Method for characterising the fracture surface of a material having undergone cracking

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for characterising the fracture surface of a material that has undergone cracking, comprising the steps of performing a topographical reading of said fracture surface, and determining physical characteristics (ξλ, LC) of the cracking from the field of the signs of the gradients on the cracking surface.

Description

[0001]^^ :roc e caracrsaon uneas ssuurraaceone ruure'un marau aan su c'es--rea'arnasenseeensv seunraocne ssee ra ruorurees aueso mmaanreauex.aracora e sasue, uee re nomreuxravaux onor sureees anases : es en earure aaru, nomerearoearoeaeroean coreaev suracee ruure'un marau conen e comrenrees causes ees moacesme'unner raueusre e.nerr es,ermeene meux anse nomereeu mxeomeuarnee cso,m corensones nomnese ruure es essenee essosonsrvenvesermmemaen'aerornavuenrue'a, o'on mere ceruce essures, essures e-soneruce au nomnee rauruorneeu mssaurersa,u e. noammen ermeana'arccsenerenveensonra a noamenourueournr une nouvee aroce nomne'aaronessnureesursa rnesr unsen maavreasu, e'c uee mcrosco ueu characrseres con ons aan conu a ruureu marau.es noammen our e ruure'unn a meanr caeu auane s'unve unneons asvuerca unon,r coocmrenea cnaraecsrasaeosn conesas saunrac :e^ - eecuer un reevoora ueeae suracee ruure, -e ruermurnee,r,esouaru une eunrsseme ceacuenoen csesrsonanssaer raan moroen ceeaan meo suerna,ce - cosr un enseme'ceese rsouon, -roreenecre ssure una auxee,uro eunrr ceesesceseosnes, rsouon,es cams normasses ^^ - ermner'auo-corraon saaees camsroes ans oenus, -aevramonner seasnaasree ca'acuuo-ecromrreaano,n souar caeauees ans ceonn,e maxmser exitese rsouon, ams sur'enseme -armerm'ennseerma vaeeu maxers'a mssn and asne eeesa,roeeraaoneaessure commean cee, eses vaeurs mevaanon s'oanenarr,ae vaeurauseve - rersuenreavee cee ceara vcaerusr'uaenseuersoeaaaossnur wow mn.ons uneraneur uvan'aures caracrsues oonneesuroc seon'nvenon: - ons ermne unecee caracrsue'enommaemen, rersenave coerraesosnanacne e anurees mcro-cavsu seormenansa zoneeaessuraon, camsrse sure msaxemsumceeeeassourmensa soanno'a soannoa auno-ecorerraooana saonaeess oaeea - o zonne seurrmaneue unee aonaureausrssene zoense m cocrsve, rersenaveeaonueur marau, arre o-cavsuse avana ruureu saaeess casm nusmrroses seu rranessees maxma e mnrrrhaon roaon-ceraon-ceraon rsouon,oure anee caracrs -u oen'eneormmmnaeeamenna eceounue muraer zaoune coarsrve.es vaeurs'ceeaescr on'auur seus c,a eranc rrsrenucees aux avaunrease asnneex'nesv,enuonu rsesrseonr : aron r, reecure r : ee ue uoraenr : ue'une suracee ruure'un marau,osonneans ^^ re.co :nae carroora e'une suracee ruure'uncanon'aumnum, avec une renceseauaeaurosnare raaosrsu areuaarna moeen'aexe ceesc aasncssoens, encaones re.coneur : uenrroaaenreaoenreaux unremeermaanus maanus maanussoens. and ermnera vae.ur re : urnsernaaveueursennoamnn uenee vasseuurra moanxm'aeceerem mecraonsocoeueermner one in a.um :n unuem carouorr uaneecee ceaem rs noourmoansar'ucnue srueracee ruure'uncanon cac.une : a ueneura ^e coures'auocorraones cams normass corresonan are zoomec'e eeenm^n ue chapter ene sue roeea ure, with a , r.er :s uennaranau be suucruereu een ono a reeourssaensc vaeurs ueses couresea ure onconeeurs rans. ees mnma and maxma successs in snese roruernceuseen caures, oeus smmaerness suren'ensueems oue semsaruerses s.on rersares ruure, c'esn- s-ureoseu su'e'on au rcurer uncanon'un marauu to his a ssure. es cass in au monseux pieces ars'aaron'une ue'on soumaceune u cnes a moarrceeauxeer moaomraurer,seenrmeeonc a rude surcee, oora uee rude surcee, c'es--reeanermene rraessera uuneu rerev cacunesonse cee rude surceune,a se suracee ruure.r raor unan moene cee ^^ soreu nraue, ce reevoora ue es eecu seon unase consne,e on'aea'oren oen en ra unaaraeeons sus sura suracee ruure, an moeneae surroacoeme rrueuerrem.ee connareaaueure cammecunar raor es ause o assaceo sura one, ceuara uonusre un rere , nssan unan con ee r can avecean moenea suracee on reevne co cmoomreonnceneasr ^^, ^n^r, uene cacmee norem rasosuo ^n^,^ ^ ^^^, e ^^ on caecrmuen,oaur m caaue m caaue m caaue n^e suvane :−^^^^^^^ ^ ^^ ^^. o in ^ -in ^ s ^^ ^ their ^, ns e in s co e or ve their c n e n ur is e ^^ ^ r ^, e ^ n ^ ce ^^ e .aueur enreesonse cooronnes ^^, ^^rer a sncaon suee ce cam normas esaroecon sur'axe u onsee couorroannenes no ^^rma ^^,s ^^e ^^.aueur enreesonse cooronnes^ ^^, ^^ ees rersena ec ea am re n c or o m n whosee s e , ’ their a n ne is e go a this e rs n s e their r n e c a their n m c r a is u s e enre - e, es ans ^^, ^^^auon e con e cooronnesn e o r o m r n o in nn ees ^^ ^^, ^^ ^^., neea manre suvnasnuee :'auocorraon saaeu cam seonarecon ^^ ^^ ^^, ^^ =^^ ^^, ^^, ^ ^ ^ ^ . ^ ^ ^ ^ , ^ ^ ^ ^ , ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^, ^^, ^^ ^^ o'ceees rnseoau moone ^nne cacue sur'ensemeesonse cooronnes ^^, ^^our'auocorraon saa^e, eu ^ c^ ^^ameas.e caaers seonarecon our cacuerareconaensro ceauaornceea, rueneu orena aa coerena ruonureueuco mnaueraua.r raor'auo-corrar oonn s s'eas aaeeruu cuaema braseon su sra'nenasre ^^ ^^^^ ^^, ^^ = ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^, ^^, ^^^^e our unas ^^ ^^ e un meesceese rsouon ^^, corresonan areceonreceorno ^^aaeornmenas,ssuar maxmaeour une vaeure ^^ suvane : e, ceueu s'crreea manre ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^, ^^ sure. snow ^^ ^ whose ^ ^^ ^ s ^ ^ their ^ ^ r ^ ^^ ^ e^ ^^ ^^ ^^ermn ^ in ^ rare ^^ ^^ on ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^eroaaonea suracee ruecu erseu'usnrc suarnaonur een, a suumranuume,ea on ceu vor,ansean ea aueur ^^ea suracee r arora ees rencese en comrse en coamr, aumor e umure - suarn' mcoeene seu cee seou susraaceuvreae.urs ruureu muar creaue esu orreen,aeraercaonemeenro'aaxaeo.neassure aan conu a corr ^ ^ e ur'axees ascssesa ure, on a rersen 'ane ^^,ona vaeur°^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^^^ s ^^ ^ o ^ n ^^ ^^ ^^ a ^^, ^^ re .coneroaaoneassure, and sur'axees oronnes,a vaeurun maxmumommae on enevuroen vor sumraourur ^e^ =, ^ c^e°,e vaeur ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^, ^^ ren roaaoneassure. c'es--reansa recognizes ^^ and ^^u erm in e and e m r a in x whose m in s r e n r whose ’ v n and, on rae this ^^ ^^^s in u r r mner ^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^commeana vaeur ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ea vaon sanar ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^, ^^ =c ^^ in ^^ ^ in ^ s ^^ ^ in ^, ^ r ^, ^ s ^ Your ^^ their e n ^ ’ ^ a , u ce o-c u orr this a s o ' n cr s too aa in e am u the ca too m often r in se :sur'enseme es^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^≈ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ermneran veaeousr oueansue cee r econeroaaoneassure, oneu corraon saaeu cam ^^ ^^rusee surmre'enseem maxemesera vaon sanar e'auo- reconeroaaoneassure : sceese rsouon ^^ eansa ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ une vaeureee maxamssaaronc,u oreenueansa oneroaaoneassureour 'enommaemen », es rersene ^^ ^^re ='e ae suereera «ceueee caaracurersue uncanon en aumnum : sur'axees asc our vaeurse ssese cera ue son rerseneses eaoncoans ^ ^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^, ^ and ^ ^ s^u ^r^ ^'^a, ^x^,e ^^ ^^ and ^^ s ^^ ^ Oh ^ ^^ r ^^ ^^ Oh ^ nne.se close ue son rerseneses vaeurs corresonanan asu c seom exmeemeea croucru ^ ^^ ^ yes ^ ^ ,r ^ v,a'uc eenvero cnarac,rsm.ue ^^asance in being easy mrucrou-eca cvees vaueu sre moarxmmensanaensuas ^^ ^^= ^^if rsenavee u . a zonee u marau saaeu c easmar aouerures aasa ^^r ^u^ eue ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^e, ^ r^ ^^ ^ s ^ ^ their ^ ^^ ^ u ^ ^^ ^^ their ^^ ^^ n ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^,,r ssaevo sero'nauao-croercroanone ^^ orrosaueaeonase vaares,su ere ^u^ ^ in ^ ^^ ^ c ^ ^ in ^ ^^ s ^^ ^^ m ^^ ^^ ^ whose ^ ^ x ^ ,mraen eu mnnem suacc reessaons seon maxamnsa u ene manrmea reasn enanse'cee ^^ cose. measure ec is usr ares ures e c-annexes. canon eunr aaumnuruem,,ao cnareoura vore,aun csaema nno ea suracee ruure'un - e, commen u sur'cee sue sousa urerm, raesrsenvaaeurs comrses enre es sensesenese cee surace. veesrecons e uneceeurea rsourueo,no^n ^^ a en remr^snenu unee sururaa ene ceo suruees correlationaan quarecu.ne roaaonese caoursseusren ^^uen,o,eur cauec e ^^ e seona recone corraon saaeu cam ^^ ^^ ^^ , ^^ in ^^ ^ n^ ^^ ^^ ^^o ^^ n ^^ cson would ^^ ^^ ^^,m ^^ ^.^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^, savor'auo- ossesmnommam reeaeuse e vore ssur cr ceeuxemunremav roera nosammee cnaare zoome',es sensemen oures mmes vaeurse^ ^^ ^^e^e^e^e^ese coessenure aessenure^ en'esce : rsouon^ ^^, bony water er creux ère bones ème creux ème bones ème creux °e ran ^^ ^^ enm a reor esn nu am rerorsseen ran suruaauereau c u-nesrasus, eue su srur'a'xaexeeses or aosncnssesuue on a reor esoarmeses vaeurse^ ^^ ^^ corresonan ces numrose reasnu.ue on ^semo^mes on ^me ^me vorraee on vorraee u-nesrae. oen une reaon ane enre ue : res, c'es--reu's son res enre euxar une uaon ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ = ^^^ × ^ ^^^ ^ ^ a ^^ u ^ ^ ^ c ^^ ^ r and ^ e s ^ ^ ^ u ^ x yes o ns u um ' a ro os in se frog e ra in n their ^^ s , s ^ in ^ ^ o^ ^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ o ^ es u a and cr e in n ux e ,^ ^^ e ^^ ^^ in a s r whose ^^ yes e n re ue r ur sen u e as co a rres ur their e n , the e corresonana o n r s o ue n nx n yes e one ’o ue re r urr ne ^^ ^s^ ^ in ^ n e c in, e ^^ v e or ro m. he e v . round, , and ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ I'm going to envron,, eassura eosn au maaruruaeu ceueo.nueur ^^ ^^ ^^ correson uneonueur character cosve » ee noeeon ^^u,e eusr r ceararcsrsue, courammen aee «onueure zone aarassenes mcro ^ - ^cavsuseen avaanvea reaonueuroaeea zone surauee ue ces mcro-cavs ne se runssenar coauescuerneceu. marau, c'es--reuse avan'nvenon,oum emxe ouch'auera conc comrs aumre ceurce,eroc seon marau,erme'acceraarme caecus sneeusxoesnuenesea suracee ruure'un 'cee macrosco ueassure'orneea rueuursr-ec :sermeane caracrser -sermeane caracrser ^^ ce enere caerasc mrcrso-cauves'enuo semmoarmeemnena, rersenave ea u marauu , nsa zoneessuraon e - ^ z^o ^^ n,eon surueaurueee zo anea croasssevne,e rersenaveeaonueuroaeea marau. s mcro-cavsuse avana ruureu ^^ numerous aesocnauoenus,rs cum camraecarrs exeumeseaeuveenrm ennasuoe re uses our e 'un marau aan romu, ounsenae'eerom nea rssanceaaue -rea ermnaone'ne rn aaaonn coenauna rueu creeu. marau, c'es- ormue suvaanen :ac ^^ ^^ it's easy to be happy in your dreams ^ ^ ^ = σ omen essone ^^ m6^moeu ^^eeeonunenue maa ^ when ^^ eu c,o σ6m7soarem7mee ^^n eansrauceo eneus m coansraanu.es sans aeanaocrmu ^e^ ^^ suevs6a mnae :rauxraescramues, roces ...eu re oenue at least ^^ ^ ^ ^^ = ^^ ^^ o esne meoauoeee comouon^^ ^^ 6 ^^ene remue mna enrarauc eonesu c monasarnaue.s sansmenson ^^6^e ^^6es enenuauuereemen,'nvenon es creans ceurce re'exeme. rasaone'nve'nomonm seansuo mur aeura ens sor mrmue caere raes'enrvenorne.nes varanese

Claims

^^^ . rsosucraone, c coarmacrernsaanoenseae susr coancease ruure'un marau aan su une - - ee e ruecrmue urnr ee u ,rn, re esoue arv u uno eu erno sser ema ceu acuee noe enasan cessre os su :r nasnaceeea rnu muoree, arnea rsoce sura - rsoce rso'rse en su une - - ee e ruecrmue urnr ee u ,rn raor cean moen, -esroeerre snucre usn aexeaue,urour c eensreceeseuso sen or ^s^o,uon,es cams normass -roeerms anenrs'auo-corraon saae ^^ ^^ ^^, ^n^s =, ^^ ^ ^ ^^ cams - maxemrmsenrer ^^ ^eo ^ ^se ^ ^^an ^^sus ^^ ^e, ^ ^^ c ^^ac ^u^ ^^ ^ ^^^ ^,^ ^^, ^e^rmeaanv,aoounr s caue ane ^^onn,e saaeness ^^ ^ c ^ ams s ^ u ^ r anar e'auo-corraon - ermnera vaeur'an'ensemeesceese rsouon, commean cee, ^^ ee ^≈ro ^^ ^^a ^^ ^a^ ^^o ^^n ^ ^^ ^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^eaessure 'ensemeess an ^^ ^ in ^ ^^ s ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ , ^ ^^ ^^ ermea ^ n ^ 'their ^^ ^^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^, ^^ ^arm vaeurs maxmseseae va enra vaeurauseveeses -ranueruer ^e^ c, ^e^e re vareusern'aanveeeeon carro s acaan raa sorn, u ^ ee^ ^ ^ s^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^s^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^u ^ ^ in ^ s aue maonsss uunraeon characrs se ^^ uoen ^ .. roc ^ 'aen reovmemnaceamoenn, ^^,an resreseunea ovn ermne une cee mcro-cavsu seormen ansa ^^ eea sance enrees maxmumea va zoneeaessuraon, correspond to the saaeess camosn sanrasre ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^, ^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^e'auo-corraon aneeroaaon ^^ ^^ ^^ su.r ceese rsouon ^^ oure. rock seon'unees ^ r ^ ^ in ^ ^ v ^ ^^ in ^^ n^^ ^^ ^^ ^^onueure zone cosve ^^ ^^ , recarosnesna oveue,aanosnueeuureo onaeeeram zonnee u snuer ^^^ aesue nuem arosaraess reannsese m mcarxo-mcaav es muse avana ruureu marau,arr ess cams rse s nma rease'auo-corraon saae roaaon ^^ ^.uresesceese rsouon,oure anee.roc seone ^ ^ s ^ ^^ ^ r ^ in ^^ ^ v ^ ^ e^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^marau ^^ ^^,ncaons e,anseue onermneanacu 'enommaem ^^ he ^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^^ e^eoanrureurees zone with ceourssve' ^^ ^ c ^ .ee caracrsue

Images