Metasurface module and optical device

Abstract

To provide a metasurface module and an optical device for preventing reduction in color reproducibility.SOLUTION: A metasurface module is provided, comprising a distributed Bragg reflector layer (DBR layer) 80 and a metasurface layer 70 provided on the DBR layer 80. The metasurface layer 70 includes a plurality of nanostructures 41 provided on the DBR layer 80, the plurality of nanostructures 41 being arranged in a predetermined configuration. The plurality of nanostructures 41 is configured to change modulation of light emitted from a light source and separate a spectral of the light into a plurality of specific bands.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 4D

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of optical technology, in particular to a super surface module, an augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) / hybrid reality (MR) glasses and the sensing device therefor (e.g., time-of-flight) and its spectral applications.

[0002] Stereoscopic 3D imaging typically uses glasses with two different complementary color bands or different polarizations. These methods are inexpensive and compatible with full-color displays and projectors. However, these technologies, especially stereoscopic relief technology, can result in inaccurate color reproduction (color distortion) and retinal competition, which can lead to poor 3D image rendering and visual fatigue. To reduce retinal competition, more color information needs to be delivered to each eye. In current stereoscopic images (e.g., red-cyan, green-magenta, yellow-blue), one eye receives one primary color band, and the other eye receives two primary color bands (e.g., cyan is a combination of blue and green).

[0003] Crosstalk (also known as superimposition) also inhibits the brain's ability to fully perceive a true color 3D image from the two slightly different images perceived by each eye. Therefore, crosstalk signals entering red and blue pixels typically come from the green pixel, causing the red and blue pixels' spectra to leak into the green region. Similarly, a green pixel receives crosstalk signals from two red and two blue pixels. Therefore, imperfect bandpass color filters can cause color to leak from one channel into another, causing discomfort to the user. The hypersurface module disclosed herein functions as a hypersurface-based color filter, precisely adjusting the wavelength bands of each color so that they do not overlap.

[0004] Each eye can see different colors and have different degrees of polarization. The current supersurface module supports monochromatic or multicolor modulation, offers great design flexibility, and allows precise tuning of the wavelength bands of each color. This example can also be easily integrated into existing AR / VR / MR eyewear, including waveguide, pancake, bird-shaped, and freeform optical components. Furthermore, the application of the supersurface module is not limited to the above-mentioned applications, but has potential for other applications, such as spectroscopy, sensing devices, time-of-flight (ToF), optical angular momentum (OAM) generators or classifiers, and superlenses. <Disadvantages of the prior art>

[0005] 1. Color-reciprocating filter (see Figure 1A), cross-polarized (see Figure 1B), and active shutter-based (see Figure 1C) glasses (e.g., liquid crystal glasses (not shown)) have been investigated and are shown in Figures 1A-1D. As shown in Figure 1B, cross-polarized glasses are the most common type of glasses used in 3D cinemas. However, due to the following fundamental problems, these glasses are not suitable for the most demanding applications on the market and typically have poor color reproduction.

[0006] 2. It is not comfortable to watch for long periods of time (depth continuity issues).

[0007] 3. The overlap can be reduced by removing a small amount of the opposing color from the source image, but this reduces color reproduction.

[0008] 4. Color space imaging algorithms for reproducing true colors will not work if crosstalk is present.

[0009] Therefore, we need to create better color filters to seamlessly control crosstalk and reconsider stereoscopic images as an example of high-level 3D image rendering, with each eye seeing more color bands with different polarizations to ensure that only left eye content reaches the left eye and right eye content reaches the right eye. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0010] In view of the above, the present invention aims to provide a super surface module and optical device to solve the above problems. [Means for solving the problem]

[0011] One embodiment of the present application provides an ultra-surface module, the ultra-surface module including a DBR layer and an ultra-surface layer disposed on the DBR layer, the ultra-surface layer including a plurality of nanostructures disposed on the DBR layer, the plurality of nanostructures being arranged in a predetermined arrangement, the plurality of nanostructures being arranged to change optical modulation of light emitted from a light source and separate the spectrum of the light into a plurality of specific wavelength bands.

[0012] Another embodiment of the present application provides an optical device, comprising: at least one light-emitting source and a super-surface module as described above, wherein the at least one super-surface module is arranged to receive light emitted from the at least one light-emitting source and reflect the light to a target.

[0013] The above-mentioned super surface module can seamlessly control crosstalk by creating superior color filters, and stereoscopic images can be reconsidered as an example of high-level 3D image rendering. Also, each eye of the user can see more color bands with different polarization, ensuring that only left eye content reaches the left eye and right eye content reaches the right eye. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0014] [Figure 1A] An example of 3D imaging glasses with color filters in the prior art is shown, which are illustrated as cyan and red color bands (the color bands may be any complementary color bands, such as red-cyan, green-magenta, yellow-blue, etc.). [Figure 1B]Another example of 3D image glasses with cross-polarized glasses in the prior art is shown, which may be linear polarizers or circular polarizers. [Figure 1C] An example of prior art 3D imaging glasses with shutter glasses is shown, which switch between images faster than the detection rate (frame rate) of the human eye, creating the illusion of movement. [Figure 1D] This section describes an example of 3D imaging glasses in the prior art, which capture surrounding objects with a camera, reconstruct a 3D image based on the captured object, and display it to the user via the display of the AR / VR / MR glasses. [Figure 2A] 1 shows an example in which a super surface module according to an embodiment of the present application is applied to optical waveguide AR / VR / MR glasses. [Figure 2B] 10 shows an example in which a super surface module according to another embodiment of the present application is applied to pancake-type AR / VR / MR glasses. [Figure 2C] 10 shows an example in which a hyper surface module according to another embodiment of the present application is applied to free-form AR / VR / MR glasses. [Figure 3] 1 shows a schematic diagram of AR / VR / MR glasses including the above-mentioned hyper surface module according to one embodiment of the present application. [Figure 4A] 1 illustrates examples of nanostructures, DBR layer units, and passive and active supersurface modules according to some embodiments of the present application. [Figure 4B] 1 illustrates examples of nanostructures, DBR layer units, and passive and active supersurface modules according to some embodiments of the present application. [Figure 4C] 1 illustrates examples of nanostructures, DBR layer units, and passive and active supersurface modules according to some embodiments of the present application. [Figure 4D] 1 illustrates examples of nanostructures, DBR layer units, and passive and active supersurface modules according to some embodiments of the present application. [Figure 4E]1 illustrates examples of nanostructures, DBR layer units, and passive and active supersurface modules according to some embodiments of the present application. [Figure 4F] 1 illustrates examples of nanostructures, DBR layer units, and passive and active supersurface modules according to some embodiments of the present application. [Figure 4G] 1 illustrates examples of nanostructures, DBR layer units, and passive and active supersurface modules according to some embodiments of the present application. [Figure 4H] 1 illustrates examples of nanostructures, DBR layer units, and passive and active supersurface modules according to some embodiments of the present application. [Figure 5A] 1 illustrates a top view of the geometry of one or more nanostructures according to some embodiments of the present application. [Figure 5B] 1 illustrates a top view of the geometry of one or more nanostructures according to some embodiments of the present application. [Figure 5C] 1 illustrates a top view of the geometry of one or more nanostructures according to some embodiments of the present application. [Figure 5D] 1 illustrates a top view of the geometry of one or more nanostructures according to some embodiments of the present application. [Figure 5E] 1 illustrates a top view of the geometry of one or more nanostructures according to some embodiments of the present application. [Figure 5F] 1 illustrates a top view of the geometry of one or more nanostructures according to some embodiments of the present application. [Figure 6A] An embodiment of the hypersurface module and two kinds of spacing definitions applied between every two adjacent units of the hypersurface module 60U are shown, and an embodiment of the hypersurface module 60 is specifically shown. [Figure 6B] An example of a hypersurface module and two types of spacing definitions applied between every two adjacent units of the hypersurface module 60U are shown, specifically an example of a type of spacing definition (center to center) applied between every two adjacent units of the hypersurface module 60U, where the hypersurface module 60 may be composed of multiple units of the hypersurface module 60U. [Figure 6C] An example of a hypersurface module and two types of spacing definitions applied between every two adjacent units of the hypersurface module 60U are shown, specifically an example of another type of spacing definition (edge ​​to edge) applied between every two adjacent units of the hypersurface module 60U, where the hypersurface module 60 may be composed of multiple units of the hypersurface module 60U. [Figure 7] A schematic diagram of a supersurface module 60 based on a DBR having multiple pairs of high and low refractive index material layers and a plan view of a single square layout 40 of nanostructures 41 are shown, where the type of supersurface module 60 and arrangement 40 in a single arrangement can be seen. [Figure 8A] FIG. 7 shows some examples of plan views of arrangements 40 of nanostructures 41 that create a supersurface array, specifically showing a single square arrangement. [Figure 8B] FIG. 7 shows some examples of top views of arrangements 40 of nanostructures 41 that create a hypersurface array, specifically showing rectangular arrangements. [Figure 8C] FIG. 7 shows some examples of top views of arrangements 40 of nanostructures 41 that create a supersurface array, specifically showing trapezoidal shapes. [Figure 8D] FIG. 7 shows some examples of plan views of arrangements 40 of nanostructures 41 that create a supersurface array, specifically showing an L-shaped arrangement. [Figure 8E] FIG. 7 shows several embodiments of plan views of arrangements 40 of nanostructures 41 that create a supersurface array, specifically showing a square non-overlapping array arrangement. [Figure 8F] FIG. 7 shows several embodiments of plan views of arrangements 40 of nanostructures 41 that create a supersurface array, specifically showing circular overlapping arrays. [Figure 9] 4 shows a schematic diagram of a DBR-based hypersurface module with one spacing layer 433 and m DBRs, with no spacing layer between every two DBRs. [Figure 10]4 shows a schematic diagram of a DBR-based supersurface module with one spacing layer 433 and three DBRs, with no spacing layer between every two DBRs. [Figure 11A] 4 shows a schematic diagram of a DBR-based supersurface module with one spacing layer 433 and multiple DBRs (including spacing layers Sp disposed between every two DBRs). [Figure 11B] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a DBR-based supersurface module, and another figure shows the effect on the reflected light of the DBR-based supersurface module when applying spacing layers Sp (where p=1) of different thicknesses between every two DBRs. [Figure 11C] 1 is a schematic diagram of a DBR-based supersurface module, and another diagram illustrates the effect of the DBR-based supersurface module on reflected light, depicting the effect on reflected light of spacing layers 433 of different thicknesses located between the supersurface layer 70 and all DBRs. [Figure 11D] 1 is a schematic diagram of two examples of DBR-based supersurface modules, showing the effect of the DBR-based supersurface module on reflected light, and illustrating the effect of varying the DBR thickness on reflected light. [Figure 11E] Two examples of DBR-based hypersurface modules are shown, each with three DBRs and a different logarithm of each DBR. [Figure 11F] A comparison is shown of the bandwidth produced by a DBR layer without nanostructures and the same DBR layer with nanostructures. [Figure 12A] An example of wavelength band adjustment and the number of wavelength bands in a multi-band scheme is shown, specifically, five wavelength bands (colors). [Figure 12B] An example of wavelength band adjustment and the number of wavelength bands in a multi-band scheme is shown, specifically, three wavelength bands (colors). [Figure 12C] An example of wavelength band adjustment and the number of wavelength bands in a multi-band scheme is shown, specifically having two wavelength bands (colors). [Figure 13A] 4 shows a nanostructure with a single band structure, with a covering layer having a spacing layer 433 of uniform thickness. [Figure 13B]4 shows a nanostructure with a single band structure, with a cladding layer without a spacing layer 433 of uniform thickness. [Figure 13C] 4 shows a nanostructure with a single band structure, with a cladding layer having at least one spacing layer 433NU of non-uniform thickness. [Figure 13D] 4 shows a nanostructure with a single band structure, but without a cladding layer having at least one spacing layer 433NU of non-uniform thickness. [Figure 14] 13A-13D show examples of band tuning in a single band scheme with a single band structure. [Figure 15] This shows that the cell thickness of each layer of the hypersurface module proposed in this application can be completely uniform (t1 = t2 = t3 = t4) t3, completely non-uniform (t1 ≠ t2 ≠ t3 ≠ t4), or partly uniform and partly non-uniform. [Figure 16A] The wavelength range and amplitude of a single band of the supersurface module are shown. [Figure 16B] The wavelength bands and amplitudes of the multi-band supersurface module are shown. [Figure 17A] Examples of nanostructure arrangements with different shapes arranged on the proposed ultrasurface module are shown, where the shape of the nanostructures can change from isotropic to anisotropic shapes, or can be a combination of isotropic and anisotropic shaped nanostructures or gratings. [Figure 17B] 10A-10C are examples of nanostructure arrangements with different shaped nanostructures arranged on the proposed ultrasurface module, where the shape of the nanostructures can change from isotropic to anisotropic shapes, or may be a combination of isotropic and anisotropic shaped nanostructures or gratings. [Figure 17C] 10A-10C are examples of nanostructure arrangements with different shaped nanostructures arranged on the proposed ultrasurface module, where the shape of the nanostructures can change from isotropic to anisotropic shapes, or may be a combination of isotropic and anisotropic shaped nanostructures or gratings. [Figure 17D] 10A-10C are examples of nanostructure arrangements with different shaped nanostructures arranged on the proposed ultrasurface module, where the shape of the nanostructures can change from isotropic to anisotropic shapes, or may be a combination of isotropic and anisotropic shaped nanostructures or gratings. [Figure 17E] 10A-10C are examples of nanostructure arrangements with different shaped nanostructures arranged on the proposed ultrasurface module, where the shape of the nanostructures can change from isotropic to anisotropic shapes, or may be a combination of isotropic and anisotropic shaped nanostructures or gratings. [Figure 18A] 1 shows a schematic diagram of the mechanism by which the supersurface module with DBR proposed in this application achieves multi-band (or single-band) color separation. [Figure 18B] 1 shows a schematic diagram of the proposed supersurface module with DBR applied to a pair of glasses, where each eye receives a different color band with a different polarization, where R, G, B, C, M and Y represent the red, green, blue, cyan, magenta and yellow color bands, respectively. [Figure 18C] Schematic diagram of band tuning of a Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) using different layers of repeated pairs of high and low refractive index material layers. The top section shows the DBR layer, the middle section shows the DBR layers of two DBRs, and the bottom section shows three DBRs. [Figure 18D] Schematic diagram of the DBR-based hypersurface module for the left eye (upper section) and right eye (lower section). [Figure 18E] The relationship between the Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase distribution and the rotation of the nanostructure is shown. As shown, all color bands support phase changes from 0 to 2π and beyond. [Figure 18F] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the effect of increasing the “logarithm N1 of DBR” on the DBR bandwidth. [Figure 19A]1 is a diagram showing optical waveguide glasses to which the super surface module proposed in the present application is applied; [Figure 19B] FIG. 1 shows a pair of pancake / aspheric eyeglasses to which the proposed hypersurface module is applied. [Figure 19C] 1 is a diagram showing freeform eyeglasses to which the hypersurface module proposed in the present application is applied; [Figure 20A] This paper presents an application example in which the proposed hyper-surface module is applied to an optical device. For example, the proposed hyper-surface module is designed for color alignment and crosstalk of right and left eye glasses. Here, DOE stands for diffractive optical element, and in this paper refers to the proposed hyper-surface module. [Figure 20B] An example of application of the super surface module proposed in this application to an optical device is shown below. [Figure 20C] An example of application of the super surface module proposed in this application to an optical device is shown below. [Figure 20D] An example of application of the super surface module proposed in this application to an optical device is shown below. [Figure 21] The proposed hypersurface module is applied to optical detectors, such as optical angular momentum (OAM) generators or classifiers, hyperlenses, spectral (e.g., Raman) and time-of-flight (ToF) sensing devices. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0015] The embodiments of the present application will be described in detail below. The embodiments described with reference to the drawings are illustrative and do not limit the present application. The same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar parts or parts having similar functions.

[0016] Unless otherwise defined, all technical terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. The technical terms used herein are used to fully understand the embodiments described herein and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the embodiments.

[0017] The following provides some definitions that apply throughout this disclosure.

[0018] The term "couple" is defined to mean a connection, whether direct or indirect through intermediate components, and is not necessarily limited to a physical connection. The term "substantially" means substantially conforming to a particular size, shape, or other term that the term modifies, without the components necessarily being precise. The term "comprises" means "including, but not limited to."

[0019] The following disclosure provides many different embodiments for realizing different structures of the present application. To simplify the disclosure of the present application, components and arrangements in specific examples will be described. It will be understood that these are merely examples and are not intended to limit the present application. Furthermore, the present application may use the same reference numerals or characters repeatedly in different examples. Such repetition is for the sake of brevity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the different embodiments and / or arrangements discussed.

[0020] Human stereoscopic vision can be stimulated by displaying two precisely processed images to each eye. Stereoscopic vision begins to function when the images seen by both eyes are similar in all attributes but the object's position is slightly shifted horizontally. However, any additional differences in intensity, color, time, focus, or object shape can unconsciously overload the visual system. Depending on the degree of this difference, users may experience an unimmersive 3D experience, experience discomfort or headaches, or even lose depth perception completely. In recent years, in addition to its use in 3D cinemas, stereoscopic imaging technology has also been widely applied to smart glasses.

[0021] Currently, AR / VR / MR glasses are rapidly evolving, providing users with superior image quality not available on traditional televisions or smartphones. However, creating well-generated 3D objects requires a significant processing load on the GPU, which quickly drains battery life. Furthermore, complex objects may not be fast enough to meet the real-time demands of applications. Furthermore, camera capture and 3D image display glasses only function when ambient light is sufficient; otherwise, errors in creating 3D images can cause eye discomfort. Furthermore, cross-polarized, filter wheel, active color filters, dichroic filters, dual complementary channel switching, and complementary color stereo glasses used to generate 3D images tend to suffer from crosstalk and inaccurate color reproduction due to imperfections in the polarizers and color filters, leading to eye fatigue. This disclosure discloses a multi-waveband supersurface module, which allows crosstalk between the wavebands generated by the supersurface module to be fully tuned. Furthermore, each eye can receive image content with different polarizations, ensuring that each eye sees only the intended image and minimizing crosstalk.

[0022] Once crosstalk is mitigated, color matching algorithms in CIELAB (CIELUV) color space can match perceived color features, especially hue, rather than mitigating the perceived stereo image color and the sum of the distances between stereo image pairs.

[0023] The ultra-surface module 60 of the present application is applicable to different platforms, including different displays. The term "display" in this specification may include laser beam scanners (LBS), micro light-emitting diodes (μLEDs), micro organic light-emitting diodes (μOLEDs), liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LCOS), digital micromirror devices (DMDs), digital light processors (DLPs), micro and pico projectors, etc. Also included may be various combiners (couplers), such as free-form half mirrors, birdbaths, pancake lenses, spherical lenses, freeform prisms, holographic optical elements (HOEs), cascaded mirrors, grating couplers, surface relief gratings (SRGs), volume Bragg gratings (VBGs), polarization volume gratings (PVGs), holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals (HPDLCs), hybrid curved holographic reflectors (HCHRs), pin mirrors, partial reflectors, half-tone reflectors, meta-waveguides, metasurfaces, metalens, or other diffractive elements.

[0024] The ultra-surface module 60 is also applicable to spectroscopic and Time of Flight applications because of its ability to ultra-finely separate the spectrum of incident light into as many wavelength bands as required.

[0025] Hereinafter, the embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the drawings. The following examples are illustrative, and details can be changed within the scope of the principles of the present disclosure. Therefore, it should be understood that the examples can be modified within the scope of the claims.

[0026] Unless otherwise defined, all technical terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art. The technical terms used herein are used to provide a clear understanding of the embodiments described herein, but should not be construed as limiting the examples.

[0027] 1A-1D show representative prior art 3D imaging techniques, including a display 10A and AR / VR / MR glasses 100. FIG. 1A shows prior art 3D imaging techniques using color filter glasses 100 with any complementary color band (e.g., red-cyan, green-magenta, yellow-blue). For example, FIG. 1A uses cyan and red color bands as complementary color bands. Display 10A projects an image in one complementary color wavelength band (e.g., cyan wavelength band) to one eye and an image in another complementary color wavelength band (e.g., red wavelength band) to the other eye, thereby forming a 3D image in the user's brain.

[0028] 1B shows prior art 3D imaging using cross-polarized glasses (linear or circular polarizers). As an example of 3D imaging using cross-polarized glasses with circular polarizers (which can be integrated with display 10A), display 10A projects circularly polarized light into one eye and different circularly polarized light into the other eye, forming a 3D image in the user's brain. Alternative embodiments using linear polarizers may be configured similarly to the circular polarizer embodiment shown in FIG. 1B.

[0029] 1C shows a prior art 3D imaging technique using shutter glasses 100. A display 10A projects light with a different polarization to each eye, and the shutter glasses 100 switch between images at a rate faster than the detection rate of the human eye (frames per second), creating the illusion of movement and causing the user's brain to form a 3D image.

[0030] 1D shows a preferred prior art technique in which a camera 13 captures surrounding objects (not shown), then reconstructs a 3D image based on the captured objects and displays it to a user via a display 10B of the AR / VR / MR glasses 100, where the display 10B may be integrated into the AR / VR / MR glasses 100.

[0031] 2A-2C show a design example including two displays 10. However, there may be another design example in which only one display 10 is placed in the center and images are transmitted to both eyes via a beam splitter (not shown in FIG. 2A). In FIG. 2A, the portions indicated by "A1 and A2" independently function as hypersurfaces, capable of separating colors into specific wavelength bands with specific polarizations. The portions indicated by "B1 and B2" are couplers, and may employ SRG, VBG, PVG, HPDLC, HCHR, pin mirrors, partial reflection mirrors, half-tone reflectors, meta-waveguides, hypersurfaces, hyperlenses, and other diffractive or non-diffractive elements to guide images to the user's eyes. In another embodiment, the portions indicated by "A1 and A2" may be the hypersurface module 60 described below. PL1 and PL2 represent the type of polarization output from the left and right eyes, respectively, and may be linearly polarized or circularly polarized (or unpolarized). The display 10 may be any of, but is not limited to, LSB, μLED, μOLED, LCOS, DMD, DLP, micro and pico projectors.

[0032] FIG. 2B shows an example in which the ultra-surface module 60 according to another embodiment of the present application is applied to pancake glasses 100. PK represents a pancake lens. Specifically, 2B1 and 2B2 in FIG. 2B show the optical path of the eye in this embodiment. The display 10 (or a light source) irradiates light onto the ultra-surface module 60. The ultra-surface module 60 then reflects the light toward the pancake lens PK. The light then passes through the pancake lens PK and enters the eye. The pancake glasses 100 may be VR glasses, in which case the eye does not receive ambient light (see 2B1 in FIG. 2B). The pancake glasses 100 may be AR glasses, in which case the eye may receive ambient light (see 2B2 in FIG. 2B).

[0033] FIG. 2C shows an example in which the hypersurface module 60 according to another embodiment of the present application is applied to freeform eyeglasses 100. The freeform eyeglasses 100 use a freeform optical element FR. The freeform optical element may be a bird's-eye-shaped element. Specifically, 2C1 and 2C2 in FIG. 2C show the optical path of the eye in this embodiment. The display 10 (or a light source) irradiates light onto the hypersurface module 60. The hypersurface module 60 then reflects the light toward the freeform optical element FR. The light transmitted through the freeform optical element FR then enters the eye. The freeform eyeglasses 100 may be VR eyeglasses, in which case the eye does not receive ambient light (see 2C1 in FIG. 2C). The freeform eyeglasses 100 may be AR eyeglasses, in which case the eye may receive ambient light (see 2C2 in FIG. 2C).

[0034] FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of VR / AR glasses (not shown) including a super-surface module 60. The figure shows a display 10, a lens group 20, a controller 50, and the super-surface module 60. The display 10 may be any of, but is not limited to, LSB, μLED, μOLED, LCOS, DMD, DLP, micro- and pico-projectors. The display 10 projects an image. The lens group 20 aligns the light and transmits it through an optional polarizer 11 (e.g., a linear polarizer or a circular polarizer, depending on whether the nanostructure design is polarizer-dependent or polarizer-independent). The light then reaches the surface of the super-surface module 60, which is equipped with a controller 50. The controller 50 is configured to electrically or mechanically control the super-surface module 60. In some embodiments, the controller 50 is configured to electrically control the super-surface module 60 when an active super-surface module (e.g., the active super-surface module 60 shown in FIGS. 4E-4F) is used. In other embodiments, the controller 50 calibrates and mechanically controls the hypersurface module 60 by rotating or moving the hypersurface module 60 along the X, Y, or Z axis or aligning the display content. Once the light beam is modulated by the hypersurface module 60, the light can be displayed to the user's eye via other optical components such as a light guide, a pancake lens, an aspheric lens, a bird's-eye optic, a diffractive optical element, etc.

[0035] 4A-4H show examples of nanostructures 41, units of DBR layer 80U, and passive and active supersurface modules 60. FIG.

[0036] 4A shows an example of a cylindrical nanostructure 41 with a radius R and a height H. If the desired spectrum is visible (near infrared or infrared), the radius R can be varied between 20 nm and 550 nm, and H can have a value between 20 nm and 3000 nm.

[0037] The operating range of a super-surface module (e.g., the super-surface module 60 shown in FIGS. 4C-4H, 9-11A, 13A-13D, and 18A-18F) or super-surface layer (e.g., the super-surface layer 70 shown in FIGS. 4C-4H, 9-11A, 13A-13D, and 18A-18F) comprised of multiple nanostructures 41 can be expanded. Furthermore, by rationally designing the nanostructures 41 shown in FIGS. 4C-4H, 9-11A, 13A-13D, and 18A-18F, the super-surface module (e.g., the super-surface module 60 shown in FIGS. 4C-4H, 9-11A, 13A-13D, and 18A-18F) comprised of multiple nanostructures 41 can operate at different wavelengths. In some embodiments, the nanostructures 41 may have an isotropic or anisotropic shape, as illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5F. In some embodiments, the material of the nanostructures 41 can be a dielectric (such as TiO, GaN, Si, NbO, SiO, SiC photoresist, metal oxide nanoparticles (ZrO, TiO), and sol-gel mixtures), a metal (such as gold, silver, or aluminum), or other active materials (such as 2D materials, VO, GST, metal-polymers), or metal-polymers (such as PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)) or any conductive The nanostructures 41 may be made of, but are not limited to, polymers. Alternatively, the nanostructures 41 may be made of phase-change materials such as GST (Ge2Sb2Te5), vanadium dioxide (VO2), or gallium (Ga), or other active materials (transparent conductive oxides such as ITO or AZO), thin two-dimensional materials (graphene, hBN, WS2), liquid crystals, metal-polymers, etc.) to form an active and focus / deflection-tunable super-surface layer (see super-surface layer 70 in FIGS. 6A and 7). Therefore, the programmable super-surface layer (see super-surface layer 70 in FIGS. 6A and 7) can change the light modulation globally or locally. Furthermore, the nanostructures 41 can be fabricated by different methods, such as electron beam lithography (EBL), deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, nanoimprint lithography (NIL), and direct nanoimprinting using metal oxide nanoparticles and sol-gel mixtures.

[0038] 4B shows an example of one unit of DBR layer 80U. DBR layer 80U consisting of multiple units can produce DBR layer 80 of super-surface module 60 (shown in FIGS. 6A and 7).

[0039] The unit spacing of the DBR layer 80U is defined as Px and Py along the x-axis and y-axis directions, respectively. The definition of the spacing is further explained in the examples of Figures 6B and 6C. The substrate 42 shown in Figures 9, 10, and 11A can be any type of transparent / opaque substrate, such as fused silica (SiO2), sapphire (Al2O3), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon, and other materials (as needed).

[0040] FIG. 4C shows an example of a passive ultra-surface module 60. The ultra-surface module 60 may include an ultra-surface layer 70 and a DBR layer 80. In one embodiment, the ultra-surface layer 70 may include nanostructures 41, a residual resin mixture 41R, and a cladding layer 43. Each nanostructure 41 may have a radius R and a height H, as shown in FIG. 4A. In this example, a plurality of directly nano-imprinted nanostructures 41 may be disposed on top of the DBR layer 80. The directly nano-imprinted nanostructures 41 may be formed of a high-refractive-index resin, metal oxide nanoparticles, or a sol-gel mixture (e.g., TiO, ZrO, or ITO with sol-gel). After direct nano-imprinting, the residual resin mixture 41R appears between the directly nano-imprinted nanostructures 41 and the DBR layer 80. The cladding layer 43 may be an impedance matching layer, a part of a waveguide, or a complementary optical element.

[0041] FIG. 4D shows another example of a passive ultra-surface module 60 without a covering layer 43. The passive ultra-surface module 60 shown in FIG. 4D may include one ultra-surface layer 70 and one DBR layer 80. As shown in FIG. 4D, the ultra-surface layer 70 may include only nanostructures 41 without the covering layer 43 (see FIG. 4C). The nanostructures 41 may be formed of the materials shown in FIG. 4A. The nanostructures 41 may be formed of materials of different thicknesses (e.g., dielectrics such as curable resins, photoresists, metal oxide nanoparticles, and sol-gel mixtures). The thickness of the nanopillars ranges from 150 nanometers to several thousand nanometers, and the thickness of the thin metal oxide (TiO2, Al2O3, HfO2) or metal (silver, gold, nanoparticles, aluminum, etc.) layer ranges from 10 nanometers to 70 nanometers. However, the thickness of the nanopillars and the thickness of the thin metal oxide or metal layer are not limited to the above ranges. In this embodiment, the nanostructures 41 may be placed directly on top of one DBR layer 80 .

[0042] FIG. 4E illustrates an embodiment of an active ultra-surface module 60. The active ultra-surface module 60 may include an ultra-surface layer 70, a DBR layer 80, and a glass layer 44. The ultra-surface layer 70 may include nanostructures 41, two transparent electrodes 46, and a filler material 47. The nanostructures 41 are sandwiched between the glass layer 44 and the DBR layer 80. The glass layer 44 may be transparent or opaque. In some embodiments, one transparent electrode 46 is deposited on one side of the glass layer 44. The other transparent electrode 46 is deposited on the top surface of the DBR layer 80. The transparent electrode 46 may be, for example, indium tin oxide (ITO). The space between the two transparent electrodes 46 (not shown) is filled with a filler material 47. In some embodiments, the filler material 47 is an electrolyte or a gel electrolyte to make the ultra-surface module 60 active. In some embodiments, the filler material 47 is sandwiched between two transparent electrodes 46 and disposed to surround the nanostructures 41 .

[0043] FIG. 4F shows another embodiment of an active ultra-surface module 60. The active ultra-surface module 60 may include one ultra-surface layer 70 and one DBR layer 80. The ultra-surface layer 70 may have nanostructures 41 and a covering layer 43. The only difference between FIG. 4F and FIG. 4C is that the nanostructures 41 in FIG. 4F are formed of active materials such as VO2 and the two-dimensional materials mentioned above, and FIG. 4F does not show the residual resin mixture 41R after direct nanoimprinting. The covering layer 43 may function as an impedance matching layer or part of a waveguide or any complementary optical element.

[0044] FIG. 4G shows another example of a liquid crystal-based active super-surface module 60. The active super-surface module 60 may include a super-surface layer 70, a DBR layer 80, and a glass layer 44. The super-surface layer 70 may include nanostructures 41, two transparent electrodes 46, and liquid crystals 49 filled in the space between the two transparent electrodes 46 (not shown). The nanostructures 41 are sandwiched between the glass layer 44 and the DBR layer 80. The transparent electrode 46 is deposited on top of the DBR layer 80. The glass layer 44 may be transparent or opaque. The transparent electrode 46 may be, for example, indium tin oxide (ITO). The alignment layer RL is formed by mechanical rubbing (or photoalignment) and is typically fabricated by rubbing polyimide or other organic compounds (e.g., azo dye molecules) onto the transparent electrode 46. The nanostructures 41 may be a dielectric or metal (or any of the materials mentioned above). The space between the two transparent electrodes 46 (not shown) is filled with a liquid crystal 49 of uniform or non-uniform thickness. The liquid crystal 49 has two operating modes. As shown in FIG. 4G, one method is for the liquid crystal 49 to function as an environmental refractive index-changing material. Because the resonance of the nanostructure 41 is highly sensitive to the environmental refractive index, the output light can be adjusted arbitrarily by manipulating the nanostructure 41. As shown in FIG. 4G, the second method is for the liquid crystal 49 to function as a compensation layer and a calibration layer for the nanostructure 41 when the upper transparent electrode 46 (the electrode attached to the upper glass layer 44) is photolithographically patterned. For example, it can form a concentric lens or focus light in a stripe pattern.

[0045] FIG. 4H shows another embodiment of an active supersurface module 60 based on a phase-change material. The nanostructure 41 can be made of a phase-change material, such as, but not limited to, GST (Ge2Sb2Te5), vanadium dioxide (VO2), and gallium (Ga), primarily operating as a resistive heating film 41A. The covering layer 43 can be made of photoresist, resin, or any material that matches the refractive index of the complementary optical element for the desired operation. For example, if the proposed supersurface module 60 is used in a wave guide, the covering layer 43 must be made of a material whose refractive index is compatible with the glass / plastic plate of the wave guide.

[0046] As shown in Figures 5A-5F, each of the multiple nanostructures 41 can be formed into a different isotropic, anisotropic, or a combination of isotropic and anisotropic shapes. A single supersurface unit may contain one nanostructure (see Figures 5A-5C and 5E-5F) or multiple nanostructures (see Figure 5D). Each of the multiple nanostructures 41 within a single supersurface unit may be, in plan view, approximately rectangular (see Figure 5A), circular (see Figure 5B), H-shaped (see Figure 5C), L-shaped (see Figure 5E), or cross-shaped (see Figure 5F). Optionally, multiple nanostructures 41 can be individually formed within a single supersurface unit (see Figure 5D). It is understood that multiple supersurface units can form a single supersurface module.

[0047] FIG. 6A shows an example of a supersurface module 60 including a plurality of nanostructures 41, a covering layer 43, and a DBR layer 80. FIGS. 6B-6C show two types of spacing definitions, namely, the center-to-center pitch (P) of two adjacent nanostructures 41. CC ) or the spacing between the edges of two adjacent nanostructures 41 (edge-to-edge pitch, P EE 6A shows a super-surface module 60 including a nanostructure 41, a DBR layer 80, and a covering layer 43. FIG. 6B shows the center-to-center spacing (P CC) is shown. In FIG. 6C, the spacing between the edges of two adjacent nanostructures 41 (P EE ) is shown, where the hypersurface module 60 can be composed of multiple hypersurface units.

[0048] Figure 7 shows a schematic diagram of a DBR-based supra-surface module 60 having multiple DBRs and a plan view of a single arrangement 40 of nanostructures 41. The supra-surface module 60 in Figure 7 includes nanostructures 41, a DBR layer 80, and a cover layer 43, as shown in Figure 6A. The only difference is that in Figure 7, a plan view of a single arrangement 40 of nanostructures 41 is shown. Figures 8A-8F show types of supra-surface modules 60 and single arrangements 40.

[0049] 8A-8F show plan views of arrangements 40 of nanostructures 41. Specifically, arrangements 40 may be a single square layout (see FIG. 8A), a rectangular arrangement (see FIG. 8B), a trapezoidal arrangement (see FIG. 8C), an L-shaped arrangement (see FIG. 8D), a square non-overlapping array arrangement (see FIG. 8E), and a circular overlapping array (see FIG. 8F). Thus, nanostructures 41 may be in a single format or in a regularly or irregularly arranged array format, and may be in a single layer or multiple layers.

[0050] DBR layer 80 (see FIGS. 4B to 4H and 6A to 7) may be DBR layer 801 shown in FIGS. 89 to 10 or DBR layer 802 shown in FIG. 11A. The difference between DBR layer 801 and DBR layer 802 is that, compared to DBR layer 801, DBR layer 802 includes at least one spacer layer (Sp, see FIG. 11A) between every two DBRs.

[0051] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an ultra-surface module 60 having multiple DBRs, without any spacing layer (not shown, e.g., spacing layer Sp shown in FIG. 11A) between two DBRs. The DBR-based ultra-surface module 60 includes at least an ultra-surface layer 70 and a DBR layer 801. The ultra-surface layer 70 includes nanostructures 41 and a cover layer 43. The cover layer 43 may be considered as an impedance matching layer, a part of another complementary optical element such as a waveguide plate, or even air. Initial results indicate that a DBR layer 80 with several DBRs can achieve a wide reflection window (wide bandpass filter), as shown in FIG. 18C. L d Lm =n H d Hm =λc LHm Two alternating layers (i.e., high refractive index material layer 4Hm and low refractive index material layer 4Lm) having a thickness of 1 / 4 wavelength, satisfying the condition of λc LHm (not shown) is the central wavelength, and n L is the low refractive index of the low refractive index material layer 4Lm, and n H is the high refractive index of the high refractive index material layer 4Hm, and d Lm is the thickness of each low refractive index material layer 4Lm of the mth DBR, and d Hm is the thickness of each high-refractive-index material layer 4Hm of the m-th DBR. As shown in FIG. 9, the DBR layer 801 includes multiple DBRs, and the number of DBRs is m. Each m-th DBR is composed of at least one pair of a high-refractive-index material layer 4Hm and a low-refractive-index material layer 4Lm. That is, each DBR is composed of at least one pair of a high-refractive-index material layer and a low-refractive-index material layer. Nm represents the number of pairs of the m-th DBR. N1=6 means that the first DBR (DBR1) is composed of six pairs of a high-refractive-index material layer 4H1 and a low-refractive-index material layer 4L1. N2=3 means that the second DBR (DBR2) is composed of three pairs of a high-refractive-index material layer 4H2 and a low-refractive-index material layer 4L2. N3=2 means that the third DBR (DBR3) is composed of two pairs of a high-refractive-index material layer 4H3 and a low-refractive-index material layer 4L3. N dm represents the thickness of the mth DBR, i.e., N dm =N1*(dLm +d Hm ). For example, N d1 =N1*(d L1 +d H1 ), N d2 =N2*(d L2 +d H2 ), N d3 =N3*(d L3 +d H3 ). The low refractive index nL and the high refractive index nH for all DBRs may be the same or different. The low refractive index material layer 4Lm may be formed of, for example, SiO2, ZnS, and Al2O3. The high refractive index material layer 4Hm may be formed of, for example, Al2O3, HFO2, Ta2O5, amorphous silicon (a-Si), and transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), InGaZnO4, ZnO, and ZnO:Al, but is not limited to these materials. The greater the refractive index difference between a pair of high refractive index material layers 4Hm and low refractive index material layers 4Lm in a DBR, the wider the reflection window. The spacing layer 433 may be formed of, for example, SiO2, SnO2, and HF2. The number of layers in each DBR from N1 to Nm may be the same or different. The substrate 42 may be formed of, for example, SiO2, silicon, or the like. The usual pairing order is the low refractive index material layer 4Lm, followed by the high refractive index material layer 4Hm. However, in some embodiments, the order may be reversed or irregular. That is, the DBR layer 801 includes all of the DBRs (DBR1 to DBRm). Typically, the ultrasurface module 60 further includes a spacer layer 433 disposed below the plurality of nanostructures 41 and a bottom substrate 42. In one embodiment, the spacer layer 433 and the substrate 42 may be included in the DBR layer 801 shown in FIG. 9. In another embodiment, the spacer layer 433 and the substrate 42 may be omitted from the DBR layer 801 (not shown). Here, the spacer layer 433 is sandwiched between the nanostructures 41 and all of the DBR layers, but all of the DBR layers are sandwiched between the spacer layer 433 and the substrate 42. The spacer layer 433 is used to control Fabry-Perot resonances.

[0052] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a DBR-based super-surface module 60 having three DBRs, in which there is no spacing layer (not shown, for example, spacing layer Sp shown in FIG. 11A) between two DBRs. The DBR-based super-surface module 60 includes at least a super-surface layer 70 and a DBR layer 801. The super-surface layer 70 includes a nanostructure 41 and a covering layer 43. The covering layer 43 may be considered an impedance matching layer, a part of another complementary optical element such as a waveguide plate, or even air. The DBR layer 801 in FIG. 10 includes three DBRs, each of which is composed of at least one high-refractive-index material layer and one low-refractive-index material layer. In the first DBR (DBR1), N1 represents the number of pairs of the first DBR. n L d L1 =n H d H1 =λc LH1 / 4, and λc LH1 (not shown) is the center wavelength, dL1 is the thickness of each low refractive index material layer 4L1 of the first DBR (DBR1), and d H1 is the thickness of each high refractive index material layer 4H1 of the first DBR (DBR1), N1 represents the number of pairs of the first DBR (N1=6 in DBR1 shown in FIG. 10), and N d1 is the thickness of the first DBR (N d1 =N1*(d L1 +d H1 )) represents n L d L2 =n H d H2 =λc LH2 / 4, and λc LH2 (not shown) is the central wavelength, and d L2 is the thickness of each low refractive index material layer 4L2 of the second DBR (DBR2), and d H2 is the thickness of each high refractive index material layer 4H2 of the second DBR (DBR2), N2 represents the logarithm of the second DBR (N2=3 in DBR2 shown in FIG. 10), and N d2 is the thickness of the second DBR (N d2 =N2(d L2 +d H2 )) represents n L d L3 =n H d H3 =λcLH3 / 4, and λc LH3 (not shown) is the central wavelength, and d L3 is the thickness of each low refractive index material layer 4L3 of the third DBR (DBR3), and d H3 is the thickness of each high refractive index material layer 4H3 of the third DBR (DBR3), N3 represents the logarithm of the third DBR (N3=2 in the DBR3 shown in FIG. 10), and N d3 is the thickness of the third DBR (N d3 =N3(d L3 +d H3 )). The number of pairs of DBRs N1 to N3 may be the same or different. The low refractive index material layer may be formed of, for example, SiO2, ZnS, Al2O3, etc. The high refractive index material layer may be formed of, for example, HBO2, Ta2O5, Al2O3, amorphous silicon (a-Si), transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), InGaZnO4, ZnO, and ZnO:Al, but is not limited to these materials. The spacing layer 433 may be formed of an oxide material such as SiO2, SnO2, or HF2. The substrate 42 may be formed of a material such as SiO2 or silicon. The DBR layer 801 in FIG. 10 represents all DBRs (DBRs 1 to 3) below the nanostructure 41. The ultra-surface module 60 further includes a spacing layer 433 disposed below the nanostructures 41 and a substrate 42 located at the bottom. In one embodiment, the spacing layer 433 and the substrate 42 may be included in the DBR layer 801, as shown in FIG. 10. In another embodiment, the spacing layer 433 and the substrate 42 may be external to the DBR layer 801 (not shown). The spacing layer 433 in FIG. 10 is used to adjust the overall resonance, for example, to control the Fabry-Perot resonance. Here, the spacing layer 433 is sandwiched between the nanostructure 41 and all of the DBR layers, and all of the DBRs are sandwiched between the spacing layer 433 and the substrate 42. The spacing layer 433 is positioned to control the Fabry-Perot resonance.

[0053] FIG. 11A is a schematic diagram of a DBR-based ultra-surface module 60. The ultra-surface module 60 includes multiple DBRs and at least one spacing layer (Sp) located between every two DBRs. The DBR-based ultra-surface module 60 includes at least an ultra-surface layer 70 and a DBR layer 802. The ultra-surface layer 70 includes nanostructures 41 and a cladding layer 43. The DBR layer 802 shown in FIG. 11A differs from the DBR layer 801 shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 in that the DBR layer 802 further includes at least one spacing layer (Sp) between every two DBRs. The cladding layer 43 may be considered an impedance matching layer, part of another complementary optical element such as a waveguide plate, or even air. Initial results suggest that a DBR layer with a small number of DBRs can achieve a wide reflection window (broad bandpass filter), as shown in FIG. 18C. The two alternating layers (i.e., the high refractive index material layer 4Hm and the low refractive index material layer 4Lm) have a thickness of 1 / 4 wavelength, n L d Lm =n H d Hm =λc LHm / 4(λc LHm (not shown) is the central wavelength) and can effectively reflect electromagnetic waves. For example, as shown in FIG. 11A, the DBR layer 802 includes multiple DBRs, and the number of DBRs is m. Each m-th DBR is composed of at least one pair of a high-refractive-index material layer 4Hm and a low-refractive-index material layer 4Lm. That is, each DBR is composed of at least one pair of a high-refractive-index material layer and a low-refractive-index material layer. Nm represents the number of repeated pairs of the m-th DBR. N1=3 means that the first DBR (DBR1) is composed of three pairs of a high-refractive-index material layer 4H1 and a low-refractive-index material layer 4L1. N2=3 means that the second DBR (DBR2) is composed of three pairs of a high-refractive-index material layer 4H2 and a low-refractive-index material layer 4L2. N3=2 means that the third DBR (DBR3) is composed of two pairs of a high-refractive-index material layer 4H3 and a low-refractive-index material layer 4L3. Lm is the thickness of each low refractive index material layer 4Lm of the mth DBR. Hmis the thickness of each high-refractive-index material layer 4Hm of the mth DBR. The low refractive index nL and high refractive index nH of all pairs of high-refractive-index and low-refractive-index material layers in each DBR may be the same or different. The low-refractive-index material layer can be formed of SiO2, ZnS, Al2O3, etc. The high-refractive-index material can be formed of HFO2, Ta2O5, Al2O3, amorphous silicon (a-Si), transparent conductive oxide (TCO), InGaZnO4, ZnO, and ZnO:Al, etc., but is not limited to these materials. The larger the refractive index difference between a pair of high-refractive-index and low-refractive-index material layers in a DBR, the wider the reflection window. The spacer layer Sp between every two DBRs is used to adjust the resonance and can be formed of the aforementioned low-refractive-index or high-refractive-index material layer (see FIG. 11B). As the thickness of the spacer layer Sp (e.g., the spacer layer S1 shown in FIG. 11B) increases, the resonance peak shifts to a longer wavelength. Referring to FIG. 11A, the spacing layer 433 may be formed of a material such as SiO2, SnO2, or HF2. The number of pairs of electrodes in each of the DBRs N1 to Nm may be the same or different. The substrate 42 may be formed of a material such as SiO2 or silicon. All of the DBRs (DBR1 to DBRm) located below the nanostructure 41 are shown in the DBR layer 802. Generally, the ultra-surface module 60 further includes the spacing layer 433, all of the spacing layers Sp interposed between every other DBR, and the substrate 42. In one embodiment, the spacing layer 433, all of the spacing layers Sp interposed between every other DBR, and the substrate 42 may be included in the DBR layer 802 shown in FIG. 11A. In another embodiment, the spacing layer 433, all of the spacing layers Sp interposed between every other DBR, and the substrate 42 may be disposed outside the DBR layer 802 (not shown). The spacing layer 433 is used to control the Fabry-Perot resonance. As the thickness of the spacing layer 433 increases, the characteristics of the resonant peak change (see FIG. 11C).

[0054] In some embodiments, the ultra-surface module 60 may include an ultra-surface layer 70 and a DBR layer 80. Here, the ultra-surface layer 70 includes the nanostructure 41 and the covering layer 43. The DBR layer 80 may be the DBR layer 801 shown in FIGS. 9-10 or the DBR layer 802 shown in FIG. 11A. An embodiment in which the ultra-surface module 60 includes the DBR layer 801 further includes a spacing layer 433. The DBR layer 801 includes at least one DBR. The difference between an embodiment in which the DBR layer 801 and an embodiment in which the DBR layer 802 are included is that the ultra-surface module 60 including the DBR layer 802 also includes a spacing layer Sp located between the two DBRs. Specifically, the ultra-surface module 60 includes only one DBR layer 80, and the ultra-surface layer 70 has a first surface and an opposing second surface. The first surface of the super-surface layer 70 faces only one DBR layer 80, and the second surface of the super-surface layer 70 does not face another DBR layer 80. That is, the super-surface module 60 does not have two DBR layers 80, and the super-surface layer 70 is not sandwiched between two DBR layers 80. Conversely, the super-surface module 60 has only one DBR layer 80, and only one surface of the super-surface layer 70 faces the DBR layer 80.

[0055] As shown in FIGS. 9 to 11A, two alternating layers (i.e., a low refractive index material layer and a high refractive index material layer) having a thickness of 1 / 4 wavelength are L d Lm =n H d Hm =λc LHm / 4, where λc LHm (not shown) is the central wavelength, Nm is the logarithm of the m-th DBR, and d Lm is the thickness of each low refractive index material layer 4Lm of the mth DBR, and d Hm is the thickness of each high refractive index material layer 4Hm of the m-th DBR. For all DBRs, the low refractive index nL and the high refractive index nH may be the same or different. That is, the thicknesses (d Lm =λ CLHm / 4n L ;d Hm =λ CLHm / 4n HBy changing λc, a new center wavelength can be obtained, and a bandpass filter with a different spectrum can be fabricated. The thickness of the low refractive index material layer and the high refractive index material layer of the DBR determines the bandwidth of the bandpass filter. LHm Specifically, as the thickness of the low-refractive-index and high-refractive-index material layers of the DBR increases, the bandwidth of the bandpass filter shifts, resulting in a longer central wavelength λc. LHm can be obtained, resulting in the concept shown in Figure 11D.

[0056] Referring to FIG. 11D, FIG. 11D shows two examples of ultra-surface modules 60 having different thicknesses of low-refractive-index material layers and high-refractive-index material layers, and the effect on longer central wavelengths. The bottom section is an explanatory diagram showing an example structure of the ultra-surface module 60 applicable to the first and second examples in FIG. 11D. The difference between the ultra-surface module 60 applied to the first example and the ultra-surface module 60 applied to the second example is that the ultra-surface module 60 applied to the second example has a thicker high-refractive-index material layer 4H1 and a thicker low-refractive-index material layer 4L1. As a result, as the thicknesses of the high-refractive-index material layer 4H1 and the low-refractive-index material layer 4L1 of the DBR1 increase, the longer central wavelength λ becomes. cLHm It was shown that

[0057] The term "logarithm of DBRs" refers to the number of repetitions of pairs of high-refractive-index material layers and low-refractive-index material layers within each DBR. In the example shown in Figure 11E, the ultra-surface module 60A has a three-DBR configuration in which N is 2 (as shown in DBR layer 80 of the ultra-surface module 60A in Figure 11E, N1 of DBR1 = 2, N2 of DBR2 = 2, and N3 of DBR3 = 2), while the ultra-surface module 60B has a three-DBR configuration in which N is 3 (as shown in DBR layer 80 of the ultra-surface module 60B in Figure 11E, N1 of DBR1 = 3, N2 of DBR2 = 3, and N3 of DBR3 = 3).

[0058] As shown in the example of Figure 11F, the ultra-surface module 60C, which has only the DBR layer 80 but no nanostructures 41, functions like a mirror and is used as a bandpass filter to create a specific bandwidth. The ultra-surface module 60D has nanostructures 41 located on top of the DBR layer 80. The nanostructures 41 are arranged to create multiple wavelength bands within the bandwidth of the DBR layer 80, which are closely related to the thicknesses of the high and low refractive index material layers.

[0059] 12A to 12C show examples of the DBR shown in FIG. 10, each showing five wavelength bands when the DBR has 10 pairs of logs (see FIG. 12A), three wavelength bands when the DBR has 6 pairs of logs (see FIG. 12B), and two wavelength bands when the DBR has 3 pairs of logs (see FIG. 12C). The number of logs in a DBR refers to the number of repetitions of low-refractive-index material layers and high-refractive-index material layers in a single DBR. Specifically, a DBR consisting of at least one pair of materials with different refractive indices typically requires several tens of pairs of stacked layers to achieve high reflectivity. It should be noted that the number of logs in a DBR affects the width of the band (reflection window). Specifically, as the number of logs in a DBR increases, the width of the band narrows (see FIGS. 12A to 12C). The nanostructures 41 on top of the DBR are used to separate light into multiple color bands and / or light into different cross-polarized light. As the logarithm of the DBR increases, the number of reflections from each layer also increases, and therefore the interaction with the nanostructures 41 on top of the DBR affects the number of peaks and valleys within the reflection window (bandpass filter bandwidth) created by the DBR. That is, the number of wavelength bands of light reflected by the ultrasurface module 60 can be determined by the logarithm of the DBR. Specifically, as the logarithm N of each DBR increases, the number of wavelength bands also increases.

[0060] FIG. 13A shows one embodiment of a single-waveband super-surface module 90. The single-waveband super-surface module 90 of FIG. 13A includes a super-surface layer 70 and a reflective layer 82. The super-surface layer 70 includes a nanostructure 41 and a cladding layer 43. The cladding layer 43 may be considered an impedance matching layer, part of another complementary optical element such as a waveguide plate, or even air. The reflective layer 82 refers to the entire portion below the nanostructure 41. That is, the reflective layer 82 includes a spacing layer 433 for controlling Fabry-Perot resonance, a thick reflective film 44, and a substrate 42. The thick reflective film 44 may be a mirror formed of a thick metal material such as aluminum, silver, or gold. The substrate 42 may be formed of SiO2, silicon, or other materials. It is understood that the single-waveband super-surface module 90 of FIG. 13A does not include a DBR.

[0061] FIG. 13B shows another embodiment of a single-waveband super-surface module 90. The difference between FIG. 13B and FIG. 13A is that the single-waveband super-surface module 90 of FIG. 13B does not include the cladding layer 43 shown in FIG. 13A. The single-waveband super-surface module 90 of FIG. 13B includes a super-surface layer 70 and a reflective layer 82. As shown in FIG. 13A, the super-surface layer 70 includes a nanostructure 41 without the cladding layer 43. The reflective layer 82 indicates the entire area below the nanostructure 41. That is, the reflective layer 82 includes a spacing layer 433, a thick reflective film 44, and a substrate 42. The thick reflective film 44 can be considered a mirror formed of a thick metal material such as aluminum, silver, or gold. The substrate 42 can be formed of a material such as SiO2 or silicon. Note that the single-waveband super-surface module 90 of FIG. 13B does not include a DBR.

[0062] FIG. 13C shows another example of a single-waveband super-surface module 90. The difference between FIG. 13C and FIG. 13A is that the single-waveband super-surface module 90 of FIG. 13C includes a non-uniform spacing layer 433NU. The single-waveband super-surface module 90 of FIG. 13C includes a super-surface layer 70 and a reflective layer 82. The super-surface layer 70 includes a nanostructure 41 and a cover layer 43. The cover layer 43 may be considered an impedance matching layer, a part of another complementary optical element such as a waveguide plate, or even air. The reflective layer 82 refers to the entire portion below the nanostructure 41. That is, the reflective layer 82 includes the cover layer 43, a spacing layer 433NU for controlling Fabry-Perot resonance, a thick reflective film 44, and a substrate 42. The thick reflective film 44 may be a mirror formed of a thick metal material such as aluminum, silver, or gold. The substrate 42 may be formed of a material such as SiO2 or silicon. Note that the single waveband super surface module 90 of FIG. 13C does not include a DBR.

[0063] FIG. 13D shows another example of a single-wavelength-band super-surface module 90. The difference between FIG. 13D and FIG. 13C is that the single-wavelength-band super-surface module 90 of FIG. 13D does not include the covering layer 43 shown in FIG. 13C. The single-wavelength-band super-surface module 90 includes a super-surface layer 70 and a reflective layer 82. The super-surface layer 70 includes nanostructures 41. The reflective layer 82 includes the entire portion below the nanostructures 41. That is, the reflective layer 82 includes a spacing layer 433NU for controlling Fabry-Perot resonance, a thick reflective film 44, and a substrate 42. The thick reflective film 44 may be a mirror formed of a thick metal material such as aluminum, silver, or gold. The substrate 42 may be formed of a material such as SiO2 or silicon. Note that the single-wavelength-band super-surface module 90 of FIG. 13D does not include a DBR.

[0064] The spacing layer 433 and the non-uniform spacing layer 433NU are arranged to generate a resonance for modulating the phase (amplitude) of incident light. The difference between the reflective layer 82 (see FIGS. 13A-13D) and the DBR layer 80 is that the reflective layer 82 does not include a DBR.

[0065] FIG. 14 shows an example of a single-waveband super-surface module 90 (e.g., the single-waveband super-surface module 90 shown in FIGS. 13A-13D, where one is used for the cyan wavelength band (approximately 450 nm) and another is used for the red wavelength band (approximately 650 nm), and has at least one overlapping wavelength band). Unlike FIGS. 9, 10, and 11A, these figures show that multiple wavelength bands can be generated using an array of nanostructures 41 of only one type having a single shape (e.g., rectangular nanostructures, see the nanostructure 41 shown in FIG. 17A). If there is no DBR below the nanostructures 41 (see the design in FIGS. 13A-13D), the single-waveband super-surface module 90 can excite and modulate only one peak within the reflection window (unlike FIGS. 12A-12C), making its characteristics such as bandwidth and amplitude very difficult to control. 13A-13D, the cyan and red color bands require the use of at least two different types of nanostructures 41 with different dimensions, without the presence of a DBR underneath the nanostructures 41. These single-waveband supersurface modules 90 are designed to exhibit minimal crosstalk. However, due to their wide bandwidth and poor resonant quality, crosstalk is unavoidable after fabrication.

[0066] 15 shows that the thickness of each layer unit provided in the examples of FIGS. 9, 10, 11A, and 13A-13D may be completely uniform (t1 = t2 = t3 = t4), completely non-uniform (t1 ≠ t2 ≠ t3 ≠ t4), or partially uniform and partially non-uniform. For example, the thicknesses of the substrate 42, the spacing layer 433, the covering layer 43, the DBR in FIGS. 9-11A, and the spacing layer Sp in FIG. 11A may be non-uniform, and the thicknesses of the substrate 42, the thick reflective film 44, the spacing layer 433, the covering layer 43, and the non-uniform spacing layer 433NU in FIGS. 13A-13D may be non-uniform.

[0067] 16A-16B show the full width at half maximum (FWHM) and amplitude design for single wavelength band (see FIG. 16A) and multi-wavelength band (see FIG. 16B). By tuning the geometric parameters (e.g., thickness, height, length, width, material) of each layer in FIGS. 13A-13D and FIGS. 9, 10, and 11A, the bandwidth, FWHM, quality factor, amplitude, and peak can be adjusted to a desired wavelength (e.g., λ ) as shown in FIGS. 9, 10, and 11A. A , λ B , and λ C ) can be moved to the

[0068] 17A-17E show five examples of nanostructure arrangements 40 and shapes, which can vary from isotropic to anisotropic shapes or can be a combination of isotropic and anisotropic shapes.

[0069] Figure 17A shows an example of a Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase arrangement 40 of nanostructures 41 with the same anisotropic shape arranged in the proposed supersurface module. The operating principle of the proposed supersurface module is to generate a phase transition by rotating and replicating one type of nanostructure 41 in the direction of forming a supercell, resulting in a phase transition of 2π or more. If the desired spectrum is visible (near-infrared or infrared), the length and width of the rectangular nanostructure 41 can vary from 20 nm to 550 nm, and the height of the nanostructure 41 can range from 20 nm to 3000 nm. The operating range of the proposed supersurface module is scalable. Furthermore, if the nanostructure 41 is properly designed, the supersurface module with the nanostructure 41 can operate at different wavelengths.

[0070] Figure 17B shows another example of a propagation phase arrangement 40. An isotropic nanostructure 41 is installed on the proposed supersurface module (not shown). The operating principle of the proposed supersurface module is to generate the required phase change by changing the dimensions of the isotropic nanostructure. Here, if the desired spectrum is visible light (near-infrared or infrared), the radius of the nanopillars can vary from 10 nm to 400 nm, and the height of the nanostructure 41 can have a value from 20 nm to 3000 nm. It should be noted that the operating range of the proposed supersurface module is scalable. Also, if the nanostructure is properly designed, the supersurface module with the nanostructure 41 can operate at different wavelengths.

[0071] Figure 17C shows another example of a complex-shaped nanostructure arrangement 40 of a deflection hypersurface module (not shown). The desired phase change is achieved by different anisotropic nanostructures 41 with different shapes, the size of which is determined by the pitch (P) as described in Figures 6A-6C. CC or P EE ) where the spacing can range from 150 nm to 800 nm. If the desired spectrum is visible light (near-infrared or infrared), the height of the nanostructure can range from 20 nm to 3000 nm. Note that the operating range of the proposed super-surface module is scalable. Furthermore, if the nanostructure 41 is properly designed, the super-surface module with the nanostructure 41 can operate at different wavelengths.

[0072] Figure 17D shows a further example of a complex-shaped nanostructure arrangement 40 of a deflection hypersurface module, which includes isotropic and anisotropic nanostructures 41 as described in Figures 5A-5F, as well as PB phase and propagation phase schemes. The required phase change is obtained through said nanostructures 41, the dimensions of which are determined by the pitch (P CC or P EE) where the pitch has a value between 150 nm and 800 nm. If the desired spectrum is visible light (near-infrared or infrared), the height of the nanostructure can have a value between 20 nm and 3000 nm. The operating range of the proposed super-surface module is scalable. Furthermore, if the nanostructure 41 is properly designed, the super-surface module with the nanostructure 41 can operate at different wavelengths.

[0073] FIG. 17E shows a further example of an arrangement 40 of nanostructures 41 with a supergrating structure of a deflection supersurface module (not shown) for deflecting light. The width of the nanostructures 41 of the supergrating structure is set at the spacing (P CC or P EE ) where the spacing value can be from 150 nm to 800 nm. If the desired spectrum is visible light (near-infrared or infrared), the height of the nanostructure 41 can have a value from 20 nm to 3000 nm. It should be noted that the operating range of the proposed ultra-surface module is scalable. Also, if the nanostructure 41 is properly designed, the ultra-surface module can operate at different wavelengths. The grating bars can be continuous or discrete, for example, a suspension wire configuration.

[0074] Figures 18A-18E show that the proposed hypersurface module can be designed into a deflecting hypersurface, a hyperlens, an optical angular momentum (OAM) generator, or a classifier, depending on the application, and can be designed to be polarization-dependent or polarization-independent.

[0075] 18A shows a schematic diagram of the operating principle of the proposed ultra-surface module 60. Once broadband light forms a light source (not shown) or a display (not shown) illuminates the ultra-surface module 60, the ultra-surface module 60 separates the broadband light into a predetermined number of wavelength bands (determined by the design of the ultra-surface module 60) and reflects the light at a specified angle. Specifically, in the embodiment of the present disclosure, the ultra-surface module 60 includes an ultra-surface layer 70 and a DBR layer 80. Here, the ultra-surface layer 70 includes a nanostructure 41 and a covering layer 43. It should be understood that in other embodiments, an ultra-surface module 60 without a covering layer 43 can also be applied to the embodiment of FIG. 18A.

[0076] FIG. 18B shows a schematic diagram of the operating principle of the 3DAR glasses 100, in which each eye has a different color band from the other eye. Specifically, in the 3DAR glasses 100, each eye has a color band that is opposite in color to the other eye. Here, R, G, B, C, M, and Y in FIG. 18B represent the color bands of red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, and yellow, respectively. Light may be polarized alternately from one eye to the other. For example, one eye may receive right-handed circularly polarized (RCP) light, and the other eye may receive left-handed circularly polarized (LCP) light. However, the 3DAR glasses 100 may be designed so that both eyes support the same type of polarization. The 3DAR glasses 100 may support both linear and circular polarization, or may be designed to be polarization-independent. By appropriately adjusting the geometric parameters of the DBR and the hypersurface, three color bands covering the required color bands (e.g., red, green, and blue) can be configured for the left eye, and one or three complementary color bands (e.g., cyan, magenta, and yellow) can be configured for the right eye. Specifically, the present application discloses an optical device for 3D imaging, such as the 3DAR glasses 100 of FIG. 18B. The optical device includes two different hypersurface modules (e.g., the hypersurface module 60 shown in FIG. 18A). One of the two different hypersurface modules is configured to generate one or more color bands for the left eye, and the other is configured to generate one or more different color bands for the right eye. In some embodiments, the two different hypersurface modules of the optical device have different DBRs to generate different color bands for each eye. In some embodiments, the two different hypersurface modules of the optical device have different hypersurface layers (or nanostructures 41) to generate different color bands for each eye. In some embodiments, two different metasurface modules of the optical device have different DBRs and / or different metasurfaces (or nanostructures 41) to create different color bands for the two eyes, where the different color bands created for the two eyes by the two different metasurface modules of the optical device can be any complementary color bands to each other.

[0077] Figure 18C shows a schematic diagram of the design of wavelength-tunable reflection windows (similar to bandpass filters) for distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) with different layers using repeated pairs of high and low refractive index material layers. The top section shows a narrow reflection window when using only one DBR. The middle section shows a wider reflection window when using two DBRs. Here, two overlapping narrow wavelength-band DBRs are merged to create a wider reflection window. The bottom section shows the widest reflection window when using three DBRs (not limited to three DBRs). Three overlapping narrow wavelength-band DBRs are merged to create an ultra-wide reflection window.

[0078] The same material but with a central wavelength (λc LH By properly combining two DBRs with different refractive indices and a certain offset, the wavelength bands of the DBRs overlap to form a wider wavelength band, resulting in a wider reflection window. This offers greater flexibility compared to techniques that use only a pair of high- and low-refractive-index material layers in the DBR, which have a higher contrast between the high and low refractive index. For example, a DBR with high- and low-refractive-index material layers made of SiO2 / α-Si has a wider reflection band than materials with lower contrast (e.g., SiO2 / HfO2 or SiO2 / Ta2O5). The bandwidth (Δλ) of the reflection window is a function of the refractive index, Δλ = (4*λc LH / π)*arcsin((n H -n L ) / (n H +n L )). Therefore, the larger the refractive index difference (n2-n1) between the high-refractive-index material layer and the low-refractive-index material layer, the wider the reflection window. However, a DBR using high-contrast or different materials can create an ultra-wide reflection window. Therefore, a wide reflection band can be obtained by adjusting the design parameters of the DBR and its materials. Next, an array of nanostructures 41 is required to create a multi-resonance (multi-band) scheme within the reflection window of the DBR.

[0079] Figure 18D shows the simulation results of at least one DBR-based deflection supersurface module (not shown). In the upper section, the DBR-based deflection supersurface module transmits blue, green, and red color bands. The lower section represents another DBR-based deflection supersurface module, operating in the cyan and yellow wavelength bands. As shown, the overlapping wavelength bands for the left and right eyes are minimized. Specifically, the number of color bands in the visible spectrum is limited because of the limited number of visible and complementary wavelength bands. Therefore, one to three color bands exist for one eye and one to three color bands exist for the other eye. As shown in Figure 18D, at least two supersurface modules (combinations of DBRs and supersurfaces) support five different color bands, three for the left eye and two for the right eye. Therefore, a DBR with a wider bandwidth is required for the left eye to support three color bands. A different DBR with a narrower bandwidth is required for the right eye, since it supports only two color bands. Specifically, the term "different DBRs" refers to different designs, different central wavelengths, and different thicknesses of the high-refractive-index material layer and the low-refractive-index material layer. The number of peaks for the left eye (three peaks) and the right eye (two peaks) is also different, which means that the logarithms of the DBRs are different. However, it is possible that the nanostructures 41 for the left and right eyes are also slightly different. In another example, if one or two color bands are required for one eye and one or two color bands for the other eye, only one DBR is used between the two super-surface modules (one for one eye and one for the other eye), limiting the required color bands. Then, different super-surface layers (or nanostructures 41) can be used in the two super-surface modules to select the required color bands and generate a second, different color band.

[0080] Figure 18E shows the phase coverage corresponding to the color bands shown in Figure 18D. All color bands support a phase gradient of 2π (and beyond). This differs from the simple reflective designs shown in Figures 13A-13D, which allow full control of light in different color bands. The simple reflective designs of Figures 13A-13D typically support only one broadband phase gradient at a time.

[0081] The upper left section of FIG. 18F shows three repetitions (N1=3) of pairs of high and low refractive index material layers in a DBR according to one embodiment. The upper middle section of FIG. 18F shows six repetitions (N1=6) of pairs of high and low refractive index material layers in a DBR according to one embodiment. The upper right section of FIG. 18F shows nine repetitions (N1=9) of pairs of high and low refractive index material layers in a DBR according to one embodiment. The lower section of FIG. 18F shows DBR window cutoffs for different times of pair overlap of high and low refractive index material layers in a DBR according to one embodiment. The bottom section of the graph in FIG. 18F shows DBR window cutoffs for different pair overlaps of high and low refractive index material layers in a DBR according to the examples of the upper left section, upper middle section, and upper right section of FIG. 18F.

[0082] 18F, as the logarithm N1 of the DBR increases, the cutoff of the DBR window becomes more rectangular and the cutoff frequency becomes more precise. Here, "cutoff" refers to the start or end position of the bandpass filter. Also, if the logarithm N1 of the DBR is not large enough, the start and end portions of the wavelength band will be curved, and the efficiency of the DBR will decrease.

[0083] 19A-19C are schematic diagrams illustrating potential applications of at least one super-surface module of an optical device (not shown) in light guides, pancake or aspherical lenses, and bird's-eye or freeform optical components. As shown in FIGS. 19A-19C, the at least one super-surface module may include a first super-surface module 60E for creating one or more color bands (e.g., R, G, B) for the left eye and a second super-surface module 60F for creating one or more different color bands (e.g., Y, M, C) for the right eye. Here, the different color bands created for the two eyes by the first super-surface module 60E and the second super-surface module 60F of the optical device may be any complementary color bands. R, G, B, C, M, and Y in FIGS. 19A-19C represent red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, and yellow, respectively. FIG. 19A shows that at least one super-surface module of an optical device (not shown) in an optical waveguide must have an incident angle properly controlled relative to the at least one super-surface module (i.e., the first super-surface module 60E and the second super-surface module 60F). The tuning stage 61 can move or rotate the at least one super-surface module mechanically or electrically. FIG. 19B shows at least one super-surface module (i.e., the first super-surface module 60E and the second super-surface module 60F) of an optical device (not shown) equipped with a pancake lens or an aspherical lens. The display 10 is positioned off-center to ensure that the at least one super-surface module (i.e., the first super-surface module 60E and the second super-surface module 60F) is compatible with the design of the pancake lens or the aspherical lens. The tuning stage 61 can move or rotate the at least one super-surface module mechanically or electrically. 19C shows at least one super surface module (i.e., the first super surface module 60E and the second super surface module 60F) of an optical device (not shown) with bird's-bowl or freeform optical components, where the at least one super surface module (i.e., the first super surface module 60E and the second super surface module 60F) can be disposed on the first reflecting surface (see schematic diagram) or the second reflecting surface (if present).The tuning stage 61 can mechanically or electrically move or rotate at least one supersurface module.

[0084] Figures 20A-20D show an example of applying the proposed hypersurface module to an optical device. For example, the proposed hypersurface module is designed taking into account color placement and crosstalk for the right and left eyes. Figure 20A is a schematic diagram of 3D glasses 100 with two displays. These 3D glasses 100 use a color mapping algorithm to generate matching disparities between the left and right eyes while taking into account depth continuity and active depth cut, thereby achieving true colors. The 3D glasses 100 shown in Figure 20A can also be applied to the schemes shown in Figures 19A-19C. Furthermore, a field-sequence color system built on the proposed hypersurface module can further reduce color separation, providing higher light output, spatial resolution, and a wide color gamut. For LBS displays, Lissajous scanning technology can be used to further match colors through software and enhance image quality. Figure 20B shows the corresponding reflectance spectra of the diffractive optical element (DOE) (the ultra-surface module proposed in this example) for each eye, with the upper section representing the left eye and the lower section representing the right eye. A properly designed DBR-based ultra-surface module can minimize crosstalk (see Figure 20C). Therefore, different scenarios can be applied, including, but not limited to, the following combinations, as shown in Figure 20D (from top to bottom: cyan-red, green-magenta, blue-yellow, blue and green-blue and red, amber-blue). It should be noted that one or more ultra-surface modules can be installed for each eye.

[0085] FIG. 21 illustrates an example application of the proposed DBR-based supersurface module 60 to an optical detector. Examples of such optical detectors include optical angular momentum (OAM) generators or classifiers, superlenses, and sensing devices for spectral detection (e.g., Raman spectroscopy), Time of Flight (ToF), and other applications. The proposed supersurface module 60 can replace conventional gratings and separate spectral wavelength ranges with higher resolution. As shown in FIG. 21 , the proposed DBR-based supersurface module 60 can be applied to an optical device (not shown). The optical device may include a light source (not shown or a display), at least one concave lens (e.g., concave lenses 71 and 72), the proposed supersurface module 60, and a detector 73. Light emitted from the light source (not shown) or the display (not shown) is reflected by the concave lens 71, which then reflects the reflected light toward the concave lens 72 at the supersurface module 60. The concave lens 72 then reflects the reflected light toward the detector 73. The supersurface module 60 is configured to separate light into multiple color bands and / or different cross-polarizations. Thus, the detector 73 can receive light of multiple color bands and / or different cross-polarizations. Additionally, the supersurface module 60 can be fabricated from or in combination with active materials such as those described above, providing more versatile options for spectroscopic tuning and calibration.

[0086] Spectroscopy measures changes in irradiance within a wavelength range and can provide information corresponding to the chemical composition of a material. Therefore, depending on the diffuser's resolution, it is possible to distinguish more data from two materials with slightly different chemical compositions. Usable reflective blazed gratings are typically fabricated on convex surfaces, which increases the risk of manufacturing defects. Meanwhile, blazed gratings fabricated on flat surfaces may have poor optical performance. Calibrating conventional diffractive diffusers is challenging, and their long-term stability is questionable because their reflectance can change over time. Improper fabrication can result in chromatic, axial, and sagittal curvature, as well as other aberrations and distortions. Therefore, a high-spectrum DBR-based ultra-surface module 60 is introduced as a diffuser. The DBR-based ultra-surface module 60 requires simple fabrication and has a high margin for fabrication error. Simple calibration in active mode allows for ultra-fine resolution (such as the example shown in Figures 12A-12C) to be designed based on the required resolution of each system.

[0087] Any steps or technical features of the above embodiments of the present application can be freely combined in any way, and the combined technical solutions are also included in the scope of the present application.

[0088] It is understood that the detection device includes a hardware structure and / or software modules for performing each function to realize the above functions. Those skilled in the art will easily recognize that the embodiments of the present application can be realized in hardware or a combination of hardware and computer software, in combination with the units and algorithm steps of each example described in the embodiments disclosed herein. Whether a function is performed in hardware or driven by computer software depends on the specific application and design constraints of the technical solution. Those skilled in the art should understand that the described functions can be realized in different ways depending on each specific application, and such realization does not go beyond the scope of the embodiments of the present application.

[0089] The embodiments of the present application can be described by dividing the detection device into functional modules based on the above-described exemplary method. For example, the detection device may be divided into functional modules according to their respective functions, or two or more functions may be integrated into a single processing module. Such an integrated module may be implemented in the form of hardware or a software functional module. It should be noted that the module division in the embodiments of the present application is merely conceptual, and other division methods may be adopted in actual implementation.

[0090] Finally, the above embodiments are merely for illustrating the technical solutions of the present application, and are not intended to limit the same. Although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that the technical solutions of the present application can be modified or substituted with equivalents, and that such modifications or equivalents are all within the scope of the present application as long as they do not deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present application. [Explanation of symbols]

[0091] 10A, 10: Display 100:AR / VR / MR glasses, shutter glasses, pancake glasses, free-form glasses 13: Camera FR: Free-form optical component 20: Lens group 50: Controller 60, 60A, 60B, 60C, 90: Ultra surface modules 11: Polarizing plate 70: Super surface layer 41: Nanostructure 80, 80U, 801, 802: DBR layer R: Radius H: Height 42: Circuit board 41R: Residual resin mixture 43: Covering layer 44: Glass layer 46:Transparent electrode 47: Filling material 49: LCD 433, Sp, 433NU: Spacing layer 82: Reflective layer 44:Thick layer reflective film 40: Placement 60E: First Super Surface Module 60F: Second super surface module 61: Tuning Stage 71, 72: Concave lenses 73: Detector

Claims

1. A super surface module, a Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) layer; an ultra-surface layer disposed on the DBR layer; the super-surface layer includes a plurality of nanostructures disposed on the DBR layer; The super surface module is characterized in that the plurality of nanostructures are arranged in a predetermined configuration, and the plurality of nanostructures are arranged to change the optical modulation of light emitted from a light source and separate the spectrum of the light into a plurality of specific wavelength bands.

2. The ultra-surface module of claim 1 , wherein the ultra-surface layer further comprises a coating layer, the coating layer coating the plurality of nanostructures.

3. The super-surface layer further comprises a residual resin mixture; The ultra-surface module of claim 1 , wherein the residual resin mixture is disposed between the plurality of nanostructures and the DBR layer.

4. The ultra-surface module of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of nanostructures are formed of a high refractive index resin or metal oxide nanoparticles.

5. the plurality of nanostructures are composed of a phase change material; The ultrasurface module according to claim 1 .

6. The ultra-surface module of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of nanostructures is an isotropic shape, an anisotropic shape, or a combination of an isotropic and anisotropic shape.

7. the DBR layer includes at least one DBR; Each DBR is composed of at least one pair of a high refractive index material layer and a low refractive index material layer, 2. The ultra-surface module of claim 1, wherein each of the at least one DBR comprises high refractive index material layers and low refractive index material layers of different logarithms.

8. The ultra-surface module of claim 1 , further comprising at least one spacing layer disposed below the plurality of nanostructures.

9. 1. An optical device, comprising: at least one light-emitting source; and a supersurface module according to any one of claims 1 to 8, 10. An optical device, comprising: at least one supersurface module positioned to receive light emitted from the at least one light emitting source and to reflect the light to a target.

10. 10. The optical device of claim 9, wherein the optical device comprises augmented reality glasses / virtual reality glasses / hybrid reality glasses or an optical detector.

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