Expanded multi-layer integral geogrid and methods of making and using same

Abstract

The expanded multi-layer integral geogrid comprises a plurality of oriented strands interconnected by partially oriented joints and having a series of openings therebetween, which are produced from a coextruded or laminated multi-layer polymer starting sheet. The integral geogrid has a multi-layer structure, at least one inner layer of which has an expanded structure relative to at least one other layer of the multi-layer. The expanded inner layer structure provides the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid with improved layer compressibility under load, which in turn improves material properties and provides performance advantages when the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid is used for soil geosynthetic reinforcement, as well as economic advantages over a similar integral geogrid that does not have the expanded inner layer structure.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is related to and claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 291,624, filed December 20, 2021.

[0002] 1. Field of the invention The present invention relates generally to monolithic geogrids and other oriented grids used for reinforcing and stabilizing structures or buildings, as well as other geotechnical engineering purposes. More specifically, the present invention relates to monolithic geogrids having an expanded multi-layer structure that enhances the compressibility of the monolithic geogrid. The present invention also relates to such monolithic geogrids having enhanced stiffness properties and the ability to engage and stabilize a wider variety and range of aggregate qualities, as well as other desirable properties as disclosed herein.

[0003] The invention also relates to a method for the manufacture of such expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrids.Finally, the invention relates to the use of such expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrids for the reinforcement and stabilization of soils and particles, and to such reinforcement and stabilization methods.

[0004] For purposes of this invention, the term "integral geogrid" is intended to include integral geogrids and other integral geogrid structures that are made by orienting (i.e., stretching) a polymeric starting material in a sheet or sheet-like shape having the required thickness and having holes or depressions made or formed therein. [Background technology]

[0005] 2. Description of Related Technology Polymer integral grid structures, such as integral geogrids, having mesh openings defined by various geometric patterns of substantially parallel oriented strands and joints between them have been manufactured and sold for over 35 years. Such grids are manufactured by extruding an integrally cast starting sheet with a specific pattern of holes or depressions, followed by controlled uniaxial or biaxial stretching and orientation of the sheet and the partially oriented joints that define the mesh openings formed by the holes or depressions into the highly oriented strands. Such uniaxial or biaxial stretching and orientation of the sheet changes the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of the strands in the corresponding direction of stretching. These integrally oriented polymer grid structures can be used to hold or stabilize particulate material of any suitable shape, such as soil, earth, sand, clay, gravel, etc., in any suitable location, such as beside a road or other cut or fill, under a road surface, on the surface of a runway, etc.

[0006] Various hole shapes and patterns have been experimented with to achieve higher levels of strength to weight ratio or to achieve faster processing speeds in the manufacturing process. Orientation is performed under controlled temperature and strain rate. Process variables include draw ratio, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and the degree of branching or crosslinking of the polymer.

[0007] The manufacture and use of such integral geogrids and other integral grid structures can be accomplished by well-known techniques. As described in detail in U.S. Patents 4,374,798 to Mercer, 4,590,029 to Mercer, 4,743,486 to Mercer and 4,756,946 to Mercer, and 5,419,659 to Mercer, a starting polymeric sheet material is first extruded and then punched to form the required defined pattern of holes or depressions. The punched sheet material is then stretched and oriented as necessary to form the integral geogrid.

[0008] Such integral geogrids, namely uniaxial integral geogrids and biaxial integral geogrids (collectively "integral geogrids" or individually "uniaxial integral geogrids" or "biaxial integral geogrids"), were both invented by Mercer, supra, in the late 1970s and have enjoyed tremendous commercial success over the past 35 years, revolutionizing the overall technology for reinforcing soils, road subpavements, and other civil engineering structures made of granular or particulate materials.

[0009] Mercer has discovered that an entirely new substantially uniplanar monolithic geogrid can be formed by starting with a relatively thick substantially uniplanar polymer starting sheet, preferably on the order of 1.5 mm (0.059055 in) to 4.0 mm (0.15748 in) thick, with a pattern of holes or dimples centered in the rows and columns of a notional substantially square or rectangular grid, and stretching the starting sheet uniaxially or biaxially to extend the orientation of the strands out to the joints. As explained by Mercer, "uniplanar" means that all sections of the sheet material are symmetrical about the median plane of the sheet material.

[0010] In U.S. Patents 3,252,181 to Hureau, 3,317,951 to Hureau, 3,496,965 to Hureau, 4,470,942 to Beretta, 4,808,358 to Beretta, and 5,053,264 to Beretta, a starting material with the required pattern of holes or depressions is formed in combination with a cylindrical polymer extrusion, and a substantially single-planar surface is achieved by passing the extrudate over an expanding mandrel. The expanded cylinder is then cut longitudinally to produce a flat, substantially single-planar starting sheet.

[0011] Another monolithic geogrid is described in U.S. Patent No. 7,001,112 to Walsh (hereinafter "Walsh '112 patent"), assigned to Tensar International Limited, an affiliate of Tensar International Corporation, Inc. (hereinafter "Tensar"), the assignee of this patent application, of Atlanta, Georgia. Walsh '112 patent discloses oriented polymer monolithic geogrids, including biaxially oriented monolithic geogrids, in which oriented strands form triangular mesh openings with partially oriented junctions at each corner, where six highly oriented strands meet at each junction (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "triaxial monolithic geogrids"). The triaxial monolithic geogrids of Walsh '112 patent have been commercialized by Tensar with great success.

[0012] Further integral geogrids are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 9,556,580 to Walsh, 10,024,002 to Walsh, and 10,501,896 to Walsh, all of which are assigned to Tensar Technologies Limited, another affiliate of the assignee of the present patent application. Walsh U.S. Patent Nos. 9,556,580, 10,024,002, and 10,501,896, cited above, disclose integral geogrids having what is known to those skilled in the art as a high aspect ratio, i.e., the ratio of the thickness or height of the cross-sectional strand to the width of the cross-sectional strand is greater than 1.0. It has been shown that the performance of multiaxial integral geogrids can be improved by using geogrid structures with ribs having an aspect ratio greater than 1.0, but increasing the aspect ratio increases the total amount of polymer required, thereby increasing the weight and cost of the geogrid.

[0013] Traditionally, the polymeric materials used in the manufacture of monolithic geogrids have been high molecular weight homopolymer or copolymer polypropylene and high density, high molecular weight polyethylene. Various additives, such as ultraviolet light inhibitors, carbon black, processing aids, etc., are added to these polymers to achieve desired effects in the final product and / or manufacturing efficiency.

[0014] Also, traditionally, the starting material for the manufacture of such monolithic geogrids has typically been a monolithic construction, i.e., a substantially monoplanar sheet having a single layer of homogeneous polymeric material.

[0015] While monolithic geogrids produced from the conventional starting materials described above generally exhibit satisfactory properties, it would be structurally and economically advantageous to produce monolithic geogrids that have a relatively high degree of stiffness suited to the demands of such uses as geosynthetic reinforcement, or that have other properties desirable for a particular geosynthetic application.

[0016] Thus, a need exists for a starting material that is not only suited to the process constraints associated with the manufacture of integral geogrids, but also, when the integral geogrid is manufactured and used, provides a higher degree of stiffness than that associated with conventional geogrid starting materials, or provides other properties not available in conventional single layer integral geogrids.

[0017] Additionally, while monolithic geogrids manufactured in conventional configurations from the conventional starting materials described above may generally exhibit sufficient properties, it would be structurally and economically advantageous to produce monolithic geogrids with structures and geometries capable of bonding with and stabilizing a wider variety and range of aggregate qualities suited to the demands of such uses, such as geosynthetic reinforcement, or with other properties desirable for a particular geosynthetic application.

[0018] It is contemplated that the present invention may be applied to all integral grids, regardless of the method of initiating sheet formation or orienting the starting materials into an integral geogrid or grid structure. The subject matter of the above-mentioned U.S. Patent Nos. 3,252,181, 3,317,951, 3,496,965, 4,470,942, 4,808,358, 5,053,264, 7,001,112, 9,556,580, 10,024,002, and 10,501,896 is expressly incorporated by reference into this application as if set forth in its entirety herein. These patents are cited by way of example and are not to be construed as being comprehensive or exclusive of other techniques known in the art for the manufacture of integral polymer grid materials.

[0019] Despite the functional properties available in current single-layer integral geogrids, performance improvements over prior art integral geogrids have yet to be achieved. One such enhancement is disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15 / 766,960 (hereinafter "the '960 Application"; published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2018 / 0298582A1), also assigned to Tensar International Limited. The '960 Application discloses various embodiments of coextruded multi-layer polymer sheets as starting materials for the manufacture of integral geogrids. By virtue of the coextruded multi-layer starting material structure, the components of the coextruded multi-layer sheet, after extrusion and orientation, produce a monolithic geogrid with enhanced material properties that provide performance advantages in soil geosynthetic reinforcement.

[0020] One embodiment disclosed in the '960 application is a three-ply integral geogrid manufactured from a co-extruded three-ply starting sheet in which the middle layer of the oriented integral geogrid has an expanded or "foamed" structure. According to the '960 application, the only advantages of the expanded or foamed multi-layer structure are reduced raw material costs and reduced geogrid weight, and "may include desirable physical and chemical properties of the foam layer itself." No other advantages are disclosed. The subject matter of the '960 application is expressly incorporated by reference into this application as if set forth in its entirety herein.

[0021] To date, current monolithic geogrid products produced with current production / processing techniques are capable of producing multiaxial geogrid products with desirable properties and characteristics; however, current processing / production techniques do not allow for the material type to be varied within the cross section of the entire geogrid. As a result, the amount of polymer must be significantly increased to enhance the desired physical, mechanical and geometric properties that will improve performance.

[0022] Additionally, current processing / production techniques limit the ability to increase or enhance certain parameters that improve performance while simultaneously controlling or not changing other parameters whose alteration reduces performance.

[0023] Additionally, current processing / production techniques do not allow for the use of different polymeric materials in different portions of a geogrid structure as a means of maximizing performance.

[0024] Thus, there is a need for a monolithic geogrid that provides a good "initial fit" between the aggregate and the geogrid and maximizes aggregate density after compaction is complete, thereby minimizing any potential shifting or relocation of residual aggregate that may normally occur after compaction and during the initial stages of "in service" loading. More specifically, there is a need for a monolithic geogrid that provides the above-mentioned properties by improving the compressibility of the layer under loading. The term "initial fit" as used herein means maximizing aggregate density after compaction is complete, thereby minimizing any potential shifting or relocation of aggregate that may normally occur after compaction and during the initial stages of "in service" loading. Summary of the Invention

[0025] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide improved functional performance from multiaxial integral geogrids by enhancing certain physical, mechanical and geometric properties of the multiaxial integral geogrid structure that improve functional performance, for example, by modifying and / or incorporating other new physical, mechanical and geometric properties. By carefully physically placing and manipulating the amounts of various polymeric materials with desired mechanical and physical properties in specific locations of the integral geogrid structure, as well as optimizing all other physical parameters of the geogrid structure, significant performance improvements can be achieved.

[0026] More specifically, after the filing of the '960 application, it was surprisingly discovered that a significant improvement in the initial compatibility between the aggregate and the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid can be achieved when certain parameters for the foamed or expanded layer are included in the geogrid, as described herein. These parameters include: 1. The total height or vertical thickness of the strands (or ribs) of the multi-layer integral geogrid at the thinnest height of the strand (presumably the midpoint of the strand) is 1 to 4 mm for foamed interlayers and 1 to 5 mm for expanded interlayers, preferably 1.874 to 3.095 mm for foamed interlayers and 1.97 to 3.36 mm for expanded interlayers. 2. The voids in the foamed intermediate layer or extended intermediate layer comprise 5% to 60% by volume of the foamed layer or extended layer, preferably 20% to 40%. 3. The foamed or expanded intermediate layer has a minimum compression or "friability" or height loss after compression is complete of 5% to a maximum of 75%, with a preferred compression range of 20% to 60%, and a more preferred compression range of 30% to 50%. 4. The foamed or extended intermediate layer has an aspect ratio such that its height or vertical thickness is from 1.0:1 to 3.5:1 relative to the height or vertical thickness of the thinnest outer layer, preferably from 1.0:1 to 1.16:1 for foamed intermediate layers and from 1.7:1 to 2.46:1 for extended intermediate layers; and 5. The foamed or expanded interlayer has a height or vertical thickness that is at least 40%, preferably at least 70%, of the total height of the final integral geogrid.

[0027] The inclusion of the above-mentioned physical properties in the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid of the present invention maximizes the initial fit between the aggregate and the geogrid after compaction is complete. Maximizing the initial fit minimizes the movement or relocation of residual aggregate that may normally occur after compaction during the initial stages of "in service" loading. Thus, roads and other transportation surfaces are better stabilized and reinforced for future traffic.

[0028] Another object of the present invention is to provide economic benefits to the use of monolithic geogrids having expanded multi-layer construction. When a monolithic geogrid having strands with a higher aspect ratio is desired, an expansion layer according to the present invention can provide that higher aspect ratio while using the same overall polymer content (i.e., "amount" of polymer) as a similarly constructed monolithic geogrid without the expansion layer. Alternatively, when a monolithic geogrid having strands with the same aspect ratio as a similarly constructed monolithic geogrid is desired, an expansion layer according to the present invention can provide that same aspect ratio while using less overall polymer content (i.e., "amount" of polymer). Thus, in addition to the associated structural and performance improvements, expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrids according to the present invention can provide significant economic benefits, i.e., achieving a higher aspect ratio at the same cost, or achieving the same aspect ratio at a lower cost.

[0029] Thus, to achieve the above-mentioned objectives, the present invention is directed to a monolithic geogrid having a multi-layer structure, at least one layer of which has an extended structure relative to at least one other layer of the multi-layer. These multi-layer geogrids are referred to herein as monolithic geogrids having at least one layer having an extended structure relative to at least one other layer of the multi-layer, or more simply as "expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrids" or "expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrids." Due to the expanded layer structure, the expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrids of the present invention provide improved compressibility of the layers under load as well as other desirable properties.

[0030] More specifically, a layer having an expanded structure includes a distribution of voids therein. The voids may be associated with the foamed structure of the layer or may be associated with particulate fillers distributed throughout the layer to cause the expansion of the layer.

[0031] Additionally, the multi-layer structure of the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid may include co-extruded or laminated layers. Expansion of the expansion layers may occur during extrusion / lamination or during stretching / orientation or both.

[0032] The resulting expanded multi-layer integral geogrid, having a plurality of oriented multi-layer strands interconnected by partially oriented multi-layer joints and having a series of openings therebetween, can then be configured in any of a variety of repeating geometric patterns as described herein.

[0033] In accordance with the present invention, the starting material for making an expanded multi-layer integral geogrid includes a multi-layer polymer starting sheet having holes or depressions therein that provide a series of openings that are formed when the starting material is biaxially stretched. The multi-layer polymer starting sheet includes an expandable inner layer having a foamed structure or an expandable inner layer having a particulate filler dispersed therein to cause the expansion of the layer. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the layers of the multi-layer polymer starting sheet may be co-extruded and laminated together.

[0034] According to certain embodiments of the invention, the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid comprises a plurality of oriented multi-layer strands interconnected by partially oriented multi-layer oriented joints, with at least one expanded layer interposed between two non-expanded layers, and with a series of openings therebetween. According to one embodiment, the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid is a rectangular geogrid having a repeating geometric pattern of partially oriented joints interconnecting the oriented strands that define a rectangular opening. According to another embodiment, the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid is a triaxial geogrid having a repeating hexagonal geometric pattern of partially oriented joints interconnecting the oriented strands that define a triangular opening. According to yet another embodiment, the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid is a geogrid having a repeating geometric pattern of partially oriented joints interconnecting the oriented strands that form exterior hexagons, each of which is formed in the shape of an interior hexagon and surrounds and supports six interior interconnected oriented strands that define smaller hexagonal openings, referred to herein as "repeated flowing hexagons within a hexagonal pattern."

[0035] In accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention, an earth structure includes a mass of granular material reinforced and stabilized by embedding an expanded multi-layer integral geogrid having a repeating geometric pattern and having an expanded inner layer.

[0036] In accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method of making an expanded multilayer integral geogrid starting material includes providing a multilayer polymeric starting sheet having an expandable inner layer, and providing holes or depressions that interconnect the oriented strands and provide a repeating geometric pattern of partially oriented joints that define openings when the starting material is biaxially stretched.

[0037] In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a method of making an expanded multi-layer integral geogrid includes the steps of providing a multi-layer polymeric starting sheet having an expandable inner layer, providing holes or depressions therein, and biaxially stretching the multi-layer polymeric sheet of the expandable layer having holes or depressions therein to provide a repeating geometric pattern of partially oriented joints interconnecting oriented strands to define openings therein.

[0038] Also, in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method of strengthening a mass of particulate material includes embedding in the mass of particulate material an expanded multi-layer integral geogrid having an expanded inner layer and having a repeating geometric pattern of partially oriented joints interconnecting oriented strands that define openings.

[0039] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a multi-layer integral geogrid in which at least one inner layer has an extended structure relative to at least one other layer of the multiple layers, providing an integral geogrid with increased compressibility of the layers under load.

[0040] It is therefore another object of the present invention to provide a starting material for making an expanded multi-layer integral geogrid, comprising a multi-layer polymer starting sheet having an expandable inner layer and holes or depressions that provide a series of openings that are formed when the starting material is biaxially stretched, the expandable layer of the multi-layer polymer starting sheet includes having a foamed structure or having particulate fillers dispersed therein to cause the expansion of the inner layer, and the layers of the multi-layer polymer starting sheet may be co-extruded or laminated together.

[0041] Another object of the present invention is to provide an expanded multi-layer integral geogrid having a plurality of oriented multi-layer strands interconnected by partially oriented multi-layer joints with a series of openings therebetween manufactured from a multi-layer polymer starting sheet having an expandable inner layer. The expanded multi-layer integral geogrid may be a rectangular geogrid having a repeating geometric pattern of partially oriented joints interconnecting oriented strands that define rectangular openings, a triaxial geogrid having a repeating geometric pattern of partially oriented joints interconnecting oriented strands that define triangular openings, or a geogrid having a repeating geometric pattern of partially oriented joints interconnecting oriented strands that define exterior hexagons, each of which surrounds and supports an interior oriented hexagon, i.e., a "repeating flowing hexagon within a hexagonal pattern."

[0042] A related object of the present invention is to provide a shape that can bind and stabilize a wider variety and range of qualities of aggregate than shapes associated with conventional geogrid structures, while providing enhanced compressibility and other desirable properties.

[0043] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an earth structure comprising a mass of granular material that is reinforced and stabilized by embedding an expanded multi-layer integral geogrid having a repeating geometric pattern and an expanded inner layer.

[0044] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method of making a starting material for an expanded multi-layer integral geogrid, comprising the steps of providing a multi-layer polymer starting sheet having an expandable inner layer, and providing holes or depressions that provide openings when the starting material is biaxially stretched and provide a repeating geometric pattern of partially oriented joints interconnecting the oriented strands. The expandable inner layer may be made by providing a foamed structure or by dispersing a particulate filler therein. The multi-layer polymer starting sheet may be made by co-extruding multiple layers or by laminating multiple layers together.

[0045] Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of making an expanded multi-layer integral geogrid, comprising the steps of providing a multi-layer polymeric starting sheet having an expandable inner layer, providing holes or depressions therein, and biaxially stretching the multi-layer polymeric starting sheet to provide a repeating geometric pattern of partially oriented joints and openings interconnecting the oriented strands. The method of making the rectangular or triangular opening integral geogrids described above can use known geogrid manufacturing methods such as those described in the above-mentioned U.S. Patents 4,374,798, 4,590,029, 4,743,486, 5,419,659, 7,001,112, 9,556,580, 10,024,002 and 10,501,896, and other patents. A method for making the above-described integral geogrid having a repeating geometric pattern of partially oriented joints interconnecting oriented strands, each defining an outer hexagon that surrounds and supports an inner oriented hexagon, can use a manufacturing method such as that described below.

[0046] More specifically, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for making an expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid in which an expanded inner layer is formed by first providing a foam structure in a layer of a multi-layer polymer starting sheet and then biaxially orienting the multi-layer polymer starting sheet to stretch the foam material and create a distribution of foam voids.

[0047] Similarly, another object of the present invention is to provide a method for making an expanded multi-layer integral geogrid, in which an expanded inner layer is formed by first dispersing a particulate filler in layers of a multi-layer polymer starting sheet, and then biaxially orienting the multi-layer polymer starting sheet to expand the distribution of the particulate filler and form a distribution of voids as the particulate filler partially separates from the polymer layer material.

[0048] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method of strengthening a mass of particulate material comprising embedding in the mass an expanded multi-layer integral geogrid having a repeating geometric pattern of partially oriented multi-layer joints and openings interconnecting the oriented strands, and having an expanded inner layer.

[0049] And yet another object of the present invention is to provide significant economic benefits from the use of the multi-layer integrated geogrids of the present invention, in addition to the structural and performance improvements associated therewith, by achieving higher aspect ratios at the same cost or by achieving the same aspect ratios at a lower cost. The many advantages associated with the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrids of the present invention are various in nature.

[0050] Not only does the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid of the present invention have a multi-layer structure, but because at least one inner layer thereof has an expanded structure relative to at least one other layer of the multiple layers as a result of the distribution of voids therein, the geogrid is able to increase the compressibility of the layers under load.

[0051] The multi-layer nature of the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid of the present invention also provides greater overall stiffness to the integral geogrid compared to conventional single layer integral geogrids. Furthermore, due to the expanded inner layers, the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid of the present invention is characterized by a conformability, i.e., initial resilience or flexibility, which results in better compression and higher density, yet has a greater stiffness of the final horizontal aggregate geogrid composite as a result of the initial resilience.

[0052] Additionally, the expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrid of the present invention provides a higher aspect ratio for all strands compared to conventional monolithic geogrids, and the expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrid of the present invention can better accommodate a variety of aggregate aspect ratios since the higher aspect ratio of the monolithic geogrid of the present invention increases aggregate interlock.

[0053] More specifically, with respect to the high aspect ratios achievable with the expanded multi-layer integral geogrids of the present invention, the high aspect ratios provide at least the following distinct and significant advantages: First, if a monolithic geogrid having strands with a higher aspect ratio is desired, the expansion layer of the present invention can provide that high aspect ratio while using the same overall polymer content (i.e., "amount" of polymer) as a similarly constructed monolithic geogrid without the expansion layer. Second, if a monolithic geogrid having strands of the same aspect ratio as a similarly constructed monolithic geogrid is desired, the expansion layer of the present invention can provide that same aspect ratio while using less overall polymer content (i.e., "amount" of polymer). Thus, in addition to the associated structural and performance improvements, the expanded multi-layer integral geogrids of the present invention can provide significant economic benefits, i.e., achieving a higher aspect ratio at the same cost, or achieving the same aspect ratio at a lower cost.

[0054] In summary, with the expanded inner layer containing voids, the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid of the present invention provides both increased compressibility of the layer under load and increased strength as aggregate reinforcement, while also providing economic advantages over its use based solely on the amount of polymer used.

[0055] These, together with other objects and advantages which will become apparent hereinafter, are contained in the details of construction and operation as more fully described below, and reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof and in which like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout, and which are intended to illustrate the invention, but are not necessarily drawn to scale, and in which: [Brief description of the drawings]

[0056] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a cross section of a triaxially expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid according to one embodiment of the present invention. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 shows a single planar multi-layer polymer starting sheet for the triaxially expanded multi-layer integral geogrid shown in FIG. 1 before any holes or depressions are formed. [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 is a top perspective plan view of the starting sheet shown in FIG. 2 with holes provided to form a triaxially expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrid. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a perspective cross-sectional view of a portion of the starting sheet shown in FIG. [Diagram 5] FIG. 5 shows a single planar multi-layer polymer starting sheet for a triaxially expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrid according to another embodiment of the present invention, before holes or depressions are formed. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is a perspective cross-sectional view of a portion of a triaxial multi-layer monolithic geogrid associated with the starting sheet shown in FIG. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is a plan view of a rectangular expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the rectangular expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid shown in FIG. [Figure 9]FIG. 9 is a top perspective plan view of a starting sheet with holes or depressions formed therein to form the rectangular expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid shown in FIG. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a plan view of a hexagonal expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the hexagonal expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid shown in FIG. [Figure 12] FIG. 12 is a top perspective view of the starting sheet with holes or depressions formed therein to form the hexagonal expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid shown in FIG. [Figure 13] FIG. 13 is a plan view of possible hole sizes and spacings shown in the starting sheet of FIG. [Figure 14] 14A-14E show a hypothesized compression mechanism of a three-layer expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid associated with voids in the expanded inner layer under loading. [Figure 15] 15A-15C show the hypothesized flexible rib mechanism for the expanded inner layer of a three-ply expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid that is also associated with voids in the expanded inner layer, demonstrating both vertical and horizontal flexibility of the integrated geogrid under load. [Figure 16] FIG. 16 is a graph showing a comparison of the behavior of inelastic ribs in a starting sheet of a conventional monolithic geogrid to the behavior of elastic ribs in a starting sheet of an expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrid of the present invention having an expanded inner layer. [Figure 17] FIG. 17 shows a table comparing the advantages of the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid of the present invention versus a single layer geogrid without an expanded layer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0057] Only the preferred embodiment of the invention will be described in detail, it being understood that the scope of the invention is not limited to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. As will be explained below, the invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in various ways.

[0058] Moreover, in describing the preferred embodiments, technical terminology is used for the sake of clarity, and each term is intended to have the broadest meaning as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art and is intended to encompass all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose.

[0059] Also, as used herein, the terms "coextruded," "coextrusion," and "coextrusion" are used according to their generally accepted definitions, i.e., in reference to a one-step process beginning with two or more polymeric materials that are simultaneously extruded and formed into a single die to form a multilayer sheet.

[0060] Also, as used herein, the terms "laminated," "laminating," and "lamination" are used according to their generally accepted definitions, i.e., in reference to a process beginning with two or more sheets of polymeric material that are manufactured separately and laminated together to form a multilayer sheet of three or more layers.

[0061] The present invention is directed to a multi-layered integral geogrid, preferably having three or more layers, with at least one inner layer having an extended structure relative to at least one other layer of the multi-layers, i.e., an "expanded multi-layered integral geogrid" or "expanded multi-layered integral geogrid." Due to the extended inner layer structure, the expanded multi-layered integral geogrid provides increased compressibility of the layers under load, as well as other desirable properties.

[0062] More specifically, the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid includes a plurality of oriented multi-layer strands interconnected by partially oriented multi-layer joints and having a series of openings therebetween, each oriented multi-layer strand and each partially oriented multi-layer joint having a plurality of layers including an inner layer having an expanded structure relative to at least one other layer of the plurality of layers, and the plurality of layers are in contact along each oriented multi-layer strand and each partially oriented multi-layer joint.

[0063] Even more specifically, the inner layer having an expanded structure includes a distribution of voids therein, which may be associated with the foamed structure of the layer, or may be associated with particulate fillers distributed throughout the layer to generate the expansion of the layer.

[0064] Also, as used herein, the term "expandable" used to describe the above-mentioned inner layer refers to the ability of the inner layer to expand during the formation of the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid. The term "expanded" used to describe the above-mentioned inner layer refers to the structure of the inner layer including the associated widening of voids present in the expandable inner layer after formation of the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid by stretching to orient the geogrid.

[0065] Additionally, the multi-layer structure may include co-extruded or laminated layers. Expansion of the expanded inner layer may occur during extrusion / lamination, stretching / orientation, or both. Additionally, the resulting expanded multi-layer integral geogrid has a plurality of oriented multi-layer strands interconnected by partially oriented multi-layer joints and has a series of openings therebetween, and may be configured in any of the various repeating geometric patterns described herein.

[0066] As shown in FIG. 1, an expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid 200 (here a triaxial integrated geogrid) according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a third layer, or expanded inner layer 220, disposed between a first outer layer 210 and a second outer layer 230.

[0067] As indicated above, the expanding inner layer 220 includes a distribution of voids 250 therein. The voids 250 may be associated with the foamed structure of the expanding inner layer 220 or may be associated with particulate filler distributed within the expanding inner layer 220 to generate expansion of the inner layer.

[0068] According to the foaming embodiment of the expanding inner layer 220, the invention may include using a foaming agent to provide the expandable inner layer 220, i.e., having a structure that includes voids. That is, according to one embodiment of the invention for producing layers of a monolithic geogrid by co-extrusion (described below), one possible process is to mix a chemical foaming agent with the polymer that is extruded to form the expandable inner layer 220. The heat generated to melt the polymer causes the chemical foaming agent to decompose, resulting in the release of gas. The gas then distributes in the polymer melt, which expands as it exits the die. As a result, the expandable inner layer 220 is foamed. Similar to chemical foaming, the injection of gas in one or more of the expandable inner layers is also considered a foaming process according to this embodiment of the invention.

[0069] More specifically, the foaming additive, i.e., the blowing agent, preferably comprises 0.5% to 2% by weight of the extension layer, and more preferably comprises 0.75% to 1.25% by weight of the extension layer. Generally, as described above, the foaming additive generates voids during the extrusion process by generating volatile gases. The volume of the voids is controlled by controlling the proportion of the foaming additive, the melt temperature, and the pressure along the polymer extrusion path. Furthermore, the use of high melt strength polymers allows for good control of the void shape and void size during the extrusion process.

[0070] In accordance with the particulate filler embodiment of the expanded inner layer 220, the present invention uses a dispersion of particulate fillers to provide an expandable inner layer 220, i.e., one having a structure that includes voids. The inclusion of such particulate fillers in the expandable inner layer 220 creates a product with a thicker or bulkier profile, which may lead to improved performance of the monolithic geogrid in a particular application. Depending on the application in which the expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrid is used, such particulate fillers may include, for example, CaCO3 (calcium carbonate), hydrous magnesium silicate (e.g., talc), CaSiO3 (wollastonite), calcium sulfate (e.g., gypsum), diatomaceous earth, titanium dioxide, nanofillers, multi-walled carbon nanotubes ("MWCNTs"), single-walled carbon nanotubes ("SWCNTs"), natural and synthetic fibers (e.g., metal fibers, glass fibers), dolomite, silica, mica, and aluminum hydrate.

[0071] More specifically, the particulate filler preferably comprises 10% to 40% by weight of the extension layer, and more preferably comprises 15% to 25% by weight of the extension layer. The particulate filler embodiments of the present invention do not themselves form voids during the extrusion process, but rather form voids during the orientation (stretching) of the starting sheet resulting in the integral geogrid. That is, the stretching process forms voids through cavitation of individual particles of the particulate filler, i.e., as shear forces act on the polymer matrix.

[0072] According to both the foamed and particulate filler embodiments, the materials of construction of the first outer layer (here, 210) and the second outer layer (here, 230) may be the same or different from each other, but are preferably the same material. In general, the materials of construction of the expanded inner layer 220 are different from both the materials of construction of the first outer layer 210 and the second outer layer 230.

[0073] Contemplated embodiments of the present invention include those in which one or more foam layers are used in combination with one or more layers that include particulate filler.

[0074] FIG. 2 shows a monoplanar multi-layer polymeric starting sheet 100 for the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid 200 shown in FIG. 1 before any holes or depressions are formed.

[0075] As shown in FIG. 2, the multilayer polymer starting sheet 100 is an embodiment of a three-layer sheet of the present invention. That is, the sheet 100 preferably includes a first outer layer 110, a second outer layer 130, and an inner layer 120 that is an expandable layer 150 containing voids. The first outer layer 110 and the second outer layer 130 are arranged on opposite planes of the inner layer 120, preferably in a monoplanar or substantially monoplanar configuration. Additionally, while a three-layer configuration of the sheet 100 is shown for illustrative purposes, the present invention contemplates the use of sheets having multiple layers arranged in various configurations, multiple layers having various thickness combinations, and multiple layers having various construction materials, all as determined by the particular application in which the integral geogrid is to be used. For example, while a three-layer configuration of the sheet 100 is shown for illustrative purposes, the present invention contemplates the use of sheets having more than three layers. In general, the layer configurations, layer thicknesses, and construction materials of the layers are selected to facilitate the manufacture of the integral geogrid as well as to provide the integral geogrid with the desired degree of compressibility, stiffness, and other performance characteristics.

[0076] As discussed above, the multi-layer polymer starting sheet 100 used as the starting material for the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid of the present invention is preferably punched through, although formed dimples may be used instead. In embodiments where the sheet is formed with dimples, the dimples are provided on both sides of the sheet 100, i.e., on both the front and back of the sheet. Furthermore, the dimples extend through each layer of the multi-layer sheet.

[0077] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the multilayer polymer starting sheet 100 has a total thickness of about 2 mm to about 12 mm, and according to a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, the sheet 100 has a total thickness of about 2 mm to about 6 mm.

[0078] With regard to the individual thicknesses of the sheet layers, it should be noted that, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first outer layer 110 has a thickness of about 0.5 mm to about 4.5 mm, the expandable inner layer 120 has a thickness of about 1 mm to about 9 mm, and the second outer layer 130 has a thickness of about 0.5 mm to about 4.5 mm, resulting in a total thickness of about 2 mm to about 12 mm for the starting sheet 100. Also, according to a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first outer layer 110 has a thickness of about 0.5 mm to about 2 mm, the expandable inner layer 120 has a thickness of about 2 mm to about 5 mm, and the second outer layer 130 has a thickness of about 0.5 mm to about 2 mm.

[0079] In general, the materials of construction of the first outer layer 110, the inner expandable layer 120, and the second outer layer 130 may be the same as or different from each other. Preferably, the materials of construction of the first outer layer 110 and the second outer layer 130 are the same as each other. More preferably, the materials of construction of the inner expandable layer 120 are different from the materials of construction of both the first outer layer 110 and the second outer layer 130.

[0080] Generally, the layers of the starting sheet are polymeric in nature. For example, the materials of construction may include high molecular weight polyolefins and broad specification polymers. Furthermore, the polymeric materials may be virgin stock or recycled materials, such as post-industrial or post-consumer recycled polymeric materials. The use of one or more polymeric layers that are less expensive than the high molecular weight polyolefins and broad specification polymers described above is also contemplated.

[0081] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the material of construction of the first outer layer 110 and the second outer layer 130 is a high molecular weight polyolefin, such as polypropylene ("PP"). Also according to a similar preferred embodiment of the present invention, the material of construction of the expandable inner layer 120 is a polymer of broad specification, such as virgin PP or recycled PP, such as post-industrial PP or other recycled PP. However, polymeric components having material of construction other than polypropylene may be included in the multilayer polymeric starting sheet 100 depending on the particular application of the integrated geogrid.

[0082] In accordance with the present invention, the multilayer polymeric starting sheet 100 can be produced by coextrusion of layers as disclosed in the above-referenced '960 application, or by lamination of separately produced layers.

[0083] Figure 3 is a top perspective plan view of the multi-layer polymer starting sheet 100 shown in Figure 2 with holes 140 provided to form the triaxially expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrid 200 shown in Figure 1. Figure 4 is a perspective cross-sectional view of a portion of the multi-layer polymer starting sheet 100 shown in Figure 3.

[0084] The size and spacing of the holes 140 are as disclosed in the Walsh '112 patent. As also disclosed in the Walsh '112 patent, the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid 200 includes highly oriented strands 205 and partially oriented joints 235. The second outer or top layer 130 of the multi-layer polymer starting sheet 100 is stretched and oriented into the top layer 230 of the strands 205 and joints 235. Similarly, the first outer or bottom layer 110 of the multi-layer polymer starting sheet 100 is stretched and oriented into the lower or underlying layer 210 of the strands 205 and joints 235. Once the second layer 130 and first layer 110 are stretched and oriented, the second inner or expanded inner layer 120 is also stretched and oriented into the middle layer 220 of both the strands 205 and joints 235.

[0085] As indicated above, while a three-layer construction of the multilayer polymer starting sheet 100 is shown for purposes of illustration, the present invention also contemplates the use of starting sheets 100 with more than three layers.

[0086] For example, the starting sheet can be a five-layer configuration, such as the multilayer polymer starting sheet 400 shown in Figure 5. The sheet 400 includes an intermediate layer 420, a first extending inner layer 410, a second extending inner layer 430, a first outer layer 440, and a second outer layer 450. The first extending inner layer 410 and the second extending inner layer 430 are disposed on opposite planes of the intermediate layer 420, preferably in a single plane or substantially in a single plane. The first outer layer 440 and the second outer layer 450 are disposed on opposite planes of the first extending inner layer 410 and the second extending inner layer 430, respectively, preferably in a single plane or substantially in a single plane.

[0087] In a particular embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 5, a multilayer polymer starting sheet 400 is made by coextrusion or lamination of a first material forming an intermediate layer 420, a second material forming a first extending inner layer 410, a third material forming a second extending inner layer 430, a fourth material forming a first outer layer 440, and a fifth material forming a second outer layer 450.

[0088] In general, the materials of construction of the middle layer 420, the first extended inner layer 410, the second extended inner layer 430, the first outer layer 440, and the second outer layer 450 may be the same as one another or may be different from one another. For example, the middle layer 420 may have a first material of construction, the first extended inner layer 410 and the second extended inner layer 430 may have a second material of construction, and the first outer layer 440 and the second outer layer 450 may have a third material of construction. In summary, various combinations of the materials of construction of the five layers described above may be employed depending on the particular application for which the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid made from the sheet 400 is to be used.

[0089] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a cross section of a triaxially expanded multi-layer integral geogrid 500 associated with the multi-layer polymer starting sheet 400 shown in FIG. 5. The triaxially expanded multi-layer integral geogrid 500 includes highly oriented strands 505 and partially oriented joints 535. After holes are provided in the sheet 400, the first outer layer 440 and the second outer layer 450 of the sheet 400 are stretched and oriented to the first outer layer 540 and the second outer layer 550 of the strands 505 and the joints 535, respectively. Similarly, the first expanded inner layer 410 and the second expanded inner layer 430 of the sheet 400 are stretched and oriented to the first expanded inner layer 510 and the second expanded inner layer 530 of the strands 505 and the joints 535, respectively. Also, because the first outer layer 440 and the second outer layer 450, and the first extended inner layer 410 and the second extended inner layer 430, are stretched and oriented, the intermediate layer 420 is also stretched and oriented in the intermediate layer 520 of both the strands 505 and the joints 535.

[0090] Also, similar to the multilayer polymer starting sheet 100 (i.e., the three-layer embodiment), the multilayer polymer starting sheet 400 having five layers may have an extension layer that is foamed or has particulate filler and may be formed by coextrusion or lamination.

[0091] Turning now to the geometric shapes of the expanded multi-layer integral geogrids, the present invention contemplates at least three general categories: triangular (e.g., "triaxial"), rectangular, and hexagonal.

[0092] The geometry of the triaxially expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid 200 is as shown in FIGS.

[0093] The geometry of a rectangular expanded multi-layer integral geogrid 700 is shown in FIG. 7. The rectangular expanded multi-layer integral geogrid 700 includes highly oriented strands 705 and partially oriented joints 735. As shown in FIG. 8, the rectangular expanded multi-layer integral geogrid 700 includes a third layer, an expanded inner layer 720, disposed between a first outer layer 710 and a second outer layer 730. Like the triangular geometry described herein, the expanded inner layer 720 includes a distribution of voids 750 therein. The voids 750 may be associated with the foam structure of the expanded inner layer 720 or may be associated with particulate fillers distributed in the expanded inner layer 720 to generate expansion of the inner layer.

[0094] The second outer or top layer 730 of the multilayer polymeric starting sheet 600 (described below) is stretched and oriented into the strands 705 and the top layer 730 of the joints 735. Similarly, the first outer or bottom layer 710 of the multilayer polymeric starting sheet 600 is stretched and oriented into the lower or underlying layer 710 of the strands 705 and the joints 735. As the second layer 730 and the first layer 710 are stretched and oriented, the second layer or extended inner layer 720 is also stretched and oriented into the middle layer 720 of both the strands 705 and the joints 735.

[0095] Figure 9 is a top perspective plan view of a multi-layer polymeric starting sheet 600 with holes 640 provided to form the rectangular expanded multi-layer integral geogrid 700 shown in Figures 7 and 8. The multi-layer polymeric starting sheet 600 includes a third layer, or expandable inner layer 620, provided between a first outer layer 610 and a second outer layer 630. The expandable inner layer 620 includes a distribution of voids 650, such as the triangular geometry described herein.

[0096] Also, like the triangular embodiment of the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid, the rectangular embodiment of the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid has an expansion layer that is foamed or that includes a particulate filler, and the starting sheet for the rectangular embodiment of the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid is the same as described herein above for the triangular embodiment and may have a coextruded or laminated construction.

[0097] And finally, the geometry of the hexagonal expanded multi-layer integral geogrid is shown in Figures 10 and 11. The impetus for the development of the hexagonal expanded multi-layer integral geogrid is the structural and economic advantages of producing a monolithic geogrid with a structure and geometry capable of bonding and stabilizing a wide variety and range of aggregate qualities suited to the requirements of such uses as geosynthetic reinforcement, or with other properties desired for a particular geosynthetic application.

[0098] To achieve the above-mentioned ability to bind and stabilize a wider variety and range of aggregate qualities than geometries associated with conventional geogrid structures, while at the same time providing varying degrees of localized out-of-plane and in-plane stiffness, the hexagonal expanded multi-layer integral geogrid of the present invention has a repeating pattern of interconnected oriented strands and partially oriented joints that form a repeating pattern of outer layer hexagons, each supporting and surrounding an oriented inner hexagon to define three different shaped openings in the single layer multiaxial integral geogrid. To provide additional strength and stability, the outer hexagonal geometries form straight strands that run continuously in three different directions throughout the multiaxial integral geogrid.

[0099] When so formed, the inner hexagon contains six oriented strands and is supported by six oriented connecting strands that extend from the partially oriented joints of the outer hexagon to each corner of the inner hexagon to form an oriented triple node. The triple nodes have a much higher level of orientation than the joints and tend to be fully oriented. This configuration creates an inner hexagon that is floating, or suspended, relative to the outer hexagon structure. This structure allows the inner hexagon to move up or down and "float" or bend (deform) relative to the main plane of the geogrid during placement and compaction of the aggregate, enhancing the geogrid's ability to bond and stabilize to the aggregate. The above-described geogrid structure is referred to herein as a "repeating suspended hexagon in a hexagonal pattern."

[0100] 10 and 11, the hexagonal expanded multi-layer integral geogrid 1100 includes a plurality of interconnected oriented strands with a series of openings therein, repeating suspended hexagons within the hexagonal pattern of interconnected oriented strands, and straight strands that include openings and extend continuously throughout the entirety of the multi-axial integral geogrid. More specifically, the hexagonal expanded multi-layer integral geogrid 1100 includes a repeating pattern of suspended inner hexagons 1130 within each outer hexagon 1110. The outer hexagons 1110 include a plurality of outer oriented strands or ribs 1120 interconnected by partially oriented joints 1115. The inner hexagons 1130 include a plurality of oriented connecting strands 1145 and 1150 interconnected by triple nodes 1135 and define a central hexagonal opening 1170. The outer hexagon 1110 is connected to a smaller inner hexagon 1130 by a number of support strands 1140 and 1160, defining a number of trapezoidal openings 1180. At the center of each of the patterns of three adjacent outer hexagons 1110 is a triangular opening 1190. As shown, the junctions 1115 are much larger than the triple nodes 1135.

[0101] As is evident from FIG. 10, another feature of the hexagonally expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid 1100 of the present invention is the linearly continuous nature of the outer strands 1120 of the repeating outer hexagonal pattern. That is, the oriented strands 1120 are linearly continuous through the partially oriented joints 1115 as they extend continuously throughout the multiaxially integrated geogrid in three different directions approximately 120° apart from each other, as indicated by arrows 120A, 120B, and 120C in FIG. 10 and FIG. 11. One skilled in the art will appreciate that different orientations of the same basic geometry are possible after stretching, provided that appropriate corresponding rotations of the geometry of the starting perforated sheet are performed. The linearly continuous nature of the strands 1120 provides both enhanced strength and in-plane stiffness to the hexagonally expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid of the present invention.

[0102] Preferably, the thickness of the hexagonal expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid 1100 in its thickest dimension (at the joints 1115) is from about 2 to about 9 mm, and more preferably, the thickness of such a multi-axially expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid 1100 is from about 4 to about 7 mm.

[0103] Figure 12 is a top perspective view of a multi-layer polymeric starting sheet 1300 with holes or depressions formed therein to form the hexagonal expanded multi-layer integral geogrid shown in Figures 10 and 11. The multi-layer polymeric starting sheet 1300 includes a third layer, or expandable inner layer 1320, disposed between a first outer layer 1310 and a second outer layer 1330. Like the triangular and rectangular geometries disclosed herein, the expandable inner layer 1320 includes a distribution of voids 1350 therein.

[0104] The multi-layer polymer starting sheet 1300 used as the starting material for the hexagonal expanded multi-layer integrated geogrids of the present invention is preferably provided with holes therethrough, although it is possible to use dimples formed therein instead. According to an embodiment of the starting material having dimples formed in the sheet, the dimples are provided on both sides of the sheet, i.e., on both the front and back sides of the sheet.

[0105] As shown in Figure 13, the multi-layer polymer starting sheet 1300 of Figure 12 includes a repeating pattern 1410 of holes 1420 and spacing 1430 that, when oriented, provides suspended hexagons within the hexagonal pattern of the hexagonally expanded multi-layer integral geogrid shown in Figures 10 and 11. According to one possible embodiment of the invention, the diameter of the holes 1420 is 3.68 mm and the spacing between the holes 1420 is as shown in Figure 13.

[0106] Preferably, the total thickness of the multilayer polymer starting sheet 1300 is from about 3 mm to about 10 mm, and more preferably, the total thickness of the multilayer polymer starting sheet 1300 is from about 5 mm to about 8 mm.

[0107] Also, generally, the multilayer polymer starting sheet 1300 is essentially made of polymer. For example, the materials of construction may include high molecular weight polyolefins and broad specification polymers. Furthermore, the polymer materials may be virgin stock or recycled materials, such as, for example, post-industrial or post-consumer recycled polymer materials. Also contemplated is the use of one or more polymer layers that are less expensive than the high molecular weight polyolefins and broad specification polymers described above. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the high molecular weight polyolefin is polypropylene.

[0108] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the strands 1120, 1140, 1145, 1150 and 1160 of the hexagonally expanded multi-layer integral geogrid 1100 have what is known to those skilled in the art as high aspect ratio, i.e., the ratio of the thickness or height of the multi-layer strand cross section to the width of the strand cross section is greater than 1.0, according to the above-mentioned Walsh patents, U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,556,580, 10,024,002 and 10,501,896. Although not essential to the present invention, a high aspect ratio of the strands or ribs is preferred. Thus, the multiaxial integral geogrid of the present invention provides increased compatibility between the geogrid and the aggregate, resulting in improved aggregate connectivity, lateral restraint and containment.

[0109] Like the rectangular and triaxial embodiments of the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid, the multi-axial "repeating flow hexagons in a hexagonal pattern" embodiment of the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid has an expanded layer that is foamed or includes a particulate filler. Also, the starting sheets for the multi-axial "repeating flow hexagons in a hexagonal pattern" embodiment of the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid are the same as those disclosed herein above for the triangular and rectangular embodiments, and may have a co-extruded or laminated construction.

[0110] The present invention also relates to methods of manufacturing the various embodiments of the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid described above. For example, a method of making the triaxially expanded multi-layer integral geogrid 200 described above includes the steps of: providing a multi-layer polymer starting sheet 100; forming a plurality of holes or depressions in the multi-layer polymer starting sheet 100 in a selected pattern, for example, according to the disclosure of the Walsh '112 patent; and biaxially stretching and orienting the multi-layer polymer starting sheet having the patterned plurality of holes or depressions therein to form an expanded multi-layer integral geogrid having a plurality of oriented strands interconnected between partially oriented joints to create the holes or depressions as grid openings.

[0111] Generally, once the multi-layer polymer starting sheet 100 has been prepared with holes or depressions, a triaxially expanded multi-layer integral geogrid 200 can be manufactured from the sheet 100 according to the methods described in the patents identified above and methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0112] Also, with respect to a method of making a multiaxial "repeating suspended hexagons within a hexagonal pattern" embodiment of the expanded multilayer integrated geogrid, the method includes the steps of providing a polymer sheet 1300; providing a patterned plurality of holes or depressions 1310 in the polymer sheet 1300; and orienting the polymer sheet 1300 having the patterned plurality of holes or depressions 1310 therein to provide a series of openings 1170, 1180, and 1190 therein, repeating suspended hexagons 1130 within an outer hexagon 1110 pattern of interconnected oriented strands, and a plurality of interconnected oriented strands 1120, 1140, 1145, 1150, and 1160 including three straight strands having openings and extending continuously throughout the multiaxially expanded multilayer integrated geogrid 1100.

[0113] Generally, once the starting sheet 1300 is prepared with holes or depressions, the multi-axially expanded multi-layer integral geogrid 1100 can be manufactured from the starting sheet 1300 according to the methods described in the patents identified above and methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0114] As indicated above, the hexagonal geometry of the outer hexagon 1110 and the smaller inner hexagon 1130 is a preferred embodiment for providing the floating geometric configuration of the present invention. However, other geometries are possible within the scope of the present invention. For example, the geometric shape may be a rectangle or square with four support or connecting strands connecting each inner corner of the outer rectangle or square to the corresponding outer corner of the smaller inner rectangle or square. Alternatively, the geometric shape may be a triangle with only three support or connecting strands between adjacent inner corners of the outer triangle and the outer corner of the smaller inner triangle.

[0115] In the rectangular or square embodiments of the invention described in the previous paragraph, there are preferably two straight strands that extend continuously across the geogrid for each outer rectangle or square, with such continuous strands extending at an angle of about 90° from each other. In triangular embodiments, there may be three straight strands that extend about 120° from each other for each outer triangle, similar to the straight strands 1120 of the preferred hexagonal embodiment described in detail herein.

[0116] Also, different geometries are possible without departing from the invention. For example, the inner geometry may be a circular ring supported within a preferred outer hexagon with six supporting strands similar to the preferred embodiment disclosed herein. Thus, it is not intended that the geometries of the outer repeating structure and the inner or internal floating structure be limited to the same geometry.

[0117] Figures 14A-14E show the hypothesized compression mechanism of the three-layer expanded multi-integrated geogrid in relation to the voids in the expanded inner layer upon loading. As shown in Figure 14A, before the load is applied, the voids and the polymer around them are undisturbed. As the load begins (Figure 14B), the polymer around the voids begins to compress. As the load continues (Figure 14C), the polymer around the voids stops yielding and the voids begin to compress. As the load continues (Figure 14D), the voids are fully compressed and the polymer around the voids begins to deform again. And finally, as the load is removed, as shown in Figure 14E, the ribs of the expanded multi-integrated geogrid are decompressed while the permanent deformation of the voids remains, along with the permanent deformation of the polymer around the voids, since the voids have been crushed to some extent.

[0118] Figures 15A-15C show the hypothesis of flexible rib mechanism of the expanded inner layer of the three-ply expanded multi-integrated geogrid in relation to the voids in the expanded inner layer, and demonstrate both vertical and horizontal flexibility of the integrated geogrid under load. As shown in Figure 15A, before load is applied, the voids and the polymer surrounding the voids are undisturbed. As load is applied (Figure 15B), the system begins to undergo elastic compression as the voids begin to collapse. Finally, as shown in Figure 15C, the system stops yielding as the voids begin to compress and densify. Thus, both vertical and horizontal flexibility of the geogrid under load is achieved by the voids present in the expanded inner layer of the expanded multi-integrated geogrid.

[0119] Figure 16 is a graph comparing the behavior of inelastic ribs in a starting sheet of a conventional monolithic geogrid with the behavior of elastic ribs in a starting sheet of an expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrid of the present invention with an expanded inner layer. As can be seen, the vertically and horizontally flexible ribs of the expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrid facilitate more optimal aggregate positioning and densification. This feature of the expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrid allows for the use of "larger" ribs without the ribs becoming "destroyers" of the aggregate system.

[0120] Figure 17 is a table comparing the benefits of the expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrid of the present invention with a single layer geogrid without an expanded layer. Sample 1 is a monolithic geogrid with a triangular shape made from a single layer polypropylene starting sheet, with a total thickness of the starting sheet of 4.15mm. The weight of the final monolithic geogrid of Sample 1 is 200g / m 2 Sample 2 is a monolithic geogrid having a triangular shape made from an expanded multilayer starting sheet according to the invention, the total thickness of the starting sheet being 4.2 mm. The multilayer structure of Sample 2 includes a first polypropylene outer layer (i.e., top layer) having a thickness of 0.5 mm, a polypropylene expanded inner layer having a thickness of 3.2 mm, and a second polypropylene outer layer (i.e., bottom layer) having a thickness of 0.5 mm. The weight of the final monolithic geogrid product of Sample 2 is 171 g / m 2Samples 1 and 2 were subjected to a simulated traffic test, and the average surface deformation of the integrated geogrids in the last 500 passes was measured. The average surface deformation of sample 1 was 61.8 mm, and the average surface deformation of sample 2 was almost the same at 61.6 mm.

[0121] As can be seen from Figure 17, Sample 2, an expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid according to the present invention, is 14.5% lighter than Sample 1, a non-expanded single layer integrated geogrid. However, based on trafficking tests, Sample 2 achieves surface deformation performance equivalent to the heavier Sample 1. Thus, by using the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid technology of the present invention, it is possible to reduce the product weight while achieving surface deformation performance equivalent to the heavier non-expanded single layer product.

[0122] Also according to Figure 17, Sample 3 is a monolithic geogrid with a triangular shape made from a single layer polypropylene starting sheet, with a total thickness of 4.55 mm. The weight of the final monolithic geogrid of Sample 3 is 217 g / m 2 Sample 4 is a monolithic geogrid having a triangular shape made from an expanded multilayer starting sheet according to the invention, the starting sheet having a total thickness of 6.2 mm. The multilayer structure of Sample 4 includes a first polypropylene outer layer (i.e., top layer) having a thickness of 1 mm, a polypropylene expanded inner layer having a thickness of 4.2 mm, and a second polypropylene outer layer (i.e., bottom layer) having a thickness of 1 mm. The weight of the final monolithic geogrid product of Sample 4 is 215 g / m 2 , which is essentially the same as sample 3. Samples 3 and 4 were also subjected to a simulated traffic test and the average surface deformation of the monolithic geogrids was measured for 500 passes. The average surface deformation of sample 3 was 46.4 mm, while that of sample 4 was significantly less at 37.2 mm.

[0123] As can be seen from Figure 17, Sample 4, an expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid according to the present invention, has essentially the same weight as Sample 3, a non-expanded single layer integrated geogrid. However, based on trafficking tests, Sample 4 achieves 19.8% better (i.e., less surface deformation) surface deformation performance than Sample 3. Thus, by using the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid technology of the present invention, it is possible to achieve better surface deformation performance, i.e., less surface deformation, than a non-expanded single layer product while maintaining the product weight.

[0124] In summary, the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid of the present invention not only has a multi-layer structure, but also has at least one inner layer thereof having an expanded structure relative to at least one other layer of the multiple layers as a result of the distribution of voids therein, thereby improving the compressibility of the layers under load.

[0125] Additionally, the multi-layer nature of the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid of the present invention provides greater overall stiffness to the integral geogrid as compared to conventional single layer integral geogrids. Furthermore, due to the expanded inner layers, the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid of the present invention is characterized by a compliant, i.e., initial resilience or flexibility, resulting in better compaction and high density, yet has a greater stiffness of the final horizontal aggregate geogrid composite as a result of the initial resilience.

[0126] Additionally, the expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrid of the present invention provides a higher aspect ratio for all strands compared to conventional monolithic geogrids. The high aspect ratio of the monolithic geogrid of the present invention increases connectivity with the aggregate, allowing the expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrid of the present invention to better accommodate various aspect ratios of the aggregate.

[0127] And finally, the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrids of the present invention have significant economic benefits in addition to providing the structural and performance improvements described herein. If a monolithic geogrid with strands having a higher aspect ratio is desired, an expansion layer according to the present invention can provide that higher aspect ratio while using the same overall polymer content (i.e., "amount" of polymer) as a similarly constructed monolithic geogrid without the expansion layer. Alternatively, if a monolithic geogrid with strands of the same aspect ratio as a similarly constructed monolithic geogrid is desired, an expansion layer according to the present invention can provide that same aspect ratio while using less overall polymer content (i.e., "amount" of polymer). Thus, in addition to the associated structural and performance improvements, the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrids of the present invention can provide significant economic benefits, i.e., achieving a higher aspect ratio at the same cost, or achieving the same aspect ratio at a lower cost.

[0128] A first aspect of the present invention is an expanded multi-layer integral geogrid for interlocking with and reinforcing aggregate, comprising a plurality of oriented strands interconnected by partially oriented joints and having a series of openings therebetween, said integral geogrid having a plurality of layers of polymeric material, each layer, and at least one inner layer of said plurality of layers having an expanded structure including a distribution of voids therein, improving initial compatibility between the aggregate and the integral geogrid to maximize aggregate density after aggregate and geogrid compaction.

[0129] The at least one inner layer having an expanded structure may have a void volume of 5% to 60%. The at least one inner layer having an expanded structure may have a compressibility of 5% to 75%. The at least one inner layer having an expanded structure may include a foam, a foam comprising polypropylene and a foaming additive. The at least one inner layer having an expanded structure may include a particulate filler. The particulate filler may be selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, hydrous magnesium silicate, calcium sulfate, diatomaceous earth, titanium dioxide, nanofillers, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, natural fibers, synthetic fibers, dolomite, silica, mica, and aluminum hydrate. The expanded multi-layered integral geogrid may be manufactured from coextruded multi-layered polymer sheets. The expanded multi-layered integral geogrid may be manufactured from laminated multi-layered polymer sheets. The oriented strands may be uniaxially or biaxially oriented. The expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid according to claim 8 is a multi-layer polymer sheet including a first layer, an extended inner layer, and a third layer, the first layer and the third layer being disposed on opposite planes of the extended inner layer. The multi-layer polymer sheet can have a thickness of about 2 mm to about 12 mm. The multi-layer polymer sheet first layer can have a thickness of about 0.5 mm to about 4.5 mm, the extended inner layer can have a thickness of about 1 mm to about 9 mm, and the third layer can have a thickness of about 0.5 mm to about 4.5 mm. The expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid can be a triaxial integrated geogrid or a rectangular integrated geogrid.

[0130] A second aspect of the invention relates to a starting material for producing an expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid, each layer having multiple layers of polymeric material, at least one inner layer of the multiple layers being capable of forming an expanded structure including a distribution of voids therein, the starting material comprising a multi-layer polymer sheet having holes or depressions that provide openings when the sheet is biaxially stretched.

[0131] The multilayer polymer sheet may be coextruded. The multilayer polymer sheet may be laminated. The multilayer polymer sheet may include a first layer, an extended inner layer, and a third layer, the first layer and the third layer being disposed on opposing planes of the extended inner layer. The multilayer polymer sheet may have an initial thickness of at least 2 mm.

[0132] A third aspect of the present invention relates to a soil structure comprising a mass of granular material reinforced by embedding an expanded multi-layer integral geogrid for interlocking and reinforcing aggregate, the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid comprising a plurality of oriented strands interconnected by partially oriented joints and having a series of openings therebetween, the integrated geogrid having a plurality of layers of polymeric material, each layer having an expanded structure including a distribution of voids therein, improving the initial compatibility between the aggregate and the integral geogrid to maximize aggregate density after aggregate and geogrid compaction.

[0133] A fourth aspect of the invention relates to a method of reinforcing a mass of particulate material comprising embedding in the mass an expanded multi-layer monolithic geogrid for interlocking and reinforcing aggregate, the monolithic geogrid comprising a plurality of oriented strands interconnected by partially oriented joints and having a series of openings therebetween, the monolithic geogrid having a plurality of layers of polymeric material, each layer having an expanded structure including a distribution of voids therein, to improve initial compatibility between the aggregate and the monolithic geogrid and maximize aggregate density after aggregate and geogrid compaction.

[0134] A fifth aspect of the invention is a method of making an expanded multi-layer integral geogrid comprising the steps of: providing a multi-layer polymer sheet having a plurality of layers of polymer material, wherein at least one inner layer of the plurality of layers is capable of forming an expanded structure having a distribution of voids therein; providing a plurality of patterned holes or depressions in the multi-layer polymer sheet; and orienting the multi-layer polymer sheet having the plurality of patterned holes or depressions to provide a plurality of oriented strands interconnected by partially oriented joints, and configuring the holes or depressions as grid openings. wherein the at least one inner layer has an extended structure including a distribution of voids within the multi-layer integral geogrid.

[0135] According to the method embodiment of the present invention, the at least one inner layer having an extended structure may include a foam. The at least one inner layer having an extended structure may include a particulate filler. The step of providing a multilayer polymer sheet may be coextrusion. The step of providing a multilayer polymer sheet may be lamination. The multilayer polymer sheet having a patterned plurality of holes or depressions therein may be oriented by uniaxial or biaxial stretching. The multilayer polymer sheet may include a first layer, an extended inner layer, and a third layer, the first layer and the third layer being disposed on opposing planes of the extended inner layer. The multilayer polymer sheet may have an initial thickness of at least 2 mm. The multilayer polymer sheet first layer may have a thickness of about 0.5 mm to about 4.5 mm, the extended inner layer may have a thickness of about 1 mm to about 9 mm, and the third layer may have a thickness of about 0.5 mm to about 4.5 mm. The first layer may have a high molecular weight polyolefin component, the extended inner layer may have a wide specification polymer component, and the third layer may have a high molecular weight polyolefin component. The expanded multi-layer integral geogrid may be a triaxial integral geogrid or a rectangular integral geogrid.

[0136] A sixth aspect of the invention is a method of making an expanded multi-layer integral geogrid structure comprising the steps of uniaxially or biaxially stretching a starting material which is a multi-layer polymer sheet having a plurality of holes or depressions patterned therein to provide an expanded multi-layer integral geogrid having a plurality of oriented strands interconnected by partially oriented joints and a plurality of grid openings; and embedding the integral geogrid in a mass of particulate material. The present invention relates to a method comprising the steps of:

[0137] And a seventh aspect of the invention relates to an expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid comprising a plurality of interconnected oriented strands and a plurality of partially oriented joints forming a repeating pattern of exterior hexagons having a series of openings therein, each of the exterior hexagons supporting and surrounding a smaller interior hexagon having oriented strands, the oriented strands and the plurality of partially oriented joints of the exterior hexagons forming a plurality of linear strands that extend continuously throughout the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid, the integrated geogrid having a plurality of layers of polymeric material each extending throughout the geogrid, and at least one inner layer of the plurality of layers having an expanded structure including a distribution of voids therein.

[0138] The foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Moreover, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation as described and illustrated.

Claims

1. An expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid for connecting and reinforcing aggregates, a plurality of oriented strands interconnected by partially oriented joints and having a series of openings therebetween; the monolithic geogrids each having a plurality of layers of polymeric material; An expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid, wherein at least one inner layer of the plurality of layers has an expanded structure including a distribution of voids that improves initial compatibility between the aggregate and the integrated geogrid to maximize aggregate density after compression of the aggregate and geogrid.

2. 10. The expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid of claim 1, wherein at least one inner layer having the expanded structure has a void volume of 5% to 60%.

3. 10. The expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid of claim 1, wherein at least one inner layer having the expanded structure has a compressibility of 5% to 75%.

4. 10. The expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid of claim 1, wherein at least one inner layer having the expanded structure comprises foam.

5. 5. The expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid of claim 4, wherein the foam comprises polypropylene and a foaming additive.

6. 10. The expanded multi-layer integral geogrid of claim 1, wherein at least one inner layer having the expanded structure comprises a particulate filler.

7. 7. The expanded multilayer monolithic geogrid of claim 6, wherein the particulate filler is selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, hydrous magnesium silicate, calcium sulfate, diatomaceous earth, titanium dioxide, nanofillers, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, natural fibers, synthetic fibers, dolomite, silica, mica, and aluminum hydrate.

8. 10. The expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid of claim 1, wherein the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid is manufactured from a coextruded multi-layer polymer sheet.

9. 10. The expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid of claim 1, wherein the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid is manufactured from laminated multi-layer polymer sheets.

10. 10. The expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid of claim 1, wherein the oriented strands are uniaxially or biaxially oriented.

11. 9. The expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid of claim 8, wherein the multi-layer polymer sheet comprises a first layer, an extended inner layer, and a third layer, the first layer and the third layer being disposed on opposing planar surfaces of the extended inner layer.

12. 9. The expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid of claim 8, wherein the multi-layer polymer sheet has a thickness of about 2 mm to about 12 mm.

13. 12. The expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid of claim 11, wherein the multi-layer polymer sheet first layer has a thickness of about 0.5 mm to about 4.5 mm, the expanded inner layer has a thickness of about 1 mm to about 9 mm, and the third layer has a thickness of about 0.5 mm to about 4.5 mm.

14. 1. A starting material for producing an expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid, each layer having multiple layers of polymeric material, comprising: At least one inner layer of the plurality of layers is capable of forming an expanded structure including a distribution of voids therein, the starting material comprising a multilayer polymer sheet having holes or depressions therein that provide openings when the multilayer polymer sheet is biaxially stretched.

15. The starting material of claim 14 , wherein the multilayer polymer sheet is coextruded.

16. The starting material of claim 14 , wherein the multi-layer polymer sheet is laminated.

17. 15. The starting material of claim 14, wherein the multilayer polymer sheet comprises a first layer, an extended inner layer, and a third layer, the first layer and the third layer being disposed on opposing planar surfaces of the extended inner layer.

18. 15. The starting material of claim 14, wherein the multilayer polymer sheet has an initial thickness of at least 2 mm.

19. A soil structure comprising:

13. An earth structure comprising a mass of granular material reinforced by embedding therein the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid of claim 1.

20. 1. A method of consolidating a mass of particulate material, comprising the steps of:

13. A method of reinforcing a mass of particulate material comprising embedding the expanded multi-layer integral geogrid of claim 1 in the mass of particulate material.

21. A method for manufacturing an expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid, comprising: providing a multilayer polymer sheet having a plurality of layers, each layer being a polymeric material, at least one inner layer of the plurality of layers being capable of forming an extended structure including a distribution of voids therein; providing a pattern of a plurality of holes or depressions in the multilayer polymer sheet; orienting the multilayer polymer sheet having the patterned holes or depressions to provide a plurality of oriented strands interconnected by partially oriented joints, the holes or depressions configured as grid openings; Including, The method of manufacturing, wherein the at least one inner layer having an expanded structure comprises a distribution of voids within the multi-layer integral geogrid.

22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the at least one inner layer having an expanded structure comprises foam.

23. The method of claim 21 , wherein at least one inner layer having an extended structure comprises a particulate filler.

24. The method of claim 21 , wherein the step of providing a multilayer polymer sheet is coextrusion.

25. The method of claim 21 , wherein the step of providing a multi-layer polymer sheet is lamination.

26. The method of claim 21 , wherein the multilayer polymer sheet having a plurality of patterned holes or depressions therein is oriented by uniaxial or biaxial stretching.

27. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the multilayer polymer sheet comprises a first layer, an extended inner layer, and a third layer, the first layer and the third layer being disposed on opposing planar surfaces of the extended inner layer.

28. The method of claim 21 , wherein the multilayer polymer sheet has an initial thickness of at least 2 mm.

29. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the multilayer polymer sheet first layer has a thickness of about 0.5 mm to about 4.5 mm, the extended inner layer has a thickness of about 1 mm to about 9 mm, and the third layer has a thickness of about 0.5 mm to 4.5 mm.

30. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the first layer comprises a high molecular weight polyolefin structural material, the extended inner layer comprises a wide specification polymeric structural material, and the third layer comprises a high molecular weight polyolefin structural material.

31. A method for manufacturing an expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid structure, comprising: uniaxially or biaxially stretching a starting material, which is a multilayer polymer sheet having a plurality of holes or depressions patterned therein, to provide a multilayer integral geogrid having a plurality of oriented strands interconnected by partially oriented joints, and a plurality of grid openings; embedding the monolithic geogrid into a mass of particulate material; A manufacturing method comprising:

32. 10. The expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid of claim 1, wherein the integrated geogrid is a triaxial integrated geogrid or a rectangular integrated geogrid.

33. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid is a triaxial integrated geogrid or a rectangular integrated geogrid.

34. 1. An expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid comprising a plurality of interconnected oriented strands and a plurality of partially oriented joints forming a repeating pattern of an exterior hexagon with a series of openings therein, each of said exterior hexagons supports and surrounds a smaller interior hexagon having oriented strands; the external hexagonal oriented strands and the partially oriented joints form a plurality of linear strands that extend continuously throughout the expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid; the monolithic geogrid having multiple layers of polymeric material each extending throughout the geogrid; and At least one inner layer of the plurality of layers has an extended structure including a distribution of voids therein. Expanded multi-layer integrated geogrid.

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