Heat transfer through catheter tip

Abstract

To provide an electrophysiology catheter tip.SOLUTION: Described embodiments include a catheter tip including: an outer layer of a thermally conducting metal; an inner layer of a thermally conducting metal; a polymer layer between the inner and outer layers; and a plurality of thermal bridges selectively positioned between the inner and outer layers and through the polymer layer, thereby significantly increasing the heat transfer of the catheter tip through the polymer layer. Other embodiments are also described.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to ablation catheters and their use in ablation procedures. [Background technology]

[0002] In some ablation procedures, an electrode disposed at the tip of an ablation catheter is brought into contact with tissue and then radio frequency (RF) energy is passed from the electrode into the tissue The RF energy increases the temperature of the tissue, thus causing damage in the tissue.

[0003] U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2018 / 0110562, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a catheter including an insertion tube, a flexible substrate, and one or more electrical devices. The insertion tube is configured for insertion into a patient's body. The flexible substrate is configured to encase a distal end of the insertion tube and includes an electrical interconnect. The electrical device is coupled to the flexible substrate and connected to the electrical interconnect. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided an electrophysiology catheter tip comprising a flexible, thermally insulating substrate having an inner surface and an outer surface and shaped to define: (i) a plurality of narrow channels passing between the inner surface and the outer surface, and (ii) one or more wider channels passing between the inner surface and the outer surface. The tip further comprises an outer layer of an electrically and thermally conductive metal covering at least a portion of the outer surface, an inner layer of an electrically and thermally conductive metal covering at least a portion of the inner surface, a plated layer of an electrically and thermally conductive metal plating the wider channels to connect the outer layer to the inner layer, and respective columns of a thermally conductive metal filling the narrow channels to connect the outer layer to the inner layer.

[0005] In some embodiments, the substrate is shaped to define at least 1000 narrow channels.

[0006] In some embodiments, the total area of ​​the outer openings of each of the narrow channels is at least 10% of the area of ​​the outer surface.

[0007] In some embodiments, the electrically and thermally conductive metal comprises gold.

[0008] In some embodiments, the tip further comprises: at least one constant trace disposed on the inner surface and electrically insulated from the inner layer; and at least one gold trace disposed on the inner surface and electrically insulated from the inner layer and covering the constantan trace at the thermocouple junction.

[0009] In some embodiments, the tip further includes a support structure coupled to the inner layer, the substrate and the support structure being shaped to define an inner lumen.

[0010] In some embodiments, the substrate and support structure are shaped to define a thimble that includes an internal lumen.

[0011] In some embodiments, the tip further comprises a catheter configured for insertion into a subject's body, the support structure being coupled to a distal end of the catheter.

[0012] In some embodiments, the distal end of the catheter includes a flow diverter configured to redirect fluid received from the proximal end of the catheter, and the support structure is coupled to the flow diverter such that the flow diverter is disposed within the inner lumen.

[0013] In some embodiments, the average diameter of each narrow channel is between 5 and 50 micrometers.

[0014] In some embodiments, the average narrow channel diameter of each of the five narrow channels is less than 50% of the average wide channel diameter of each of the five wide channels.

[0015] In some embodiments, the thickness of the substrate is between 5 and 75 micrometers.

[0016] In some embodiments, the device further comprises one or more conductive traces disposed on the inner surface and electrically insulated from the inner layer, the substrate being shaped to define respective holes opposite the traces, and the outer layer comprising a main portion and one or more islands electrically insulated from the main portion and each contacting the trace by at least partially filling the holes.

[0017] In some embodiments, an electrophysiology catheter tip is provided that includes an electrically and thermally insulating dual metal layer substrate, the electrophysiology catheter tip including an outer layer of thermally conductive metal, an inner layer of thermally conductive metal, a polymer layer between the inner layer and the outer layer, and a plurality of thermal bridges selectively disposed through the polymer layer between the inner layer and the outer layer, the electrophysiology catheter tip increasing heat transfer at the catheter tip through the polymer layer such that when about 0.63 amps is delivered to the outer layer tip, at least about a 100% improvement in clinically safe ablation time is achieved compared to a standard flex circuit ablation catheter having about 0.63 amps, and when about 0.90 amps is delivered to the outer layer of the tip, at least about a 100% improvement in clinically safe ablation time is achieved compared to a standard flex circuit ablation catheter having about 0.90 amps of ablation current.

[0018] In some embodiments, the catheter tip comprises at least 1000 thermal bridges.

[0019] In some embodiments, the thermal bridge electrically and thermally bonds the inner and outer layers, thereby allowing heat transfer from the outside to the inside of the catheter tip, and the temperature can be cooled by the saline used during irrigation.

[0020] In some embodiments, the thermal bridge comprises a solid cylinder, allowing the irrigation fluid to transfer heat to the outside (e.g., plated irrigation holes that transfer heat between the layer and the fluid).

[0021] In some embodiments, the diameter of the thermal bridge is about 60 micrometers.

[0022] In some embodiments, the distance between the bridges is about 0.2-0.3 mm.

[0023] In some embodiments, the thermally conductive metal of the inner and outer layers is the same material.

[0024] In some embodiments, the thermally conductive metals of the inner and outer layers are different materials.

[0025] In some embodiments, the thermally conductive metal of the inner and outer layers is gold and is about 40 micrometers thick.

[0026] In some embodiments, the polymer layer is a printed circuit board (PCB) having a thickness of about 50 micrometers.

[0027] In some embodiments, the catheter tip is the distal tip of an ablation catheter and further includes a plurality of electrodes oriented to contact cardiac tissue and a plurality of irrigation holes between the inner and outer layers.

[0028] In some embodiments, the irrigation holes include walls that are heat-transfer metal plated.

[0029] In some embodiments, the thickness of the wall plating of the irrigation holes is about 25 micrometers.

[0030] In some embodiments, the catheter tip comprises a total shell thickness of about 130 micrometers.

[0031] In some embodiments, the catheter tip is configured to generate a thermally generated hemispherical ablation site with a radius of at least about 2 mm.

[0032] Some embodiments include a cylindrical section and a dome section distal to the cylindrical section, with the thermal bridge disposed within the cylindrical section and the dome section.

[0033] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method is further provided that includes inserting into a subject's body a distal end of a catheter including a substrate, the substrate having an inner surface at least partially covered by an inner thermally conductive layer and an outer surface at least partially covered by an outer thermally conductive layer, the substrate being shaped to define (i) a plurality of narrow channels passing between the inner and outer surfaces and filled with thermally conductive columns, and (ii) one or more plated wider channels passing between the inner and outer surfaces. The method further includes contacting tissue of the subject with the outer thermally conductive layer following the insertion of the distal end of the catheter into the subject's body. The method further includes passing an electric current through the outer thermally conductive layer (which may be as low as 1 micrometer, as long as it covers a thicker thermally conductive layer) while in contact with the tissue, such that heat is generated in the tissue.

[0034] The method can provide the inner and / or outer layers, as well as the connecting bridges and hot plated irrigation channels, to act as a single thermally conductive structure, so that heat can be conducted from the tissue to the structure and dissipated convectively by the irrigation fluid and blood in contact with the structure. In this example, as heat is transferred primarily from the central portion of the ablation, this reduces the hot spot temperature without adversely affecting the degree of thermal damage to the tissue.

[0035] In some embodiments, the tissue comprises cardiac tissue of the subject.

[0036] In some embodiments, the outer tip layer includes a main portion and one or more than 10 islands electrically isolated from the main portion, and the method further includes sensing electrogram signals from cardiac tissue using the islands.

[0037] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, there is further provided a method including drilling a plurality of narrow channels and one or more wide channels through a flexible, thermally insulating substrate to pass between an inner surface of the substrate and an outer surface of the substrate, the method further including at least partially coating the inner and outer surfaces with a thermally conductive material to completely fill the narrow channels and to plate the wide channels.

[0038] In some embodiments, the method includes at least partially covering the inner and outer surfaces and completely filling the narrow channels, and plating the wide channels includes at least partially covering the inner and outer surfaces, completely filling the narrow channels, and plating the wide channels by depositing a thermally conductive material on the inner and outer surfaces of the substrate and into the narrow and wide channels, and following depositing the thermally conductive material on the inner surface of the substrate, plating the substrate in a plating bath of thermally conductive material for a first time interval while the outer surface of the substrate is coated, and following plating the substrate for the first time interval, leaving the outer surface of the substrate at least partially bare, and plating the substrate in a plating bath for a second time interval after leaving the outer surface of the substrate at least partially bare.

[0039] In some embodiments, the method further includes bonding a thermally conductive material coating the inner surface to a support structure, and molding the substrate and the support structure to define an internal lumen.

[0040] In some embodiments, molding the substrate and support structure includes molding the substrate and support structure to define a thimble including an internal lumen.

[0041] In some embodiments, the method further includes etching one or more conductive traces on the inner surface of the substrate, and depositing the thermally conductive material on the inner surface of the substrate includes depositing the thermally conductive material on the inner surface of the substrate such that the conductive traces remain electrically insulated from the thermally conductive material, and the method further includes forming respective holes on opposite sides of the traces in the substrate, and depositing the thermally conductive material on the outer surface of the substrate includes depositing the thermally conductive material on the outer surface of the substrate to form (i) a main portion and (ii) one or more islands electrically insulated from the main portion and each contacting the traces by at least partially filling the holes.

[0042] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, there is further provided a method including inserting a distal end of a catheter into a subject's body, the distal end including an outer layer of an electrically and thermally conductive material, an inner layer of a thermally conductive material, a polymer layer between the inner layer and the outer layer, and a plurality of thermally conductive bridges selectively disposed through the polymer layer between the inner layer and the outer layer, thereby significantly increasing the thermal transfer of the catheter tip through the polymer layer, and following the insertion of the distal end of the catheter into the subject's body, contacting the tissue of the subject with the outer layer, and passing an ablation current through the outer layer while in contact with the tissue. A portion of the heat generated in the tissue is transferred to the thermally conductive layer of the thermal bridge thermally conductive layer through the thermally conductive structures of the two layers (inner and outer) connected by the thermal bridge, and finally convectively removed from the tip by the irrigation fluid and blood.

[0043] In some embodiments, the method further includes orienting the distal end of the catheter at a predetermined angle (e.g., 45°, 90°, etc.) relative to the tissue, penetrating the tissue to a penetration depth, and ablating the tissue with an ablation current / power through the distal end of the catheter at a predetermined safe temperature for a predetermined duration.

[0044] In some embodiments, the penetration depth of the catheter tip is about 0.8 mm.

[0045] In some embodiments, ablating tissue results in a lesion depth of about 5.6 mm at an ablation current of about 0.63 amps.

[0046] In some embodiments, ablating tissue results in a lesion width of about 8.9 mm at an ablation current of about 0.63 amps.

[0047] In some embodiments, the predetermined safe temperature is about 130° C. or less.

[0048] In some embodiments, the predetermined duration is at least about 30 seconds and the ablation current is about 0.63 amps, such that the catheter maintains the ablation site at or below about 130° C. throughout the ablation, thereby avoiding tissue rupture.

[0049] In some embodiments, ablating tissue results in at least about a 93% improvement in lesion width relative to a standard flex circuit ablation catheter with an ablation current of about 0.63 amps.

[0050] In some embodiments, ablating tissue results in at least about a 500% improvement in clinically safe ablation time relative to a standard flex circuit ablation catheter with an ablation current of about 0.63 amps.

[0051] In some embodiments, ablating tissue results in at least about an 85% improvement in lesion depth relative to a standard flex circuit ablation catheter with an ablation current of about 0.63 amps.

[0052] In some embodiments, the predetermined duration is at least about 5 seconds and the ablation current is about 0.90 amps, such that the catheter maintains the ablation site at or below about 130° C. throughout the ablation, thereby avoiding tissue rupture.

[0053] In some embodiments, ablating tissue results in at least about a 60% improvement in lesion width relative to a standard flex circuit ablation catheter with an ablation current of about 0.90 amps.

[0054] In some embodiments, ablating tissue results in at least about a 160% improvement in clinically safe ablation time relative to a standard flex circuit ablation catheter with an ablation current of about 0.90 amps.

[0055] In some embodiments, ablating tissue results in at least about a 38% improvement in lesion depth relative to a standard flex circuit ablation catheter with an ablation current of about 0.90 amps.

[0056] In some embodiments, ablating tissue results in a lesion depth of about 3.6 mm at an ablation current of about 0.90 amps.

[0057] In some embodiments, ablating tissue results in a lesion width of about 6.9 mm at an ablation current of about 0.90 amps.

[0058] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, there is further provided a method including drilling a plurality of thermal bridges through the flexible thermally insulating polymer substrate and sandwiching the flexible thermally insulating polymer substrate between an inner surface and an outer surface using a thermally conductive metal.

[0059] In some embodiments, the step of drilling thermal bridges comprises drilling at least 1,000 thermal bridges.

[0060] In some embodiments, the method further includes drilling a plurality of irrigation holes through the inner and outer layers and the thermally insulating polymeric substrate, the irrigation holes having a larger diameter than the thermal bridge.

[0061] A more complete understanding of the present disclosure will be obtained from the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present disclosure when read in conjunction with the drawings. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0062] [Figure 1] 1 is a schematic diagram of a system for ablating tissue of a target, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 2A] 1 is a schematic diagram of a distal tip of a catheter according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 2B] 1A-1C are schematic diagrams illustrating a cross section through a portion of a catheter tip electrode according to some embodiments 10 of the present disclosure. [Diagram 3] 2B illustrates a schematic diagram of a longitudinal cross section through the distal tip shown in FIG. 2A according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 4] 1 is a flowchart of a method of manufacturing a catheter tip electrode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Diagram 5] 1 is a schematic diagram of a catheter tip electrode before deformation, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 6] 1 is a schematic diagram of a distal tip of a catheter according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 7A]1 is a schematic diagram of a distal tip of a catheter according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 7B] 1A-1C are schematic illustrations of cross sections through a portion of a catheter tip electrode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 8] 1 is a schematic diagram of a distal tip of a catheter according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 9] A maximum temperature field of approximately 130° C. with a standard flex circuit is shown. [Figure 10] A maximum temperature field of about 130° C. with a double metal layer is shown. [Figure 11] A maximum temperature field of approximately 130° C. with a standard flex circuit is shown. [Figure 12] A maximum temperature field of about 130° C. with a double metal layer is shown. [Figure 13] 1 shows a heat flux map of a distal tip of the present disclosure with dual metal layers, constructed of platinum, and connected by vias through an exemplary printed circuit board. [Figure 14] 1 shows a temperature map of a dual metal layer, constructed of platinum and connected by thermal vias through an exemplary printed circuit board. [Figure 15] 13 shows a graph summarizing maximum tissue temperature during ablation between a standard flex circuit and a dual metal layer distal catheter tip. [Figure 16] 13 shows a graph summarizing maximum tissue temperature during ablation between a standard flex circuit and a dual metal layer distal catheter tip. [Figure 17] FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of heat generated within a hemisphere of an exemplary embodiment of a dual metal layer distal tip of a catheter. [Figure 18] 1 shows a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a dual metal layer distal tip of a catheter in contact with tissue. [Figure 19] 1 is a flowchart of a method according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 20] 1 is a flowchart of a method for manufacturing a catheter tip electrode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0063] Overview An embodiment of the present disclosure includes an ablation electrode comprising at least one flexible printed circuit board (PCB) bonded to a metallic support sheet by an adhesive. The flexible PCB comprises a flexible, thermally insulating substrate with an outer surface coated with an outer layer of a thermally conductive (and biocompatible) metal, such as gold, palladium, or platinum, and an inner surface coated with an inner layer of the same (and / or another) thermally conductive metal. The inner surface may further support one or more electrical components, such as sensors (e.g., thermocouples) and traces, electrically insulated from the inner metal layer. Following deposition of the electrical components, coating of the substrate, and bonding of the PCB to the support sheet, the flexible PCB (together with the support sheet) can be transformed into any suitable shape. For example, in some embodiments, the flexible PCB is transformed into a thimble-shaped electrode, hereinafter referred to as the "tip electrode." The electrode is bonded to the distal end of the catheter.

[0064] During the ablation procedure, the outer thermally conductive layer is brought into contact with the tissue to be ablated, and then the ablation current is passed through the outer thermally conductive layer into the tissue. While the ablation current is applied to the tissue, a sensor may obtain any relevant physiological index from the tissue. Typically, plated open vias through the electrode provide an electrical connection between the inner and outer thermally conductive layers, so that the ablation current can pass outward through the plated vias, and potential signals from the tissue can pass inward through the plated vias. Electrical connections can also be provided by blind vias, each such via being formed by removing a portion of the substrate, so that the outer thermally conductive layer directly contacts the underlying traces.

[0065] The aforementioned plated vias also provide fluid communication between the inner and outer surfaces of the electrode such that irrigation fluid (e.g., saline) can pass through the plated vias and into the surrounding blood. The irrigation fluid draws heat away from the interior of the electrode into the blood and also dilutes the blood at the tissue-electrode interface reducing the likelihood of clot formation or charring. Due to the fact that the plated vias provide for the passage of irrigation fluid through their interior, the plated vias are also sometimes referred to as "irrigation channels" or "irrigation holes."

[0066] A problem with using electrodes of the above type is that the substrate may provide significant thermal resistance, limiting the amount of heat that can be transferred from the tissue-electrode interface to the interior of the electrode, which in turn limits the amount of heat that can be removed by the irrigation fluid.

[0067] To address this issue, the embodiments described herein provide a large number (e.g., tens of thousands) of small closed vias (hereinafter referred to as "thermal vias") to increase the thermal connectivity between the two surfaces of the electrode. Such thermal vias may, for example, include columns of thermally conductive metal, such as gold, connecting the outer thermally conductive layer to the inner thermally conductive layer. Typically, the thermal vias are distributed across the entire surface of the electrode. The thermal vias increase the amount of heat transferred to the interior of the electrode, thus facilitating the evacuation of heat by the irrigation fluid.

[0068] The embodiments of the present disclosure also include a manufacturing process for the electrodes. Typically, both sides of the substrate are first coated with copper, and therefore the manufacturing of the electrodes typically begins with etching this copper, except where copper traces are required on the inner surface of the substrate. Next, the constantan traces used for the thermocouples are deposited on the inner surface. Then, one or more wide channels, a number of relatively narrow channels, and optionally, one or more blind vias are drilled through the substrate.

[0069] Then, on the inner surface of the substrate, a mask is applied over the traces and over the surrounding exclusion zones that insulate the traces from the inner thermally conductive layer (but no mask is applied over the portions of the constantan traces designated as thermocouple junctions). Similarly, on the outer surface, another mask is applied over the exclusion zones that insulate the microelectrode "islands" from the remainder of the outer thermally conductive layer.

[0070] A thin layer of metal (typically gold) is then sputtered into the channels and onto both sides of the substrate. The metal sputtered onto the inner surface includes traces that cross the constantan traces, thus forming the thermocouple junctions. Following sputtering of the metal, the mask is removed and the inner traces and exclusion zones are covered with another mask, and the entire outer surface is also masked.

[0071] The substrate is then placed in a plating bath for a period of time to (i) cover any remaining exposed portions of the substrate's inner surface with metal, i.e., extend a layer of metal laterally over the inner surface, (ii) increase the thickness of the inner layer, (iii) seal narrow channels to thermal bias, and (iv) narrow wide channels to plated irrigation channels. The inner and outer surface masks are then removed. The internal traces and exclusion zones are then covered with at least one coverlay.

[0072] The substrate is then returned to the plating bath for an additional period of time, increasing the thickness of both the outer and inner layers and narrowing the plated irrigation channels. Typically, the total time the substrate is in the plating bath is set to a time such that the thickness of the inner layer approaches the thickness of the coverlay. (Typically, the thickness of the outer layer is not increased significantly to reduce the risk of cracking of the outer layer when the substrate is folded into its final shape.)

[0073] Next, a metal support sheet, for example comprising a cobalt-chromium alloy, is drilled with openings having a diameter equal to or greater than the diameter of the irrigation holes. The support sheet is then bonded to the inner metal layer and coverlay such that the openings in the support sheet are aligned with the irrigation channels in the substrate. The plated substrate and support sheet are then deformed into their desired shape. Finally, the wires associated with the electrodes are connected, and the electrodes are then coupled to the catheter.

[0074] System Description Reference is first made to FIG. 1, which is a schematic illustration of a system 20 for ablating tissue in a subject 26, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0075] 1 illustrates a physician 28 using an ablation catheter 22 to perform a unipolar ablation procedure on a subject 26. In this procedure, the physician 28 first inserts a distal tip 32 of the catheter 22 into the subject and then guides the distal tip 32 to the tissue to be ablated. For example, the physician may advance the distal tip through the subject's vasculature until it contacts cardiac tissue belonging to the subject's heart 24. Then, while the distal tip 32 is in contact with tissue, the physician passes a radio frequency (RF) current between the distal tip 32 and a neutral polarity patch 30 that is coupled to the outside of the subject, for example, to the subject's back.

[0076] To facilitate catheter guidance, catheter 22 may include one or more electromagnetic position sensors that generate a signal in the presence of an external magnetic field that varies with the position of the sensor. Alternatively or additionally, any other suitable tracking system may be used, such as an impedance-based tracking system. For example, both electromagnetic tracking and impedance-based tracking may be used, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 8,456,182, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0077] The catheter 22 is proximally connected to a console 34, which includes, for example, a processor (PROC) 23, a pump 25, and a signal generator (GEN) 27. (The electrode patches 30 are also typically connected to the console 34 via wires 42.) During an ablation procedure, the signal generator 27 generates the ablation currents described above. These currents are conveyed through the catheter 22 via one or more wires to the distal tip 32. In addition, the pump 25 supplies irrigation fluid, such as saline, to the distal tip of the catheter, as will be further described below with reference to Figures 2A and 2B and 3.

[0078] The console 34 further comprises a control knob 35 that may be used by the physician to control parameters of the ablation current. In particular, in response to manipulation of the control knob 35 by the physician 28, the processor 23 may adjust the parameters of the ablation current by outputting appropriate commands to the signal generator 27 via any suitable wired or wireless communication interface. The processor 23 may likewise control the pump 25 via any suitable wired or wireless interface. In addition, the processor may receive and process any relevant signals from the distal tip of the catheter, such as signals received from any of the sensors described herein.

[0079] In some embodiments, the system further comprises a display 38 that may display relevant output to the physician 28 during the procedure.

[0080] It should be noted that although a particular type of procedure is illustrated in FIG. 1, the embodiments described herein may be applied to any suitable type of ablation procedure or any other procedure that requires the transfer of heat through a flexible PCB.

[0081] Distal tip of the catheter Reference is now made to Figure 2A, which is a schematic illustration of distal tip 32, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, and also to Figure 3, which is a schematic illustration of a longitudinal cross section through distal tip 32, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0082] The distal tip 32 comprises at least one ablation electrode 40, 30, such as the catheter tip electrode illustrated in Figures 2A and 3. The electrode 40 comprises a plated flexible, thermally insulating substrate 41 that is bonded to a support structure 36 at the distal end of the catheter 22 by an adhesive. The substrate 41 may be made of any suitable flexible, thermally insulating material, such as a flexible polymer (e.g., polyimide) or liquid crystal polymer (LCP). The support structure 36 may be made of any suitable strong material, such as cobalt chrome, stainless steel, magnesium, and / or alloys of any of the above. For example, the support structure 36 may include L-605 cobalt-chromium-tungsten-nickel alloy.

[0083] In general, the electrode 40 may have any suitable shape. In some embodiments, as shown in Figures 2A and 3, the electrode 40 is thimble-shaped including a cylindrical portion 40b capped by a dome-shaped portion 40a. Typically, a tab 47 at the proximal end of the electrode provides a soldering pad to which a wire that runs the length of the catheter may be soldered to establish an electrical connection between the electrode and the proximal end of the catheter. These soldering pads are described in more detail below with reference to Figures 4 and 5.

[0084] As shown in the "AA" cross-section of FIG. 2A, the substrate 41 has an inner surface 76 facing the support structure 36 and an outer surface 45 facing away from the support structure 36. Typically, the thickness T0 of the substrate (i.e., the distance between the inner and outer surfaces of the substrate) is 5-75 (e.g., 12-50) micrometers. At least a portion of the inner surface is coated with an inner layer 70 of a thermally conductive metal, such as gold. Typically, the inner layer 70 has a thickness T1 of 10-50 micrometers. Similarly, at least a portion of the outer surface 45 is coated with an outer layer 50 of a metal. Typically, the outer layer 50 has a thickness T2 of 1-5 micrometers.

[0085] Typically, the outer layer 50 is discontinuous in that it includes a main portion 54 and one or more insulating portions that are electrically insulated from the main portion 54 by exposed portions of the substrate. These insulating portions may include one or more "islands" that function as sensing microelectrodes 56. For example, the outer layer 50 may include three to seven microelectrodes 56 distributed around the circumference of the distal tip. Alternatively or additionally, the insulating portions may include a sensing ring electrode 43, which may be disposed, for example, near the proximal end of the distal tip 32.

[0086] Disposed beneath each of the sensing electrodes is a respective conductive trace 78, electrically insulated from the inner layer 70 by exposed portions of the inner surface 76. Prior to the sensing electrodes being formed, holes, referred to herein as blind vias 80, are formed (e.g., drilled) in the substrate above the traces 78, as will be further described below with reference to Figure 4. When the sensing electrodes are subsequently deposited on the outer surface of the substrate, the sensing electrodes at least partially fill the blind vias 80, thereby contacting the traces.

[0087] Thus, during a procedure, electrical potential signals from the subject's cardiac tissue sensed by the sensing electrodes may be conveyed via traces 78 to wires extending through catheter 22 to the proximal end of the catheter. In this manner, the signals may be delivered to processor 23 for analysis.

[0088] Reference is now also made to Figure 2B, which illustrates generally a cross-section of a portion of an electrode 40 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 2B corresponds to the "BB" cross-section shown in Figure 2A.

[0089] The substrate 41 is shaped to define a plurality of channels passing between the inner and outer surfaces of the substrate, including a plurality of narrow channels 46 and one or more wider channels 44. Typically, each channel is tapered along its length, with the cross-sectional area of ​​the channel at the inner surface of the substrate being slightly larger than the cross-sectional area at the outer surface. The cross-sectional area (or average cross-sectional area) of each narrow channel 46 is smaller than the cross-sectional area of ​​each wide channel 44.

[0090] In some embodiments, the channels have a circular cross-section. In such embodiments, the average diameter d0 of each of the narrow channels may be less than 50% (e.g., less than 25%) of the average diameter d1 of each of the wide channels. Alternatively or additionally, the diameter d0 may be between 5 and 50 micrometers (e.g., between 5 and 30 micrometers) and / or the diameter d1 may be between 50 and 300 micrometers. In other embodiments, at least some of the channels may have a cross-section having a square shape, or any other suitable shape. (In such embodiments, the average cross-sectional area of ​​each of the channels may correspond to the 10 suggested above by the ranges for d0 and d1.)

[0091] Typically, the electrode includes 30-100 wide channels. Each wide channel 44 is plated with a plating layer 52 of an electrically and thermally conductive metal that connects the outer layer 50 to the inner layer 70. The plated wide channels thus provide electrical and thermal conductivity between the outer and inner layers of metal. Additionally, the plated wide channels provide a fluid passage between the interior and exterior of the distal tip 32 through which irrigation fluid 39 provided by pump 25 (see FIG. 1) may flow. The plated wide channels may therefore be referred to as "irrigation holes" 72. (The diameter of each irrigation hole is smaller than the diameter d1 by an amount corresponding to approximately twice the length of the plating layer 52.) The support structure 36 is shaped to define an opening 62 that is aligned with the irrigation holes 72 so that the support structure does not obstruct the irrigation holes.

[0092] Typically, the number of narrow channels 46 is relatively large. For example, the substrate 41 may be molded to define at least 1000, 5000, 10000, or 20000 narrow channels. Alternatively or additionally, the ratio of the number of narrow channels to the number of wide channels may be at least 300:1. Alternatively or additionally, the total area of ​​the outer opening of each of the narrow channels (i.e., the opening of the narrow channel at the outer surface of the substrate) may be at least 10%, 20%, or 30% of the area of ​​the outer surface of the substrate. Thus, for example, if the area of ​​the outer surface of the substrate (including the narrow channels) is 27 mm 2 and each narrow channel has a diameter of 25 micrometers (hence 0.0005 mm 2 When the circular outer opening with an area of ​​1.0 mm is included, the number of narrow channels is about 16,500 (total area 8.1 mm 2 ), with the outer opening of the narrow channel covering approximately 30% of the outer surface.

[0093] In contrast to the wider channels, the narrow channels 46 are not merely plated, but rather are filled with respective columns 48 of thermally conductive metal that connect the outer layer 50 to the inner layer 70. (The columns 48 are not necessarily cylindrical because, as discussed above, the narrow channels 46 do not necessarily have a circular cross-section. Moreover, as discussed above, the cross-sectional area of ​​each column may vary along the length of the 15 columns.)

[0094] (Note that the outer layer 50, inner layer 70, plating layer 52, and columns 48 may collectively be described as a single body of metal coating the substrate.) With a large number of channels 46, and with each of these channels filled, a large amount of heat may be transferred through the channels 46. Thus, the filled narrow channels may be referred to as "thermal vias" 74. (For ease of illustration, the thermal vias are not shown in the "AA" cross section of FIG. 2A.)

[0095] Notwithstanding the above, it should be noted that in some embodiments, the narrow channels are not filled, but rather are simply plated in the same manner as the wider channels. Even in such embodiments, a large amount of heat can be transferred to the interior of the electrode.

[0096] Typically, the catheter 22 includes a fluid supply tube (not shown) that extends through the entire length of the tubular body 22m of the catheter 22. The fluid supply tube is distally coupled to a flow diverter 60 shaped to define one or more fluid flow openings 64. The flow diverter 60 redirects fluid 39 received from the proximal end of the catheter through the fluid supply tube through the fluid flow openings 64. In such an embodiment, the electrode 40 may be coupled to a base 58 of the flow diverter 60 such that the flow diverter is disposed inside the inner lumen of the electrode. For example, the support structure 36 may be coupled to the base 58. Alternatively or additionally, the base 58 may be shaped to define a plurality of protrusions, and the support structure 36 may be shaped to define a plurality of complementary holes such that the protrusions snap into the holes.

[0097] As previously described with reference to FIG. 1, during an ablation procedure, the physician 28 contacts the distal tip 32, and in particular the outer layer 50, with tissue of the subject 26. While contacting the tissue with the outer layer 50, the physician passes an electric current through the outer layer and into the tissue. The electric current generates heat in the tissue such that a lesion is formed therein. This heat is transferred through the thermal vias 74 (i.e., through the columns 48) to the inner layer 70. At the same time, the pump 25 (FIG. 1) pumps irrigation fluid 39 through the fluid supply tube, forcing the fluid into the interior of the electrode through the fluid flow openings 64 of the flow diverter 60. The fluid then exits the distal tip through the openings 62 and irrigation holes 72, thereby discharging heat from the inner layer 70 into the blood of the subject.

[0098] Distal Tip Fabrication Reference is now made to Figure 4, which is a flow chart of a method 400 of manufacturing an electrode 40 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Reference is also made to Figure 5, which is a schematic diagram of an electrode 40 prior to deformation according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. (Figure 5 shows various elements coupled to the interior of the electrode 40, i.e., the inner surface of the substrate 41.)

[0099] 4 assumes that at least the inner surface of the substrate is first coated with a layer of copper. Thus, method 400 begins with an etching step 84 in which all copper is etched away from the inner surface, except for copper traces 114 that are to be connected to the outer sensing electrodes of the electrodes. (Any copper on the outer surface is etched away.) This etching may be performed, for example, by placing a mask over the portions of copper designated for traces 114 and then chemically removing the exposed copper. Alternatively, if the inner surface of the substrate is initially exposed, the copper traces 114 may be deposited on the inner surface.

[0100] Subsequently, in a trace deposition step 86, a constantan trace 118 used for the thermocouple is deposited on the inner surface of the substrate. The trace deposition step 86 may be performed by physical vapor deposition (PVD), such as, for example, sputtering deposition. For example, a mask may be placed over the entire inner surface except for the portion of the inner surface designated for the constantan trace 118. Subsequently, a seed layer of a base metal, such as titanium tungsten, may be sputtered onto the substrate. Finally, constantan may be sputtered onto the base metal.

[0101] Typically, to minimize the wiring required, the constantan traces terminate at a common constantan trace solder pad 120. In some embodiments, holes (or "pile vias") are drilled into the substrate at the locations of the solder pads 120 prior to deposition of the constantan. The holes are then filled with the deposited constantan, and the solder pads 120 are then formed over the holes. Alternatively, instead of drilling holes completely through the substrate, depressions can be drilled into the substrate and filled with the deposited constantan. In either case, the solder pads 120 are "pile" to the substrate by the constantan beneath the solder pads. (A draft angle may be used to taper the holes or depressions to facilitate filling of the holes or depressions, as described immediately below for narrow and wide channels.)

[0102] Next, in a drilling step 88, a plurality of narrow channels and one or more wide channels 44 are drilled into the substrate, typically using laser drilling techniques. (The wide channels are visible in FIG. 5, but the narrow channels are not.) Typically, the channels are drilled from the substrate's inner surface using a draft angle such that the channels narrow as they approach the outer surface. This facilitates metal collection on the walls of the channels during the subsequent sputtering process. In addition, blind vias 80 may be drilled (e.g., laser drilled) through the substrate from the substrate's outer surface at the portions of the outer surface designated for the sensing electrodes, using the copper traces 114 as the defining portions. (In other words, portions of the substrate disposed over the copper traces may be removed to expose the copper traces.) Typically, a draft angle is used for the blind vias such that the blind vias narrow as they approach the substrate's inner surface. This facilitates metal collection on the walls of the blind vias.

[0103] Next, in a first masking step 90, the copper and constantan traces are masked, along with exclusion zones 91 (i.e., exposed portions of the inner surface of the substrate) designated for insulating these traces. (However, portions of the constantan trace designated for thermocouple junctions are not masked.) Additional exclusion zones designated for insulating gold traces that cross the constantan traces (thus forming constantan-gold thermocouples) are also masked. In addition, exclusion zones on the outer surface designated for insulating the sensing electrodes are masked.

[0104] Thereafter, in a deposition step 92, a thin layer of gold 30 is deposited on the inner and outer surfaces of the substrate and also within the channels. Deposition step 92 may be performed, for example, by physical vapor deposition (PVD), such as sputter deposition. (Typically, a seed layer of a base metal, such as titanium-tungsten, is sputtered onto the substrate prior to sputtering the gold.) Thanks to the mask, the gold is not deposited on the traces or on the exclusion zones.

[0105] The deposited gold includes the inner layer 70, the outer layer 50, the plating layer 52, and the initialization layer for the columns 48. The deposited gold further includes gold traces 122 that cover the constantan traces at the thermocouple junctions 124. Each gold trace 122 terminates in a respective gold trace soldering pad 126. The deposited gold further includes a respective copper trace soldering pad 116 for each of the copper traces. In some embodiments, the copper trace soldering pad 116 and / or the gold trace soldering pad 126 are staked to the substrate as previously described with respect to the constantan trace soldering pads. The deposited gold further includes at least one gold soldering pad 128 connected to the inner layer 70. The gold soldering pad 128 may also be staked to the substrate.

[0106] After deposition, the mask (along with any gold deposited on it) is removed in a mask removal step 93. Then, in a second masking step 94, the traces, the inner surface exclusion zones surrounding the traces, and the entire outer surface of the substrate are masked.

[0107] Following the second masking step 94, the substrate is plated in a gold plating bath for a first time interval in a first plating step 98, with the traces and exterior surface remaining masked. Plating the substrate fills any gaps in the gold, further increasing the thickness of the gold, so that, for example, the inner layer 70 reaches a thickness of 5-40 micrometers, while the diameter of the wide channels decreases to 30-200 micrometers. Narrow channels may also be completely filled.

[0108] Typically, plating of the substrate is electrochemical, whereby the gold already coating the substrate is attracted to gold ions in a plating bath by the flow of electric current through the gold. The amplitude and duration of the electric current may be controlled so that the gold reaches a desired thickness.

[0109] Following the first plating step 98, the masks on the inner and outer surfaces of the substrate are removed in a mask removal step 100, except for the aforementioned exclusion zones designated to insulate the sensing electrodes. Next, at least one coverlay 130 is applied over the traces and over the inner surface exclusion zones in a coverlay application step 101. (In some embodiments, the coverlay 130 is transparent or nearly transparent, as illustrated in the inset of FIG. 5.)

[0110] Typically, the proximal portion of the coverlay 130 covering the tabs 47 is shaped to define a window 132 exposing the solder pads, thereby allowing the solder pads to be thickened during a subsequent plating process. (An additional cover 142 having a window aligned with the window 132 may cover the proximal portion of the coverlay.) Typically, the solder pads are not completely exposed, but rather are maintained in a "captured" state by the coverlay 130, in that one or more edges of each solder pad are covered by the rim of the window 132. Thus, the coverlay 130 helps hold the solder pads down to the substrate 41 during the subsequent soldering process.

[0111] Subsequently, in a second plating step 102, the substrate is plated in the plating bath for a second time interval to fill any gaps in the outer layer 50 and thicken the inner layer, the outer layer, and the plating layer. For example, the second plating can reduce the diameter of the wide channels to 15-150 micrometers while increasing the thickness of the inner layer to 10-50 micrometers. Typically, the final thickness of the inner layer is the same as the thickness of the coverlay to obtain a smooth inner surface. (To avoid any confusion, the term "inner surface" is used herein to refer to the surface formed by the coverlay and the inner gold layer, while the term "inner surface" is used to refer to the underlying surface of the substrate.) In addition, if the narrow channels were not completely filled during the first plating step 98, these channels are completely filled during the second plating step 102. As with the first plating step 98, the amplitude and duration of the current in the plating bath can be controlled to obtain the desired thickness. (In some embodiments, the exterior surface is masked prior to deposition step 92 so that gold is not deposited on the exterior surface during deposition step 92. In such embodiments, a thin layer of gold is deposited on the exterior surface after mask removal step 100 and prior to the second plating step 102.)

[0112] Following the second plating step 102, openings 62 are drilled through the support structure 36 in an opening drilling step 104. (Instead of drilling, the openings may be formed using any other suitable technique, such as chemical etching.) The support structure is then bonded to the inner surface in a bonding step 106 by applying a suitable adhesive between the support structure 36 and the smooth inner surface formed by the coverlay 130 and the inner layer 70, aligning the openings 62 with the irrigation holes 72. Typically, the area of ​​the openings is larger than the area of ​​the irrigation holes to compensate for any small misalignments when bonding the support structure.

[0113] Next, in a deformation step 108, the electrode 40 is deformed into the desired shape. For example, the electrode may be inserted into a forming tool that forms the electrode around a suitable mandrel. After the electrode is inserted into the tool, the tool is placed into an oven. The oven then heats the electrode to a suitable temperature while pressure is applied to the electrode. The combination of heat and pressure causes the electrode to bond to itself in the desired shape.

[0114] In general, the substrate and support structure may be deformed into any desired shape. Typically, however, during the deformation step 108, the substrate and support structure are shaped to define an internal lumen, for example, the substrate and support structure may be shaped to define a thimble including an internal lumen, as described above with reference to Figures 2A and 3. Alternatively, for example, the substrate and support structure may be shaped to define an annulus.

[0115] Typically, to facilitate the manufacture of thimble-shaped electrodes, the substrate 41 comprises two continuous portions, a distal circular portion 41a and a proximal rectangular portion 41b. Similarly, the support structure 36 comprises two continuous portions, a distal support portion 36a including a plurality of spokes 134 radiating from a central hub 136, and a proximal support portion 36b. During the bonding step 106, the distal support portion 36a is bonded to the inner surface of the circular portion 41a, and adhesive is applied to the outer surfaces of the spokes 134 (these surfaces are opposite to those shown in FIG. 5). Additionally, the proximal support portion 36b is bonded to the inner surface of the rectangular portion 41b, leaving a distal portion of the inner surface exposed. Adhesive is applied to the outer surfaces of the overhanging tabs 138 of the proximal support portion 36b, which overhang the sides of the rectangular portion 41b. (Proximal support portion 36b may also overhang the proximal end of rectangular portion 41b.)

[0116] Then, during the deformation step 108, the distal support portion 36a and the circular portion 41a are folded over the top of the core rod, while the proximal support portion 36b and the rectangular portion 41b are wrapped around the core rod. To maintain this configuration, the outer surfaces of the spokes 134 are bonded to the exposed distal portion of the inner surface of the rectangular portion 41b, and the outer surface of the tab 138 is bonded to the opposite end of the proximal support portion 36b. (The inner surface of at least one of the spokes may also be bonded to the tab 138.) Thus, the distal support portion 36a and the circular portion 41a are formed into a dome-shaped portion 40a (see FIG. 2A), while the proximal support portion 36b and the rectangular portion 41b are formed into a cylindrical portion 40b.

[0117] Thereafter, wires are soldered onto the soldering pads in a soldering step 110. Specifically, wires that deliver RF current from the generator 27 (see FIG. 1) are soldered onto gold soldering pads 128, while other wires that deliver signals to the processor 23 are soldered to other soldering pads.

[0118] Finally, in a coupling step 112, the electrodes are coupled to the catheter. For example, the proximal support part 36b may be bonded to the base 58 of the flow diverter (see FIG. 3). Alternatively or additionally, protrusions belonging to the base 58 may snap into complementary holes 140 in the proximal support part 36b, as already described with reference to FIG. 3. The flow diverter may then be coupled to a fluid supply tube belonging to the catheter. (Alternatively, the flow diverter may be coupled to the fluid supply tube before the electrodes are coupled to the flow diverter.)

[0119] Certain known ablation catheters are constructed from double-sided flexible circuits, with the outer metal of the circuit being used to form the catheter tip electrode used for ablation. However, in these known approaches, the polymer layer between the outer and inner metals can create significant thermal resistance and serve to sustain an elevated temperature at the outer surface. One solution to these and other problems is shown in FIGS. 6-8. The illustrated solution thereby significantly increases the heat transfer through the polymer layer (e.g., PCB) through a plurality of thermal vias 80 (e.g., thousands of vias 80) formed in the polymer layer. The vias 80 electrically and thermally bond the outer metal layer 70 to the inner metal layer 50 of the embodiment depicted in FIGS. 6-8, thereby allowing for heat transfer from the outside to the inside, whereby the temperature of the tip 32 can be cooled by saline used for irrigation. The vias 80 shown in FIGS. 6-8 may be solid cylinders, typically gold, or at least some may be plated through the vias, allowing irrigation fluid to travel to the outside.

[0120] The layers 50, 70 are thermally conductive and are particularly effective at transferring heat away from the tissue, at least from the central (and hottest) region of the ablation site, when positioned above the hottest portion of the tissue, as this is clearly dependent on the thermal conductivity of the tip 32. Heat flow through the catheter tip 32 is then increased, including into the fluid (e.g., irrigation and / or blood), by providing a path for heat away from the tissue. Heat is obtained from the outside, and the outer thermally conductive layer 70 passes some of it directly to the blood. Some of the heat flows through a thermal bridge, as described in more detail below. In this regard, the plated irrigation holes described herein can transfer some of the heat to the irrigation fluid, and the inner layer 50 can transfer the remaining heat to the inner layer 50 and through its surface to the irrigation fluid. The irrigation fluid flowing through the plated holes loses some of its heat to the walls of the irrigation holes and most to the blood after leaving the catheter tip 32.

[0121] The purpose of the thermally conductive layers 50, 70 is to increase internal heat flow and therefore provide maximum contact area with the cooling fluid flow (e.g., blood, irrigation, etc.). The layers 50, 70 also aid in efficient heat transfer between the layers increasing the contact area. The layers 50, 70 are also effective in mimicking the structure of an all-metal tip, where cooling occurs from all surfaces exposed to the liquid.

[0122] Specifically, FIG. 6 illustrates a perspective view of an exemplary structural distal tip 32 of the ablation catheter 22 of the present disclosure. As described in more detail below, the tip 32 may include a PCB 160 (more specifically shown in FIGS. 7A-B) that is attached to or otherwise formed with the dome-shaped portion 40a and the cylindrical portion 40b. For example, the PCB 160 may be encased in an inner layer 70 and an outer layer 50, with the irrigation holes 72 and corresponding electrodes of the tip 32 facing the internal tissue of the heart 24. The configuration of the distal tip 32 illustrated in FIG. 6 is merely an exemplary configuration selected for purposes of aiding in conceptual understanding. In alternative embodiments, any other suitable configuration may be used.

[0123] 7A-8 show an exemplary distal tip 32 configuration of the ablation catheter 22 of the present disclosure. Specifically, FIG. 7A shows an inner perspective view of the distal tip 32 in cross section along the centerline of the distal tip 32 showing the inner surface of the distal tip 32, and FIG. 8 shows an outer perspective view of the same exemplary tip 32. It can be seen that the tip 32 in the illustrated example includes a cylindrical portion 40b and a dome-shaped portion 40B, each of which includes selectively positioned irrigation holes 72 and blind vias 80. The blind vias 80 can be provided for electrical conductivity, so that the inner layer 70 is in direct contact with the outer layer 70, and one exemplary distance between each blind via 80 can be about 0.2-0.3 mm. The irrigation holes 72 of the illustrated embodiment can be heat transfer vias by themselves (e.g., with gold-plated walls).

[0124] Referring now to FIG. 7B, this figure shows a schematic of an enlarged longitudinal cross section at CC through the distal tip 32. As can be seen, the example shown is a dual metal layer, whereby an inner layer 70 and an outer layer 50 are shown and constructed from metal. Sandwiched between them can be a PCB 160 having a plurality of selectively positioned vias 80 (e.g., thermal bridges). The inner layer 70 and the outer layer 50 can be constructed from gold and a typical thickness of each can be about 40 micrometers. A typical diameter of the vias 80 in this example can be about 60 micrometers. A typical thickness of the wall plating of the irrigation holes 72 in this example can be about 25 micrometers. A typical thickness of the PCB layer 160 in this example can be about 50 micrometers. Thus, the total shell thickness of the catheter tip 32 shown in FIG. 7A can be about 130 micrometers (i.e., 0.13 mm).

[0125] Various aspects of the disclosed solutions may be understood even more fully from the following description of several example implementations and corresponding results. Some experimental data is presented herein for illustrative purposes and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosed technology in any way or excluding any alternative or additional embodiments.

[0126] A first example of a specific embodiment of the disclosed technique and corresponding results will now be described with respect to FIG. 9. FIG. 9 provides a graphical depiction of results obtained from a finite element simulation (COMSOL) performed to compare the capabilities of a PCB-based catheter tip utilizing interconnected metal layers with a catheter tip without such inventive components (hereafter referred to as a "standard flex circuit"). Simulation parameters were generally the same for the standard flex circuit example and the dual metal layer example with respect to both the ablation conditions (e.g., time, ablation current, irrigation, ablation catheter position, etc.) and the environment including blood and tissue with associated thermoelectric properties and geometries. The ablation catheter 22 in the exemplary analysis was set at a 45° angle to the tissue with a penetration depth of 0.8 mm, which was considered a typical and normal operating condition. Two scenarios were analyzed, including a first scenario in which the ablation current was set at 0-0.63 amperes for up to 30 s, corresponding to 30-40, depending on the measured impedance. The results of this first scenario are shown in Figures 9 and 10. The second scenario included an ablation current, which was set to 0.9 A for a maximum of 5 s, corresponding to 80-100 W depending on the measured impedance. Safety in both scenarios was assessed for temperatures above 130°C, since such temperatures are considered dangerous due to a high probability of tissue rupture due to steam buildup (e.g., steam pop).

[0127] Turning to FIG. 9, which shows the results of the first scenario, a temperature field is shown with a maximum of about 130° C. for the standard flex circuit distal tip. Specifically, it can be seen that the distal tip 32 is positioned on the ablation surface and maintained at an ablation current of about 0.63 amps for about 4.7 seconds, which results in a lesion width of about 4.6 mm and a lesion depth of about 3.0 mm. FIG. 10 shows a temperature field of about 130° C. maximum for an exemplary dual metal layer distal tip ablation catheter. Specifically, it can be seen that the distal tip 32 is positioned on the ablation surface and maintained at an ablation current of about 0.63 amps for 30 seconds, which results in a lesion width of about 8.9 mm and a lesion depth of about 5.6 mm. In other words, compared to the demonstrated results of the standard flex circuit distal tip, the dual metal layer distal tip (e.g., a similar embodiment of tip 32 shown in FIGS. 7-8) at an ablation current of about 0.63 amps demonstrated about a 93.5% improvement in lesion width (i.e., from about 4.6 mm to about 9.6 mm), about an 86.7% improvement in lesion depth (i.e., from 3 mm to 5.6 mm), and about a 538.3% improvement in what is considered to be a clinically safe ablation time (i.e., ablation time between observation of unsafe temperature from about 4.7 seconds to about 30 seconds). Stated differently, the catheter tip 32 configuration of FIGS. 7-8 was clearly safer, more effective, more durable, and provided a larger ablation site than the standard flex circuit tip at an ablation current of about 0.63 amps.

[0128] Turning to FIG. 11, which shows the results of the second scenario, a temperature field is shown with a maximum of about 130° C. for the standard flex circuit distal tip. Specifically, it can be seen that the distal tip 32 of the catheter 22 is positioned at the ablation surface and an ablation current is maintained at about 0.90 amps for 1.7 seconds, which results in a lesion width of 4.3 mm and a lesion depth of 2.6 mm. FIG. 12 shows a temperature field of a maximum of about 130° C. for an exemplary dual metal layer distal tip ablation catheter. Specifically, it can be seen that the distal tip 32 is positioned at the ablation surface and an ablation current is maintained at about 0.90 amps for 4.5 seconds, which results in a lesion width of about 6.9 mm and a lesion depth of about 3.6 mm. In other words, when compared to the depicted results of the dual metal layer (e.g., a similar embodiment of tip 32 shown in FIGS. 7-8) at about 0.90 amps ablation current in FIG. 11, the exemplary dual metal layer tip demonstrated about a 60.5% improvement in lesion width (i.e., from about 4.3 mm to 6.9 mm), about a 38.5% improvement in lesion depth (i.e., from 2.6 mm to 3.6 mm), and about a 164.7% improvement in what is believed to be a clinically safe ablation time (i.e., ablation time between observation of unsafe temperature of about 1.7 s to about 4.5 s). Stated differently, the catheter tip 32 configuration of FIGS. 7-8 demonstrates what is believed to be safer, more effective, more durable, and imparted a larger ablation site than the standard flex circuit tip at about 0.90 amps ablation current.

[0129] 13 shows a map of heat flux for a dual metal layer, constructed of platinum and connected by thermal vias 80 through an exemplary PCB 160, whereby the catheter 22 during the simulation was positioned at an angle of approximately 45° to the tissue and maintained at an insertion of 1 mm for 30 seconds.

[0130] 14 shows a temperature map for a dual metal layer, constructed of platinum and connected by thermal vias 80 through an exemplary PCB 160, whereby the catheter 22 was positioned in a vertical insertion orientation (e.g., at an angle of about 90° with the tissue) and maintained for 2.5 seconds.

[0131] FIG. 15 shows a graph summarizing maximum tissue temperature during ablation between a standard flex circuit and a dual metal layer distal catheter tip 32. An ablation current of about 0.63 amps (about 35 W) is shown over an ablation duration of 0 to 30 seconds with temperatures ranging from about 40 to 220° C. during ablation. It can be seen that the temperature curve of the standard flex circuit distal tip reaches the temperature safety limit of 130° C. after about 5 seconds of ablation time. In contrast, the dual metal layer distal catheter tip of the present disclosure never reaches the temperature safety limit of 130° even after 30 seconds of ablation time.

[0132] FIG. 16 shows a graph summarizing maximum tissue temperature during ablation between the flex and dual metal layer distal catheter tip 32. An ablation current of 0.9A (approximately 90W equivalent) is shown over 0-5 seconds of ablation with temperatures ranging from approximately 40-245°C during ablation. It can be seen that the temperature curve for the standard flex circuit distal tip reaches its temperature safety limit of 130° after approximately 4.5 seconds of ablation time. In contrast, the dual metal layer distal catheter tip of the present disclosure reaches its temperature safety limit of 130° after approximately 1.7 seconds of ablation time.

[0133] 17 shows a perspective view of heat generated in a hemisphere of radius about 2 mm under an exemplary illustration of a dual metal layer distal tip 32 of a catheter 22 of the present disclosure at about 1.5 W. The hemisphere shown is generally around where the center of ablation of the distal tip 32 generally resides. Of course, the hemisphere shown represents only one embodiment, and ablation sites of other shapes are also contemplated, along with ablation radii according to the solutions of the present disclosure.

[0134] FIG. 18 shows a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a dual metal layer distal tip of a catheter in contact with tissue. The total heat flux through the surface of the distal tip 32 of FIG. 18 is about −0.82 W, compared to about −0.3 W for the standard flex circuit tip of the present disclosure. Thus, from the original 1.5 W, the dual metal layer distal tip retains 0.7 W versus 1.2 W for the standard flex circuit, an increase of about 71.5%. Other cases (e.g., a single metal layer) have been shown to fall between the extremes. While the above oversimplifies the various features and systems, it is relatively clear that without an efficient cooling method for the hotter regions of the distal tip 32, the ablation site will develop a temperature high enough to prevent the formation of a lesion beyond a certain size within the limits of safety.

[0135] FIG. 19 is a flow chart for a method 1900 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Step 1910 includes inserting a distal end of a catheter into a subject's body, the distal end including an outer layer of a thermally conductive metal, an inner layer of a thermally conductive metal, a polymer layer between the inner layer and the outer layer, and a plurality of thermal bridges selectively disposed through the polymer layer between the inner layer and the outer layer, thereby significantly increasing the thermal transfer of the catheter tip through the polymer layer. Step 1920 includes passing an ablation current through the outer layer to the tissue while in contact with the tissue, generating heat in the tissue and causing it to transfer through the thermal bridges to the inner thermally conductive layer. Step 1930 includes contacting the subject's tissue with the outer layer following the insertion of the distal end of the catheter into the subject's body. Step 1940 includes draining the heat from the inner thermally conductive layer into the subject's blood by draining irrigation fluid through a plurality of irrigation channels through the inner layer, the outer layer, and the polymer layer.

[0136] FIG. 20 is a flow chart of a method 2000 of manufacturing a catheter tip electrode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Step 2010 includes drilling a plurality of thermal bridges through a flexible, thermally insulating polymer substrate. Step 2020 includes sandwiching the flexible, thermally insulating polymer substrate between the inner and outer surfaces using a thermally conductive metal. It is understood that any thermally conductive material can be used in the examples disclosed herein, including diamond. The catheter tip electrode may also be a separate thin (e.g., about 1 micrometer) metal layer deposited on a thermally conductive layer.

[0137] Instead of, or in addition to, the traces described above, any other suitable electrical or electronic components may be deposited on the inner surface of the substrate. Such components may include a thermistor for measuring tissue temperature, a pressure sensor for measuring the pressure applied to the distal end of the catheter, and / or an electromagnetic sensor for navigating the catheter. These components (along with suitable surrounding exclusion zones) may be masked or covered whenever masking or covering is necessary, as already described for the traces.

[0138] It should be noted that the scope of the present disclosure includes any suitable modifications made to method 82 with respect to the order of steps performed and / or with respect to the various materials used, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, any suitable thermally conductive metal could be used in place of copper, gold, or constantan.

[0139] In general, the embodiments described herein can be combined with any of the embodiments described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2018 / 0110562 or U.S. Patent Application No. 15 / 793126, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0140] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present disclosure is not limited to what has been specifically shown and described herein. Rather, the scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described herein, as well as variations and modifications of features not present in the prior art that would occur to a person skilled in the art upon reading the above description. Documents incorporated by reference into this patent application shall be considered as part of this application, except that if any term is defined in these incorporated documents in a manner that is inconsistent with the definition expressly or implicitly made herein, then only the definition in this specification shall be considered.

[0141] [Embodiment] (1) An electrophysiology catheter tip for use in ablation, comprising: an outer layer of an electrically and thermally conductive metal; an inner layer of an electrically and thermally conductive metal; a polymer layer between the inner layer and the outer layer; a plurality of thermal bridges selectively disposed through the polymer layer between the inner layer and the outer layer; 1. An electrophysiology catheter tip, comprising: a catheter tip configured to: provide a catheter with a polymer layer that increases the heat transfer at the catheter tip through the polymer layer such that when about 0.63 amps is delivered to the outer layer tip, at least about a 100% improvement in clinically safe ablation time is achieved compared to a standard flex circuit ablation catheter having an ablation current of about 0.63 amps; and when about 0.90 amps is delivered to the outer layer of the tip, at least about a 100% improvement in clinically safe ablation time is achieved compared to a standard flex circuit ablation catheter having an ablation current of about 0.90 amps. (2) A catheter tip portion as described in embodiment 1, wherein the plurality of thermal bridges includes at least 1,000 thermal bridges. (3) The catheter tip of embodiment 1, wherein the thermal bridge electrically and thermally bonds the inner layer and the outer layer, thereby allowing heat transfer from the outside to the inside of the catheter tip, and the temperature can be cooled by saline used during irrigation. (4) the thermal bridge comprises a solid cylinder, allowing the irrigation fluid to transfer heat to the exterior; 2. The catheter tip of embodiment 1, wherein the thermal bridge has a diameter of about 60 micrometers. (5) The catheter tip of embodiment 1, wherein the distance between the thermal bridges is about 0.2 to 0.3 mm.

[0142] (6) a plurality of electrodes oriented to contact cardiac tissue; 2. The catheter tip of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of metal irrigation holes disposed between the inner layer and the outer layer. (7) The catheter tip of embodiment 6, wherein the thickness of the wall plating within the irrigation holes is about 25 micrometers. (8) The catheter tip of embodiment 6, wherein the outer layer comprises a total shell thickness of about 130 micrometers. (9) The catheter tip of embodiment 6, wherein the catheter tip is configured to generate a thermally generated hemispherical ablation site having a radius of at least about 2 mm. (10) a cylindrical section; A catheter tip as described in embodiment 6, further comprising a dome section distal to the cylindrical section, and the bridge being a thermal bridge disposed within the cylindrical section and the dome section.

[0143] (11) The catheter tip of embodiment 1, further comprising a catheter configured for insertion into a subject's body, the support structure coupled to a distal end of the catheter, the distal end of the catheter comprising a flow diverter configured to divert fluid received from the proximal end of the catheter, the support structure coupled to the flow diverter such that the flow diverter is disposed inside the inner lumen. (12) A method comprising the steps of: Inserting a distal end of a catheter into a body of a subject, the distal end comprising: an electrical and thermal outer layer; an electrically and thermally conductive inner layer; a polymer layer between the inner layer and the outer layer; a plurality of thermal bridges selectively disposed through the polymer layer between the inner layer and the outer layer, thereby significantly increasing the heat transfer of the catheter tip through the polymer layer; contacting tissue of the subject with the outer layer following insertion of the distal end of the catheter into the body of the subject; while in contact with the tissue, passing an ablation current through the outer layer to the tissue, generating heat in the tissue which is transferred through the thermal bridge to the inner thermally conductive layer; and draining the heat from the inner thermally conductive layer into the subject's blood by passing irrigation fluid through a plurality of irrigation channels through the inner layer, the outer layer, and the polymer layer. (13) orienting the distal end of the catheter at either a 45° or 90° angle relative to the tissue; penetrating the tissue to a penetration depth; 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising ablating tissue with the ablation current through the distal end of the catheter at a predetermined safe temperature for a predetermined duration. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the penetration depth is about 0.8 mm. (15) The method of embodiment 13, wherein the step of ablating tissue results in a lesion depth of about 5.6 mm at an ablation current of about 0.63 amperes.

[0144] (16) The method of embodiment 13, wherein the step of ablating tissue results in a lesion width of about 8.9 mm at an ablation current of about 0.63 amperes. (17) The method of embodiment 13, wherein the predetermined duration is at least about 30 seconds, the ablation current is about 0.63 amperes, and the catheter maintains the ablation site at or below about 130° C. throughout the ablation, thereby avoiding tissue rupture. (18) The method of embodiment 13, wherein the step of ablating tissue results in at least about a 93% improvement in lesion width relative to a standard flex circuit ablation catheter having an ablation current of about 0.63 amperes. (19) The method of embodiment 13, wherein the step of ablating tissue results in at least about a 500% improvement in clinically safe ablation time relative to a standard flex circuit ablation catheter having an ablation current of about 0.63 amperes. (20) The method of embodiment 13, wherein the step of ablating tissue results in at least about an 85% improvement in lesion depth relative to a standard flex circuit ablation catheter having an ablation current of about 0.63 amperes.

[0145] (21) The method of embodiment 13, wherein the predetermined duration is at least about 5 seconds, the ablation current is about 0.90 amperes, and the catheter maintains the ablation site at or below about 130° C. throughout the ablation, thereby avoiding tissue rupture. (22) The method of embodiment 13, wherein the step of ablating tissue results in at least about a 60% improvement in lesion width relative to a standard flex circuit ablation catheter having an ablation current of about 0.90 amperes. (23) The method of embodiment 13, wherein the step of ablating tissue results in at least about a 160% improvement in clinically safe ablation time relative to a standard flex circuit ablation catheter having an ablation current of about 0.90 amps. (24) The method of embodiment 13, wherein the step of ablating tissue results in at least about a 38% improvement in lesion depth relative to a standard flex circuit ablation catheter having an ablation current of about 0.90 amperes. (25) The method of embodiment 13, wherein the step of ablating tissue results in a lesion depth of about 3.6 mm at an ablation current of about 0.90 amperes.

[0146] (26) The method of embodiment 13, wherein the step of ablating tissue results in a lesion width of about 6.9 mm at an ablation current of about 0.90 amperes. (27) A method comprising the steps of: Drilling a plurality of thermal bridges through a flexible thermally insulating polymer substrate; and sandwiching said flexible, thermally insulating polymer substrate between an inner surface and an outer surface using a thermally conductive metal. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising drilling a plurality of irrigation holes through the inner layer, the outer layer and the thermally insulating polymeric substrate, the irrigation holes having a diameter greater than the thermal bridge. (29) bonding the thermally conductive metal covering the inner layer to a support structure of an ablation catheter; 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising molding the substrate and the support structure to define an internal lumen. (30) Molding the substrate and the support structure molding the substrate and the support structure to define a thimble including the internal lumen; 30. The method of embodiment 29, comprising coupling the support structure to a distal end of a catheter configured for insertion inside the body of a subject.

Claims

1. 1. An electrophysiology catheter tip for use in ablation, comprising: a polymeric layer having an inner surface and an outer surface, the polymeric layer being shaped to define: (i) a plurality of narrow channels passing between the inner surface and the outer surface; and (ii) one or more wider channels passing between the inner surface and the outer surface; an outer layer of an electrically and thermally conductive metal covering at least a portion of the outer surface; an inner layer of an electrically and thermally conductive metal covering at least a portion of the inner surface; a plating layer of the electrically and thermally conductive metal, the plating layer plating the wide channel and connecting the outer layer to the inner layer; columns of the electrically and thermally conductive metal, each of which fills the narrow channels and connects the outer layer to the inner layer, the outer layer including conductive pathways on the outer surface between and joining the columns, and the inner layer including conductive pathways on the inner surface between and joining the columns; A catheter tip comprising:

2. The catheter tip of claim 1 , wherein the polymer layer is shaped to define at least 1000 of the narrow channels.

3. 10. The catheter tip of claim 1, wherein the narrow and wide channels electrically and thermally bond the inner and outer layers, thereby allowing heat transfer from the outside to the inside of the catheter tip, the temperature of which can be cooled by saline used during irrigation.

4. the one or more wide channels allowing irrigation fluid to transfer heat to the exterior surface; The catheter tip of claim 1 , wherein each of the narrow channels has a diameter of 60 micrometers.

5. The catheter tip of claim 1, wherein the distance between the narrow channels is between 0.2 and 0.3 mm.

6. a plurality of electrodes oriented to contact the cardiac tissue; The catheter tip of claim 1 , wherein the one or more wide channels include one or more irrigation holes disposed between the inner layer and the outer layer.

7. The catheter tip of claim 6, wherein the thickness of the plating layer within the irrigation holes is 25 micrometers.

8. The catheter tip of claim 6, wherein the combined thickness of the outer layer, the inner layer and the polymer layer is 130 micrometers.

9. The catheter tip of claim 6, wherein the catheter tip is configured to generate a thermally generated hemispherical ablation site of at least 2 mm radius.

10. A cylindrical section; a dome section distal to the cylindrical section, The catheter tip of claim 6 , wherein the plurality of narrow channels and the one or more wide channels are disposed within the cylindrical section and the dome section.

11. 10. The catheter tip of claim 1, further comprising a catheter configured to be inserted into a subject's body, a support structure coupled to a distal end of the catheter, the distal end of the catheter comprising a flow diverter configured to divert fluid received from a proximal end of the catheter, the support structure coupled to the flow diverter such that the flow diverter is disposed inside an inner lumen.

12. The catheter tip of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of narrow channels include openings in the outer surface, the openings comprising at least 10 percent of a total surface area of ​​the outer surface.

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