) pad surface(s) of switches 304 or diode(s) D shown in Figures 3A-3F, 3H-3K, 3M- 3P may be electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to surface 362.

[0265] The size (i.e., width wds and length Ids) of die substrate 360 may depend on the number and / or type of transistors in a switch 304 to which it is connected. For example, the area of surface 362 needed to fit four BBJTs or four IGBTs connected in parallel may be larger than the area of surface 362 needed to fit four MOSFETs connected in parallel, or the area needed to fit four MOSFETs connected in parallel may be smaller than the area of surface 362 needed to fit two MOSFETs and two IGBTs connected in parallel, assuming IGBT dies are larger in size than MOSFET dies. For ease of illustration and description, the size (length and width) of transistor dies may be presumed equal regardless of transistor type, unless obvious or otherwise noted.

[0266] Figure 4A-2 shows the die substrate 360 of Figure 4A-1 after four transistors T1-T4 are electrically and thermally attached to surface 362. More specifically flat surfaces of firstcurrent terminal (e.g., drain terminal, collector terminal, etc., not shown) pads of transistors Tl - T4 may be sintered to surface 362. A low resistance path may exist between die substrate terminal 230 and each first current terminal pad. Each die substrate joint (e.g., sintered joint, not shown) in Figure 4A-2 that connects a first current terminal pad surface to surface 362 may conduct 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 750, 1,500 Watts or more of heat while concurrently conducting 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400 A or more of electrical current. Each die substrate joint may have a length and width that is substantially equal to the length and width of a respective first current terminal pad surface.

[0267] T1-T4 may be transistors of the same type, or T1-T4 may include a mixture of different types of transistors. For example, T1-T4 may be MOSFETS, and the flat surfaces of drain terminal pads in T1-T4 may be sintered to surface 362. T1-T4 may be IGBTs, and the flat surfaces of collector terminal pads in T1-T4 may be sintered to surface 362 In another example, T1 and T2 may be MOSFETS, and T3 and T4 may be IGBTs. In this version flat surfaces of drain terminal pads in T1 and T2 may be sintered to surface 362, and flat surfaces of collector terminal pads in T3 and T4 may be sintered to surface 362. In another version, one of the transistors (e.g., Tl) can be replaced by a diode, while three other transistors (e.g., T2-T4) take form in IGBTs. In this version, flat collector terminal pad surfaces of the three IGBTs and the flat cathode terminal pad surface of the diode can be sintered to surface 362. In still another version, transistors Tl and T2 may be replaced by diodes, while T3 and T4 are IGBTs. In this version flat collector terminal pad surfaces of the IGBTs and diodes can be sintered to surface 362.

[0268] Each of the transistors T1-T4 may include a pair of second current terminal (e.g., source terminal, emitter terminal, etc.) pads, it being understood that transistors may have fewer or more than a pair of second current terminal pads. Each second current terminal pad may have a flat surface. Example flat second current terminal pad surfaces 395 are shown. Each of the transistors T1-T4 includes a control terminal (e.g., gate terminal) pad with a flat surface. Example control terminal pad surfaces 384 are shown. The pads are not shown in the side view of Figure 4A-2.

[0269] Figure 4A-2 also shows an example gate strap 364, bond-wire 365, and bond-wires366. Gate strap 364, which may be formed of a conductive metal such as copper, may beattached to surface 362 through an electrically insulating material (not shown) thereby electrically isolating gate strap 364 from die substrate 360. Connector-lead 288g may be electrically connected to gate strap 364 through bond-wire 365. Bond-wires 366 of substantially equal length may electrically connect gate strap 364 to respective surfaces 384 of the control terminal pads. Each of the bond-wires 366 may be wire-bonded to strap 364 at substantially equal distances from the point on strap 364 where bond-wire 365 is wire-bonded. One of ordinary skill understands that bond-wires 366-3 and 366-4 are not needed if transistors T3 and T4 are replaced by diodes. In an alternative version an end of a length-extended connector-lead 288g may be attached (e.g., welded) to strap 364. In still another alternative an end of a length- extended connector-lead 288g may be attached to surface 362 through an electrically insulating layer thereby electrically isolating length-extended connector-lead 288 from die substrate 360. Bond-wires of substantially equal length can electrically connect length-extended connector-lead 288g to respective surfaces 384 of control terminal pads.

[0270] Figure 4A-3 shows the structure of Figure 4A-2 after example pedestals 1104 are electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to respective surfaces 395 of the second current terminal pads in transistors T1-T4. Pedestals, including pedestals 1104, may be formed from thin (e.g., 1.0 mm - 1.2 mm) layered sheets like that shown in Figure 2H. Pedestals 1104 may have a width around 1.65 mm and a length around 2.8 mm.

[0271] Pedestals may have opposite facing first and second end surfaces that are entirely flat. Only flat first end surfaces 1101 are shown in Figure 4A-3. The flat end surfaces of a pedestal, including pedestal 1104, may have the same size and shape. The second flat end surfaces of pedestals 1104 can be electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surfaces 395 of respective second current terminal pads. The second flat end surfaces of pedestals 1104 may have a shape (e.g., substantially rectangular) and size (e.g., around 2.8 mm x 1.65 mm) substantially like, but slightly smaller than the shape and size of flat surfaces 395 of respective second current terminal pads to which they are electrically and thermally attached. This may ensure that pedestals 1104 do not contact transistors T1-T4 outside the areas occupied by second current terminal (e.g., source terminal) pads. Second flat end surfaces of pedestals may more evenly distribute mechanical stress. Pedestals, including pedestals 1104, may reduce current flux (i.e., current density) through source terminal pad surfaces 395 when compared to the current flux that flows through small area(s) on source terminal pad surfaces that are connected to bond-wire(s). Each second joint (e.g., sintered joint) that connects a second current terminal pad surface 395 to a second flat end surface of a pedestal 1104, and each pedestal 1104, may conduct 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 350, 800 Watts or more of heat while concurrently conducting 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400 A or more of electrical current. Each of these second joints may have a length and width that is substantially equal to the length and width of the respective second flat end surface of pedestals 1104. First flat end surfaces of pedestals, including surfaces 1101 in Figure 4A-3, may be contained in a common plane to accommodate their attachment to a flat surface of, for example, a die clip. Pedestals, including pedestals 1104, in a power stack can have different thicknesses between their flat end surfaces to accommodate transistors with current terminal pad surfaces of different heights measured with respect to surface 362, to put first end surfaces of the pedestals in the common plane so that they can be electrically and thermally attached to a flat surface of, for example, a die clip.

[0272] Transistors and / or diodes may be electrically and thermally connected to a die clip. Figure 4A-4 shows top and side views of an example die clip 372 and example connector-lead 288dc. Die clip 372 may be formed (e.g., stamped, cut, sawed, diced, etc.) from a thin (e.g., 0.7 mm - 1.5 mm) sheet of metal or metal composite. Or die clip 372 may be formed (e.g., stamped, cut, sawed, diced, etc.) from a thin (e.g., 0.7 mm - 1.5 mm) layered sheet like that shown in Figure 2H. Unless otherwise noted, die clip 372 is formed from a thin sheet of copper. Die clip 372 may include an outer layer of electroplated sintering enhancement material (e.g., silver) to facilitate attachment to, for example, pedestals. Connector-lead 288dc may be integrally connected to die clip 372 as shown. In another version, connector-lead 288dc may be separately formed and subsequently attached (e.g., welded) to die clip 372. In yet another version, no connector-lead 288dc is connected to die clip 372.

[0273] Die clip 372 includes opposite facing, substantially flat surfaces 344 and 375 of substantially equal area. Surfaces 344 and 375 may be entirely flat. Surface 344 defines an example die clip terminal 344 and may be configured for thermal and electrical connection to a flat surface of a device such as a bus bar as will be more fully described below. Surface 375 can be electrically and thermally (e g., sintered) directly to pedestals, current terminal pads, etc.

[0274] In one version, die clip 372 has a width wdc around 13.0 mm, and a length Ide around 16.0 mm. Connector-lead 288dc may have a width around 1.2 mm, and length around 20 mm.Like die substrates, the size of die clip 372 may need adjustment to accommodate the number and / or type of transistors in a switch 304 to which it is connected. For example, the area of surface 375 needed to fit a switch with four IGBTs connected in parallel or four BBJTs connected in parallel, may be larger or smaller than the area of surface 375 needed to fit a switch with four MOSFETs connected in parallel, or the area needed to fit a switch with four MOSFETs connected in parallel may be smaller than the area of surface 375 needed to fit a switch with two MOSFETs and two IGBTs connected in parallel, assuming IGBT dies are larger in size than MOSFET dies. The area of surface 375 needed to fit a switch with two IGBTs and two diodes connected in parallel, may be larger or smaller than the area of surface 375 needed to fit a switch with three MOSFETs and one IGBT connected in parallel

[0275] A surface of a component such as a pedestal, including pedestal 1104, may be electrically and thermally attached directly to a flat surface of a die clip. For example, first flat end surfaces of pedestals, including surfaces 1101, can be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to surface 375. In some versions a flat current terminal pad surface of transistor and / or diode may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to surface 375. For example, flat pad surfaces of drain terminals d2 shown in Figure 3J or 3K may be sintered to surface 375 of a die clip 372 formed from a thin (e.g., 0.7 mm - 1.5 mm) layered sheet like that shown in Figure 2H. Dimensions width wdc and / or length Ide may increase or decrease depending on the number of transistors connected to die clip 372 in parallel or antiparallel.

[0276] Figure 4A-5 shows top and side views of the structure in Figure 4A-3 after flat surface 375 of die clip 372 is electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surfaces 1101 of pedestals 1104. Each die clip joint (e.g., sintered joint) that connects a first flat surface of a pedestal, including surface 1101, to surface 375 may conduct 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 300, 800 Watts or more of heat while concurrently conducting 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400 A or more of electrical current. Each die clip joint may have a length and width that is substantially equal to the length and width of a respective first flat end surface of a pedestal, such as surface 1101. A low resistance path may exist between die clip terminal 344 and each second current terminal pad, including pad 395.

[0277] If T1-T4 take form in MOSFETs the structure shown in Figure 4A-5 may be a versionof the switch module 376B shown in Figure 3B. If T1-T4 take form in IGBTs the structure shown in Figure 4A-5 may be a version of the switch module 3760 shown in Figure 30. After die clip 372 is electrically and thermally attached to pedestals 1104, a case may be formed around the switch module of Figure 4A-5 using, for example, transfer molding, to create an example of packaged switch 247s shown in Figures 2C-1 - 2C-3. Or a case may be formed around the switch module of Figure 4A-5 using, for example, transfer molding, to create an example of packaged switch 247dB or 247dO shown in Figures 3B and 30, respectively, which is an example of packaged switch 247d shown in Figures 2D-1 - 2D-3. Prior to case formation some or all of connector-1 eads 288 may be bent to place case-external end portions of the connector-1 eads 288 in a common plane as shown in Figures 2C-3 and 2D-3. In an alternative version, connection-lead 288ds and / or 288dc are not included to create an alternative version of packaged switch 247d.

[0278] In Figure 4A-3 pedestals 1104 are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to respective second current terminal pads. A pedestal can be connected to adjacent, second current terminals pads in a transistor. Figure 4A-6 shows the structure of Figure 4A-2 with example pedestals 1108 that are electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to respective pairs of second terminals. Pedestals 1108 may be longer than pedestals 1104 and may be formed from thin e.g., 1.0 mm - 1.2 mm) layered sheets like that shown in Figure 2H, it being understood pedestals 1108 should not be limited thereto. Pedestals 1 108 may have a width around 2.8 mm and a length around 3.3 mm.

[0279] Like pedestals 1104, pedestals 1108 may have opposite facing flat first and second end surfaces. Only first flat end surfaces 1107 are shown in Figure 4A-6. Each second flat end surface is electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surfaces 395 of adjacent second current terminal pads in a respective transistor. The flat second end surface (not shown) of each pedestal 1108 may have a shape (e.g., substantially rectangular) and size (e.g., around 2.8 mm x 3.3 mm) that is substantially like the shape and size of the area that includes surfaces 395 of adjacent second current terminal pads in a transistor and the area separating the adjacent second current terminal pads. Each second joint (e.g., sintered joints) that connects a pair of adjacent second current terminal pad surfaces 395 to a flat second end surface of a pedestal 1108, and each pedestal 1108, may conduct 10, 20, 50, 100, 300, 800, 1,000 Watts or more of heat while concurrently conducting 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400 A or more of electricalcurrent. Each the second joints may have a length and width that is substantially equal to the length and width of the flat second end surface of pedestal 1108.

[0280] Figure 4A-7 shows top and side views of the structure in Figure 4A-6 after flat surface 375 die clip 372 in Figure 4A-4 is electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surfaces 1107 of pedestals 1108. A low resistance path may exist between die clip terminal 344 and each second current terminal pad 395. Each die clip joint (e.g., sintered joint) that connects a surface 1107 to surface 375 may conduct 10, 20, 50, 100, 300, 800, 1,000 Watts or more of heat while concurrently conducting 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400 A or more of electrical current. Each die clip joint in Figure 4A-7 (not shown) may have a length and width that is substantially equal to the length and width of a respective first flat end surface 1107.

[0281] If T1-T4 take form in MOSFETS, the structure shown in Figure 4A-7 may be a version of the switch module 376B shown in Figure 3B. If T1-T4 take form in IGBTs, the structure shown in Figure 4A-7 may be a version of the switch module 3760 shown in Figure 30. After die clip 372 is attached, a case may be formed around the switch module of Figure 4A-7 using, for example, transfer molding, to create an example of packaged switch 247s shown in Figures 2C-1 - 2C-3. Or a case may be formed around the switch module of Figure 4A-7 using, for example, transfer molding, to create an example of packaged switch 247dB or 247dO shown in Figures 3B and 30, respectively, which is an example of a packaged switch 247d shown in Figures 2D-1 - 2D-3. Prior to case formation some or all of connector-leads 288 may be bent to place case-external end portions of the connector-leads 288 in a common plane as shown in Figures 2C-3 and 2D-3. In an alternative version, connection-lead 288ds and / or 288dc are not included to create an alternative version of packaged switch 247d.

[0282] In still another version of switch module 376B, pedestals may be integrally formed with bridges (i.e., integrated bridges). Figure 4A-8 shows the structure of Figure 4A-2 with example integrated bridges 371, each of which is electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to second current terminals in adjacent transistors. Integrated bridge 371 may have a substantially flat surface 383 with a length around 10.8 mm and a width around 2.8 mm.

[0283] Integrated bridge 371 may be formed (e.g., cut) from a thin (e.g., 0.7 mm - 1.5 mm) layered sheet like that shown in Figure 2H. A groove can be formed in the layered sheet to create integrated pedestals 1110. A flat end surface of each integrated pedestal 1110 can have the samesize and shape as flat end surface 1 107 of pedestal 1108. Each flat end surface can be electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to surfaces 395 of adjacent current terminal pads in a respective transistor. Each second joint (e.g., sintered joint) that connects a pair of adjacent second current terminal pad surfaces 395 to a flat second end surface of an integrated pedestal 1110, and each pedestal 1110, may conduct 10, 20, 50, 100, 300, 700 Watts or more of heat while concurrently conducting 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400 A or more of electrical current. Each these second joints may have a length and width that is substantially equal to the length and width of the flat second end surface of pedestal 1110. Each of the bridges 371 may have a flat surface 383 that can be sintered to a flat surface of a die clip 372.

[0284] The groove in integrated bridge 371 may extend across its entire width and span a separation between a pair of adjacent transistors. For example, the groove in integrated bridge 371-1 may be positioned over the separation between transistors T1 and T2, and the groove in integrated bridge 371-2 may be positioned over the separation between transistors T3 and T4. A groove can be formed by cutting into a layered sheet using, for example, a rotary burr (also known as die grinder bit) of a rotary tool. The groove may be deep enough to enable liquid mold compound to flow freely between the pedestals 1110 when their flat end surfaces are electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to second current terminal (e.g., source terminal) pad surfaces 395 in respective transistors. The groove can be rectangularly shaped (rectanglegroove) with three sides like those shown in the side-view of Figure 4A-8, or the groove can be upside-down V shaped (i.e., V-groove) with two sides. In a V-groove, the cross-sectional width of the pedestals increase towards the bridge to which the pedestals 1110 are integrally connected. V-grooves may provide better heat spreading when compared to rectangle-grooves, but rectangle-grooves may enable better liquid mold-compound flow between pedestals 1110 during transfer molding.

[0285] Figure 4A-9 show top and side views of the structure in Figure 4A-8 after die clip 372 of Figure 4A-4 is added. Specifically Figure 4A-9 shows the structure after flat surface 375 of die clip 372 is electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surfaces 383 of integrated bridges 371. A low resistance path may exist between die clip terminal 344 and each second current terminal pad 395. Each die clip joint (e.g., sintered joint) that connects a surface 383 to surface 375 may conduct 10, 20, 50, 100, 300, 700, 1400 Watts or more of heat while concurrently conducting 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 A or more of electrical current. Each dieclip joint in Figure 4A-9 (not shown) may have a length and width that is substantially equal to the length and width of a respective surface 383.

[0286] If T1-T4 are MOSFETS, the structure shown in Figure 4A-9 may be a version of the switch module 376B shown in Figure 3B. If T1-T4 are IGBTs, the structure shown in Figure 4A-9 may be a version of the switch module 3760 shown in Figure 30. After die clip 372 is electrically and thermally attached to integrated bridges 371, a case may be formed around the switch module of Figure 4A-9 using, for example, transfer molding, to create an example of packaged switch 247s shown in Figures 2C-1 - 2C-3. Or a case may be formed around the switch module of Figure 4A-9 using, for example, transfer molding, to create a version of packaged switch 247dB or 247dO shown in Figures 3B and 30, respectively, which is an example of packaged switch 247d shown in Figure 2D-1 - 2D-3. Prior to case formation some or all of connector-leads 288 may be bent to place case-external end portions of the connector- leads 288 in a common plane as shown in Figures 2C-3 and 2D-3. In an alternative version, connection-lead 288ds and / or 288dc are not included to create an alternative version of packaged switch 247d.

[0287] Returning to Figure 4A-2, all control terminals of transistors T1 - T4 are electrically connected to gate strap 364. In an alternative version, control terminals of transistors in a switch may be electrically connected to separate gate straps. Figure 4B-1 shows the structure of Figure 4A-2, but with gate strap 364 replaced by a pair of gate straps 359-1 and 359-2, which in turn are attached to surface 362 of the die substrate 360 through an electrically insulating material (not shown). Gate straps 359-1 and 359-2 may be smaller in width than gate strap 364. Otherwise, gate straps 359-1 and 359-2 are substantially like gate strap 364. Figure 4B-1 also shows that connector-lead 288g in Figure 4A-2 is replaced with a pair of connector leads 288g- 1 and 288g- 2. Connector-lead 288g is substantially like connector leads 288g- 1 and 288g-2.

[0288] Bond wires 366-1 and 366-2 of substantially equal length may electrically connect gate strap 359-1 (or length-extended connector-lead 288g-l) to surfaces 384 of respective control terminal (e.g., gate terminal) pads in transistors T1 and T2. Bond wires 366-3 and 366-4 of substantially equal length may electrically connect gate strap 359-2 (or length-extended connector-lead 288g-2) to surfaces 384 in respective control terminal pads of T3 and T4. Connector-leads 288g- 1 and 288g-2 are electrically connected to gate straps 359-1 and 359-2,respectively, by bond wires 365-1 and 365-2, respectively. In an alternative version, ends of length-extended connector-leads 288g-l and 288g-2 may be connected (e.g., welded) to gate straps 359-1 and 359-2, respectively. In yet another version, ends of extended 288g-l and 288g-2 may be attached to surface 362 through electrically insulating material. In this alternative version bond wires 366-1 and 366-2 of substantially equal length may electrically length-extended connector-lead 288g-l to surfaces 384 of respective control terminal pads of transistors T1 and T2, and bond wires 366-3 and 366-4 of substantially equal length may electrically connect length-extended connector-lead 288g-2 to surfaces 384 of respective control terminal pads of T3 and T4.

[0289] Transistors T1-T4 in Figure 4B-1 may be the same type, or transistors T1-T4 may be a mixture of different types. For example, T1-T4 may all be MOSFETS or IGBTS. T1 and T2 may be MOSFETS while T3 and T4 may be IGBTs, or T1 and T3 may be MOSFETs while T2 and T4 may be IGBTs. In a mixed transistor version, the flat surfaces of first current terminal (e.g., drain and collector terminal) pads in T1-T4 may be electrically and thermally attached (e g., sintered) directly to surface 362. In still another version, one of the transistors (e.g., Tl) can be replaced by a diode, while transistors T2-T4 may take form in IGBTs. In yet another version transistors Tl and T3 may be replaced by diodes, while transistors T2 and T4 are IGBTs. In a mixed IGBT / diode version the flat collector terminal pad(s) of the IGBT(s) and the flat cathode terminal pad(s) of the diode(s) can be electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to surface 362. Obviously bond-wires 366 are not needed for diodes. A low resistance path may exist between the die substrate terminal 230 and drain or collector terminal pad of each transistor T or diode.

[0290] Figure 4B-2 shows the structure of Figure 4B-1 after pedestals 1108 are electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to adjacent surfaces 395 in respective transistors. Figure 4B-3 shows top and side views of the structure in Figure 4B-2 after die clip 372 of Figure 4A-4 is added. Specifically, Figure 4B-3 flat surface 375 of die clip 372 is electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surfaces 1107 of pedestals 1108. A low resistance path may exist between die clip terminal 344 and each second current terminal pad 395. Transistors Tl and T2 can be controlled by a first control terminal signal received via connector-lead 288g-l, while transistors T3 and T4 can be independently controlled by a separate second terminal control signal received via connector-lead 288g-2.

[0291] If transistors T1-T4 are MOSFETS, the structure shown in Figure 4B-3 may be one version of the switch module 376E of Figure 3E. If transistors T1 and T2 are IGBTs, and T3 and T4 are MOSFETs, the structure shown in Figure 4B-3 may be one version of the switch module 376P of Figure 3P. In another version, each of transistors T1-T4 may be IGBTs. After die clip 372 is attached to pedestals 1108, a case may be formed around the switch module shown in Figure 4B-3 using, for example, transfer molding, to create a version of packaged switch 247qE or 247qP shown in Figures 3E and 3P, respectively, which is an example of the packaged switch 247q shown in Figures 2B-1 - 2B-3. Prior to case formation some or all of connector-leads 288 may be bent to place case-external end portions of the connector-leads 288 in a common plane as shown in Figure 2B-3. In an alternative version, connection-lead 288ds and / or 288dc are not included to create an alternative version of packaged switch 247q.

[0292] Figure 4B-4 shows the structure of Figure 4B-2, but with bond-wires 366-1 - 366-3 electrically connecting gate strap 359-1 to control terminal pad surfaces 384 of transistors T1-T3, and with bond-wire 366-4 electrically connecting gate strap 359-2 to control terminal pad surface 384 of transistor T4. Transistors T1-T4 in Figure 4B-4 may be the same type, or transistors Tl- T4 may be a mixture of different types. Transistors T1-T3 can be controlled by a control terminal signal received via connector-lead 288g-l, while transistor T4 can be independently controlled by a separate terminal control signal received via connector-lead 288g-2. Figure 4B-5 shows top and side views of the structure in Figure 4B-4 after die clip 372 of Figure 4A-4 is added. Specifically Figure 4B-5 shows the structure after flat surface 375 of die clip 372 is electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surfaces 1107 of pedestals 1108. If T1-T3 are MOSFETs and transistor T4 is an IGBT, the structure shown in Figure 4B-5 may be one version of the switch module 376F in Figure 3F. After die clip 372 is electrically and thermally attached to pedestals 1108, a case may be formed around the switch module shown in Figure 4B-5 using, for example, transfer molding, to create an example of packaged switch 247qF shown in Figure 3F, which is an example of packaged switch 247q shown in Figures 2B-1 - 2B-3. Prior to case formation some or all of connector-leads 288 may be bent to place caseexternal end portions of the connector-leads 288 in a common plane as shown in Figure 2B-3. In an alternative version, connection-lead 288ds and / or 288dc are not included to create an alternative version of packaged switch 247q.

[0293] Surfaces of current terminal pad transistors may be electrically and thermally attachedto a die clip. Figure 4C-1 shows die clip 372 after surfaces of first current terminal (e.g., drain, collector, etc.) pads in transistors T5-T8 are electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to surface 375. A low resistance path may exist between die clip terminal 344 and each first current terminal pad of transistors T5-T8. Each joint (e.g., sintered joint) that connects a first current terminal pad surface to surface 375 in Figure 4C-1 may conduct 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 750 Watts or more of heat while concurrently conducting 50, 100, 200, 400 A or more of electrical current. Each of these joints (not shown in Figure 4C-1) may have a length and width that is substantially equal to the length and width of a respective first current terminal pad surface. In Figure 4C-1, die clip 372 may be formed from a thin (e.g., 0.7 mm - 1.5 mm) layered sheet like that shown in Figure 2H. T5-T8 may be transistors of the same type, or T5-T8 may include a mixture of different types of transistors. For example, T5 and T6 may be MOSFETs, and T7 and T8 may be IGBTs. In this version flat surfaces of drain terminal pads in T5 and T6, and flat surfaces of collector terminal pads in T7 and T8 may be sintered to surface 375. In another version, one of the transistors (e.g., T5) can be replaced by a diode, while transistors TOTS take form in IGBTs. In this version, the flat collector terminal pad(s) of the three IGBT(s) and the flat cathode terminal pad of the diode can be electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to surface 375.

[0294] Each of the transistors T5-T8 may include a pair of second current terminal (e.g., source terminal, emitter terminal, etc.) pads. Each second current terminal pad may have a flat surface 395. Each of the transistors T5-T8 includes a control terminal (e.g., gate terminal) pad with a flat surface 384. The pads are not shown in the side view of Figure 4C-1.

[0295] Figure 4C-1 also shows an example gate strap 364-2, bond-wire 365-2, and bondwires 366. Gate strap 364-2, which may be formed of a conductive metal such as copper, may be attached to surface 375 through an electrically insulating layer (not shown) thereby electrically isolating gate strap 364-2 from die clip 372. Connector-lead 288g-2 may be electrically connected to gate strap 364-2 through bond-wire 365-2. Bond-wires 366 of substantially equal length may electrically connect gate strap 364-2 to respective surfaces 384 of control terminal pads. Each of the bond-wires 366 may be wire-bonded to strap 364-2 at substantially equal distances from the point on strap 364-2 where bond-wire 365-2 is wire- bonded. In an alternative version an end of a length-extended connector-lead 288-2 may be attached (e.g., welded) to strap 364-2. In still another alternative version an end of a length-extended connector-lead 288-2 may be attached to surface 375 through an electrically insulating layer thereby electrically isolating length-extended connector-lead 288-2 from die clip 372. Bond-wires of substantially equal length can electrically connect length-extended connector-lead 288g-2 to respective surfaces 384 of control terminal pads.

[0296] With continuing reference to Figures 4C-1 and 4A-6, Figure 4C-2 shows the structure of Figure 4C-1 after second current terminals of transistors T5-T8 are thermally and electrically attached (e.g., sintered) directly to respective end surfaces 1107 of pedestals 1108, which in turn are thermally and electrically attached (e.g., sintered) directly to respective second terminals of transistors T1-T4, respectively, so that transistors T1-T4 are electrically connected back-to-back with transistors T5-T8, respectively. For purposes of explanation only, the gate strap 364, bondwire 365, and surface area 367 of Figure 4A-6 are relabeled gate strap 364-1, bond-wire 365-1, and surface area 367-1 in Figure 4C-2. Transistors T1-T4 can be controlled by a first control terminal signal received via connector-lead 288g-l, while transistors T5-T8 can be independently controlled by a separate second terminal control signal received via connector-lead 288g-2.

[0297] If T1-T8 are MOSFETs, the structure shown in Figure 4C-2 may be one version of the switch module 376J of Figure 3J in which source terminals of MOSFETs T1-T4 are electrically connected to source terminals of MOSFETs T5-T8, respectively. After die clip 372 is attached to pedestals 1108, a case may be formed around the switch module shown in Figure 4C-2 using, for example, transfer molding, to create an example of packaged switch 247qJ shown in Figure 3 J, which is an example of packaged switch 247q shown in Figures 2B-1 - 2B-3. Prior to case formation some or all of connector-leads 288 may be bent to place case-external end portions of the connector-leads 288 in a common plane as shown in Figures 2B-3. In an alternative version, connection-lead 288ds and / or 288dc are not included to create an alternative version of packaged switch 247q.

[0298] Figure 4D-1 shows the structure of Figure 4C-1 after second flat end surfaces of pedestals 1108 are electrically and thermally attached to adjacent second current terminal (e.g., source terminal, emitter terminal, anode terminal, etc.) pad surfaces 395 in respective transistors T5-T8.

[0299] A switch module may include a paddle positioned between a die substrate and a die clip. A paddle may be formed (e.g., stamped, cut, sawed, diced, etc.) from a thin (e.g., 0.7 mm -1.5 mm) sheet of metal or composite. Or a paddle may be formed (e.g., stamped, cut, sawed, diced, etc.) from a thin (e.g., 0.7 mm - 1.5 mm) layered sheet like that shown in Figure 2H. Figure 4D-2 shows top and side views of an example paddle 361 and example connector-lead 288c. Paddle 361 may be formed from a thin (e.g., 0.7 mm - 1.5 mm) sheet of copper. Paddle 361 may have the same size, shape, and composition as die clip 372 shown in Figure 4A-4 but with a connector-lead (e.g., connector-lead 288c) positioned at a midpoint as shown. Connector- lead 288c may be integrally connected to paddle 361 as shown. In another version, connector- lead 288c may be electrically and thermally attached (e.g., welded) to the paddle.

[0300] Paddle 361 includes oppositely facing, substantially flat surfaces 332 and 334 that may be entirely flat. These surfaces can be electrically and thermally connected to current terminal pad surfaces of transistors. For example, flat surface 332 can be electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to first flat end surfaces of first pedestals, and the second flat end surfaces of the first pedestals may be electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to respective second current terminals in a group of first transistors, while flat surface 344 can be electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to first flat end surfaces of second pedestals, and the second flat end surfaces of the second pedestals may be electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to respective second current terminals in a second group of transistors, so that the second current terminals in the first group of transistors are electrically connected together and to the second current terminals in the second group of transistors, thereby connecting the first group back-to-back with the second group.

[0301] Figure 4D-3 shows paddle 361 of Figure 4D-2 after it is thermally and electrically attached to the structures shown in Figure 4A-6 and 4D-1. Specifically, Figure 4D-3 shows the structures of Figure 4A-6 and 4D-1 after end surfaces 1107 of pedestals 1108 in Figure 4A-6 are electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surface 334 of paddle 361, and after end surfaces 1107 of pedestals 1108 in Figure 4D-1 are electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surface 332 of paddle 361. For purposes of explanation only, the gate strap 364, bond-wire 365, and surface area 367 of Figure 4A-6 are relabeled gate strap 364- 1, bond-wire 365-1, and surface area 367-1 in Figure 4D-3.

[0302] Transistors T1-T4 can be controlled by a first control terminal signal received via connector-lead 288g-l, while transistors T5-T8 can be independently controlled by a separatesecond terminal control signal received via connector-lead 288g-2.

[0303] If T1-T8 take form in MOSFETs, the structure shown in Figure 4D-3 may be one version of the switch module 376K of Figure 3K. After 361 is attached, a case may be formed around the switch module shown in Figure 4D-3 using, for example, transfer molding, to create an example of packaged switch 247p shown in Figures 2A-1 - 2A-3. Prior to case formation some or all of connector-1 eads 288 may be bent to place case-external end portions of the connector-leads 288 in a common plane as shown in Figure 2A-3.

[0304] Switches may include transistors connected in anti-parallel. Figure 4E-1 shows the structure of Figure 4B-2, without strap 359-2, connector-lead 288g-2, transistor T3, transistor T4, and bond-wires 365-2, 366-3 and 366-4. Figure 4E-2 shows the structure of Figure 4D-1, without transistor T5, transistor T6, bond-wire 366-6, and bond-wire 366-5. Figure 4E-3 shows the structures shown in Figure 4E-1 and 4E-2 after they are thermally and electrically attached (e.g., sintered) to each other. Specifically, Figure 4E-3 shows the structures of Figure 4E-1 and 4E-2 after end surfaces 1107 of pedestals 1108 in Figure 4E-1 are electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surface 375 of die clip 372, and after end surfaces 1107 of pedestals 1108 in Figure 4E-2 are electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surface 362 of die substrate 360. Transistors Tl and T2 can be controlled by a first control terminal signal received via connector-lead 288g-l, while transistors T7 and T8 can be independently controlled by a separate second terminal control signal received via connector- lead 288g-2.

[0305] Transistors Tl, T2, T7, and T8 in Figures 4E-1 - 4E-3 may block large reverse voltages (e.g., 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600 V or more) without breakdown when turned off. Each of the transistors Tl, T2, T7, and T8 in Figures 4E-1 - 4E-3 may be an RB-IGBT, NPT-IGBT, GTO thyristor, BJT, etc. For example, each of transistors Tl, T2, T7, and T8 in Figures 4E-1 - 4E-3 may be an RB-IGBT, GTO thyristor, NPT-IGBT or BJT with flat collector terminal pad surfaces of Tl and T2 sintered to flat surface 362, and with flat collector terminal pad surfaces of T7 and T8 sintered to flat surface 375. Transistors Tl, T2, T7, and T8 in Figures 4E-1 - 4E-3 may be a mix of transistors. For example, each of transistors Tl and T2 may be an RB-IGBT with flat collector terminal pad surfaces sintered to flat surface 362, while each of the transistors T7 and T8 may be NPT-IGBTs with flat collector terminal pad surfaces sintered toflat surface 375.

[0306] If each of transistors Tl, T2, T7, and T8 in Figures 4E-1 - 4E-3 is an RB-IGBT, the structure shown in Figure 4E-3 may be an version of the switch module 3761 shown in Figure 31. Alternatively, transistors Tl, T2, T7, and T8 may be NPT-IGBTs or BJTs. A case may be formed around the structure shown in Figure 4E-3 using, for example, transfer molding, to create an example of packaged switch 247ql shown in Figure 31, which is an example of packaged switch 247q shown in Figures 2B-1 - 2B-3. Prior to case formation some or all of connector- leads 288 may be bent to place case-external end portions of the connector-leads 288 in a common plane as shown in Figure 2B-3. In an alternative version, connection-lead 288ds and / or 288dc are not included to create an alternative version of packaged switch 247q.

[0307] Switch modules may include sensors and other devices such as drivers. A switch module may include a PCB or DBC upon which devices such as drivers and sensors may be mounted. Figure 4F-1 shows the structure of Figure 4A-2, but with strap 364 replaced by PCB 340, which includes traces 342. In an alternative version, PCB 340 could be replaced with a DCB, which may be capable of transmitting more heat from a mounted device (e.g., a driver) to the underlying die substrate 360. A temperature sensor (e.g., a thermistor) 348 is mounted on PCB 340 and electrically connected to traces 342-1 and 342-3. A thermistor is a semiconductor type of resistor whose resistance is linearly dependent on temperature. Temperature sensor 348 can affect a voltage across traces 342-1 and 342-3 that depends on the temperature between transistors T2 and T4. Trace 342-2 is electrically connected to metallic pad 346. Bond-wires 366 may be wire bonded to pad 346. One end of PCB 340 can be attached (e.g., glued) to surface 362 of die substrate 360. The other end of PCB 340 extends from die substrate 360. Ends of traces 342 may be electrically connected to conductors of a connector (not shown), which in turn may be attached to a driver or control PCB (not shown) that may include a microcontroller, drivers, voltage regulators, and / or other components.

[0308] Figure 4F-2 shows the structure of Figure 4F-1 after surfaces of pedestals 1108 are electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to surfaces 395 of second current terminal (e.g., source terminal, emitter terminal, anode terminal, etc.) pads of transistors T1-T4. Flat first surfaces 1107 in Figure 4F-2 may be contained substantially in a common plane to accommodate attachment to a flat surface of a die clip. Figure 4F-3 show top and side views ofthe structure in Figure 4F-2 after die clip 372 of Figure 4A-4 is added. Specifically Figure 4F-3 shows the structure after flat surface 375 of die clip 372 is electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surfaces 1107 of pedestals 1108. After die clip 372 is attached to pedestals 1108, a case may be formed around the switch module of Figure 4F-3 using, for example, transfer molding. The resulting packaged switch can replace one, several or all the packaged switches 247d employed in one, several or all the converters described below. In an alternative version, connection-lead 288ds and / or 288dc are not included to create an alternative version of a packaged switch.

[0309] The example bidirectional packaged switches shown in Figures 3G and 3L include BBJTs electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) between die substrates and die clips. The bidirectional packaged switch shown in Figure 3G includes one BBJT. With reference to Figures 2F and 2G, Figure 4G-1 shows top and side views of an example BBJT 250, which includes example collector / emitter (c / e) terminal pads 262 and base terminal pads 264 on a top side, and example collector / emitter (c / e) terminal pads 272 and base terminal pads 278 on an oppositely facing bottom side. The c / e pads 262 and base terminal pads 264 may have substantially flat surfaces 280 and 282, respectively, and c / e pads 272 and base terminal pads 278 may have substantially flat surfaces 284 and 286, respectively. Surfaces 280 and 282 may be contained in a common plane, and surfaces 284 and 286 may be contained in another common plane. Flat surfaces 280 can be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surfaces of respective pedestals, and flat surfaces 282 can be connected (e.g., welded) to a flat surface of a first signal frame. Likewise, flat surfaces 284 can be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surfaces of respective pedestals, and flat surfaces 286 can be connected (e.g., welded) to a flat surface of second signal frame.

[0310] Signal frames can be connected to flat surfaces of base terminal pads. Figure 4G-2 shows top and side views of BBJT 250 with signal frames 377-1 and 377-2 connected to base terminal pad surfaces 282 and 286, respectively. Specifically, a flat surface of signal frame 377- 1 is connected to flat surfaces 282 of base terminal pads 264 on the top side of BBJT 250, and a flat surface of signal frame 377-2 is connected to flat surfaces 286 of base terminal pads 278 on the bottom side of BBJT 250. Signal frames 377 may be formed (e.g., cut, stamped, diced, etc.) from a thin (e.g., 1.0 mm - 2.0 mm) sheet of metal such as copper. Signal frames can transmit base control signals to base terminal pads.

[0311] Pedestals can be connected to flat surfaces of c / e terminal pads. Figure 4G-3 is a top view of the structure shown in Figure 4G-2 after pedestals 1112 are electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to surfaces 280 and 284 of the c / e terminals pads on both sides of BBJT 250. Figure 4G-4 shows a side view of the structure in Figure 4G-3. Figure 4G-5 shows a cross sectional view of the structure in Figure 4G-3 taken along line 3-3. Pedestals 1112 in Figure 4G-3 may be like the pedestals 1104 or 1108 show in figures above, except pedestals 1112 in Figure 4G-3 are substantially longer. Pedestals 1112 may have oppositely facing flat first and second surfaces. Only first flat surfaces 1113 are shown in Figure 4G-3. The second flat surfaces are electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to flat surfaces 280 or 284 of respective c / e terminal pads 262 or 272. The flat second end surfaces of pedestals 1112 may have a shape (e.g., substantially rectangular) and size that is substantially like, but slightly smaller than the shape and size of the substantially flat surfaces 280 or 284 of respective second current terminal pads 262 or 272 to which they are electrically and thermally attached. Flat first surfaces 1113 in Figure 4G-3 may be contained substantially in a common plane to accommodate attachment to a flat surface of a bridge or a die clip.

[0312] A die clip and a die substrate can be electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to pedestals 1112 of the structure shown in Figure 4G-3. Figure 4G-6 illustrates top and side views of the of the structure shown in Figure 4G-3 after die substrate 360 of Figure 4A-1 is electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to pedestals 11 12 on the bottom side of BBJT 250 as shown. More specifically, the first flat surfaces of pedestals 1112 may be sintered to surface 362 of die substrate 360. Figure 4G-6 also shows connector leads 288g-l and 288g-2, which are electrically connected to signal frames 377-1 and 377-2, respectively, by bond wires 365-1 and 365-2, respectively. Figure 4G-7 illustrates top and side views of the of the structure shown in Figure 4G-6 after die clip 372 of Figure 4A-4 is electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to pedestals 1112 on the top side of BBJT 250 as shown. More specifically, the first flat surfaces of pedestals 1112 may be sintered to surface 375 of die clip 372. Die substrate 360 and die clip 372 may be formed from a thin sheet of copper in this version.

[0313] The structure shown in Figure 4G-7 is one example of the switch module 376G shown in Figure 3G. A case may be formed around the structure shown in Figure 4G-7 using, for example, transfer molding, to create an example of packaged switch 247qG shown in Figure 3G,which is an example of packaged switch 247q of Figures 2B-1 - 2B-3. Prior to case formation some or all of connector-leads 288 may be bent to place case-external end portions of the connector-leads 288 in a common plane as shown in Figure 2B-3. In an alternative version, connection-lead 288ds and / or 288dc are not connected to die substrate 360 and die clip 372, respectively.

[0314] The bidirectional packaged switch shown in Figure 3L includes four BBJT electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) between a die substrate 360 and die clip 372. Figure 4G- 8 shows a top view of four BBJTs 250. Signal frames 377e-l and 377e-2 may be connected to base terminal pad surfaces on the top and bottom sides, respectively, of BBJTs 250-1 - 250-4. Specifically, a flat surface of signal frame 377e-l is connected to flat surfaces of base terminal pads on the top sides of BBJTs 250-1 - 250-4, and a flat surface of signal frame 377e-2 is connected to flat surfaces of base terminal pads on the bottom side of BBJTs 250-1 - 250-4. Signal frames 377 may be formed (e.g., cut, stamped, diced, etc.) from a thin (e.g., 1.0 mm - 2.0 mm) sheet of metal such as copper. Signal frames can transmit base control signals to base terminal pads.

[0315] Pedestals can be connected to flat surfaces of c / e terminal pads on both side of BBJTs 250-1 - 250-4. In Figure 4G-8 flat second end surfaces of pedestals 1112 may be electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to surfaces of respective c / e terminals pads on both sides of BBJTs 250-1 - 250-4. A die clip and a die substrate can be electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to pedestals 1112 of the structure shown in Figure 4G- 8. Figures 4G-9 and 4G-10 illustrate top and side views of the of the structure shown in Figure 4G-8 after die substrate 360 of Figure 4A-1 is electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to pedestals 1112 on the bottom sides of BBJTs 250-1 - 250-4. More specifically, the first flat end surfaces 1113 of pedestals 1112 on the bottom sides of BBJTs 250-1 - 250-4 may be sintered to surface 362 of die substrate 360. Figure 4G-9 also shows connector leads 288g-l and 288g-2, which are electrically connected to signal frames 377e-l and 377e-2, respectively, by bond wires 365-1 and 365-2, respectively. Figures 4G-11 and 4G-12 illustrate side and top views of the of the structure shown in Figure 4G-10 after die clip 372 of Figure 4A-4 is electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to pedestals 1112 on the top sides of BBJTs 250-1 - 250-4. More specifically, the first flat end surfaces 1113 of pedestals 1112 on the top side of BBJTs 250-1 - 250-4 may be sintered to surface 375 of die clip 372. Die substrate360 and die clip 372 may be formed from a thin sheet of copper in this version.

[0316] The structure shown in Figures 4G-11 and 4G-12 is one example of the switch module 376L shown in Figure 3L. A case may be formed around the structure shown in Figure 4G-11 using, for example, transfer molding, to create an example of packaged switch 247ql shown in Figure 3L, which is an example of packaged switch 247q shown in Figures 2B-1 - 2B-3. Prior to case formation some or all of connector-leads 288 may be bent to place case-external end portions of the connector-leads 288 in a common plane as shown in Figure 2B-3. In an alternative version, connection-lead 288ds and / or 288dc are not included to create an alternative version of packaged switch 247q.

[0317] Figure 4H shows top and side views of an example diode module 278N of Figure 3N, which includes a pair of diodes DI and D2 sandwiched between die clip 372 and die substrate 360. DI and D2 may be diodes of the same type, or DI and D2 may include a mixture of different types of diodes.

[0318] Figure 4H shows diodes DI and D2 after flat surfaces of their first current terminal (e.g., cathode terminal, not shown) pads are electrically and thermally (e.g., sintered) directly to surface 362. A low resistance path may exist between die substrate terminal 230 and each first current terminal pad. Each die substrate joint (e.g., sintered joint, not shown) in Figure 4H that connects a first current terminal pad surface to surface 362 may conduct 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 750 Watts or more of heat while concurrently conducting 50, 100, 200, 400 A or more of electrical current. Each die substrate joint may have a length and width that is substantially equal to the length and width of a respective first current terminal pad surface.

[0319] Each diode DI and D2 may include a second current terminal (e.g., anode terminal, not shown) pad. Each second current terminal pad may have a flat surface. Figure 4H shows pedestals 1117, which may be substantially like pedestals 1108 described above. Each pedestal 1117 may have opposite facing first and second flat end surfaces. Second flat end surfaces of pedestals 1117 may be electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to respective flat surfaces of second current terminal pads in diodes DI and D2. The flat second end surfaces of pedestals 1117 may have a shape and size substantially like, but slightly smaller than the shape and size of flat surfaces of respective second current terminal pads to which they are electrically and thermally attached. Each second joint (e.g., sintered joint) that connects a secondcurrent terminal pad surface to a second flat end surface of a pedestal 1 117, and each pedestal 1117, may conduct 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 600 Watts or more of heat while concurrently conducting 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400 A or more of electrical current. Each of these second joints may have a length and width that is substantially equal to the length and width of the respective second flat end surface of pedestals 1117.

[0320] Figure 4H shows flat surface 375 of die clip 372 electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered) directly to first flat end surfaces of pedestals 111. Each die clip joint (e.g., sintered joint) that connects a first flat end surface of a pedestal 1117 to surface 375 may conduct 10, 20, 50, 100, 300 Watts or more of heat while concurrently conducting 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 A or more of electrical current. Each die clip joint may have a length and width that is substantially equal to the length and width of a respective first flat end surface of a pedestal 1117. A low resistance path may exist between die clip terminal 344 and each second current terminal pad of diodes DI and D2.

[0321] A case may be formed around example diode module 378 of Figure 4H using, for example, transfer molding, to create an example of packaged diode 245 shown in Figures 2E-1 - 2E-3. Prior to case formation connector-leads 288 may be bent to place case-external end portions of the connector-leads 288 in a common plane as shown in Figure 2E-3. In an alternative version, connection-lead 288ds and 288dc are not connected to die substrate 360 and die clip 372 to create a “connector-lead less” version of packaged diode 245.Example Power ConvertersInverter 460iT

[0322] Power converters (hereinafter also referred to as converters), including inverters and rectifiers, of this disclosure have high power densities. For example, an inverter or rectifier of this disclosure can deliver 200 kW or more of peak power while occupying a very small volume.

[0323] Figures 5A-I and 5A-2 illustrate relevant components of an example inverter 460iT when seen from below and from an end, respectively. Several components (e.g., packaged DC link capacitors 403 and 433-1) shown in Figure 5A-1 are not shown or fully shown in Figure 5A- 2 but are described below. Several components (e.g., driver PCB 461 i and control PCB 462i) shown in Figure 5A-2 are not shown or fully shown in Figure 5A-1 but are described below.

[0324] Converters and other power systems of this disclosure may employ packaged switches 247 and / or packaged diodes 245 described above. Example inverter 460iT is shown with packaged switches 247d, it being understood that in an alternative version packaged switches 247d may be swapped with packaged switches 247p or packaged switches 247q. All packaged switches 247 of inverter 460iT may be the same. Packaged switches 247d of inverter 460iT may be packaged switch 247dA, 247dB, or 247dD of Figure 3 A, 3B, and 3D, respectively.

[0325] A converter or other power system may use one or more bus bars to distribute current to switches 304. Inverter 460iT includes example V+ bus bar 417T, V- bus bar 412T, and phase bus bars 418T. Bus bars, like V+ bus bar 417T, V-bus bar 412T, and phase bus bars 418T, may also act as heat sinks to cool switches 304 as will be more fully described below. Case surfaces of packaged switches 247, like packaged half switches 247d in Figure A-1, may be thermally connected to flat surfaces of bus bars, like V+ bus bar 417T, V- bus bar 412T, and phase bus bars 418T.

[0326] A converter may have one or more phases. Inverter 460iT has three phases designated a-c. Each phase in Figure 5A-1 includes two packaged switches 247dh and 247dL that are electrically and thermally connected to a phase bus bar 418T, which in combination is sandwiched between V+ bus bar 417T and V- bus bar 412T. Packaged switches 247dH and 247dL are also electrically and thermally connected to V+ bus bar 417T and V- bus bar 412T, respectively.

[0327] The volume of converters and other power systems may be conserved by stacking packaged switches and bus bars. Figures 5A-1 and 5A-2 illustrate the linear positioning of packaged switches 247d, V+ bus bar 417T, phase bus bars 418T, and V- bus bar 412T with respect to each other.

[0328] Packaged switches 247dH in Figure 5A-1 may have die substrate terminals 230 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface or respective flat surfaces of V+ bus bar 417T, and die clip terminals 344 that are electrically and thermally connected (e g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to flat surfaces of respective phase bus bars 418Ta-418Tc, which in turn may be electrically connected to windings Wa-Wc, respectively. Packaged switches 247dL in Figure 5A-1 may have die substrate terminals 230 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to flat surfacesof respective phase bus bars 418a-418c, and die clip terminals 344 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface or respective flat surfaces of V- bus bar 412T. Die substrate terminals 230 and die clip terminals 344 may be centered on surfaces of bus bars, and positioned near (e.g., within 4.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0 mm or less) edges of the bus bars that are proximate to ends of heat-pipe evaporator end-sections, which are more fully described below.

[0329] Bus bars, like V+ bus bar 417T, V-bus bar 412T, and phase bus bars 418T in Figures 5A-1 and 5A-2, may have a rectangular cross-section. Example phase bus bars 418T may have a height hTpb, width wTpb, and length around 12 mm, 25 mm, and 20 mm, respectively. Example V+ bus bar 417T and V- bus bar 412T may have a height hT, width wT, and length around 8 mm, 25 mm, and 70 mm, respectively. Bus bars may have different shapes and dimensions to accommodate differences in converter design.

[0330] Different materials expand at different rates when heated. Materials such as solder or silver sintering paste could be used to attach die substrate or die clip terminals to bus bars, for example, but the attachment materials may crack when heated or cooled due to mismatches in CTEs (coefficients of thermal expansion). A mechanical structure (e.g., a clamp) can press-fit die substrate terminals 230 and die clip terminals 344 against respective flat surfaces of bus bars. Press-fitting may reduce or eliminate problems related to mismatched CTEs. Ideally, the surfaces of components that are pressed together should be smooth to optimize electrical and thermal conduction therebetween. A grease or similar material may be added to increase electrical and thermal conduction between press-fitted components.

[0331] Although not shown in the figures, die substrate terminals 230 or die clip terminals 344 may be electrically and thermally connected to flat surfaces of respective bus bar pedestals, which in turn are electrically and thermally connected to and extending from a bus bar, or bus bar that also acts as a heat sink. A bus bar pedestal surface may be slightly smaller in shape to a surface of a connected terminal 230 or 344, which may be flush with or positioned slightly below a case surface of a packaged switch 247 or packaged diode 245 in which it is contained. Heat and / or electrical current may be transferred between terminal 230 or 344 and its connected bus bar pedestal. Although not required, a thin layer of thermally and / or electrically conductive grease or other material could be applied between a terminal 230 or 344 and its connected busbar pedestal surface to enhance thermal and / or electrical conductivity when they are pressed together.

[0332] Bus bars or heat sinks may contain one or more channels through which cooling air can flow. Or channels can receive heat-pipes. Channels may be rectangular, oval, square, etc., in cross section, and heat-pipes received in the channels should have a similar cross-sectional shape. It is presumed bus bar channels are circular (i.e., round) in cross section, and that the heatpipes they hold are also circular in cross section, it being understood the present disclosure should not be limited thereto. The heat-pipes may have an outer diameter that is substantially equal to the diameter of the channels in which they are received.

[0333] Each bus bar in a converter may have one or more rows of channels. V+ bus bar 417T and V- bus bar 412T have a single row of channels 40, and phase bus bars 418T have two rows of channels 40. V+ bus bar 417T and V- bus bar 412T may have more than one row of channels 40 in alternative versions. Phase bus bars 418T may have fewer than two or more than two rows of channels 40 in alternative versions. All channels in a converter may have the same dimensions (e.g., diameter). In an alternative version, channel dimensions may vary in a bus bar, or between bus bars in a converter.

[0334] To enhance heat transfer, channels may be positioned closer to the surface of the bus bar that is connected (e.g., sintered) to die clip or die substrate terminals. Channels extend perpendicular to the long axis of bus bars.Example Heat-Pipes

[0335] Heat-pipes may be thermally connected to bus bars or heat sinks in which they are received. Heat-pipes also may be electrically connected to bus bars or heat sinks in which they are received. When received, outer cylindrical surfaces of heat-pipes can be thermally connected to cylindrical surfaces of bus bar or heat sink channels. A thermally conductive material (e.g., a thermally conductive grease) may be used to enhance thermal conduction between heat-pipes and the cylindrical surfaces of bus bar or heat sink channels in some versions.

[0336] A heat-pipe may include a “wick” and a “working” liquid inside a sealed tube. A vacuum pump may be used to remove air from the tube before it is sealed. The tube can be made of a material that is compatible with the working liquid, e.g., copper for water heat-pipes, oraluminum for ammonia heat-pipes. The working liquid quantity may be chosen so that the heatpipe contains both vapor and liquid over an operating temperature range.

[0337] Figure 5A-3 illustrates example heat-pipes 522. Heat-pipe 522a contains a wick 552 and liquid, the combination of which is contained within vacuum-sealed tube 550a made of a metal such as copper or aluminum. A portion of heat-pipe 522a is cut away in Figure 5A-3 to show example wick 552 and the working liquid. Wicks can be directly attached to the inner walls of heat-pipes. Figure 5A-3 also shows example heat-pipes 522b and 522c in cross-section. Heatpipe 522b includes an example grooved wick, and heat-pipe 522c includes an example metal mesh wick structure.

[0338] Each heat-pipe extends between evaporator and condenser end-sections. An evaporator end-section can be embedded in a channel of a bus bar, such as V+ bus bar 417T, V- bus bar 412T or phase bus bar 418Tc of Figure 5A-1. A condenser end-section can be thermally attached to a heat sink such as metal heat-fins as will be more fully described below.

[0339] The evaporator end-sections of heat-pipes can be thermally connected to bus bars. Switches 304 are thermally and electrically connected to bus bars. Evaporator end-sections of heat-pipes can extract heat generated by switches 304 via bus bars. Heat-pipes may also be electrically connected to bus bars.

[0340] The condenser end-sections of heat-pipes can be thermally connected to heat-fins made of metal or another material with high thermal conductivity such as a sintered beryllium oxide. For purposes of explanation only, heat-fins are made of metal. These heat-fins can extract heat from condenser end-sections of heat-pipes. Heat-pipes also can be electrically connected to metal heat-fins in some versions.

[0341] Figures 5A-4 - 5A-7 illustrate bottom, end, and top views of inverter 460iT shown in Figures 5A-1 and 5A-2 with heat-pipes 522 received in channels 40. The figures show example metal heat-fins 520 and fans. Metal heat-fins 520, like heat-fins 520T, have opposite facing flat surfaces. Fans, like fans 530, can force cooling air across the flat surfaces of heat-fins 520.

[0342] The evaporator end-sections of heat-pipes 522 may be thermally connected to, but electrically isolated from bus bar channels 40 in which they are received, while the condenserend-sections may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., soldered) directly to metal heat- fins 520T. The electrical isolation of the evaporator end-sections can be provided by a thin layer of dielectric formed on outer cylindrical surfaces of heat-pipes.

[0343] All, some, or none of the outer surface of a heat-pipe is covered with a thin layer of dielectric material. Evaporator end-sections of heat-pipes, such as heat-pipes 522 in inverter 406iT, can be covered with a thin dielectric layer 536 (see, e.g., Figure 5A-3 and / or 5A-4) to electrically insulate heat-pipes from the bus bars in which they are contained, while most of the remaining portions of the heat-pipes are naked. To enhance thermal transfer a thin metallization layer, thermal grease or thermal paste can be applied to the dielectric layer between the dielectric layer and the bus bar in which the heat-pipe is embedded.

[0344] In another version, the evaporator end-sections can be thermally and electrically connected (e.g., soldered) directly to bus bars such as bus bars 417T, 412T, or 418T, while condenser end-sections are thermally connected to, but electrically isolated from heat-fins 520 such as metal heat-fins 520T. Electrical isolation in this other version can be provided by a thin layer of dielectric formed on the outer surfaces of the condenser end-sections that are connected to the heat-fins 520T, while the remaining portions of the heat-pipes below the heat-fins are naked.

[0345] Working heat-pipes employ phase-transition. More particularly heat generated by a switch 304 or other device such as a diode, can be conducted to a liquid inside heat-pipes at the evaporator end-section. The heat can vaporize the liquid, and the vapor can travel along the inner cavity of the heat-pipe to the condenser end-section. At the condenser end-section, heat from the vapor may be exchanged with a heat sink, such as heat-fins 520T, and the vapor condenses back to liquid, which can then be absorbed into the wick. The condensed liquid may travel back to the evaporator end-section through the wick, and the cycle continues.

[0346] The most common fluids used in heat-pipes may include water, ammonia, acetone, and methanol. In moderate temperature range, water can be the ideal working fluid due to its high latent heat and boiling point. For low temperature applications, ammonia, acetone, and methanol may be a better option.

[0347] The performance of a heat-pipe is mainly determined by its wick, which performsseveral functions: first, to allow the backflow of the liquid from the condenser end-section to the evaporator end-section; second, to allow heat transfer to the liquid, and; third, to provide room for the liquid / vapor phase change. Heat-pipes are made with different types of wick structures including; sintered wicks, grooved wicks, and screen mesh wicks. The sintered wick allows high heat transfer and wide working angle. Figure 5A-3 shows a cross sectional view of example heatpipe 522b that contains an example grooved wick. The example wick is “flower” shaped with a ring of small cylindrical sub-channels, which have substantially the same cross section, and which are in fluid communication with a centrally located cylindrical sub-channel that can be larger in cross section when compared to those of cylindrical sub-channels in the ring. A “spoke” sub-channel enables fluid communication between a cylindrical sub-channel in the ring and the centrally located cylindrical sub-channel. Each spoke sub-channel may have any one of many cross-sectional shapes. In the illustrated version, each spoke sub-channel is substantially rectangular in cross section although square or circular cross sections are also contemplated. The grooved wick offers light weight and low cost, but it’s working angle may be limited and often gravity dependent. The screen mesh wick example shown in Figure 5A-3 may combine the features of both sintered and grooved wicks and is preferable in some applications. The most common screen mesh may consist of a woven copper mesh. Screen mesh wicks can be created by wrapping a metal fabric or mesh around a forming mandrel, which can then be inserted into a tube. After placement, the mandrel is carefully removed leaving behind the wrapped mesh. The mesh tries to unwrap itself leaving the wick held by tension against inner wall of the tube.

[0348] In Figures 5A-4 - 5A-7 evaporative end-sections of heat-pipes 522 are received in respective channels 40 and thermally connected to phase bus bars 418T, V- bus bar 412T, and V+ bus bar 417T. Figure 5A-4 shows that each heat-pipe 522 is electrically isolated from phase bus bar 418T, V- bus bar 412T, or V+ bus bar 417T by a thin (e.g., 1.0, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1 mm or less) layer 536 of dielectric material (e.g., aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, beryllium oxide, etc.). In some versions, the dielectric layer should only cover the portions of heat-pipes 522 that are inside bus bars. A metal layer may be formed on the dielectric layer 536 to provide a better electrical and / or thermal connection to a surface of a bus bar channel in which the heat-pipe is received. This may allow for processes for connecting (e.g., soldering, sintering, brazing, welding etc.) of the heat-pipe to the wall surface of the bus bar channel in which the heat-pipe is received. These connecting processes may increase thermal and / or electricalconductivity between the heat-pipe and the bus bar.

[0349] Outer surfaces of the evaporator end-sections of heat-pipes 522 may connect with surfaces of channels 40 in phase bus bars 418T, V- bus bar 412T, and V+ bus bar 417T. The dielectric layer 536 may be the only dielectric in the thermal path between a switch 304 and the heat-pipe. Bare, outer surfaces of condenser end-sections of heat-pipes 522 can be thermally and electrically connected (e.g., soldered) directly to metal heat-fins such as heat-fins 520T in Figures 5A-4 - 5A-7, which in turn can be cooled by a fan such as fan 530. The figures show sets of three flat, metal heat-fins 520, it being understood that fewer or more metal heat-fins can be employed in each set. The metal heat-fins 520 need not be flat and can take a shape other than that shown within the figures. Figure 5A-7 is a view of the topmost heat-fin 520T. In one version outer surfaces of heat-pipes 522 are soldered directly to surfaces of cylindrical walls of respective apertures formed through metal heat-fins such as heat-fins 520T.

[0350] A dielectric layer should have a high dielectric strength (e.g., 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 kV or higher). Dielectric layer 536 may be thin (e.g., 500.0, 300.0, 200.0, 100.0, 50.0, 20.0, 5.0, 3.0, 1.0, pm or less). The thickness of dielectric layer 536 affects the heat transfer to the heat-pipe. The table below includes a calculated heat transfer W for dielectric layer 536 of different materials and thicknesses. W is proportional to k-A- (Tl-T2) / d, where k is the thermal conductivity, A is area, AT = 70 is the temperature difference across the dielectric layer, and d is the thickness in micrometers. A voltage of 4k V is presumed across the dielectric for the calculated heat transfer W.

[0351] A dielectric layer 536 may be formed by spraying (e.g., plasma spraying or flame spraying) a dielectric material on all or selected portions of the outer cylindrical surface of heatpipes. A dielectric layer 536 may be formed by rolling all or selected portions of a heat-pipe in a dielectric material (e.g., a TIM). A dielectric layer 536 can be formed on all or selected portions of the outer cylindrical surface of heat-pipes by CVD, PVD, coating (pad printing, brushing, dipping, electro-depositing (in the case of porcelain enamels or electrostatic painting) etc., and heated). A dielectric layer 536 can be formed by wrapping a thin (e.g., 3.0, 5.0, 10.0, 50.0, 100.0, 200.0, 250.0 pm or more) dielectric film around all or selected portions of an outer surface of a heat-pipe.

[0352] In another version, a dielectric layer 536 may be grown on all or selected portions of the outer cylindrical surfaces of heat-pipes. For example, a dielectric layer 536 may be grown on the outer cylindrical surface of aluminum heat-pipes 522 using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), or by using a type II or III hard anodizing process. A heat-pipe can have multiple dielectric layers. For example, a thin layer (e.g., 3.0, 5.0, 10.0, 50.0, 100.0 pm or more) of dielectric material (e.g., aluminum nitride) may be formed on the outer cylindrical surface of a metal heat-pipe after the heat-pipe’s outer surface is anodized. Other processes for forming a dielectric layer or dielectric layers are contemplated.

[0353] Anodization is an electrolytic passivation process for creating or increasing the thickness of a natural oxide layer on the surface of metal parts. Anodization builds up an oxide on the surface of the metal part as well as into the metal too, about half and half. The resulting oxide layer is electrically insulating. The oxide layer may be grown by passing a direct current through an electrolytic solution, typically sulphuric acid, or chromic acid, in which all or a part of the metal part (e.g., a heat-pipe) is suspended. The metal part serves as the anode (the positive electrode in an electrolytic cell). Current flow through the electrolytic solution releases hydrogen at the cathode (the negative electrode) and oxygen at the surface of the metal part, creating a build-up of the oxide. The voltage required may range from 1 to 300 V DC. Higher voltages are typically required for thicker oxide coatings formed in sulfuric and organic acid. The anodizing current varies with the overall area of the metal part sections being anodized and typically ranges from 30 to 300 A / m2. Conditions such as electrolyte concentration, acidity,solution temperature, and current may be controlled to allow the formation of a consistent oxide layer. Harder, thicker oxide layers tend to be produced by more concentrated solutions at lower temperatures with higher voltages and currents.

[0354] An anodizing process may be used for growing a dielectric layer of oxide on the outer cylindrical surfaces of aluminum heat-pipes. The heat-pipe serves as the anode for the process. Current flows through the electrolytic bath solution in which some or all the heat-pipe is suspended, and releases hydrogen at the cathode (the negative electrode) and oxygen at the outer and / or surface of the heat-pipe, creating a build-up of the oxide. The anodizing process may be used to grow dielectric layer, such as dielectric layer 536, on only the outer surface of aluminum heat-pipes, such as heat-pipes 522i-5221, employed in rectifiers or inverters.

[0355] Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is another electrochemical surface treatment process for growing insulating layers on metal heat-pipes. It is like anodizing, but it typically employs higher potentials, so that discharges occur, and the resulting plasma modifies the structure of the oxide layer. This process may be used to grow thick (5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 250, 300 urn or more), largely crystalline, oxide coatings on heat-pipes made of metals such as aluminum, magnesium, and titanium. The coating is a chemical conversion of the metal into oxide and grows both inwards and outwards from the original metal surface. In plasma electrolytic oxidation of aluminum, at least 200 V should be applied. This locally exceeds the dielectric breakdown potential of the growing oxide film, and discharges occur. These discharges result in localized plasma reactions, with conditions of high temperature and pressure which modify the growing oxide. Processes may include melting, melt-flow, re-solidification, sintering and densification of the growing oxide. One of the most significant effects is that the oxide is partially converted from amorphous alumina into crystalline forms such as corundum (a-A12O3) which is much harder. Plasma electrolytic oxidation includes partially or fully immersing a heatpipe in a bath of electrolyte, which usually consists of a dilute alkaline solution such as KOH. The heat-pipe is electrically connected to become one of the electrodes in an electrochemical cell, with the other electrode typically being made from an inert material such as stainless steel, and often consisting of the wall of the bath itself. Potentials over 200 V may be applied between these two electrodes. Higher voltages may be used to form thicker oxide layers.

[0356] Anodization or plasma electrolysis oxidation may provide several advantages whencompared to other methods (e.g., spraying a dielectric on the outer cylindrical surface of heatpipes, which may require smoothing to ensure a better thermally conductive interface to the bus bar channel surface in which the heat-pipe is received) for forming dielectric layer such as dielectric layer 536. For example, anodization may provide a more mechanically robust dielectric layer. The outer surface of an anodized dielectric layer may be smoother when compared to other methods, which may increase heat transfer between the heat sink or bus bar on one side of the dielectric and the heat-pipe on the other side.

[0357] Regardless of the method of forming dielectric layer, it can electrically isolate a heatpipe from a bus bar, heat sink, or other device while transferring heat therebetween. In some versions, no dielectric exists between heat-pipes and switches 304. Figures 5A-8 - 5A-10 are bottom, side, and top views, respectively, of an alternative inverter 460iA, which is like inverter 460iT, but with bare (i.e., no dielectric layer 536) heat-pipes 522. Figure 5A-10 shows the top electrically isolated heat-fins 520 for inverter 460iA.

[0358] With reference to Figures 5A-9 and 5A-10 compact inverter system 460iA includes electrically isolated metal fins 520a - 520c, 520-, and 520+. Heat fins 520a - 520c are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., soldered) directly to heat-pipes 522 whose evaporation end-sections are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., soldered) directly to surfaces of channels 40 in phase bus bars 418Ta-418Tc, respectively. Heat fins 520+ are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., soldered) directly to heat-pipes 522 whose evaporations end-sections are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., soldered) directly surfaces of channels 40 in V+ bus bar 417T. Heat fins 520- are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., soldered) directly to heat-pipes 522 whose evaporations end-sections are electrically and thermally connected (e g., soldered) directly to surfaces of channels 40 in V- bus bar 412T. As shown in Figure 5A-10, all heat-fins are electrically isolated from each other by air gaps. Alternatively, a dielectric material (not shown) can be inserted between all heat-fins in Figure 5A-10.

[0359] In general, the diameters of heat-pipes in a bus bar or heat sink need not be equal. The number, position, and / or diameter of heat-pipes, including its dielectric layer, may depend on one or more variables. For example, the number, position, and / or diameter of the heat-pipes may depend on a desired thermal capacitance of the bus bar or heat sink in which the heat-pipes are contained. Or the number, position, and / or diameter of the heat-pipes may depend on a desiredthermal resistance between the switch 304 and fluid internal to the heat-pipes. Or the number, position, and / or diameter may depend on optimizing the thermal capacitance based on a desired thermal resistance, or vice-versa.

[0360] Converters and other power systems may include one or more capacitors (hereinafter “DC link capacitors”) that are electrically connected between DC bus bars (i.e., V+ and V- bus bars). A DC link capacitor can take form in a film capacitor (e.g., a polypropylene film capacitor). A DC link capacitor may take form in a ceramic capacitor (e.g., class 1 or class 2 multilayer ceramic capacitors). Other types of DC link capacitors may be used, including electrolytic capacitors. A converter may include a mix of DC link capacitor types. For example, a converter may include one or more thin film DC link capacitors and one or more ceramic DC link capacitors, all electrically connected in parallel between V+ and V- bus bars.

[0361] DC link capacitors can get hot. DC link capacitors can be thermally connected to V+ and / or V- bus bars. The one or more DC link capacitors of converters and other power systems may be cooled by thermal connections to DC bus bars to which they are electrically attached.

[0362] A DC link capacitor may be contained in a cuboid shaped package formed from a dielectric material such as plastic. Unless otherwise noted, each DC link capacitor is contained in a cuboid shaped package with substantially flat dielectric side walls. A DC link capacitor in a package may be referred to as a packaged DC link capacitor.

[0363] A “bulk” packaged DC link capacitor (bulk capacitor) may have first and second metal capacitor-leads extending from a side wall. The first and second metal capacitor-leads may be electrically and thermally connected to the first and second electrodes, respectively, of a film capacitor. Flat surfaces of first and second metal capacitor-leads at the other ends may be electrically and thermally connected to respective flat surfaces of V+ and V- bus bars, respectively. A surface of a flat dielectric side wall of a bulk capacitor may be thermally connected to a flat surface of V+ and / or V- bus bars that also act as heat sinks. Opposite facing surfaces of flat dielectric side walls of a bulk capacitor may be thermally connected to respective flat surfaces of V+ and V- bus bars, respectively. Side wall and / or capacitor-lead thermal connections may enable heat extraction by the DC bus bars from the bulk capacitor.

[0364] A packaged ceramic DC link capacitor may have first and second metal terminals atopposite ends of the package. The first and second metal terminals may be electrically and thermally connected to the first and second electrodes, respectively, of a multilayer ceramic capacitor. The first and second metal terminals may be electrically connected to V+ and V- bus bars, respectively. Each of the first and second metal terminals may have a flat end surface and flat side wall surfaces. The flat end surfaces of the first and second metal terminals may face opposite directions. Flat surfaces of the first and second metal terminals may be electrically and thermally connected to respective flat surfaces of V+ and V- bus bars, respectively. Flat side wall surfaces of the first and second metal terminals may be electrically and thermally connected to respective flat side wall surfaces of V+ and V- bus bars, respectively. Or first and second metal terminals may be electrically connected to first and second traces, respectively, of a PCB, and the first and second traces may be electrically connected to V+ and V- bus bars, respectively.

[0365] Inverter 460iT and 460iA include example bulk capacitors 403T. Bulk capacitors 403T have four dielectric side walls. Bulk capacitors 403T have first and second metal capacitor- leads 405Ta and 405Tb, respectively, extending from the capacitors’ front dielectric side wall. Capacitor-leads, including capacitor-leads 405T, may be rectangular in cross section. Example capacitor-leads 405T have a height hbc, length Ibc, and width wbc around 6 mm, 30 mm, and 17 mm, respectively. Capacitor-leads, including capacitor-leads 405T, may have substantially flat, rectangular-shaped opposite facing top and bottom surfaces. The areas of top and bottom surfaces may be around 510 mm2. A substantial portion (e.g., 10, 20, 50, 75, 90% or more) of a capacitor-lead’s flat surface area may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., soldered, press-fitted using screws or other fasteners, etc.) directly to a flat surface of a V+ or V- bus bar. For example, a substantial portion of a capacitor-lead 405Ta’s flat bottom surface area may be electrically and thermally connected directly to a flat surface of V+ bus bar 417T, and a substantial portion of capacitor-lead 405Tb’s flat top surface area may be electrically and thermally connected directly to a flat surface of V- bus bar 412T. V+ bus bar 417 and V- bus bar 412 can extract a substantial amount of heat (e.g., 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 100, 200, 300, 500 Watts or more) from bulk DC link capacitors 403T through flat surfaces of their capacitor-leads 405Ta and / or 405Tb, respectively. Surfaces of capacitor-leads 405 may be connected to surfaces of bus bars near (e.g., within 4.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0 mm or less) edges of the bus bars that are proximate to ends of heat-pipe evaporator end-sections.

[0366] Inverter 460iT or 460iA may include a row of packaged ceramic DC link capacitors433 electrically connected in parallel. For ease of illustration, only one packaged ceramic DC link capacitor 433-1 of the row is shown in the figures. Each of the packaged ceramic DC link capacitors 433 may include first and second metal terminals 437-1 and 437-2, respectively, connected electrically to the V+ and V- bus bars, respectively.

[0367] Example packaged ceramic DC link capacitors 433 are mounted on a PCB 435 and electrically connected in parallel. First and second metal terminals 437-1 and 437-2 of each may be electrically connected to first and second metal traces 511-1 and 511-2, respectively, on the side of PCB 435 opposite the side with packaged ceramic capacitors 433. Metal vias can electrically connect traces 511-1 and 511-2 to respective terminals 437-1 and 437-2. The ends of first and second traces 511-1 and 511-2 may be widened to create large surface areas that can be electrically and thermally connected directly to respective side wall surfaces of the V+ and V- bus bars 418T and 412T, respectively.

[0368] Returning to Figures 5A-1, 5A-4, or Figure 5A-8, electrical current symbols are shown that represent electrical current flow through inverter system 460iT or 460iA at an instant in time. More particularly, Figures 5A-1, 5A-4, or Figure 5A-8 show electrical current flow through activated high-side switch 304dH of phase b, while low-side switches 304dL of phases a and c are activated and conducting current to the V- terminal through the V- bus bar 412T. All other switches are deactivated in the figures. Each electrical current symbol in inverters of this document is drawn with substantially the same length. The electrical current symbols in inverters of this document are drawn with varying widths. Wider electrical current symbols represent electrical currents with larger magnitudes.

[0369] A converter like inverter 460iT or 460iA may include a control PCB, such as control PCB 462iT. A converter like inverter 460iT or 460iA may include a driver PCB, such as driver PCB 461iT. Power and control PCBs may be in data communication with each other. Driver PCBs, like driver PCB 461 iT, may be electrically connected to switches 304 through respective connector-1 eads 288 or respective sets of connector-leads 288gl and 288g2. Only connector- leads 288gH and 288gL of phase-c are shown in Figures 5A-5 and 5A-6.

[0370] Driver and control PCBs may have opposite facing surfaces. Components (e.g., drivers (e.g., base drivers, gate drivers, etc.), current sensors, voltage sensors, PMICs, MCUs, etc.) may be mounted on one or each side of power and control PCBs such as PCBs 461iT or 462iT.Terminals of the components may be electrically connected to traces on the driver and control PCBs. Metal vias can connect traces on opposite sides of driver and control PCBs such as PCBs 461iT and 462iT. Traces of a driver PCB may be electrically connected to respective connector- leads 288.

[0371] A driver PCB may include drivers in data communication with respective packaged switches 247 via respective connector-leads 288g or respective sets of connecter-leads 288gl and 288g2. Drivers on a driver PCB may provide voltage or current control signals to respective transistor control terminals or respective groups of transistor control terminals. A driver PCB may include PMICs that provide supply voltages to respective drivers.

[0372] A driver PCB may include voltage sensors in data communication with respective packaged switches 247 or packaged diodes 245 via respective sets of connector-leads 288dc and 288ds. A voltage sensor can sense a voltage across current terminals of a switch 304 in a packaged switch 247 or a diode D in a packaged diode 245 via connector-leads 288dc and 288ds.

[0373] A driver PCB may include apertures through which respective phase bus bar-leads may extend. Figures 5A-5 and 5A-6 show an example phase bus bar-leads 465c and 465a, respectively. A phase bus bar-lead extends between the first and second ends. The first end may be electrically connected to a phase bus bar.

[0374] A driver PCB may include current sensors connected to traces on the driver PCB and configured to measure electrical current flow through respective phase bus bar-leads. Each of the current sensors may take form in a current transformer (CT) sensor, which may have an aperture through which a respective phase bus bar-lead may extend. If the current sensors have apertures for receiving bus bar-leads, they may align with respective apertures in the driver PCB through which respective phase bus bar-leads extend. Current sensors without apertures can be positioned on the driver PCB near (e.g., within 5mm, 3mm, 1mm, or less) respective phase busbar leads.

[0375] Driver PCB 461iT in Figures 5A-5 and 5A-6 include drivers 306 in data communication with respective packaged switches 247d of phases c and a through respective connector-leads 288g. Drivers 306 may be positioned on PCB 461iT near (e.g., within 8mm, 3mm, 1mm, or less) respective connector-leads 288g to reduce stray inductance, capacitance, andresistance therebetween. For example, trace connections between terminals of drivers 306 and respective connector-leads 288g may be 5, 3, 1 mm or less. PMICs provide supply voltages for respective drivers 306 and may be placed as close as possible on the opposite side of driver PCB 461iT as shown. Driver PCB 461iT in Figures 5A-5 and 5A-6 includes voltage sensors V_Sense in data communication with respective packaged switches 247d. Example phase bus bar-leads 465a and 465c extend laterally between first and second ends. The first end of phase bus bar- lead 465c is electrically connected to phase bus bar 418Tc, and the second end is electrically connected to winding Wc. The first end of phase bus bar-lead 465a is electrically connected to phase bus bar 418Ta, and the second end is electrically connected to winding Wa. Phase bus bar- lead 465c extends through an aperture in PCB 460iT. Phase bus bar-lead 465a extends through an aperture in PCB 460iT. Current sensor I_Sense-c measures electrical current flowing through phase bus bar-lead 465c. Current sensor I_Sense-a measures electrical current flowing through phase bus bar-lead 465a. I_Sense-c may include an aperture through which phase bus barconnector 465c extends. I_Sense-a may include an aperture through which phase bus barconnector 465a extends. Figures 5A-5 and 5A-6 show drivers 306, voltage sensors V_Sense, PMICs, current sensors I_Sense, and a phase bus bar-leads 465 for phases a and c. A similar group of drivers 306, voltage sensors V_Sense, PMICs, current sensor I_Sense, and phase bus bar-lead 465 are mounted on or extending through PCB 46 li for phase-b.

[0376] Drivers, voltage sensors, current sensors, etc., mounted on a driver PCB may be in data communication with a data processing unit such as an MCU, which may be mounted on a control PCB. The data processing unit may be positioned on a control PCB at point furthest away from phase bus bar-leads to reduce adverse effects of electromagnetic interference (EMI). The data may be communicated through a data connection that may include pin and socket connectors, which are also known as “headers,” mounted on driver and control PCBs, respectively. The data connection may include a flexible data bus such as a flexible circuit or flexible PCB. Ends of a flexible circuit or flexible PCB may be electrically connected to pin and socket headers.

[0377] A resistor (also known as a “bleed resistor”) may be electrically connected between DC bus bars, such as V+ bus bar 417T and V- bus bar 412T, to conduct low level current (e.g., 5.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5 mA or lower), for slowly discharging DC link capacitors, such as packaged capacitors 405T and 433, after a power converter, such as inverter 460iT, is turned off. Forexample, a bleed resistor may be mounted on a PCB such as driver PCB 461 or PCB 435 and electrically connected between bus bars 417T and 412T through traces on the PCB. A bleed resistor could be mounted on driver PCB 46 IT, and respective terminals of the bleed resistor can be electrically connected by PCB traces to connector-lead 288ds (not shown) of packaged switch 247dHc and connector-lead 288dc (not shown) of packaged switch 247dLc of phase c in Figure 5A-4, which in turn are electrically connected to V+ bus bar 417T and V- bus bar 412T, respectively.

[0378] Figures 5A-5 and 5A-6 show an MCU mounted on control PCB 462iT. The MCU may be in data communication with each driver 306, V Sense, and I_ Sense mounted on driver PCB 461iT through a data connection 484, which may include pin and socket connectors (not shown) that are electrically connected to traces on driver PCB 461iT and control PCB 462iT, respectively. Pins of the pin connector may be directly received by respective sockets of the socket connector. Driver PCBs and control PCBs may be parallel to each other. Driver PCB 461iT and control PCB 462i in Figures 5A-5 and 5A-6 are parallel to each other. Alternatively, control PCB 462iT may be positioned above and parallel to the flat surface of V+ bus bar 417T. Other configurations are considered.Rectifier 460rT

[0379] Packaged switches 247 may be employed in rectifiers. Figures 5B-1 and 5B-2 illustrate relevant components of an example rectifier 460rT when seen from the bottom and side, respectively. Rectifier 460rT could be connected to inductive elements like inductive elements La-Lc of an LCL filter 162 of Figure 1C, which in turn is coupled to a three-phase AC power source 164 also shown in Figure 1C. For ease of illustration only, LCL filter 162 is not shown in the figures for rectifiers of this disclosure. The AC sources 4>a - <|)c are shown directly connected to phase bus bars of rectifiers, including phase bars 418Ta - 418Tc, respectively, of Figure 5B-1.

[0380] Rectifier 460rT and inverter 460iT are substantially similar, but differences could exist. The microcontroller mounted on the control PCB 462rT in rectifier system 460rT may be different than the microcontroller mounted on the control PCB 462iT in inverter system 460iT, or the CPU executable instructions stored in memory of microcontroller mounted on the control PCB 462rT in rectifier system 460rT may be different than CPU executable instructions stored inmemory of the microcontroller mounted on the control PCB 462iT in inverter system 460iT. Control PCB 462rT may also include a phase-lock loop (PLL) and other components for synchronizing the control of switches 304 to the frequency (e.g., 60 Hertz) of the three-phase AC input voltages provided by the AC sources (j)a-(|)c.Inverter 460fb

[0381] Figures 5C-1 - 5C-3 illustrate relevant components of an example full bridge inverter 460fb when viewed from the bottom, left end, and right end, respectively. Several components (e g., driver PCB 461fb, and control PCB 462fb) shown in Figures 5C-2 and 5C-3 are not shown or fully shown in Figure 5C-1 but are described below. Several components (e.g., packaged capacitors 403T and 4331) shown in Figure 5C-1 are not shown or fully shown in Figures 5C-2 and 5C-3 but are described below.

[0382] Inverter 460fb includes packaged switches 247d, it being understood that in an alternative version packaged switches 247d may be swapped for packaged switches 247p or packaged switches 247q.

[0383] All packaged switches 247d of inverter 460fb are the same. Packaged switches 247d of inverter 460fb may be packaged switch 247dA, 247dB, or 247dD of Figure 3A, 3B, and 3D, respectively.

[0384] Inverter 460fb includes V+ bus bar 417fb, V- bus bar 412fb, and phase bus bars 418fb. Inverter 460fb has two legs designated a and b. Each leg includes packaged switches 247dH and 247dL that are electrically and thermally connected to a phase bus bar 418fb, which in combination is sandwiched between V+ bus bar 417fb and V- bus bar 412fb. Packaged switches 247dh and 247dL are also electrically and thermally connected to V+ bus bar 417fb and V- bus bar 412fb, respectively.

[0385] Figure 5C-1 illustrates the linear positioning of packaged switches 247d, V+ bus bar 417fb, phase bus bars 418fb, and V- bus bar 412fb with respect to each other. Packaged switches 247dH in Figure 5C-1 may have die substrate terminals 230 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface or respective flat surfaces of V+ bus bar 417fb, and die clip terminals 344 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to flat surfaces of respective phase bus bars418fba and 418fbb, which in turn have terminals that may be electrically connected to terminals of a load. Packaged switches 247dL in Figure 5C-1 may have die substrate terminals 230 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to flat surfaces of respective phase bus bars 418fba and 418fbb, and die clip terminals 344 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface or respective flat surfaces of V- bus bar 412fb.

[0386] Bus bars, like V+ bus bar 417fb, V-bus bar 412fb, and phase bus bars 418fb in Figures 5C-1 - 5C-3, may have a rectangular cross-section. Example phase bus bars 418fb may have a height, width, and length around 12 mm, 25 mm, and 20 mm, respectively. Example V+ bus bar 417fb and V- bus bar 412fb may have a height, width, and length around 8 mm, 25 mm, and 45 mm, respectively.

[0387] Figures 5C-1 - 5C-3 show inverter 460fb with heat-pipes 522 received in respective bus bar channels (not shown) of V+ bus bar 417fb, V- bus bar 412fb, and phase bus bars 418fb. All heat-pipes 522 in Figures 5C-1 - 5C-3 may be substantially equal in length.

[0388] Inverter 460fb may include packaged DC link capacitor 403 T2. The first and second metal capacitor-leads 405T2a and 405T2b extend from one of the capacitor’s dielectric wall. A flat bottom surface of capacitor-lead 405T2a may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., soldered, press-fitted by screws or other fasteners, etc.) directly to a flat surface of a bus bar such as V+ bus bar 417fb, and a flat top surface area of capacitor-lead 405Tb2 may be electrically and thermally connected to a flat surface of V- bus bar 412fb.

[0389] Inverter 460fb may include a row of packaged ceramic DC link capacitors 433, which are electrically connected in parallel. For ease of illustration, only one packaged ceramic DC link capacitor 433-1 of the row is shown. Example packaged ceramic DC link capacitors 433 are mounted on PCB 435. First and second metal terminals 437-1 and 437-2 may be electrically connected to first and second metal traces 511-1 and 511-2, respectively, on the side of PCB 435 opposite the side with capacitors 433. Metal vias can electrically connect traces 511-1 and 511-2 to respective terminals 437-1 and 437-2. The ends of first and second traces 511-1 and 511-2 may be widened to create large surface areas that can be electrically and thermally connected directly to respective side wall surfaces of the V+ and V- bus bars 418fb and 412fb, respectively.

[0390] Figure 5C-1 includes electrical current symbols that represent electrical current flow through inverter 460fb at an instant in time. More particularly, Figure 5C-1 shows electrical current flow through activated high-side switch 304dH of leg-a, while low-side switch 304dL of leg b is activated and conducting current to the V- terminal through the V- bus bar 412fb. All other switches 304 are deactivated in the figure.

[0391] Inverter 460fb may include control PCB 462fb and driver PCB 461 fb. Drivers 306 on driver PCB 461fb may control switches 304 through respective connector-leads 288. PMICs provide supply voltages for respective drivers 306 and may be placed as close as possible to the drivers on the opposite side of driver PCB 460fb as shown. Driver PCB 461fb includes voltage sensors V Sense in data communication with respective packaged switches 247d through respective sets of connector-leads 288ds and 288dc (not shown).

[0392] Figure 5C-2 shows example phase bus bar-lead 465b that extends laterally between first and second ends. The first end of phase bus bar-lead 465b is electrically connected to phase bus bar 418fbb, and the second end is electrically connected to a first terminal of the load (e.g., primary side of a transformer). Phase bus bar-lead 465b extends through an aperture in PCB 460fb. Current sensor I_Sense-b measures electrical current flowing through phase bus barconnector 465a. I_Sense-b may include an aperture through which phase bus bar-connector 465a extends.

[0393] Figure 5C-3 shows example phase bus bar-lead 465a that extends laterally between first and second ends. The first end of phase bus bar-lead 465a is electrically connected to phase bus bar 418fba, and the second end is electrically connected to a second terminal of the load. Phase bus bar-lead 465a extends through an aperture in PCB 460fb. Current sensor I_Sense-a measures electrical current flowing through phase bus bar-connector 465a. I_Sense-a may include an aperture through which phase bus bar-connector 465a extends.

[0394] Figures 5C-2 and 5C-3 show an MCU mounted on control PCB 462fb. The MCU may be in data communication with each driver 306, V Sense, and I Sense mounted on driver PCB 460fb through a data connection 484.Inverter 460id

[0395] Figure 5D-1 - 5D-3 illustrate relevant components of an example inverter 460id whenseen from below and the sides. Several components (e.g., driver PCB 461 id, and control PCB 462id) shown in Figures 5D-2 and 5D-3 are not shown or fully shown in Figure 5D-1 but are described below. Several components (e.g., DC link capacitors) are not shown in their entirety in the figures.

[0396] Inverter 460id has three phases designated a-c. Each of the phases includes four packaged switches 247, and a phase bus bar 418d, respectively, which in turn are sandwiched between V+ bus bar 417d and V- bus bar 412d. The figure illustrates the linear positioning of packaged switches 247, V+ bus bar 417d, phase bus bars 418d, and V- bus bar 412d with respect to each other. Phase bus bars 418da - 418dc are electrically connected to stator windings Wa- Wc, respectively.

[0397] All packaged switches 247 of inverter 460id may be a version of packaged switch 247d, 247p or 247q. In Figures 5D-1 - 5D-3, each phase of inverter 460id has a mix of packaged switch versions. As shown each phase includes a pair of packaged switches 247d, and a pair of packaged switches 247q. Each packaged switch 247d may be packaged switch 247dA, 247dB, 247dC, 247dD or 247dO of Figure 3 A, 3B, 3C, 3D, or 30, respectively, and each packaged switch 247q may be packaged switch 247qE, 247qF, 247qG, 247ql, 247qJ, 247ql, 247qP or of Figures 3E, 3F, 3G, 31, 3J, 3L, and 3P, respectively. For example, each of packaged switches 247d may be packaged switch 247dO shown in Figure 30 or packaged switch 247dB shown in Figure 3B, and each of packaged switches 247q may be packaged switch 247qP shown in Figure 3P or packaged switch 247qF shown in Figure 3F. In another version, each packaged switch 247q in Figure 5C may be swapped with packaged switch 247dB, while each packaged switch 247d is packaged switch 247dA or 247dO. Packaged switches 247 in inverter 460id may take form packaged switches that lack connector-lead 288ds and / or 288dc. All switches 304 in inverter 460id can be independently controlled by an MCU or other data processing device.

[0398] Packaged switches 247dH and 247qH in each phase may have die substrate terminals 230 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface or respective flat surfaces of V+ bus bar 417d, and die clip terminals 344 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface or respective flat surfaces of a corresponding phase bus bar 418d, which in turn have terminals that may be electrically connected to windings Wa-Wc, respectively. Packaged switches 247dL and247qL in each phase may have die substrate terminals 230 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface or respective flat surfaces of a corresponding phase bus bar 418d, and die clip terminals 344 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface or respective flat surfaces of V- bus bar 412d.

[0399] V+ bus bar 417d, V-bus bar 412d, and phase bus bars 418d may have a rectangular cross-section. Example phase bus bars 418d may have a height, width, and length around 12 mm, 25 mm, and 45 mm, respectively. Example V+ bus bar 417d and V- bus bar 412d may have a height, width, and length around 8 mm, 25 mm, and 145 mm, respectively.

[0400] Figures 5D-2 and 5D-3 show inverter 460id with dielectric heat-pipes 522 received in respective channels (not shown) of the bus bars. All heat-pipes 522 in Figures 5D-1 - 5D-3 may be substantially equal in length.

[0401] Inverter 460id may include packaged bulk and ceramic DC link capacitors, like those shown in Figure 5A-1. Figures 5D-1 - 5D-3 shows only capacitor-1 eads 405T of two DC link capacitors 403. In Figure 5D-2, a flat bottom surface of capacitor-lead 405T2a may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., soldered, press-fitted by screws or other fasteners, etc.) directly to a flat surface of a bus bar such as V+ bus bar 417d, and a flat top surface area of capacitor-lead 405T2b may be electrically and thermally connected to a flat surface of V- bus bar 412d. In Figure 5D-3, a flat bottom surface of capacitor-lead 405Tla may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., soldered, press-fitted by screws or other fasteners, etc.) directly to a flat surface of a bus bar such as V+ bus bar 417d, and a flat top surface area of capacitor-lead 405Tlb may be electrically and thermally connected to a flat surface of V- bus bar 412d. Although not shown, inverter 460id may also include packaged multilayer ceramic DC link capacitors with first and second metal terminals electrically and thermally connected directly to bus bars 417d and 412d, respectively.

[0402] Figure 5D-1 includes electrical current symbols that represent electrical current flow through inverter system 460id at an instant in time. More particularly, Figure 5D-1 shows electrical current flow through activated switches 304 of packaged switches 247dH and 247qH in phase-a, while switches 304 of packaged switches 247dL and 247qL in phases b and c are activated and conducting current to the V- terminal through the V- bus bar 412d. All otherswitches are deactivated in the figure.

[0403] Inverter 460id may include control PCB 462id and driver PCB 46 lid. Drivers 306 on driver PCB 461 id may control switches 304d through respective connector-leads 288. A different set of drivers 306 may control switches 304q through respective sets of connector-leads 288gl and 288g2. PMICs provide supply voltages for corresponding drivers 306. Driver PCB 461d includes voltage sensors V_Sense in data communication with respective packaged switches 247d or 247q through respective sets of connector-leads 288ds and 288dc (not shown).

[0404] Figure 5D-2 shows example phase bus bar-lead 465c extends laterally between first and second ends. The first end of phase bus bar-lead 465c is electrically connected to phase bus bar 418dc, and the second end is electrically connected to winding Wc. Phase bus bar-lead 465b extends through an aperture in PCB 46 lid. Current sensor I_Sense-c measures electrical current flowing through phase bus bar-connector 465c. I_Sense-c may include an aperture through which phase bus bar-connector 465c extends.

[0405] Figure 5D-3 shows example phase bus bar-lead 465a extends laterally between first and second ends. The first end of phase bus bar-lead 465a is electrically connected to phase bus bar 418da, and the second end is electrically connected winding Wa. Phase bus bar-lead 465a extends through an aperture in PCB 460di. Current sensor I_Sense-a measures electrical current flowing through phase bus bar-connector 465a. I_Sense-a may include an aperture through which phase bus bar-connector 465a extends.

[0406] Figures 5D-2 and 5D-3 show drivers 306, voltage sensors V Sense, PMICs, current sensors I_Sense, and phase bus bar-leads 465 for phases a and c. A similar group of drivers 306, voltage sensors V Sense, PMICs, current sensor I Sense, and phase bus bar-lead 465 are mounted on or extending through PCB 461 id for phase-b.

[0407] Figures 5D-2 and 5D-3 show an MCU mounted on control PCB 462id. The MCU may be in data communication with each driver 306, V Sense, and I Sense mounted on driver PCB 460id through a data connection 484.Passive Rectifier

[0408] Rectifier 460rT is an example of an “active” rectifier since it employs packaged switches 247. Passive rectifiers are also contemplated. Passive rectifiers do not employ packagedswitches 247. Rather, passive rectifiers employ diodes. The compact rectifier 460rT shown in Figures 5B-1 and 5B-2 may be converted into a passive rectifier by replacing packaged switches 247d with packaged diodes 245M or 245N shown in Figures 3M and 3N, respectively.

[0409] Figure 5E shows an example passive rectifier 460pr in which the packaged switches 247d of Figure 5B-1 are replaced by packaged diodes 245M. The packaged diodes 245 may be connector-lead less. V+ bus bar 417T, V- bus bar 412T, and Phase bus bars 418T or Figure 5B-1 are renamed 417pr, 412pr, 418pr, respectively, in Figure 5H. Passive rectifier 460pr may lack a control PCB and a driver PCB.

[0410] Die substrate terminals 230 of packaged diodes 245MH are electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface or respective flat surfaces of V+ bus bar 417pr. Die substrate terminals 230 of packaged diodes 245ML are electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered, press-fit, etc.) to a flat surface of a respective phase bus bar 418pr.

[0411] Die substrate terminals 230 of packaged diodes 245ML are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fit, etc.) directly to a flat surface of a respective phase bus bar 418pr. Die clip terminals 344 of packaged diodes 245ML are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fit, etc.) directly to a flat surface or respective flat surfaces of V- bus bar 404pr.Vienna Rectifier 400vr1

[0412] Figures 5F-1 - 5F-3 illustrate relevant components of an example rectifier 400vrl when seen from the end, front and back. Rectifier 400vrl is an example of a three-phase “Vienna” rectifier. Rectifier system 400vrl cannot operate bi-directionally. Driver PCB 421 and heat-fins 520vl are shown in Figure 5F-1, but not in Figures 5F-2 and 5F-3.

[0413] Referencing Figures 5F-2 and 5F-3, rectifier 400vrl has three phases designated a-c. Each phase may include a bidirectional packaged switch 247q. Phases a-c include packaged switches 247qa - 247qc, respectively. Each of packaged switches 247qa - 247qc may be packaged switch 247qG, 247ql, 247qJ, or 247ql of Figures 3G, 31, 31, and 3L, respectively. In an alternative version, each phase may include a packaged switch 247pK shown in Figure 3K. All switches 304 of rectifier 400vrl can be controlled by an MCU or other data processing device.

[0414] Rectifier 400vrl may include rectangularly shaped V+ bus bar 417vl, V-bus bar 412vl, phase bus bars 418vl, and common bus bar 404vl, each of which may also act as heat sinks to cool switches 304 or diodes D.

[0415] Each of the phase bus bars 418vl may have a height, width wvpb, and length Ivpb around 12 mm, 55 mm, and 20 mm, respectively. Cases of packaged switches 247qa - 247qc may be thermally connected to phase bus bars 418vla-418vlc, respectively. Packaged switches 247qa - 247qc may have die substrate terminals 230 that are electrically and thermally connected (e g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to surfaces of phase bus bars 418vla-418vlc, respectively. Phase bus bars 418vla-418vlc are electrically connected to AC sources (|>a-(|)c, respectively.

[0416] All figures show a common bus bar 404vl, which may have a height, width wvc, and length Ivc around 8 mm, 25 mm, and 70 mm, respectively. Cases of packaged switches 247q may be thermally connected to surfaces of bus bar 404vl and respective phase bus bars 418vl.

[0417] Figures 5F-2 and 5F-3 are front and back views of rectifier 400vrl of Figure 5F-1. As seen, V- bus bar 412vl and V+ bus bar 417vl have rectangular cross section shapes. Bus bars 418vl and 412vl may have a height, width wv, and length Iv around 8 mm, 25 mm, and 70 mm, respectively. Bus bars 412vl and 417vl may have dimensions that are unequal to each other in another version. V- bus bar 412vl and V+ bus bar 417vl have terminals that may provide DC power to a device such as an isolated DC / DC converter. Like bus bar 404vl and phase bus bars 418vl, bus bar 412vl and bus bar 417vl have channels that hold heat-pipes 522.

[0418] Figures 5F-2 and 5F-3 show the linear positioning of packaged switches 247q, phase bars 418vl, V- bus bar 412vl, V+ bus bar 417vl and bus bar 404vl with respect to each other in phases a and c.

[0419] Each phase of rectifier 400vrl may include a pair of packaged diodes 245-1 and 245- 2, which include diodes DI and D2, respectively. For purposes of explanation only, packaged dies 245-1 and 245-2 take form in packaged diode 245m shown of Figure 3M. Die substrate terminals 230 of packaged diodes 245-2 and die clip terminals 344 of packaged diodes 245-1 in each phase are electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface or respective flat surfaces of V+ bus bar 417vl and V- bus bar 412vl, respectively.Die substrate terminals 230 of packaged diodes 245-1 and die clip terminals 344 of packaged diodes 245-2 in each phase are electrically and thermally attached (e.g., sintered, press-fit, etc.) directly to a flat surface or respective flat surfaces of a corresponding phase bus bar 418vl.

[0420] Die substrate terminals 230 of packaged switches 247qa-247qc are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fit, etc.) directly to flat surfaces of phase bus bars 418vla-418vlc, respectively. Die clip terminals 344 of packaged switches 247qa-247qc are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fit, etc.) directly to a flat surface or respective flat surfaces of common bus bar 404vl.

[0421] Capacitors C- and C+, which may be polar capacitors as shown, are electrically connected to bus bar 404vl . Capacitors C- and C+ may also be thermally connected to bus bar 404vl. Surfaces of first terminals or leads of capacitors C- and C+ may be sintered, soldered, press-fitted, or connected by other means directly to a flat surface of bus bar 404vl. Capacitors C- and C+ are electrically connected to bus bars 412vl and 417vl, respectively. Capacitors C- and C+ may also be thermally connected to bus bars 412vl and 417vl, respectively. Surfaces of second terminals or leads of capacitors C- and C+ may be sintered, soldered, press-fitted, or connected by other means directly to flat surfaces of V- bus 412vl and V+ bus bar 417vl, respectively.

[0422] Figures 5F-1 - 5F-3 show rectifier 400vrl with dielectric heat-pipes 522 received in respective bus bar channels (not shown). Unlike heat-pipes 522 received in V- bus bar 412vl, V+ bus bar 417vl, and common bus bar 404vl, heat-pipes 522 do not extend fully through phase bus bars 418vl. Portions of heat-pipes 522 received in phase bus bar 418vlc are shown hidden in Figure 5F-1 to illustrate this feature.

[0423] Rectifier 400vrl may include driver PCB 421 with drivers 306 that are electrically connected to and control respective switches 304 through respective sets of connector-leads 288gl and 288g2. Only connector-leads 288gl and 288g2 of phase-c are shown in Figure 5F-1.

[0424] Driver PCB 421 includes voltage sensors V Sense in data communication with respective packaged switches 247q via respective sets of connector-leads 288ds and 288dc (not shown). Example phase bus bar-lead 465c in Figure 5F-1 extends laterally between first and second ends. The first end of phase bus bar-lead 465c is electrically connected to phase bus bar418vlc and the second end is electrically connected to AC source c|)c. Phase bus bar-lead 465c extends through an aperture in PCB 421. Current sensor I_Sense measures electrical current flowing through phase bus bar-connector 465c. I Sense may include an aperture through which phase bus bar-connector 465c extends. Figure 5F-1 shows voltage sensors V_Sense, PMICs, drivers 306, current sensor I Sense, and phase bus bar-lead 465 for phase-c. Similar groups of voltage sensor V_Sense, PMICs, drivers 306, current sensor I_Sense, and phase bus bar-lead 465 are mounted on or extending through PCB 421 for phases a and b.

[0425] Rectifier 400vrl may include a control PCB with an MCU in data communication with drivers 306, current sensors I_Sense, voltage sensors V_Sense, and other components mounted on driver PCB 421. A connector (e.g., a flexible PCB, not shown) may facilitate data communication.Solid-State Circuit Breaker 500

[0426] Figures 51-1 and 51-2 illustrate relevant components of an example solid-state circuit breaker (SSCB) 500 when seen from below and from a side, respectively. An SSCB, like SSCB 500, may be electrically connected between a voltage terminal of a battery or other DC voltage supply and a system such as an inverter of this disclosure and / or an on-board EV battery charger.

[0427] SSCB 500 includes packaged switches 247q, it being understood packaged switches 247q may swapped for packaged switches 247pK or 247dD in an alternative version. SSCB 500 includes bus bars 501 and 502, which may have a rectangular cross-section. Example bus bars 501 and 502 may have a height, width, and length around 8 mm, 25 mm, and 45 mm, respectively.

[0428] One or more voltage suppressors may be electrically connected between bus bars 501 and 502. For example, one or more snubber circuits or snubber capacitors may be electrically connected in parallel and between bus bars 501 and 502. Figure 51-2 shows an optional row of packaged ceramic capacitors 433, which are connected in parallel on a PCB 435cb. Only one capacitor 433-1 is shown. Other capacitor types are contemplated. Each of the packaged ceramic capacitors 433 may include first and second metal terminals 437-1 and 437-2, respectively, connected electrically to the bus bars 501 and 502, respectively. First and second metal terminals 437-1 and 437-2 may be electrically connected to first and second metal traces 511-1 and 511-2, respectively, on the side of PCB 435cb opposite the side with capacitors 433. Metal vias canelectrically connect 511 -1 and 51 1-2 to respective terminals 437-1 and 437-2. The ends of first and second traces 511-1 and 511-2 may be widened to create large surface areas that can be electrically and thermally connected to respective side wall surfaces of the bus bars 501 and 502, respectively..

[0429] All packaged switches 247q of SSCB 500 may be the same. Each of the packaged switches 247q of SSCB 500 may be packaged switch 247qG, 247ql, 247qJ, or 247ql of Figure 3G, 31, 3J, and 3L, respectively.

[0430] Figure 51-1 illustrates the linear positioning of packaged switches 247q and bus bars 501 and 502 relative to each other. Packaged switches 247q in Figure 51-1 have die substrate terminals 230 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface or respective flat surfaces of bus bar 501, and die clip terminals 344 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface or respective flat surfaces of bus bar 502.

[0431] Figures 51-1 and 51-2 show SSCB 500 with heat-pipes 522 received in respective bus bar channels (not shown). All heat-pipes 522 may be substantially equal in length.

[0432] SSCB 500 can operate in forward or reverse mode. When operating in the forward mode SSCB 500 can conduct current IF through one or both of switches 304q. Figure 51-2 shows SSCB 500 operating in the forward mode. When operating in a reverse mode SSCB 500 can conduct current IR through one or both of switches 304q. When SSCB 500 is off, all transistors in switches 304q are deactivated and no electrical current, other than perhaps leakage current, passes through switches 304q.

[0433] In the forward mode, one or more transistors in switches 304q controlled through respective connector-leads 288gl may be activated, while all transistors in switches 304q controlled through connector-lead 288g2 may be deactivated. In the reverse mode, all transistors in switches 304q controlled through connector-lead 288gl may be deactivated, while one or more transistors in switches 304q controlled through respective connector-lead 288g2 may be activated. If SSCB 500 uses packaged switches 247qG or 247ql (e.g., switches containing BBJTs) SSCB 500 may operate in the forward mode when one or both connector-leads 288gl in packaged switches 247ql and 247q2, respectively, is / are driven with a transistor activationcurrent (e.g., a base current for activating the BBJT(s)), and neither connector-lead 288g2 in packaged switches 247ql and 247q2 is driven with a transistor activation current, and SSCB 500 may operate in the reverse mode when neither connector-lead 288gl in packaged switches 247ql and 247q2 is driven with a transistor activation current, and one or both connector-leads 288g2 in packaged switches 247ql and 247q2 is / are driven with a transistor activation current.

[0434] SSCB 500 may include PCB 461cb. Drivers on PCB 461cbl, may be electrically connected to respective switches 304q through respective sets of connector-leads 288gl and 288g2. Only drivers 306 and connector-leads 288gl and 288g2 for switch 247ql are shown in Figure 51-2. PMICs provide supply voltages for respective drivers 306 and may be placed as close as possible thereto. PCB 461cb in Figure 51-2 includes only one voltage sensor V Sense in data communication with packaged switch 247ql through connector-leads 288ds and 288dc (not shown). Figure 51-2 shows drivers 306 and PMICs for packaged switch 247ql . A similar group of drivers 306 and PMICs are mounted on PCB 461cb for packaged switch 247q2. Figure 51-2 shows an MCU mounted on PCB 462CB1. The MCU may be in data communication with drivers 306 and V_Sense.Variable Frequency Drive 460vfd

[0435] Power converters may be integrated through common bus bars to create integrated power converters. The structure shown in Figure 5G may be formed by integrating inverter 460iT and rectifier 460rT. AC / AC converters (e.g., variable frequency drives (VFDs)) may be created by integrating inverters and rectifiers through one or more common bus bars. Figure 5G illustrates relevant components of an example VFD 460vfd when seen from below.

[0436] Figure 5G shows inverter and rectifier portions of VFD 460vfd, respectively, which are integrated through common V+ and V- bus bars 417vfd and 412vfd, respectively. Several components (i.e., DC link capacitors 403) are not shown in their entirety. VFD 460vfd has three phases designated a-c.

[0437] Figure 5G shows VFD 460vfd with heat-pipes 522 received in respective bus bar channels (not shown). All heat-pipes 522 may be substantially equal in length.

[0438] VFD 460vfd employs packaged switches 247d, each of which may be packaged switch 247dA, 247dB, or 247dD of Figure 3 A, 3B, and 3D, respectively. Alternatively, allpackaged switches of VFD 460vfd may be a version of packaged switch 247p or 247q. As seen in Figure 5G, each phase of the inverter and rectifier portions include packaged switches 247dH and 247dL. All switches 304 in packaged switches 247d of VFD 460vfd can be independently controlled by an MCU.

[0439] VFD 460vfd includes V+ bus bar 417vfd, V-bus bar 412vfd, inverter phase bus bars 418Ti, and rectifier phase bus bars 418Tr. Figures 51-1 - 51-3 illustrate the linear and horizontal positioning of packaged switches 247d, V+ bus bar 417vfd, V-bus bar 412vfd, inverter phase bus bars 418Ti, and rectifier phase bus bars 418Tr with respect to each other. Inverter phase bus bars 418Tia-418Tic are electrically connected to windings WA-Wc, respectively. Rectifier phase bus bars 418Tra-418Trc are electrically connected to AC sources 4»a - (|)C, respectively.

[0440] V+ bus bar 417vfd, V-bus bar 412vfd, inverter phase bus bars 418Ti, and rectifier phase bus bars 418Tr may have a rectangular cross-section. Each of the example inverter and rectifier phase bus bars 418Ti and 418Tr, respectively, may have a height, width, and length around 12 mm, 25 mm, and 20 mm, respectively. Example V+ bus bar 417vdr and V- bus bar 412dr may have a height, width, and length around 8 mm, 25 mm, and 145 mm, respectively.

[0441] Packaged switches 247diH and 247drH in each phase may have die substrate terminals 230 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface or respective flat surfaces of V+ bus bar 417vfd. Packaged switches 247diH in each phase of the inverter portion may have die clip terminals 344 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface of a respective inverter phase bus bar 418Ti. Packaged switches 247drH in each phase of the rectifier portion may have die clip terminals 344 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface of a respective rectifier phase bus bar 418Tr. Packaged switches 247diL and 247drL in each phase may have die clip terminals 344 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface or respective flat surfaces of V- bus bar 412vfd. Packaged switches 247diL in each phase of the inverter portion may have die substrate terminals 230 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface of a respective inverter phase bus bar 418Ti . Packaged switches 247drL in each phase of the rectifier portion may have die substrate terminals 230 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface of arespective rectifier phase bus bar 418Tr.

[0442] Although not entirely shown, VFD 460vfd may include packaged DC link capacitors 403. First and second metal capacitor-leads 405Tla and 405Tlb may extend from one of the packaged capacitors 403. First and second metal capacitor-leads 405T2a and 405T2b may extend from a second of the packaged capacitors 403. Example capacitor-leads 405T may have a height, length, and width around 6 mm, 20 mm, and 30 mm, respectively. A substantial portion of each of capacitor-lead 405Tla and 405T2a’s flat bottom surface area may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., soldered, press-fitted by screws or other fasteners, etc.) directly to a flat surface of V+ bus bar 417vdr, and a substantial portion of each capacitor-lead 405Tlb and 405T2b’s flat top surface area may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., soldered, press- fitted by screws or other fasteners, etc.) directly to a flat surface of V- bus bar 412vdr.

[0443] VFD 460vfd may include one or more packaged ceramic DC link capacitors (e.g., multilayer ceramic capacitors) with first and second metal terminals that are electrically and thermally connected directly or indirectly to flat surfaces V+ bus bar 417vdr and V- bus bar 412vdr, respectively.

[0444] An integrated converter, like that shown in Figure 5G, may be employed in an EV. DC bus bars, such as the V+ bus bar 417vfd and the V- bus bar 412vfd of Figure 5G, of an integrated converter may be directly or indirectly connected (e.g. via DC / DC converter) to respective terminals of a battery in the EV. The phase bus bars in the invertor portion of an integrated converter, such as phase bus bars 418Ti in Figure 5G, may be connected to respective windings W of an EV motor. The phase bus bars in the rectifier portion of the integrated converter, such as bus bars 418Tr of Figure 5G, may be connected to receive three-phase AC power from a generator in the EV. The generator may be a part of a regenerative braking system in the EV. During EV acceleration, the invertor portion converts DC power from the battery into 3 -phase AC power for driving windings Wa-Wc, and during EV deacceleration (e.g., braking) the rectifier portion converts 3 -phase AC power from the generator into DC power for charging the EV battery. An MCU mounted on a control PCB (not shown in Figure 5G) may control the rectifier portion during EV deacceleration and the invertor portion during EV acceleration.

[0445] Other power converters of this disclosure may be integrated through common bus bars. Figure 5H illustrates an integration of rectifier 460rT and inverter 460fb through commonV+ bus bar and V- bus bar 417wh and 412wh, respectively, to create power converter 460wh, which is electrically connected to winding W of, for example, an isolation transformer. Figure 5K illustrates an integrated converter 460c like integrated converter 460vfd. Integrated converter 460 includes a rectifier portion, and invertor portion, and a DC / DC portion, which includes packaged switches 247dHc and 247dLc connected to V+ bus bar 417gc as shown. More specifically, die clip terminal 344 of packaged switch 247dHc is electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a surface of V+ bus bar 417gc, and die substrate terminal 230 of packaged switch 247dLc is electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a surface of V+ bus bar 417gc. V+ bus bar 417gc is an extended version of phase bus bar 418Tic and with more heat-pipes. Common bus bar 416gc is an extended version of V+ bus bar 417vfd shown in Figure 5G. Common V- bus bar 412gc is an extended version of V- bus bar 412vfd, but with fewer heat-pipes. A surface of common V- bus bar 412gc is electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to the die clip terminals 344 in each of the low side packaged switches 247dLc, 247diL, and 247drL. A surface of common bus bar 416gc is electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to the die substrate terminals 230 in each of the high side packaged switches 247dHc, 247diH, and 247drH. In addition to independently controlling switches 304dH and 304dL in the packaged switches of the rectifier portion and the inverter portion, an MCU (not shown) may independently control switches 304dH and 304dL in the packaged switches 247dHc and 247dLc of the DC / DC portion. In an alternative version, packaged switch 247dHc of the DC / DC portion may be flipped so that the die substrate terminal 230 is electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) directly to a surface of V+ bus bar 417gs and die clip terminal 344 is electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered) to a surface of common bus bar 416gc. Although not shown, V+ bus bar 417gc may be electrically connected to a terminal of an inductor. This inductor may be connected in series between an EV battery and V+ bus bar 417gc. V- bus bar 412gc may be electrically connected to the V- battery terminal. Packaged switches 247d in the DC / DC portion, along with the inductor (not shown) connected to V+ bus bar 417gc, may be key elements of a DCZDC converter.Inverter 460air

[0446] The converters and solid-state circuit breakers described above use bus bars with embedded heat-pipes. Those heat-pipe embedded bus bars can be replaced with air-cooled bus bars. Figures 5J-1 and 5J-2 illustrate relevant components of an example inverter 460air when seen from the front and from a side. Several components (e.g., packaged DC link capacitors 403- I l l -and 433-1) shown in Figure 5J-2 are not shown or fully shown in Figure 5A-1 but are described below. Several components (e.g., driver PCB 461iT and control PCB 462iT) shown in Figure 5J- 2 are not shown or fully shown in Figure 5J-1 but are described below.

[0447] Inverter 460air is substantially like inverter 460iT, but with bus bars 412T, 417T, and 418T replaced by example air-cooled bus bars 412air, 417air, and 418air, respectively. Like inverter 460iT, inverter 460air is shown with packaged switches 247d, it being understood that in an alternative version packaged switches 247d may be swapped for packaged switches 247p or packaged switches 247q. All packaged switches 247 of inverter 460air may be the same. Packaged switches 247d of inverter 460iair may be packaged switch 247dA, 247dB, 247dD, or 2470 of Figure 3A, 3B, 3D, and 30, respectively. Case surfaces of packaged switches 247d in Figure 5J-1, may be thermally connected to flat surfaces of V+ bus bar 417air, V- bus bar 412air, or phase bus bars 418air.

[0448] Inverter 460air has three phases designated a-c. Each phase in Figure 5J-1 includes two packaged switches 247dh and 247dL that are electrically and thermally connected to a phase bus bar 418air, which in combination is sandwiched between V+ bus bar 417air and V- bus bar 412air. Packaged switches 247dH and 247dL are also electrically and thermally connected to V+ bus bar 417air and V- bus bar 412air, respectively. Phase bus bars 418air-c and 418air-b are in fluid communication with each other through dielectric air coupling 532cb, and phase bus bars 418air-b and 418air-a are in fluid communication with each other through dielectric air coupling 532ba. Phase bus bars 418air are thermally connected to each other and electrically isolated from each other by air couplings 532. Figures 51-1 and 51-2 illustrate the linear positioning of packaged switches 247d, V+ bus bar 417air, phase bus bars 418air, and V- bus bar 412air with respect to each other.

[0449] Packaged switches 247dH in Figure 5J-1 may have die substrate terminals 230 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface or respective flat surfaces of V+ bus bar 417air, and die clip terminals 344 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to flat surfaces of respective phase bus bars 418air-a - 418air-c, which in turn may be electrically connected to windings Wa-Wc, respectively. Packaged switches 247dL in Figure 5J-1 may have die substrate terminals 230 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to flat surfacesof respective phase bus bars 418air-a - 418air-c, and die clip terminals 344 that are electrically and thermally connected (e.g., sintered, press-fitted, etc.) directly to a flat surface or respective flat surfaces of V- bus bar 412air.

[0450] Air-cooled bus bars, like V+ bus bar 417air, V-bus bar 412air, and phase bus bars 418air in Figures 5J-1 and 5J-2, may have a rectangular shape. Figure 5J-1 shows the height and length of the air-cooled bus bars, and Figure 5J-2 shows the height and width. Example phase bus bars 418air may have a height, width, and length around 40 mm, 25 mm, and 20 mm, respectively. Example V+ bus bar 417air and V- bus bar 412air may have a height, width, and length around 30 mm, 25 mm, and 70 mm, respectively. Dielectric air couplings 532 may be rectangular in shape and have a height, width, and length around 40 mm, 25 mm, and 5 mm, respectively. Air-cooled bus bars and dielectric couplings may have different shapes and dimensions to accommodate differences in converter design.

[0451] Figure 5J-3 shows a side view of dielectric coupling 532ba in fluid communication between phase bus bar 418air-a and phase bus bar 418air-b. Figure 5J-4 show the structure of Figure 5J-3 when seen from an end. Figures 5J-5 and 5J-6 show side and end views of V- bus bar 412air. V+ bus bar 417air is substantially like V- bus bar 412air.

[0452] Air-cooled bus bars such as phase bus bars 412 air, 417air, and 418air, may be extruded from a metal such as aluminum or copper. Phase bus bar 418air includes thin (e.g., 25.0, 15.0, 10.0, 5.0 3.0, 2.0, 1.0 mm or less) four sidewalls 542-548 that are connected at right angles to each other. Each of the sidewalls 542-548 includes oppositely facing substantially flat surfaces. Heat-fins 540 extend between sidewalls 546 and 548. Heat-fins 540 are thermally and electrically connected to sidewalls 546 and 548. Heat-fins 540 have oppositely facing substantially flat surfaces. Heat fins 540 may have a width whf of 10.0, 6.0 4.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5 mm or less. The length and height of heat-fins 540 are substantially equal to the length and height of phase bus bar 418. Heat-fins 540 may be equally spaced in bus bar 418air. Figure 5J-3 shows phase bus bar 412air with three heat-fins 540. In alternative versions fewer than three or more than three heat-fins 540 may be used in air-cooled bus bars like phase bus bar 418air. Heat-fins 540 and sidewalls define channels 560 through which air can flow through bus bar 418air. Heat- fins can extract substantial heat (e.g., 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, 50.0, 100.0, 200.0, 300.0, 500.0 W or more) from one or more electrically and thermally connected switch 304 or diodes.

[0453] Dielectric air couplings 532 may be connected (e.g., glued) between air-cooled phase bus bars 418air. Couplings 532 enable airflow between adjacent air-cooled phase bus bars. Like example phase bus bar 418air, example dielectric air coupling 532 has four substantially flat sidewalls connected at right angles to each other. Example air coupling 532ba may have dimensions slightly larger than phase bus bars 418air-b and 418air-a. Inner flat surfaces of coupling 532ba’s sidewalls may be connected (e.g., glued) to outer flat surfaces of respective side walls of phase bus bars 418air-b and 418air-a. Dielectric couplings 532 do not include heat fins as shown in Figure 5J-4.

[0454] V- bus bar 412air includes thin (e.g., 25.0, 15.0, 10.0, 5.0 3.0, 2.0, 1.0 mm or less) four sidewalls 562-568 that are connected at right angles to each other. Each of the sidewalls 562-568 includes oppositely facing substantially flat surfaces. Heat-fins 543 extend between sidewalls 566 and 568. Heat-fins 543 are thermally and electrically connected to sidewalls 566 and 568. Heat-fins 543 have oppositely facing substantially flat surfaces. Heat-fins 543 may have a width whf of 10.0, 6.0 4.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5 mm or less. The length and height of heat-fins 543 are substantially equal to the length and height of V- bus bar 412. Heat-fins 543 may be equally spaced in bus bar 412air. Figure 5J-6 shows V- bus bar 412air with three heat-fins 540. In alternative versions fewer than three or more than three heat-fins 543 may be used. Heat fins 543 and sidewalls define channels 570 through which air can flow through bus bar 412air. Heat- fins can extract substantial heat (e.g., 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, 50.0, 100.0, 200.0, 300.0, 500.0 W or more) from one or more electrically and thermally connected switch 304 or diodes.

[0455] Inverter 460air includes example bulk DC link capacitors 403 air, each of which has first and second metal capacitor-leads 405air-a and 405air-b. Example capacitor-leads 405air have a height, length, and width around 6 mm, 30 mm, and 17 mm, respectively. Capacitor-leads 405air may have substantially flat, rectangular-shaped opposite facing top and bottom surfaces. The areas of the example top and bottom surfaces may be around 510 mm2. A substantial portion (e.g., 10, 20, 50, 75, 90% or more) of a capacitor-lead’s flat surface area may be electrically and thermally connected (e.g., soldered, press-fitted by screws or other fasteners, etc.) directly to a flat surface of an air-cooled V+ or V- bus bar. For example, a substantial portion of a capacitor- lead 405air-a’s flat bottom surface area may be electrically and thermally connected directly to a flat surface of V+ bus bar 417air, and a substantial portion of capacitor-lead 405Tair-b’s flat top surface area may be electrically and thermally connected directly to a flat surface of V- bus bar412air. V+ bus bar 417air and V- bus bar 412air can extract a substantial amount of heat (e.g., 1 , 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 100, 200, 300 Watts or more) from bulk DC link capacitors 403air through flat surfaces of their capacitor-leads 405air-a and / or 405air-b, respectively.

[0456] Inverter 460air may include a row of packaged ceramic DC link capacitors 433 electrically connected in parallel. For ease of illustration, only one packaged ceramic DC link capacitor 433-1 of the row is shown. Each of the packaged ceramic DC link capacitors 433 may include first and second metal terminals 437-1 and 437-2, respectively, connected electrically to the air-cooled V+ and V- bus bars, respectively.

[0457] Example packaged ceramic DC link capacitors 433 are mounted on a PCB 435air and electrically connected in parallel. First and second metal terminals 437-1 and 437-2 may be electrically connected to first and second metal traces 511-1 and 511-2, respectively, on the side of PCB 435air opposite the side with capacitors 433. Metal vias can electrically connect traces 511-1 and 511-2 to respective terminals 437-1 and 437-2. The ends of first and second traces 511-1 and 511-2 may be widened to create large surface areas that can be electrically and thermally connected directly to respective side wall surfaces of the V+ and V- bus bars 418air and 412air, respectively.

[0458] Returning to Figure 5J-1, electrical current symbols are shown that represent electrical current flow through inverter system 460air at an instant in time. More particularly, Figure 5J-1 shows electrical current flow through activated high-side switch 304dH of phase-a, while low- side switches 304dL of phases b and c are activated and conducting current to the V- terminal through the V- bus bar 412air.

[0459] Inverter 460air may include control PCB 462iT. Inverter 460air may include driver PCB 461iT. Power and control PCBs may be in data communication with each other. Driver PCB 461 iT may be electrically connected to switches 304 through respective sets of connector- leads 288. Only connector-leads 288gH and 288gL of phase-c is shown in Figure 5J-2.

[0460] Driver PCB 461iT in Figure 5J-2 include drivers 306 in data communication with respective packaged switches 247d of phase-c through respective connector-leads 288g. PMICs provide supply voltages for respective drivers 306 and may be placed as close as possible on the opposite side of driver PCB 460iT as shown. Driver PCB 461iT in Figure 5J-2 includes voltagesensors V_Sense in data communication with respective packaged switches 247d. Example phase bus bar-lead 465c extends laterally between first and second ends. The first end of phase bus bar-lead 465c is electrically connected to phase bus bar 418Tc, and the second end is electrically connected to winding Wc. Phase bus bar-lead 465c extends through an aperture in PCB 460iT. Current sensor I Sense measures electrical current flowing through phase bus bar- lead 465c. I_Sense-c may include an aperture through which phase bus bar-connector 465c extends. Figure 5J-2 shows drivers 306, voltage sensors V_Sense, PMICs, current sensors I_Sense, and a phase bus bar-leads 465 for phase-c. Similar groups of drivers 306, voltage sensors V Sense, PMICs, current sensor I Sense, and phase bus bar-lead 465 are mounted on or extending through PCB 46 li for phases a and b.

[0461] Figure 5J-2 shows an MCU mounted on control PCB 462iT. The MCU may be in data communication with each driver 306, V Sense, and I_ Sense mounted on driver PCB 460iT through data connection 484.

[0462] Although the present disclosure has been described in connection with several versions, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the versions set forth herein.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS1. An apparatus comprising: a 1stbus bar comprising a 1stchannel; a 1stheat-pipe received in the 1stchannel and thermally connected to the 1stbus bar; a 1stdielectric that electrically insulates the 1stheat-pipe from the 1stbus bar; a 2ndbus bar; a 2ndheat-pipe thermally connected to the 2ndbus bar; a first device comprising: a 1stmetal structure comprising 1stand 2ndsurfaces, wherein the 1stand 2ndsurfaces of the 1stmetal structure are electrically connected, substantially flat and oppositely facing; a 1stmetal element comprising 1stand 2ndsurfaces, wherein the 1stand 2ndsurfaces of the 1stmetal element are electrically connected, substantially flat and oppositely facing; a 1sttransistor comprising 1stand 2ndterminals between which 1 ampere or more of electrical current is transmitted when the 1sttransistor is activated, wherein the 1stand 2ndterminals comprise 1stand 2ndsurfaces, respectively, wherein the 1stand 2ndsurfaces of the 1stand 2ndterminals, respectively, are substantially flat and oppositely facing; wherein the 1stand 2ndsurfaces of the 1stand 2ndterminals, respectively, are electrically and thermally connected to the 1stand 2ndsurfaces, respectively, of the 1stmetal structure and the 1stmetal element, respectively; wherein the 1stand 2ndsecond surfaces of the 1stmetal element and the 1stmetal structure, respectively, are electrically and thermally connected to the 2ndand 1stbus bars, respectively.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the T’metal element comprises a lstpedestal with an end surface, wherein the 2ndsurface of the 1stmetal element comprises the end surface.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first device comprises a 1stcase, wherein the 1stcase comprises a 1stopening through which the 2ndsurface of the 1stmetal structure iselectrically and thermally connected to the 1stbus bar, and wherein the 1stcase comprises a 2ndopening through which the 1stsurface of the 2ndmetal element is electrically and thermally connected to the 2ndbus bar.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: a 3rdbus bar; a 3rdheat-pipe thermally connected to the 3rdbus bar; a second device comprising: a 2ndmetal structure comprising 1stand 2ndsurfaces, wherein the 1stand 2ndsurfaces of the 2ndmetal structure are electrically connected, substantially flat and oppositely facing; a 2ndmetal element comprising 1stand 2ndsurfaces, wherein the 1stand 2ndsurfaces of the 2ndmetal element are electrically connected, substantially flat and oppositely facing; a 2ndtransistor comprising 3rdand 4thterminals between which 1 ampere or more of electrical current is transmitted when the 2ndtransistor is activated, wherein the 3rdand 4thterminals comprise 3rdand 4thsurfaces, respectively, wherein the 3rdand 4thsurfaces are substantially flat and oppositely facing; wherein the 3rdand 4thsurfaces are sintered to the 1stand 2ndsurfaces, respectively, of the 2ndmetal structure and the 2ndmetal element, respectively; wherein the 2ndsurface of the 2ndmetal structure is electrically and thermally connected to a flat surface of the 2ndbus bar; wherein the 1stsurface of the 2ndmetal element is thermally and electrically connected to the 3rdbus bar.

5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the 2ndmetal element comprises a 2ndpedestal with an end surface, wherein the 2ndsurface of the 2ndmetal element comprises the end surface of the 2ndpedestal.

6. The apparatus of claim 4 further comprising: a 4thbus bar; a 4thheat-pipe thermally connected to the 4thbus bar;a third device comprising: a 3rdmetal structure comprising 1stand 2ndsurfaces, wherein the 1stand 2ndsurfaces of the 3rdmetal structure are electrically connected, substantially flat and oppositely facing; a 3rdmetal element comprising 1stand 2ndsurfaces, wherein the 1stand 2ndsurfaces of the 3rdmetal element are electrically connected, substantially flat and oppositely facing; a 3rdtransistor comprising 5thand 6thterminals between which 1 ampere or more of electrical current is transmitted when the 3rdtransistor is activated, wherein the 5thand 6thterminals comprise 5thand 6thsurfaces, respectively, wherein the 5thand 6thsurfaces are substantially flat and oppositely facing; wherein the 5thand 6thsurfaces are sintered to the 1stand 2ndsurfaces, respectively, of the 3rdmetal structure and the 3rdmetal element, respectively; wherein the 2ndsurface of the 3rdmetal structure is electrically and thermally connected directly to a flat surface of the 1stbus bar; wherein the 1stsurface of the 3rdmetal element is electrically and thermally connected directly to the 4lhbus bar; wherein the 2ndbus bar is electrically isolated from the 4thbus bar.

7. The apparatus of claim 6 further comprising: a fourth device comprising: a 4thmetal structure comprising 1stand 2ndsurfaces, wherein the 1stand 2ndsurfaces of the 4thmetal structure are electrically connected, substantially flat and oppositely facing; a 4thmetal element comprising 1stand 2ndsurfaces, wherein the 1stand 2ndsurfaces of the 4lhmetal element are electrically connected, substantially flat and oppositely facing; a 4thtransistor comprising 7thand 8thterminals between which 1 ampere or more of electrical current is transmitted when the 4thtransistor is activated, wherein the 7thand 8thterminals comprise 7thand 8thsurfaces, respectively, wherein the 7thand 8thsurfaces are substantially flat and oppositely facing;wherein the 7thand 8thsurfaces are sintered directly to the 1stand 2ndsurfaces, respectively, of the 4thmetal structure and the 4thmetal element, respectively; wherein the 2ndsurface of the 4thmetal structure is electrically and thermally connected to the 4thbus bar; wherein the 1stsurface of the 4thmetal element is electrically and thermally connected to a flat surface of the 3rdbus bar.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 further comprising: a 5thbus bar; a 5thheat-pipe thermally connected to the 5thbus bar; a fifth device comprising: a 5thmetal structure comprising 1stand 2ndsurfaces, wherein the 1stand 2ndsurfaces of the 5thmetal structure are electrically connected, substantially flat and oppositely facing; a 5thmetal element comprising 1stand 2ndsurfaces, wherein the 1stand 2ndsurfaces of the 5thmetal element are electrically connected, substantially flat and oppositely facing; a 5thtransistor comprising 9thand 10thterminals between which 1 ampere or more of electrical current is transmitted when the 5thtransistor is activated, wherein the 9thand 10thterminals comprise 9thand 10thsurfaces, respectively, wherein the 9thand 10thsurfaces are substantially flat and oppositely facing; wherein the 9thand 10thsurfaces are sintered to the 1stand 2ndsurfaces, respectively, of the 5thmetal structure and the 5thmetal element, respectively; wherein the 2ndsurface of the 5thmetal structure is electrically and thermally connected to the 1stbus bar; wherein the lslsurface of the 5lhmetal element is electrically and thermally connected to the 5thbus bar; wherein the 5thbus bar is electrically isolated from the 2ndand 4thbus bars.

9. The apparatus of claim 8 further comprising: a sixth device comprising:a 6thmetal structure comprising 1stand 2ndsurfaces, wherein the 1stand 2ndsurfaces of the 6thmetal structure are electrically connected, substantially flat and oppositely facing; a 6thmetal element comprising 1stand 2ndsurfaces, wherein the 1stand 2ndsurfaces of the 6thmetal element are electrically connected, substantially flat and oppositely facing; a 6thtransistor comprising 11thand 12thterminals between which 1 ampere or more of electrical current is transmitted when the 6thtransistor is activated, wherein the 11thand 12thterminals comprise 11thand 12thsurfaces, respectively, wherein the 11thand 12thsurfaces are substantially flat and oppositely facing; wherein the 11thand 12thsurfaces are sintered to the 1stand 2ndsurfaces, respectively, of the 6thmetal structure and the 6thmetal element, respectively; wherein the 2ndsurface of the 6thmetal structure is electrically and thermally connected to the 5thbus bar; wherein the 1stsurface of the 6thmetal element is electrically and thermally connected to the 3rdbus bar.

10. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a 2nddielectric element that electrically isolates the 2ndbus bar from the 2ndheat-pipe.

11. The apparatus of claim 10 further comprising a metal heat-fin that is electrically and thermally connected to the 1stand 2ndheat-pipes.

12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the 2ndheat-pipe is electrically connected to the 2ndbus bar.

13. The apparatus of claim 12 further comprising: a 1stheat-fin thermally and electrically connected to the 1stheat-pipe; a 2ndheat-fin thermally and electrically connected to the 2ndheat-pipe; wherein the 1stand 2ndheat-fins are electrically isolated from each other.

14. The apparatus of claim 4 further comprising: a capacitor with first and second electrodes;wherein the first and second electrodes are thermally and electrically connected to the 1stand 3rdbus bars.

15. A method comprising: a 1stchannel of a 1stbus bar receiving a 1stheat-pipe; sintering a 1stsurface of a 1stterminal of a 1sttransistor to a 1stsurface of a 1stmetal structure; sintering a 2ndsurface of a 2ndterminal of the 1sttransistor to a 2ndsurface of a 1stmetal pedestal; thermally and electrically connecting a 2ndsurface of the 1stmetal pedestal to a 2ndsurface of a 1stmetal element; thermally and electrically connecting the 2ndsurface of the 1stmetal structure to the 1stbus bar; wherein the 1stmetal structure comprises a 2ndsurface, wherein the 1stand 2ndsurfaces of the 1stmetal structure are electrically connected, substantially flat and oppositely facing; wherein the 1stmetal element comprises a 2ndsurface, wherein the 1stand 2ndsurfaces of the 1stmetal element are electrically connected, substantially flat and oppositely facing; wherein the 1stand 2ndsurfaces of the 1stmetal pedestal are electrically connected, substantially flat and oppositely facing; wherein the 1sttransistor can conduct 1 ampere or more of electrical current between the 1stand 2ndterminals when activated, wherein the 1stand 2ndsurfaces of the 1stand 2ndterminals, respectively, are substantially flat and oppositely facing.

16. The method of claim 15 further comprising forming a 1stcase that comprises a 1stopening that exposes the 2ndsurface of the 1stmetal structure for electrical and thermal connection to the 1stbus bar.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein the 1stcase comprises a 2ndopening that exposes the 1stsurface of the 1stmetal element.

18. The method of claim 17 further comprising thermally and electrically attaching the 1stsurface of the 1stmetal element to a surface of a 2ndbus bar.

19. The method of claim 17 further comprising thermally attaching a 2ndheat-pipe to the 2ndbus bar.

20. The method of claim 19 further comprising forming a dielectric on a surface of the 2ndheat-pipe before the 2ndheat-pipe is thermally attached to the 2ndbus bar.

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