Improved plasma products and methods for producing improved plasma products using multiple simultaneous discharges - Patents.com

Abstract

Enhanced plasma products are produced using a nonthermal plasma reaction chamber containing freely moving electrode segments. The input material can be solid, liquid, gas, or a combination thereof, depending on the type of enhanced plasma product desired or required. Plasma intensity and residual free radical control are monitored online to control changes in the frequency, magnetic field, and number of electrode segments, thereby enabling control of plasma intensity and residual free radicals. This results in numerous synergistic reactions of the input materials within the reaction chamber, producing enhanced plasma products at the output. Enhanced plasma products have superior properties compared to similar products not so treated. The electrode material can be modified to catalyze the intended reaction. The size and composition of the electrode segments can also be modified to tailor for the desired, required, or intended result or outcome.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 401,473, filed August 26, 2022, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 451,080, filed March 9, 2023.

[0002] The present invention generally relates to nonthermal plasma generation, plasma processing, and combined plasma generation and processing systems. It also generally relates to nonthermal plasma generation and processing systems of the type having a plasma generation and processing chamber through which water, liquids, gases, bound water, and liquid-suspended solids, etc., can pass and be processed. More specifically, the present invention relates to systems and methods for generating multiple simultaneous discharges for indefinite periods of time to form a wide variety of improved plasma products that can be maintained at a consistent quality, grade, or level over their useful life, resulting in sustainable, commercially viable throughput, all in a manner that reduces the size of solid particulates from millimeters to microns and from microns to nanometers in time intervals, and that creates long-lived, sustainable, highly reactive reactants that are processed within and released from the plasma generation and processing chamber. One particular application relates to using the methods and processes of the present invention to improve the properties of cement, concrete, and mortar, as well as the resulting mixtures after the addition of water and other substances. The strength of the resulting material is several times greater than that of conventional mixing methods. Other applications will become apparent from the detailed description provided. [Background technology]

[0003] All matter is composed of atoms, which consist of a nucleus and electrons. The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons. Electrons reside around the nucleus. Furthermore, all matter exists in at least one of four states: solid, liquid, gas, or plasma. Solids have the lowest molecular energy and possess molecular structures in which molecules are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern, with only vibrational motion at the molecular level. Solids have a definite shape and volume. However, liquids have a definite volume but an indefinite shape. Liquids have limited intermolecular attractive forces, allowing molecules to flow past each other. Atoms and molecules in a gaseous state (neutral substances) gain enough energy to release their mutual attractive forces. In this state, gases have an indefinite shape and volume. Plasma is formed when the energy of gas molecules increases until they remove electrons from a neutral gas, resulting in a high-energy gas that becomes plasma.

[0004] As can be inferred from the above, matter or a substance in any one of these states can generally be changed from one state to another by adding or removing energy from the matter. Such energy is usually provided in the form of heat or electrical energy. The amount of energy required to change a solid into a liquid and a liquid into a gas is relatively small. A basic example of this is water, or H2O.

[0005] Adding more heat energy to ice (water in its solid state) changes the solid state of water to a liquid. Adding more heat energy to the liquid state changes the liquid state to a gaseous state (note, however, that the white vapor often referred to as "steam" is actually the gaseous state of water beginning to return to its liquid state).

[0006] However, changing the state of water into a plasma requires a huge amount of thermal or non-thermal electrical energy that can convert water into hydrogen and oxygen plasma. That is, water is a molecule, but water in the plasma state is H +and OH - It exists as a reduced bond of ions. Water is a limiting example because once this ionization occurs, the ions cannot return to gaseous water. When this ionization is generated by electrical energy, this "electrically expanded water" is water that has been charged with a significant amount of electricity - significantly more than the amount required to convert ice to water and water to gaseous state. This, in turn, provides sufficient internal energy. This effect is not unique to water. In other applications, and for other substances, the plasma may consist of ions, electrons, neutral molecules, excited molecules, and ultraviolet light ("UV").

[0007] Highly ionized plasmas have many applications. By containing enough energy to alter the atomic structure of materials, plasmas can destroy pollutants and toxic waste. Plasmas can also be used for dust cleaning, dust removal, particle resizing, surface adhesion enhancement, surface activation, surface modification of organic and inorganic materials, generating free radicals (including UV, stabilized in magnetic fields, free electrons, pressure, and cavitation waves), oxidizing complex materials using free radicals, depositing thin coatings, and forming or decomposing new chemical compounds and mixtures.

[0008] Plasma cleaning can reduce and even remove surface contaminants such as grease. The presence of UV in the plasma breaks down the organic bonds in the contaminants. Plasma can modify and activate surfaces to enhance the adhesion of surface coatings and bonding materials. Such activation can last for a considerable period of time, depending on the type of material being activated. Plasma coatings can be used to deposit layers of conductive material in the fabrication of some electronic components, such as electronic mask work.

[0009] Regarding surface cleaning of materials such as those mentioned above, plasma cleaning can also be achieved for many nanoscale applications. Using inert gases such as argon and helium, easily oxidized metals can be cleaned by vaporizing and removing organic contaminants, which can then be evacuated from the plasma chamber. Surface activation and coating can also be achieved at this nanoscale, as discussed below.

[0010] One limitation of prior art plasma generation and processing chambers (or simply "plasma chambers") is their lack of scalability. That is, most work in this technology is performed by a single or small number of electrodes, which create individual discharges that may or may not interact. Because plasma chambers are relatively small and reaction times are slow, the use of this technology to date has tended to be limited to single substances, resulting in relatively small throughputs. The prior art has simply not been configured to enable reactions to be made into any large-scale commercial applications, or to sustain reactions for as long a time as may be desired or necessary for a given application or processing time.

[0011] Another limitation of prior art plasma chambers is the ability of such chambers to be used for an extremely wide variety of processing options. That is, prior art plasma chambers are limited in the way that the plasma reaction can produce improved plasma products that can be maintained at a consistent quality, grade, or level over their useful life, and this is the most significant limitation of the prior art that must be overcome in order for the plasma products to be commercially viable. [Prior art documents] [Non-patent literature]

[0012] [Non-Patent Document 1] Selma Mededovic Thagard, Focusing water treatment efforts on the destruction of poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): the United States perspective, 24 Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy pp. 1619–20 (2022) Summary of the Invention

[0013] The present invention provides improved plasma products that go far beyond surface modification of conventional products. This summary provides an overview of the wide variety of plasma generation methods and sources that can be implemented in accordance with the present invention, each of which is novel in the art.

[0014] One embodiment of the present invention emphasizes the broad range of plasma product characteristics, resulting in a wide variety of technological applications. While the prior art is effectively limited to (a) small volumes (as the prior art also demonstrates, employing low flow rates, i.e., less than 1 cubic meter per hour for complex molecular reaction times up to two hours), (b) single substances, and (c) lower throughputs (again, less than 1 cubic meter per hour), the present invention can process larger volumes. It should be noted that the smaller volume output possible with the present invention allows for continuous throughput and output from the plasma chamber.

[0015] With respect to the shortcomings of the prior art referenced immediately above, the inventors demonstrate that by using reaction times as short as 1 second but as long as 10 seconds, by using plasma for multiple substances rather than single substances, and by employing throughputs starting from 5 cubic meters per hour and going up to 50 cubic meters per hour (but potentially going up to 2 or 3 times higher in some circumstances), all of this can be done in a way that has not yet been done or proven in the prior art at medium to large volumes.

[0016] The terms "input," "throughput," and "output" with respect to producing improved plasma products and using a plasma chamber in accordance with the present invention shall have their customary meanings. That is, input material is material that is input into the plasma chamber. Throughput material is material that actively passes through the plasma chamber. Output material is material that exits the plasma chamber.

[0017] As a first example of particular relevance in this regard, the inventors note that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") has begun imposing mandatory standards for the removal of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances ("PFAS") from municipal drinking water. PFAS are a large group of over 12,000 highly persistent and toxic chemicals that do not occur in nature and are colloquially known as "forever chemicals." The inventors write the following in this regard:

[0018] Current physical methods for PFAS remediation include granular activated carbon (GAC), ion exchange (IX), reverse osmosis, and nanofiltration, which, while effective, produce residues that must be disposed of or further treated. Advanced oxidation methods, such as ozone with ultraviolet light or peroxides, are not effective at treating PFAS due to the high stability of the carbon-fluorine bonds that make up PFAS compounds. Therefore, reductive and thermal techniques, such as electrochemical, radiolytic, sonochemical, and photocatalytic methods, including pyrolysis, vaporization, supercritical water oxidation, and plasma treatment, have been evaluated for the destruction of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). While effective, many of these techniques are impractical for large-scale treatment given their long treatment times (hours), small treatment volumes, and extremely high energy requirements. Source: Selma Mededovic Thagard, Focusing water treatment efforts on the destruction of poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): the United States perspective, 24 Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy pp. 1619-20 (2022)

[0019] However, the inventors also recognize that the mere ability to scale up may be considered obvious to one skilled in the art. What is not obvious is the method and mechanism by which the plasma reaction can produce improved plasma products that can be maintained at a consistent quality, grade, or level over a useful lifetime, and the method of producing such plasma products by using multiple simultaneous discharges. There are several aspects of the present invention that are particularly relevant to this last point.

[0020] One aspect is the use of a plurality of separate, discrete, randomly arranged, linear electrode segments that are free to move (as opposed to being fixed or stationary) within the plasma chamber to create a synergistic reaction that results in the formation of improved plasma products during the reaction phase, with improved plasma products having superior properties compared to plasma products formed without the plasma chamber described herein.

[0021] Another aspect is the use of a variety of electrode segment materials (i.e., the material or materials from which the electrode segments are made) capable of catalyzing a reaction, with each variant resulting in a different catalytic reaction. Fabricating such electrode segments may involve specific structural and chemical composition modifications of a variety that can significantly affect the catalytic reaction produced in the plasma chamber in which the electrode is used (e.g., the general use of inert tips at opposite ends of such structures, the use of gold tips, the complete encapsulation of such structures with a conductive material, etc.).

[0022] Yet another aspect is a liner that contains the electrode segments, i.e., a liner configured to be part of a plasma chamber, a type of “reactor.” The material from which the liner is or can be made also acts as a catalyst in the synergistic reaction that forms an improved plasma product that can be maintained at a consistent quality, grade, or level over its useful life.

[0023] None of the above aspects are obvious in light of what is substantially taught by the prior art. That is, the size and composition (including surface composition) of the electrode segments, as well as the liner material, can all be varied to adjust for desired, necessary, or intended results in accordance with the present invention. Furthermore, the present invention can be applied with solids, liquids, solid-bearing liquids, and gases in a variety of configurations. As another example, the inventors recognize that useful plasma formation has not previously been demonstrated except with discharges in air, such as ozone formation, which is highly inefficient, with only a 15% conversion rate, and which relates to thermal plasmas, not non-thermal and / or plasma discharges in liquids.

[0024] A further advantage not recognized in the prior art is that the energy required to sustain and propagate a plasma reaction in accordance with the present invention is lower than many conventional non-plasma reactions, and is comparable to or lower than the most efficient processing options.

[0025] These and other features of the improved plasma product and the process for producing the improved plasma product in accordance with the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0026] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a general system that allows for improved plasma product generation using multiple simultaneous discharges in accordance with the present invention. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram similar to that shown in FIG. 1 configured for liquid-related processing options. [Figure 3] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram similar to that shown in FIG. 1 configured for processing options related to solids, both finely divided solids and conventional or processed solids. [Figure 4] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram similar to that shown in FIG. 1 configured for gas processing options. [Figure 5] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram similar to that shown in FIG. 1 configured for processing options related to a liquid having solids suspended therein. [Figure 6] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing typical cement-water interactions. [Figure 7] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the effect of nanoparticles on cement structure according to the present invention. [Figure 8] 1 is a graph showing the results of strength testing of cement cubes made from the improved plasma products of the present invention. [Figure 9] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the creation of improved plasma products, which can be controlled with online monitoring of plasma intensity and residual free radicals by controlling the variation of the period, magnetic field, and number of electrode elements used. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0027] In addition to the aforementioned configurations, the descriptions of variants of non-thermal enhanced plasma products presented herein are merely exemplary in nature and are in no way intended to limit the immediate disclosure, product applications, or product uses. The descriptions and examples are presented herein solely for the purpose of illustrating various embodiments of the present disclosure and should not be construed as limiting the scope and applicability of the present disclosure. In this Summary of Disclosure and this Detailed Description, each numerical value will be interpreted once as being modified by the word "about" (unless already expressly modified), and thereafter as not being so modified, unless the context dictates otherwise. It should also be understood that in this Summary of Disclosure and this Detailed Description, ranges of concentrations, amounts, or values ​​listed or described as useful, suitable, or the like should be considered to describe any and all concentrations, amounts, or values ​​within the range, including the endpoints. For example, a "range of 1 to 10" should be interpreted as indicating every possible number across a continuum between about 1 and about 10. Thus, even if a particular data point within a range is explicitly identified or referred to only with some specificity, or even if the range is not explicitly identified at all or referred to only with some specificity, the inventor recognizes and understands that each and every data point within the range should be considered to be specific, and that the inventor grasps all ranges and all points within the range.

[0028] Unless expressly stated to the contrary, "or" refers to an inclusive or, not an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following cases: A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist), A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists), and both A and B are true (or exist).

[0029] Additionally, the use of "a" and "an" is employed to describe elements and components of the examples herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the concepts involved in the present disclosure. This description should be interpreted to include one or at least one, and the singular also includes the plural unless otherwise specified.

[0030] As used herein, the term "product" should be understood to mean "any object, substance, or combination of substances capable of existing in a solid, liquid, or gaseous state."

[0031] The terms and phrases used herein are for descriptive purposes and should not be construed as limiting in scope. Words such as "including," "comprising," "having," "containing," or "related to," and variations thereof, are intended to be broad and encompass the subject matter listed thereafter, equivalents, and additional subject matter not listed.

[0032] Also, any reference herein to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" means that a particular element, feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. The appearances of the phrase "in one embodiment" in various places in this specification do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment.

[0033] In one embodiment, a non-thermal enhanced plasma product and process for producing the same involves using a plasma chamber having multiple freely moving electrode segments as the discharge medium, capable of generating multiple discharges within the working volume of the plasma chamber at intervals of milliseconds or shorter. The electrode segments are not "fixed" or stationary in a particular position. The electrode segments are moved along a substantially circular path within the plasma chamber by an external rotating electromagnetic field. Each of the freely moving electrode segments virtually instantaneously achieves an energy level that depends, among other variables, on the electrode segment's speed of movement, the mass and size of the electrode segment, the strength of the magnetic field, and the exposure time. In the present invention, these parameters are monitored so that they can be adjusted as desired or required for any particular enhanced plasma product. This aspect of the invention is discussed further in this detailed description.

[0034] According to one embodiment, several boundary “conditions” can be established to produce a desired result. One such condition is that the length of the fibers or particles introduced or introduced into the chamber (i.e., “input”) as the passing material be smaller than the length of the electrode segments. Another condition would be to modify the surface of the electrode segments to produce a reactive or catalytic surface. In another embodiment, using longer fibers or particles as the passing material allows for surface modification without interfering with the particle length. Yet another condition could be to use smaller electrode segments to produce nanoparticles. By precisely controlling the particle size, new highly selective catalysts can be developed. Such catalysts can easily accelerate many chemical processes. According to one embodiment, catalysts can be used in plasma chambers, and the electrode segments can be modified to become catalytic or stimulatory structures rather than simply discharge bodies. In their simplest form, the electrode segments can be constructed of a soft, iron-based material. They could also be soft, non-ferrous materials, such as those made of cobalt and nickel. In another embodiment, the electrode segments can be coated with a material that acts as a catalyst without adversely affecting the magnetic properties of the electrode segments. Coating the electrode segments with any electrically conductive material prevents iron from being introduced into the improved plasma product, thereby preventing iron and iron compounds from being present in the final product. Additionally, by coating the electrode segments, the catalyst is retained within the reaction zone of the chamber. In another embodiment, a non-magnetic catalyst can be introduced and then recovered for recycling or reuse if it somehow passes through the reaction zone.

[0035] It should also be noted that, according to the embodiments disclosed herein, there are important fundamental principles of operation related to the role of oxygen and bubbles in plasma-emitted reactions. Physical and chemical processes resulting from plasma-emitted reactions in liquids, such as water, can include electrical discharges, electrons, ultraviolet radiation, pressure waves, free radicals, short-term high-temperature processes, ultrasonic effects, and cavitation. Furthermore, it should be noted that the above plasma-emitted reactions can occur in gases, liquids, and solids, as well as combinations thereof, with gases present in liquids as bubbles (including macrobubbles, microbubbles, or nanobubbles), dissolved solids and gases, solids, liquids, and gases, and mixed liquids and gases. Plasma in vapor bubbles generates species similar to plasma in bulk liquids. Reactive species generated in bubbles can diffuse beyond the plasma into the bulk liquid. Reactive species generated in bubbles can diffuse beyond the plasma-liquid interface and enter the liquid when the bubbles break, which frequently occurs during operation. As a result, reduction efficiencies should be relatively higher compared to the previously described bulk liquid plasma.

[0036] As noted above, the improved plasma products described herein can be maintained at a predetermined quality, grade, or level over a service life. An example of a service life is anywhere from a few hours to days or even weeks in the case of plasma-activated water. An example of a predetermined quality over a service life is the ability of plasma-activated water to continue to destroy microorganisms over its service life. An example of a predetermined grade or level over a service life is a virtually indefinite increase in strength of plasma-treated cement and cement powder. More specifically, some structures using plasma-treated cement and cement powder have experienced a three-fold increase in compressive strength.

[0037] In the embodiments described herein, the systems and methods described herein, and in particular the passage of a product through a non-thermal plasma chamber described herein, result in an improved plasma product having superior properties compared to the same product that has not been passed through a non-thermal plasma chamber. Examples of superior properties include a longer service life, improved effectiveness, improved performance, improved capacity, improved corrosion resistance, improved density, improved hardness, improved durability, improved strength, and / or improved flexibility. For example, a product that has been passed through a non-thermal plasma chamber described herein will have a service life that is hours, days, or weeks longer than the same product that has not been passed through a non-thermal plasma chamber. As another example, a product that has been passed through a non-thermal plasma chamber described herein will have improved effectiveness in milk production, increasing milk production by up to 5% in bovine ruminants, compared to the same product that has not been passed through a non-thermal plasma chamber. As another example, a product that has been passed through a non-thermal plasma chamber described herein will exhibit improved performance, reducing microbial counts by 70% to 80%, compared to the same product that has not been passed through a non-thermal plasma chamber. As another example, products passed through the non-thermal plasma chamber described herein will have an improved ability to biocide over their useful life in the case of plasma activated water compared to the same product that has not been passed through a non-thermal plasma chamber. As another example, products passed through the non-thermal plasma chamber described herein will have an improved density in the case of plasma treated cements and cement powders compared to the same product that has not been passed through a non-thermal plasma chamber. As another example, products passed through the non-thermal plasma chamber described herein will have an improved hardness in several common hardness testing methods, including Rockwell, Brinell, and Vickers, in the case of plasma treated cements and cement powders, compared to the same product that has not been passed through a non-thermal plasma chamber. 2The result is improved hardness, durability and strength, up to three times the tensile strength (NW) of the original 1000-1500 newtons per square millimeter.

[0038] Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates a generic non-thermal system, generally identified by the numeral 100, shown constructed in accordance with the present invention. System 100 includes a pre-treatment or storage unit 101 containing a material to be treated (not shown). Following generally the same path as the material to be treated along system 100, the next downstream elements are a make-up pump 102 and a flow meter 103. It should be understood that make-up pump 102 includes conventional elements that enable and permit a variable flow rate from make-up pump 102 depending on the material to be treated. Flow meter 103 similarly includes conventional elements that measure and control the flow rate in real time; that is, flow meter 103 controls and adjusts make-up pump 102 in a desired or necessary manner. The material then flows downstream to a plasma chamber 104. This plasma chamber 104 includes a magnetic field generator and magnetic field control, collectively referred to as element 108. Disposed within the magnetic field generator 108 are a plurality of electrode segments (not shown), which are replenished into the plasma chamber 104 from an automatic replenisher 106 at a desired or required rate depending on the material being treated and the type of electrode segments required for the intended process. The system 100 also includes a period and voltage control unit 105 in the form of a programmable logic controller (PLC) that effectively controls the plasma generation process by controlling the interaction between the magnetic field and the electrode segments disposed within the plasma chamber 104, configured according to the plasma reaction being used. As previously mentioned, the control unit 105 can control the intensity of the plasma and residual free radicals using online monitoring in conjunction with changes to the period, magnetic field, and number and type of electrode segments. Finally, the system 100 includes a separator 107 that can separate any electrode segments exiting the plasma chamber 104 from the reactants, which can be retained in an exhaust unit or bled to another device 109 as may be desired or necessary depending on the desired application.It is also within the scope of the present invention that the reaction within the plasma chamber 104 can be monitored, and that a liner (not shown) disposed within the plasma chamber 104 can be made from a material (e.g., basalt or silica) that also acts as a catalyst during the formation of the improved plasma products. It should also be understood that under some conditions, it may be advisable to heat the material to a higher temperature and even increase the pressure within the reaction zone to aid the reaction; however, this is not accomplished by the plasma. While additional heating would facilitate the process, a non-thermal plasma is used so that additional heating does not affect the temperature of the improved plasma products.

[0039] Referring now to FIG. 2, FIG. 2 illustrates a system, generally identified by the numeral 200, also constructed in accordance with the present invention. This particular system 200 is presented as an option for treating liquids. System 200 includes a pre-treatment or storage unit 201 containing the liquid to be treated (also not shown). Continuing along system 200, the next downstream elements are a make-up pump 202 and a flow meter 203. It should be understood that make-up pump 202 includes conventional elements that allow for and permit a variable flow rate of liquid from make-up pump 202. Flow meter 203 also includes conventional elements that measure and control the flow rate in real time. That is, flow meter 203 controls and adjusts make-up pump 202 as desired or required. The liquid then flows downstream to a pH dosing unit 210 and a gas input unit 204 for optimal pH control. The gas input may include oxygen as microbubbles or nanobubbles, inert gases, ozone, and mixtures thereof. The cycle and voltage control unit 205, plasma chamber 206, electrode segment supply unit 207, and magnetic field control unit 208 all function in the same manner as described in connection with generic system 100. Included with liquid treatment system 200, a post-treatment unit 209 is provided for removing precipitates from the liquid plasma product output (not shown), filtering the liquid plasma product, adjusting the pH value, etc. The liquid plasma product is then retained in storage unit 211 or directed elsewhere for use.

[0040] It should be noted that the physical and chemical properties of the material may change during storage due to the presence of free radicals that are generated and stabilized in the process. The free radicals or the active chemical components that result from them may persist for up to 18 months, depending on the purity of the liquid contained in the storage unit and the chemical composition of the stored liquid, and may retain some or all of their biocidal properties during that period.

[0041] Referring now to FIG. 3, FIG. 3 illustrates a system, generally identified by the numeral 300, also constructed in accordance with the present invention. This particular system 300 is presented as an option for processing solids. System 300 includes a pretreatment or storage unit 301 containing the solids to be processed (not shown). The solids are finely divided solids ranging from 50 μm to 500 μm in size and suspended in a liquid, which may be air, gas, or an acid, alkali, or other reactant. System 300 also includes a make-up pump 302, a flow meter 303, and inputs 304 for air, gas, and reactants, all for substantially the same purposes as those described for systems 100 and 200. System 300 also includes a control unit 305 and an electrode segment supply unit 307. Plasma chamber 306 is configured slightly differently in that it may be tilted, rotated, or tilted and rotated to assist in producing a solid plasma product (not shown). In the examples provided below, plasma chamber 306 is tilted downward to assist the flow of the improved plasma products through system 300 and out of plasma chamber 306. Solid plasma products are held in holding section 309 and may include conventional solids or treated solids. Example applications include processing cement powders and extracting valuable elements as metals, metal oxides, or metal solutions.

[0042] Specific examples of application of the present invention to cement and cement powder There are many ways to improve the strength and other properties of cement, concrete, and mortar, whether it is traditional "Portland cement" or so-called "natural cement." A brief overview is given below.

[0043] Portland cement As a preliminary note, Portland cement is a blanket term for the type of cement used in virtually all concrete today. Portland cement, a form of hydraulic cement, is by far the most common type of cement used universally worldwide. It is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate) with other materials (such as clay) in a kiln to 1,450°C (2,640°F). This process, known as "calcination," liberates carbon dioxide molecules from the calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide, or "quicklime." This quicklime is then chemically combined with other materials through mixing to form calcium silicate or other cementitious compounds. The resulting hard substance, called "clinker," is then ground into a powder with a small amount of gypsum to create ordinary Portland cement. The most common use of Portland cement is to make concrete, a composite material made from aggregates (gravel and sand), cement, and water. As a building material, concrete can be cast into almost any shape and, once hardened, can be a very versatile structural (eg, load-bearing) material.

[0044] natural cement Unlike Portland cement, "natural cement" is derived from a single rock source with the precise chemical properties to produce hydraulic properties. Natural cement, which represents some pre-Portland cement cements, is produced by baking clayey limestone at moderate temperatures. The level of clay in the limestone (approximately 30-35%) is such that a large amount of belite (a mineral in Portland cement with low early strength and high long-term strength) is formed without excessive free lime. As with any natural material, such cements have highly variable properties.

[0045] Briefly and for a quick comparison, Portland cement (a man-made cement) is produced in a controlled and reproducible manner from an artificial mixture of pure limestone, silicates, and clays that resemble the chemical composition of "marl" (a loose, crumbly earthy deposit containing a significant amount of calcium carbonate), or variations thereof. Natural cement alludes to the raw material: a type of limestone (a mixture of clay, sand, and limestone in varying proportions known as "clayey marl," which is soft, brittle, and usually contains shell fragments) that is simply baked without any other additives.

[0046] Improving strength and other properties of cement and cement powder The most common method for improving the strength and other properties of cement is to add inorganic solids such as clinker or slag to form geopolymers, organic polymers, or substances that accelerate or slow the setting of the mixture. Today, another method for improving the properties of cement, concrete, and mortar involves breaking down key materials into smaller particles, so-called nanocements, or incorporating very fine particles such as silica fume. The improved properties of these materials in cement, concrete, and mortar are due to reduced porosity, improved reactions at the molecular level, and more uniform reactions within the bulk material. However, nanocement production is time-consuming, requires large and expensive equipment such as ball mills or similar grinding machines, and may require reprocessing of non-standard materials. Similarly, silica fume is used in specialized cements, but its high cost, and the cost, handling, and processing required to produce a uniform mixture typically prevent its large-scale application in cement, concrete, and mortar. While these methods are claimed to improve the properties of cement, concrete, and mortar, they also have drawbacks, such as variability in the composition of the added materials, lack of consistency in the resulting mixture, and variation in the size of the particles. For example, referring to Figure 6, it can be seen that when unreacted cement particles react with water, a somewhat loose structure of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) is created. CHS is the main component of hardened cement. It is essentially the adhesive phase of the cement, which is then allowed to dry.

[0047] The use of plasma-treated cement according to embodiments disclosed herein, in the presence or absence of sand and other materials, provides a novel method for improving the strength and other properties of cement, concrete, and mortar without the drawbacks associated with other methods. According to the process of the present invention, dry cement, concrete, and mortar are passed through a non-thermal plasma and subjected to micro-impulse and micro-arc processes. The impact of physical, chemical, and electromagnetic effects on the plasma-treated cement produces activated materials with improved properties for all aspects and applications of cement, concrete, and mortar. These processes produce nanomaterials from tiny particles, reduce the size of larger materials above about 0.5 mm, improve the stability and reactivity of key substrates in the activated materials, clean and activate the surfaces of materials in the mixture, and convert other materials, including free or bound water, present in the "dry" mixture into activated forms. For example, referring to FIG. 7, nanoparticles are added to unreacted cement particles, which then react with the hydrating water to create a denser structure. In this structure, CSH is produced along with additional CSH. See FIG. 8.

[0048] This unique combination of processes accelerates chemical and physical interactions, improving reaction rates for the formation and setting processes of cement, concrete, and mortar. These can be macro or micro in duration. By referring to Figures 6 and 7, it can be recognized that the outcome of these reactions is the formation of a complex solid. This process also results in a thorough mixing of the materials, which is not present in normal blending of materials, resulting in improved reactivity and interaction.

[0049] According to the present invention, the material should be free-flowing or "dry" to easily pass through the plasma reactor, generally containing no more than 5% moisture, and preferably only 1% to 3% moisture. The moisture content can be as high as 20% if the material flows freely through the reactor. The size of materials other than cement should be less than 2 mm. Cement should be less than 500 μm, or preferably about 100 μm or less. Following processing of cement, concrete, and mortar, additional materials may be added, including natural stone as aggregate, iron as rods or wires, organic or inorganic chemicals, silica, basalt, and other organic or inorganic fibers. The added water may or may not be treated with a non-thermal plasma process (i.e., plasma-activated water). Adding these materials according to standard operating practices helps cement, concrete, and mortar retain their improved properties and provides improved properties to the resulting materials. For cement and cement powders, the improved properties of the resulting material will include improved setting time to maximum strength, inherent strength with less cracking at the surface of the set material or when the material is used in thin sections, and improved water resistance. It should also be noted that the plasma treatment or reaction will be completed in a shorter time than usual, thereby facilitating the production of the material.

[0050] The novelty of the present invention further resides in the following practical variations:

[0051] 1. Passing dry cement, concrete, and mortar through a non-thermal plasma process improves the physical and chemical properties of the material when used as specified in the standard operating procedures for preparing the material.

[0052] 2. Treatment of dried material in this manner results in an increase in strength of the material that is at least two times stronger and up to five times stronger, depending on the material and test procedure, than the equivalent untreated material after preparation in a standard manner and when tested in a standard test method.

[0053] 3. The use of treated non-thermal plasma materials may reduce the amount of active materials used in the final mix or may change the amount of other additives used to enhance or modify the properties of cement, concrete, or mortar.

[0054] 4. The feedstock contains no more than 5% moisture, and preferably 1-3% moisture. The moisture content can be as high as 20% as long as the feedstock flows freely through the reactor.

[0055] 5. The size of materials other than cement should be less than 2 mm. The cement should be less than 500 μm or preferably about 100 μm or less.

[0056] 6. The use of plasma activated water activated using non-thermal plasma treatment equipment is a preferred embodiment, enhancing and improving the resulting material.

[0057] One particular example relating to cement powder is described immediately below, and other examples follow.

[0058] "Example 1" The material was treated in batches of 1.5 liters. Approximately 1 kg of standard cement was mixed with the iron particulate and exposed for 10 to 80 seconds to evaluate the effect of exposing the iron particulate in the reactor. The cement was mixed with sand and water according to standard operating procedures and placed in a holding section at room temperature for curing. Results show that a 20-second exposure (after a warm-up period of approximately 5 seconds) increased the vertical and lateral compressive strength by approximately three times. A summary of the results is provided here.

[0059] The samples were cut into approximately 2 inch blocks and tested in the vertical and transverse directions. The resulting values ​​in Newtons per square millimeter (psi) are as follows:

[0060] Time 0 Vertical 2.758(400) Transverse 3.034(440) Time 15 Vertical 3.103(450) Transverse 2.758(400) Time 25 Vertical 19.65(2850) Transverse 7.860(1140) Time 45 Vertical 20.68(3000) Transverse 12.62(1830) Time 85 Vertical 18.89 (2740) Transverse 9.791 (1420)

[0061] Results are approximate because the blocks are not exactly 2-inch cubes. Cracking and / or failure points are due to a lack of consistency, and the tests define failure as a major split (e.g., lateral cracking). In some transverse test cases, minor lateral cracking is present due to air pressure or uneven pressure application. Material is assumed to be processed in bulk. Material may exist as airborne particles in a downwardly sloping plasma chamber to aid in material removal. Material may be mixed with plasma-activated water (i.e., electrically expanded water). While these results appear to improve strength, they are not conclusive and are not made from silica-based materials that are broken down by cone crushers or other aggregate-forming methods.

[0062] Further testing of the compressive strength of nano-cement concrete formed in accordance with the present invention is clear as evidenced by measurements obtained by the inventors, as shown in Figure 8. A further result is that such nano-cement eliminates surface cracking and water infiltration in the final, fully hardened concrete, which impacts other concrete performance parameters. Such nano-cement is just one example of an improved plasma product.

[0063] Referring now to FIG. 4, FIG. 4 illustrates a system, generally identified by the numeral 400, also constructed in accordance with the present invention. This particular system 400 is presented as an option for processing gases. At the front end of the system 400, gases are input and may undergo flow control and metering as described above. Importantly, in this example, reactants 404, such as water, fine solids, reactive gases, and other catalysts, including titanium dioxide (TiO), also known as titania, and the thermal catalyst cerium oxide (CeO), are introduced via electrode segment replenishment 407 before the gases enter the plasma chamber 406. A controller 405 drives the plasma chamber 406 and the electrode segment replenishment 407. In this system 400, electrode segments (not shown), which may not be coated with catalyst, are input through the electrode segment replenishment 407. The system 400 may also be used for gas purification and solids separation in a post-treatment unit 409.

[0064] Referring now to FIG. 5, FIG. 5 illustrates a system, generally identified by the numeral 500, also constructed in accordance with the present invention. This system 500 is presented as an option for treating liquids containing suspended solid and particulate matter. The action of plasma on particulate matter is to break them down into smaller and smaller particles. Depending on the substance, the effect is removal of surface material, fragmentation of the particulate matter, and surface activation without changing the original chemical properties. This system 500 includes a pretreatment unit 501. For particulates 5 mm or smaller, the system 500 can be used for size reduction and complete dissolution. For particulates 5 mm or larger, the system 500 can be used for surface activation only. For particulates smaller than 500 μm, the system 500 can be used for nanoparticle generation, as discussed below. The system 500 further includes elements 504, 505, 506, 507, 509, and 510, which correspond to similar structures in the other systems described above.

[0065] "Example 2" According to the present invention, the release of iron at a spark source creates a long-lived reactive reagent, iron free radicals, such as the iron peroxidizer known as Fenton's reagent. Fenton's reagent is typically prepared in a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution with ferrous iron (typically iron(II) sulfate, FeSO4) as a catalyst, which is used to oxidize pollutants or wastewater as part of a high-performance oxidation process. It is generated as part of the plasma release by an iron electrode segment in the presence of oxygen or oxygen free radicals. Other long-lived reactive reagents can also be created. Zero-valent iron, Fe, in plasma 0 It is possible to create other zerovalent species. Zerovalent iron is inexpensive, nontoxic, and a mild reducing agent. In the presence of dissolved oxygen in water, zerovalent iron can oxidize organic contaminants. It can react with organic matter, for example, decomposing it to form simpler compounds, depending on the reaction conditions. Simulations of reaction mechanisms in nonthermal plasmas estimate that over 700 different reactions can occur. For example, in the presence of oxidized nitrogen, reactive and excited nitroso species can be formed in addition to oxygen and hydrogen free radicals. That is, derivatives of organic hydrocarbons with one or more NO groups attached to the carbon backbone via nitrogen (nitro compounds) or with NO groups attached to either carbon or nitrogen (nitroso compounds).

[0066] "Example 3" The table below refers to a sample of hematite that was ground to 500 μm and purified before processing in the plasma unit. There are two processing steps, the first is a single pass in a "normal" work flow, and the second is a slow pass with a 3 minute residence time. Fe2O3 powder size (after grinding to 500 micron material) and processing through the plasma unit (% composition of the resulting powder). [Table 1]

[0067] The above data demonstrate that the equipment can produce fine powders below 1 micron in a short time with a relatively narrow size distribution. Multiple passes of the material can be used on either separated material or the whole to achieve the recommended uniformly small size distribution. Whether further processing or changes to operating parameters are necessary to achieve the size required for a particular purpose will be determined through experimental work.

[0068] Specific Applications of the Invention to Bovine Ruminants and Biosolids For compost, the inventors have demonstrated that plasma treatment / exposure times of less than 2 seconds are sufficient for small throughput operations (e.g., 7 m / h). 3 The following results were obtained in the experiment (3 minutes):

[0069] For the partially treated (no particle size reduction at all, just non-thermal plasma treatment) and fully treated samples, respectively, there was a 70% to 80% reduction in the number of microorganisms (1.8 as tested by DNA). * 10 9 to 0.5 * 10 9 fart).

[0070] Prokaryotes 81% reduction Eukaryotes 77% decrease Hydrogen sulfide bacteria reduced by 86% 22% reduction in methanogens - This may be an artifact of the testing method, but is a good result unless methanogens are being maintained.

[0071] These results are best illustrated below. [Table 2]

[0072] This is the result of a batch test. The sample was 3 The test was then transferred to a tank to run for 3 minutes. The results of further testing are shown in the graph below. [Table 3] [Table 4]

[0073] With respect to the above-mentioned tests, it should be understood that the following parameters and measurements are applicable:

[0074] Kingdom: Prokaryotes (Bacteria, Archaea) and Eukaryotes (Eukaryotes, Fungi, Metazoa, Green Plants) Methods: DNA amplicon sequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA genes, qPCR quantification of 16S and 18S genes Units: Prokaryotes - 16S gene copies / mL, Eukaryotes - 18S gene copies / mL

[0075] Over a 28-day period, in what the inventors call a "Biological Methane Potential" test, the samples: Short-term and long-term improvement in biological methane potential (14%) 50-85% reduction in H2S production showed.

[0076] These results are illustrated below. [Table 5] [Table 6] [Table 7]

[0077] Therefore, the product is more suitable for digester operation with higher purity production of renewable natural gas. There are less competitive bacteria in the digester, and the system resembles a system optimized for pure feedstock. The microbial kill rate, over a period of just a few seconds, is better than anything the inventors have previously reported. No other systems have reported any application to biosolids, making this application a distinctive feature of this example. Specifically, with regard to biosolids, the inventors have shown that biosolids from effluent from activated sludge plants—animal manure and paper waste treatment plants—treated with plasma settle rapidly (within 30 minutes), forming a dense, packed sludge more quickly than the 10–15 hours or more typically required to achieve the same results.

[0078] Finally, the inventors have shown that water treated with non-thermal plasma treatment equipment causes dairy cows to drink at least 3-5% more water and produce more milk.

[0079] nanotechnology As alluded to above, nanoparticles can be produced for additive manufacturing. Materials introduced (e.g., agglomerates) at sizes less than 500 μm produce a mixture of nanoparticles with the majority of particles being less than 500 nanometers. This includes plastics or carbon with or without metals, which produce a uniform, well-mixed material of a size that can be further used in the manufacturing process and is not easily achieved by other methods. Using plastics with nanoparticles allows the material to be mixed with metal particles that can be used in additive manufacturing, such as 3-D printing.

[0080] It is possible to create novel nanoparticles by directly interacting solids with liquids using variations or similar chemical components in the prior art. However, as has been made clear above, the use of high temperatures, pressures, and extreme reaction conditions is not necessary in the present invention. Alternative and novel reaction mechanisms may be used in the present invention. For example,

[0081] Gas reactions include synthesis gas production, hydrogen sulfide removal, and ammonia production. Such reactions involve the presence of a catalyst or scavenger material to help remove interfering species, resulting in improved plasma products with superior properties.

[0082] Treatment of drugs and their residues can be broken down into non-toxic chemical entities, and treatment of the eternal chemicals PFAS / PFOS can be carried out and assisted by the presence of calcium oxide or similar substances with insoluble fluoride (see page 5 of this disclosure above), which results in improved plasma products with superior properties.

[0083] Complex hydrocarbons can be broken down into simpler forms, including lighter hydrocarbons and gases such as acetylene and methane and its homologues, or oxidized to water-soluble species, resulting in improved plasma products with superior properties.

[0084] In the presence of other gases such as hydrogen, water and inert gases, complex unsaturated fats and oils can be saturated or converted to alcohols or ketones, which results in improved plasma products with better properties.

[0085] Naturally occurring saturated or partially saturated oils and fats can contain free radicals that aid in disinfection and wound healing, giving the improved plasma product superior properties.

[0086] Dioxins or similar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be decomposed suitable for safe disposal, recycling, or low-temperature incineration, which results in improved plasma products with superior properties.

[0087] The seeds crushed for oil removal can be further processed in a unit to increase the oil yield, which can have similar quality to the original crush and improved storage or storage quality, resulting in an improved plasma product with better properties.

[0088] While the use of plasma to improve seed germination has been demonstrated, this method of the present invention allows for the controllable treatment of seed material suitable for use in agriculture, brewing and food processing on a large scale, resulting in improved plasma products with superior properties.

[0089] In some conditions, the production of finely powdered or finely ground natural materials improves their quality for all purposes and improves their "storage" qualities, which results in improved plasma products with better properties.

[0090] The reaction also kills bacteria, fungi, and viruses, giving the improved plasma product superior properties, which is supported by DNA testing by the inventors. The reaction can also proceed well in saltwater, producing saltwater that is completely bacteria-free, giving the improved plasma product superior properties.

[0091] The reaction may also have several other direct effects on the brine, including reduced corrosion, scale formation, and reduced or even eliminated costs of other chemical treatments, resulting in improved plasma products with superior properties.

[0092] The reaction can enhance subsequent biological reactions (such as biomethane production) by eliminating competing organisms, which can be useful in pharmaceutical preparations and any system using a bioreactor, resulting in improved plasma products with superior properties.

[0093] For processes such as those involved in sewage treatment, the material does not contain antibiotic-resistant organisms, and these organisms can be eliminated or prevented from forming, resulting in improved plasma products with superior properties.

[0094] Plasma can be used for the non-thermal treatment of solids, liquids and gases, resulting in a product free of microorganisms (also known as "pasteurization"), which results in improved plasma products with superior properties.

[0095] Improved plasma products may result from treating larger particles with smaller electrode segments, which allows some solids (e.g., cellulose fibers from wood or paper waste or plant materials such as hemp or bamboo) to become either nano-cellulose fibers or activated cellulose fibers, which may be precursors to activated carbon or graphene oxide. Such cellulose cells are adsorptive binders with biodegradable properties for environmental concerns.

[0096] The improved plasma products of the embodiments herein can also be used to "jump start" several processes, operations and procedures, thereby significantly reducing pre-treatment costs in the application.

[0097] Each of the above examples demonstrates that the use of multiple electrodes or electrode segments to generate an improved plasma can result in a myriad of synergistic reactions that result in an improved plasma product having superior properties when compared to the same product that does not pass through the non-thermal plasma chamber described herein.

[0098] Each of these also demonstrates that the electrode material can be modified to catalyze the intended reaction. Furthermore, the size and composition of the electrode segments can be modified to tailor the desired, required, or intended outcome. As suggested above, each freely moving electrode segment virtually instantaneously reaches an energy level that depends, among other variables, on the electrode segment's moving speed, the electrode segment's mass and size, the magnetic field strength, and the exposure time. In the present invention, these parameters are monitored so that they can be adjusted as desired or required for any improved plasma product. This is best illustrated in FIG. 9. In this regard, the process is generally identified by the numeral 600. The user must first determine the type of improved plasma product to be produced 602. Once determined, input material must be prepared 604 and introduced 606 into a plasma chamber of the type previously described. Once the input material is placed within the reaction region of the plasma chamber, the plasma intensity 612, free radicals 614, and period and magnetic field 616 are monitored. If any one of the parameters needs to be changed to optimize the desired quality of the throughput material, the parameters can be adjusted 622, 624, 626. Once the throughput material is properly created, it can be output 632 as the desired or required improved plasma product.

[0099] According to the present invention, the iron electrode segments can be eliminated entirely. This changes the chemical environment within the chamber so that the electrode segments can be anything but conductive, soft magnetic (i.e., nickel-cobalt, as described above). By retaining a catalytic agent within the plasma chamber, iron particles remain attached to the electrode segments, rather than being washed away with the materials flowing through the chamber as described above. The role of the magnetic field in sustaining the plasma and free radicals is maintained.

[0100] It should also be noted that cavitation and pressure waves are also formed by this method and present in the plasma, and depending on the operating conditions, there may be some local temperature rise due to plasma interaction and product generation.

[0101] Finally, the impact of the process according to the embodiments described herein demonstrates that the materials used can be small in size from micron to nano levels in the range, e.g., 100 μm cement can be about 100 nm or less, and 2 mm sand can be about 100 μm or less. The surface is activated and contains inorganic and organic materials. The reaction is completed by localized thermal heating and exposure to electrons. All of this allows for large-scale, cost-effective plasma reaction processes.

Claims

1. A plasma product obtained by inputting a material having at least one predetermined property that is maintained over a useful life, the material comprising at least one of a solid, liquid, or gas, or a combination thereof, and replenishing the input material as a throughput material into a non-thermal plasma chamber, the plasma product being an output of the throughput material, the output material comprising at least one of a solid, liquid, or gas, or a combination thereof, the output material comprising the plasma product having at least one property that is superior to the plasma product and the input material that has not passed through the non-thermal plasma chamber.

2. The plasma product of claim 1 including a reactant.

3. The plasma product of claim 1 further comprising the incorporation of at least one catalyst.

4. 10. The plasma product of claim 1, wherein the output of the throughput material is capable of operation for an indefinite period of time such that the output of product is continuous.

5. The plasma product of claim 1 , wherein the output substance is at least one of cement, cement powder, concrete, or mortar.

6. The plasma product of claim 1 , wherein the output material is a nanomaterial.

7. A plasma product having at least one predetermined property that is maintained over a useful life, the plasma product comprising at least one of a solid, liquid, or gas, or a combination thereof, and generated by non-thermal conversion of at least another of the solid, liquid, or gas, or combination thereof, to a plasma state, wherein the non-thermal conversion results in the plasma product having at least one property that is superior to that of the at least another of the solid, liquid, or gas, or combination thereof, that has not passed through the non-thermal plasma chamber and is throughputed.

8. The plasma product of claim 7 including a reactant.

9. The plasma product of claim 7 further comprising the incorporation of at least one catalyst.

10. 8. The plasma product of claim 7, wherein the non-thermal conversion of the at least one other of a solid, liquid, gas, or combination thereof to a plasma state is capable of operation for an indefinite period of time such that product output is continuous.

11. 8. The plasma product of claim 7, wherein the output substance is at least one of cement, cement powder, concrete, or mortar.

12. The plasma product of claim 7 , wherein the output material is a nanomaterial.

13. 1. A plasma product obtained by a process using a system comprising: a storage unit containing an input material; removing the input material from the storage unit using a variable flow rate replenisher; measuring and controlling said variable flow rate supply unit using a flow meter; providing a non-thermal plasma chamber, into which the input material is replenished, the non-thermal plasma chamber including a magnetic field generator for generating and controlling a magnetic field; replenishment of the plasma chamber with a plurality of electrode segments by an automatic replenishment unit, the electrode segments moving freely within the plasma chamber during a reaction phase; providing a period and voltage control unit in the form of a programmable logic controller for controlling the conversion of the input material into plasma during the reaction phase by controlling the interaction between the magnetic field and the electrode segments disposed within the plasma chamber; moving the input material through the plasma chamber as a throughput material during the reaction phase; transferring the throughput material to an emission unit as an output material; retaining the output material within the discharge unit; The output material includes the plasma products. Plasma products.

14. 14. The plasma product of claim 13, comprising a reactant.

15. 14. The plasma product of claim 13, wherein moving the input material through the plasma chamber further comprises adding at least one catalyst added by the plasma chamber, the electrode segments, or both.

16. 14. The plasma product of claim 13, wherein the conversion to at least one of a solid, liquid, gas, or combination thereof into a plasma state is capable of operation for an indefinite period of time such that product throughput is continuous.

17. The plasma product of claim 13 , wherein the input material is a liquid.

18. 20. The plasma product of claim 17, wherein the system further comprises a pH dosing unit and a gas input unit.

19. 20. The plasma product of claim 17, wherein the gas input comprises at least one of oxygen as microbubbles or nanobubbles, an inert gas, ozone, or a combination thereof.

20. The plasma product of claim 13 , wherein the input material is a solid.

21. 21. The plasma product of claim 20, wherein the input material is a finely divided solid suspended in air, gas, or liquid.

22. 22. The plasma product of claim 21, wherein the output substance is at least one of cement, cement powder, concrete, or mortar.

23. The plasma product of claim 13 , wherein the output material is a nanomaterial.

24. The plasma product of claim 13 , wherein the input substance is a gas.

25. 14. The plasma product of claim 13, wherein the input material is a liquid having suspended solid particles.

26. 14. The plasma product of claim 13, wherein the cycle and voltage control unit of the system includes online monitoring and control of changes in cycle, magnetic field, and number of electrode segments, thereby controlling plasma intensity and residual free radicals.

27. a storage unit for storing input material; a non-thermal plasma chamber including a magnetic field generator for generating a magnetic field; a make-up pump for moving the input material from the storage unit to the non-thermal plasma chamber; a plurality of electrode segments that are replenished into the plasma chamber by an automatic replenishment unit and that move freely within the plasma chamber during a reaction phase; a control unit for controlling the interaction of the magnetic field with the plurality of electrode segments disposed within the plasma chamber; 1. A system for generating plasma products, comprising:

28. 1. A plasma product obtained by a process using a system comprising: a storage unit containing an input material; removing the input material from the storage unit using a make-up pump; controlling the make-up pump using a flow meter; providing a non-thermal plasma chamber, into which the input material is replenished, the non-thermal plasma chamber including a magnetic field generator for generating and controlling a magnetic field; replenishment of the plasma chamber with a plurality of electrode segments by an automatic replenishment unit, the electrode segments moving freely within the plasma chamber during a reaction phase; a control unit in the form of a programmable controller that controls the conversion of the input material into plasma during the reaction phase by controlling the interaction between the magnetic field and the electrode segments disposed within the plasma chamber; moving the input material through the plasma chamber as a throughput material during the reaction phase; transferring the throughput material to an emission unit as an output material; retaining the output material within the discharge unit; The output material includes the plasma products. Plasma products.

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