Features of window units that reduce bird strikes

Abstract

The window includes a first transparent panel including an exterior-facing surface No. 1 and an opposite surface No. 2, and a second transparent panel including an interior-facing surface No. 4 and an opposite surface No. 3, the first and second transparent panels being spaced apart from one another by a gap, and the surface No. 1 having a pattern including a plurality of markings spaced apart on the surface No. 1, each of the plurality of markings including an ablation, thereby providing a visible marking on the surface No. 1.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 424,603, filed November 11, 2022, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 522,826, filed June 23, 2023, which claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 388,332, filed November 9, 2023, and U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 505,435, filed November 9, 2023, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0002] The present disclosure relates to windows, and in some non-limiting examples or aspects, to windows having visible abrasions on their first surface to reduce bird strikes. [Background technology]

[0003] It is estimated that one billion birds die each year in the United States due to window collisions. Collisions occur because window substrates reflect the sky and scenery behind the birds, which birds perceive as an open flight path. Windows that reduce bird collisions are desirable. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0004] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Patent No. 4,193,236 [Patent Document 2] U.S. Patent No. 4,464,874 [Patent Document 3] U.S. Patent No. 5,088,258 [Patent Document 4] U.S. Patent No. 5,106,663 Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] According to some non-limiting embodiments of the present invention, a window includes a first transparent panel including an exterior-facing surface No. 1 and an opposing surface No. 2, and a second transparent panel including an interior-facing surface No. 4 and an opposing surface No. 3, the first and second transparent panels being spaced apart from one another by a gap, and the surface No. 1 includes a pattern including a plurality of spaced apart markings on the surface No. 1, each of the plurality of markings including an ablation, thereby providing a visible marking on the surface No. 1.

[0006] In some non-limiting embodiments, the ablation can be a laser-induced marking formed by directing a laser beam at Surface 1 to remove at least a portion of the material at Surface 1 or to create microcracks below Surface 1. The ablation can be formed by sandblasting Surface 1 to remove at least a portion of the material at Surface 1. The ablation can be formed by removing at least a portion of the material at Surface 1. The ablation can be formed by creating microcracks below Surface 1. Surface 1 can be an uncoated surface and / or a coated surface. The laser-induced marking can be formed with a carbon dioxide laser. The laser beam has a power of 0.5 J / cm at the location of the marking formed by the laser beam. 2 ~10J / cm 2 The gap may have an energy density of 100 .mu.m. Each of the plurality of markings may scatter incident electromagnetic radiation. The gap may be sealed and closed by an edge connecting the first panel and the second panel. The gap may contain a gas denser than air. The gap may be evacuated to form a vacuum.

[0007] In some non-limiting embodiments, the window may further include a plurality of supports disposed within the gap for connecting the first panel and the second panel. At least some of the plurality of markings may be formed between the plurality of supports contacting the first panel. At least some of the plurality of markings may be formed at the plurality of supports contacting the first panel. The first panel may be a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) component. The window may be disposed within a building structure, with the first surface facing the exterior being disposed as the exterior surface of the building structure. The gap may be sealed and closed by an edge connecting the first panel and the second panel, and the plurality of markings may be formed by applying a laser beam to the first surface after the gap is sealed and closed. In another embodiment, the plurality of markings may be formed by chemical etching without any photon-enhanced reaction. In yet another embodiment, the plurality of markings are not formed by chemical etching without any photon-enhanced reaction. The plurality of markings may exhibit a 20° gloss value of less than 1. The patterns may be spaced apart such that no area of ​​25.8064 square centimeters (4 square inches) of surface No. 1 is unmarked by the plurality of markings across the entire area of ​​surface No. 1. The first panel may comprise glass and / or plastic.

[0008] According to some non-limiting aspects of the present invention, an architectural structure includes a window as described herein.

[0009] In some non-limiting embodiments, the building structure can include a building with an opening, and the window is installed within the opening with the exterior-facing first surface positioned as the exterior surface of the building.

[0010] According to some non-limiting aspects of the present invention, a method of manufacturing a window includes providing a transparent insulating unit including a first transparent panel including an exterior-facing surface No. 1 and an opposite surface No. 2, and a second transparent panel including an interior-facing surface No. 4 and an opposite surface No. 3, the first and second transparent panels being spaced apart from each other by a gap; and forming a pattern on surface No. 1, the pattern including a plurality of spaced apart markings on surface No. 1, each of the plurality of markings including an ablation, thereby providing a visible marking on surface No. 1.

[0011] In some non-limiting embodiments, forming the pattern may include using a laser beam to remove at least a portion of the material of surface 1 or to create microcracks below surface 1. The method may further include sealing and closing the gap by forming an edge connecting the first panel and the second panel, and the plurality of markings are formed on surface 1 after the gap is sealed and closed. The gap may be filled with a gas denser than air. The gap may include a vacuum.

[0012] According to some non-limiting aspects of the present invention, a method of preventing bird collisions with a building substrate includes installing a window as described herein within an opening in the building substrate with its exterior-facing surface No. 1 positioned as an exterior surface of the building substrate.

[0013] The present disclosure is described with reference to the following drawings, in which like reference numbers identify like parts throughout: [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0014] [Figure 1A] FIG. 2 is a top view of a first panel of a window having a first pattern, according to one embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 1B] FIG. 10 is a top view of a first panel of a window having a second pattern according to another embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 1C]FIG. 10 is a top view of a first panel of a window having a third pattern according to yet another embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 1D] FIG. 10 is a top view of a first panel of a window having multiple alternative patterns according to another embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 1E] 10 is a chart illustrating a variety of different geometric shapes that can be used to form one or more patterns according to another embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 1F] FIG. 10 is a top view of a first panel of a window having multiple alternative patterns according to another embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 1G] 10 is a chart illustrating a variety of different geometric shapes that can be used to form one or more patterns according to another embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 2A] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a vacuum-filled multi-pane window having markings in the form of ablation on a first surface, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 2B] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a vacuum-filled multi-pane window having markings in the form of subsurface ablation on a first surface, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 2C] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a gas-filled, multi-pane window having markings in the form of ablation on a first surface, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 2D] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a gas-filled, multi-pane window having markings in the form of subsurface ablation on a first surface, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 3] 1 is a schematic diagram of an architectural structure with windows, according to some aspects of the present invention. [Figure 4] 1 is a perspective view of a vacuum insulating glass (VIG) window unit according to some embodiments of the present invention. FIG. [Figure 5] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a vacuum insulated glass (VIG) window unit according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 6] 1 is a schematic illustration of laser induction of marking in the form of ablation at a first surface, according to some embodiments of the present invention. FIG. [Figure 7]1 is a schematic diagram of a marking in the form of an ablation that emits scattered radiation at a first surface, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 8A] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a single-layer window having markings in the form of ablation on a first surface, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 8B] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a single-layer window having markings in the form of subsurface ablation on its first surface, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 9] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a side-illuminated vacuum-filled multi-pane window having markings in the form of ablation on a first surface, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 10] 1 is a photograph of a VIG unit having a first panel with a pattern on its first surface, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 11] 1 is a photograph of a VIG unit having a first panel with a pattern on its first surface, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 12] Photograph of a unit with surface 1 coated, which was patterned by removing part of the coating using a diode laser (λ = 390 nm). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0015] As used herein, spatial or directional terms such as "left," "right," "inner," "outer," "above," "below," and the like, refer to the present disclosure as shown in the drawing figures. However, it is understood that the present disclosure can assume various alternative orientations, and therefore, such terms should not be considered limiting. Furthermore, as used herein, all numbers expressing dimensions, physical properties, processing parameters, quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and the like, used in the specification and claims, should be understood to be modified in all instances by "about." Accordingly, unless otherwise indicated, the numerical values ​​set forth in the following specification and claims may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present disclosure. At the very least, and without attempting to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of each claim, each numerical value should be construed at least in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Furthermore, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass the beginning and ending values ​​of the range, as well as any and all subranges subsumed within that range. For example, a range stated as "1 to 10" should be considered to include any and all subranges between the minimum value of 1 and the maximum value of 10 (inclusive), i.e., all subranges beginning at or above the minimum value of 1 and ending at or below the maximum value of 10, e.g., 1 to 3.3, 4.7 to 7.5, 5.5 to 10, etc. "A" or "an" refers to one or more.

[0016] Furthermore, all documents referred to herein, including but not limited to issued patents and patent applications, are deemed to be "incorporated by reference" in their entirety.

[0017] The present disclosure relates to a window comprising a first panel having an exterior-facing surface numbered 1 and an opposing surface numbered 2, and a second panel having an interior-facing surface numbered 4 and an opposing surface numbered 3, the first and second panels being spaced apart from one another by a gap, and the surface numbered 1 comprising a pattern comprising a plurality of spaced apart markings on the surface numbered 1, each of the plurality of markings including an ablation, thereby providing a visible marking on the surface numbered 1.

[0018] 1A-1G, a window 100 is shown having a first panel 102 having a pattern according to some non-limiting examples or embodiments. The pattern is comprised of a plurality of visible markings 106 on a first major surface (surface 1 104). The pattern may be comprised of a plurality of visible markings 106 arranged arbitrarily. The pattern distribution may be periodic, quasi-periodic, or random. The markings 106 may be of any shape (e.g., circle, triangle, parallelogram) or any other conceivable design. The pattern may be comprised of a plurality of markings 106 spaced apart across surface 1 104. The pattern may be spaced apart so that no 4 square inch area of ​​surface 1 104 is devoid of markings 106 across the entire area of ​​surface 1 104. The pattern being spaced across the entire area of ​​surface 104 may help window 100 reduce bird strikes because birds can see markings 106. By eliminating the 4 square inch area of ​​surface 104 that is devoid of markings 106, birds of any size flying toward window 100 can recognize window 100 and not mistake the gaps between the markings for areas through which the bird can pass.

[0019] In another example, by ensuring that surface 104 does not have areas of 2 square inches, 4 square inches, 6 square inches, 8 square inches, or even 10 square inches that are devoid of markings 106, a bird of any size flying toward window 100 will be able to recognize window 100 and not mistake the gaps between the markings for areas through which the bird can pass.

[0020] In another example, up to 25 percent, up to 30 percent, up to 35 percent, up to 40 percent, up to 45 percent, or even up to 50 percent of the surface area of ​​surface #1 104 is etched with one or more of the markings or patterns 106 of the present invention. Considering that some of the patterns or markings of the present invention include one or more unetched portions within the etched area, pattern, or marking, it should be noted that the amount of surface etched as discussed herein is calculated based on the percentage of the surface area of ​​surface #1 104 that is actually etched using one or more suitable etching techniques or devices, such as a laser.

[0021] 1A-1G, the markings 106 may be visible to birds. The markings 106 may be visible to both birds and humans, where they are visible by reflecting radiation in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum (approximately 380-750 nm). The markings 106 may exhibit a low 20° gloss value, for example, the markings 106 have a 20° gloss value of less than 1 gloss unit, less than 0.5 gloss units, or less than 0.25 gloss units. The 20° gloss value can be measured using a gloss meter. The first surface 104 may be an uncoated surface. Alternatively, the first surface 104 may be coated, such as with a solar control coating, a protective coating, or any other type of coating.

[0022] A plurality of visible markings 106 are disposed on the first surface 104. Each marking 106 may comprise an ablation on the first surface 104. The phrase "on the first surface" refers to the ablation being on the first surface 104 or subsurface (below the first surface) of the first surface 104, as shown and described in connection with Figures 2A and 2B. "Abrasion" refers to an alteration of the first panel 102 at the location of the marking 106.

[0023] 2A and 2B, a multi-pane window 100 is shown having markings 106 on a first surface 104, according to some non-limiting examples or embodiments. While FIGS. 2A and 2B show a multi-pane window 100, it will be understood that the window 100 may have additional panes, such as three or four panes. Alternatively, the window 100 may have only a single pane. In the non-limiting example of FIGS. 2A and 2B, the window 100 comprises a first panel 102 having an exterior-facing first surface 104 and an opposing second major surface (second surface 108). The window 100 may also comprise a second panel 110 having an interior-facing fourth major surface (fourth surface 114) and an opposing third major surface (third surface 112). The first panel 102 and the second panel 110 may be spaced apart from one another by a gap 116 (eg, the gap between the second surface 108 and the third surface 112).

[0024] The non-limiting example of window 100 in Figures 2A and 2B is in the form of an insulated glass unit that includes a first panel 102 installed within a building, having a number 1 surface 104 and an opposing number 2 surface 108. In the non-limiting example shown, the number 1 surface 104 faces the exterior, or outer major surface, of the building, and the number 2 surface 108 faces the interior, or inner, of the building. Window 100 also includes a second panel 110 having an exterior (first) number 3 surface 112 and an interior (second) number 4 surface 114. This numbering of the panel surfaces follows conventional practice in the fenestration arts.

[0025] The first panel 102 and the second panel 110 may be connected together in any suitable manner, such as by adhesively bonding to a conventional spacer frame 118. A gap 116 is formed between the two panels 102, 110. The gap 116 may be evacuated to form a vacuum (vacuum insulating glass unit). Examples of insulating glass units can be found, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,193,236, 4,464,874, 5,088,258, and 5,106,663.

[0026] The first panel 102 and the second panel 110 may comprise glass or plastic. Alternatively, the first panel 102 and the second panel 110 may comprise glass. Non-limiting examples of suitable glass materials for the first panel 102 and the second panel 110 include soda-lime silicate glass, borosilicate glass, or leaded glass. The glass may be clear glass. "Clear glass" means uncolored glass. Alternatively, the glass may be tinted or otherwise colored glass. The glass may be annealed or heat treated. As used herein, the term "heat treated" means tempered or at least partially tempered. The glass may be of any type, such as float glass, and may be of any composition with any optical properties, such as visible transmittance, ultraviolet transmittance, infrared transmittance, and / or total solar energy transmittance. "Float glass" means glass formed by the float process in which molten glass is deposited onto a bath of molten metal and controllably cooled to form a float glass ribbon.

[0027] The first panel 102 and the second panel 110 may comprise plastic. Non-limiting examples of suitable plastic materials for the first panel 102 and the second panel 110 include acrylic polymers such as polyacrylates; polyalkyl methacrylates such as polymethyl methacrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, and polypropyl methacrylate; polyurethanes; polycarbonates; polyalkyl terephthalates such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene terephthalate, and polybutylene terephthalate; polysiloxane-containing polymers; or copolymers of any monomers for preparing these, or any mixtures thereof.

[0028] The first panel 102 and the second panel 110 can be of any desired dimensions, such as length, width, shape, or thickness. In one non-limiting example, where the first panel 102 and the second panel 110 are architectural transparency components, the first panel 102 and the second panel 110 can each be 1 to 30 mm thick, such as 2.5 to 25 mm thick, or 2.5 to 10 mm thick. In one non-limiting example, where the first panel 102 and the second panel 110 are automotive transparency components, the first panel 102 and the second panel 110 can each be 1 to 10 mm thick, such as 1 to 8 mm thick, 2 to 8 mm thick, 3 to 7 mm thick, 5 to 7 mm thick, or 4 to 6 mm thick.

[0029] 2A, the window 100 includes a plurality of markings 106 on the first surface 104. The markings 106 may be on the first surface 104 as shown in FIG. 2A, and such markings 106 may be ablation ablations 120 (modifications of the first panel 102 at the locations of the markings 106) formed by removing at least a portion of material from the original first surface 104, thereby forming the visible markings 106.

[0030] 2A and 6, the ablation ablation 120 may be laser-induced by directing a laser 134 at the first surface 104 to ablate at least a portion of the material of the first surface 104. The laser 134 may be any laser that emits a beam 136 of sufficient energy density to create the ablation ablation 120. For example, the ablation ablation 120 may be formed by a carbon dioxide laser, an yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) laser, a frequency-doubled YAG laser, a fiber laser, a diode laser, an excimer laser, or the like. For example, the laser 134 (e.g., its beam 136) may have an energy density of 0.5 J / cm at the location of the marking 106 (ablation ablation 120) formed thereby. 2 ~10J / cm 2 The energy density will vary depending on the particular laser used, but is preferably 0.75 J / cm. 2 ~5J / cm 2 For example, the beam 136 of the laser 134 may have a contact beam width 138 of less than 1 mm at the location of the marking 106 (ablation 120) formed thereby. Larger beam widths may be used if the laser output is such that the energy density exceeds the threshold required for material removal or damage.

[0031] 2A , the ablation 120 may be formed by sandblasting the first surface 104 to remove at least a portion of the material of the first surface 104, thereby forming the visible marking 106. Other means of mechanically ablating the surface may also be used, including, but not limited to, pressing a diamond-coated pad against the surface at a high rotational speed. In another example, other means of ablating the surface may be used, such as any photolithography method known in the art (e.g., chemical-based, laser-based, or other photolithography technique) capable of "etching" a pattern into a glass and / or plastic surface.

[0032] Referring to FIG. 2B , the window 100 includes a plurality of markings 106 on the first surface 104. The markings 106 may be located below the first surface 104 (in the first panel 102 between the first surface 104 and the second surface 108), as shown, and such markings 106 may manifest as subsurface ablations 122, such as microcracks (alterations of the first panel 102 at the locations of the markings 106). The subsurface ablations 122 may be laser-induced by applying a laser beam to the first surface 104 to create the subsurface ablations 122. The laser beam may have the same characteristics as the laser beam used to form the ablation ablations 120 of FIGS. 2A and 6 , with the laser type, energy density, and beam width selected to create subsurface microcracks in the first surface 104, for example, without damaging other portions of the first panel 102.

[0033] 2A, 2B, and 6, the markings 106 on the first surface 104 may alternatively be formed by chemical etching without any photon-enhanced reactions. In yet another embodiment, the markings are not formed by chemical etching without any photon-enhanced reactions. Forming the markings 106 without chemical etching as described herein avoids damage to the window 100, and in particular to the edge 128, as described below in FIGS. 4 and 5.

[0034] 2A and 2B, and further referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, a plurality of supports 119 can be disposed in the gap 116 to connect the first panel 102 and the second panel 110. The supports 119 can provide additional strength to the window 100. The supports 119 can provide additional strength to a window 100 in which the gap 116 is filled with a gas. Alternatively, the supports 119 can provide additional strength to a window 100 having a gap 116 that is a vacuum. In some non-limiting examples or embodiments, the supports 119 can be disposed in a pattern, and the supports 119 can be spaced apart from each other by approximately 20-70 mm to provide sufficient support to the first panel 102 and the second panel 110. 2 , for example 30~60mm 2 or 50mm 2 The electrodes are spaced apart by a distance of 100 mm.

[0035] 2A , at least some of the plurality of markings 106 may be formed at locations where the supports 119 contact the first panel 102 (e.g., its second surface 108). In some non-limiting examples or embodiments, each of the supports 119 may be positioned to contact the first panel 102 at the location of the markings 106.

[0036] 2B , at least some of the plurality of markings 106 can be formed between locations where the supports 119 contact the first panel 102 (e.g., its second surface 108). In some non-limiting examples or embodiments, each of the supports 119 can be positioned to contact the first panel 102 at locations between the markings 106.

[0037] 2C and 2D, the window 100 shown therein is the same as the window shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, respectively, with the following exceptions: The gap 116 may be filled with a selected atmosphere, such as air or a non-reactive gas, such as argon gas or krypton gas. The gas filling the gap 116 may be denser than air. Because the gap 116 is filled with a selected atmosphere (instead of being vacuum filled), the window 100 may omit the support 119 included with the window 100 of FIGS. 2A and 2B.

[0038] In addition to or instead of being vacuum-filled or gas-filled, gap 116 can contain a liquid, a gel, a solid, or a combination thereof. Gap 116 can also contain a mechanical structure, such as a movable blind.

[0039] Referring to Figure 3, a building structure 124 is shown, the building structure 124 comprising at least one window 100 as described herein. The building structure 124 may comprise an opening 126, within which the window 100 is installed, with the exterior-facing first surface 104 (not shown) of the window 100 positioned as the exterior surface of the building structure 124. The building structure 124 may be a building, such as a residential or commercial building. The window 100 may be used in the building as an architectural window or skylight. The window 100 (not shown), comprising the first panel 102, may be a component of a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system.

[0040] 4 and 5 , in some non-limiting examples or embodiments, the window 100 may include a vacuum insulated glass (VIG) unit. The VIG unit may include a first panel 102 spaced apart from a second panel 110 to form a gap 116. A support 119 may be disposed within the gap 116 to connect the first panel 102 and the second panel 110 and provide additional support therebetween. A visible marking 106 may be disposed on the first surface 104. An edge 128 may be disposed around the periphery of the window 100 to connect the edges of the first panel 102 and the second panel 110 and seal and close the gap 116. The edge 128 may be soldered to seal and close the gap 116. The edge 128 may prevent gas from entering or exiting the gap 116 due to the perimeter between the first panel 102 and the second panel 110.

[0041] 4 and 5 , the VIG unit may include a suction tube 130 and a suction cavity 132 for evacuating the gap 116 after the edge 128 between the first panel 102 and the second panel 110 is formed and the gap 116 is sealed. The suction tube 130 may have a first end disposed within the gap 116 and / or the suction cavity 132 and a second end protruding from the surface of the first panel 102 and / or the second panel 110. The suction cavity 132 may comprise at least a portion of the area of ​​the gap 116 where the first end of the suction tube 130 is disposed and / or a portion of the area cut out from the second surface 108 and / or the third surface 112 of the first panel 102 and / or the second panel 110.

[0042] The suction tube 130 and suction cavity 132 can be used to evacuate the gap 116 after the edge 128 between the first panel 102 and the second panel 110 is formed and the gap 116 is sealed. After the edge 128 between the first panel 102 and the second panel 110 is formed and the gap 116 is sealed, the gap 116 may contain residual gas (e.g., air) that is undesirable for the VIG unit. After the edge 128 is formed, the second end of the suction tube 130 can be opened to evacuate the residual gas from the gap 116. Gas from the gap 116 can be forced out of the gap 116 into the suction cavity 132, enter through the first end of the suction tube 130, and exit through the second end of the suction tube 130. This procedure can be used to create a vacuum in the gap 116, thus forming the VIG unit.

[0043] 4 and 5, the marking 106 may be formed (e.g., by applying a laser beam) on the first surface 104 of the first panel 102 of the VIG unit after the gap 116 has been sealed and closed by forming the edge 128 connecting the first panel 102 and the second panel 110. The marking 106 may be formed without chemical etching, as previously described, to avoid damaging the window 100, such as damaging the edge 128.

[0044] In yet another embodiment, the present invention may be applied to insulated glass (IG) units or structures in any of the manners and / or methods described herein. Although such IG units are not shown in the accompanying figures, such IG units are known in the art and therefore will not be described in detail herein for the sake of brevity.

[0045] In some non-limiting examples or embodiments, the window 100 can be an insulated glass unit in which the gap 116 is filled with a gas having a thermal conductivity lower than that of air, such as argon. The gap 116 can be filled with a gas that is heavier than air. For example, after the edge 128 between the first panel 102 and the second panel 110 is formed to seal the gap 116, a suction tube 130 can be used to fill the gap 116 with a gas that is heavier than air. The gas that is heavier than air can flow into the second end of the suction tube 130, exit the first end, and flow into the gap 116. A marking can be formed on the first surface 104 of the first panel 102 of a window 100 having the gap 116 filled with a gas that is heavier than air, after the gap 116 is sealed and closed by the formation of the edge 128 connecting the first panel 102 and the second panel 110.

[0046] Referring to Figure 7, markings 106 spaced apart on the first surface 104 provide visible markings on the first surface 104 and scatter incident visible electromagnetic radiation. In the non-limiting example shown in Figure 7, markings 106 (ablations 120) are formed on the first surface 104 of the first panel 102. Incoming radiation 140, such as from sunlight or another radiation source, can be incident on the markings 106 such that the incoming radiation 140 collides with the markings 106. The incoming radiation 140 may include visible electromagnetic radiation, and may also include ultraviolet and / or infrared radiation. When the incoming radiation 140 collides with the markings 106, the markings 106 may reflect radiation away from at least one of the first surfaces 104 (i.e., scattered radiation 142). The scattered radiation 142 may be scattered. By "scattered" it is meant that incoming radiation 140 is reflected in a non-specular direction to form scattered radiation 142. The specular direction is the direction of reflection characteristic of a mirror.

[0047] The present invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a window for reducing bird strikes, such as any of the windows described herein. The method of manufacturing includes providing a window (e.g., an insulated glass unit described herein) comprising: a first panel having an exterior-facing surface No. 1 and an opposing surface No. 2; and a second panel having an interior-facing surface No. 4 and an opposing surface No. 3, the first and second panels being spaced apart from each other by a gap. The method may further include forming a pattern on Surface No. 1, the pattern comprising a plurality of spaced apart markings on Surface No. 1 (e.g., across the entire area of ​​Surface No. 1), each of the plurality of markings comprising an ablation, thereby providing a visible marking on Surface No. 1.

[0048] As described herein, forming a pattern on surface 1 may include using a laser beam to remove at least a portion of material from surface 1 or to create microcracks below surface 1.

[0049] The manufacturing method may further include sealing and closing the gap by forming an edge connecting the first panel and the second panel, and the plurality of markings may be formed on the first surface after the gap is sealed and closed. Forming the plurality of markings after the gap is sealed and closed may allow for more efficient formation of the window because the markings can be formed on the window after other portions of the window have been fabricated (as opposed to patterning the first surface before assembling the window unit). The gap may be filled with a gas that is denser than air. Alternatively, the gap may be evacuated by evacuating the gas within the gap.

[0050] The present invention also relates to a method for preventing bird strikes with a building substrate comprising a window, such as any of the windows described herein. The method may include installing a window as described herein within an opening in the building substrate with its exterior-facing first surface positioned as the exterior surface of the building substrate.

[0051] Referring to Figures 8A and 8B, the window 100 shown therein is similar to that described in connection with Figures 2A-2D, with the following exceptions. The window 100 of Figures 8A and 8B has a single pane (as opposed to the multi-pane window 100 of Figures 2A-2D). In this case, the window of Figures 8A and 8B is comprised of a first panel 102 having a first surface 104 and an opposing second surface 108. The first panel 102 may be positioned between frames 118 to form the window 100. The first panel 102 may have a pattern comprised of a plurality of visible markings 106 on the first surface 104. In Figure 8A, the markings 106 comprise removal ablations 120, while in Figure 8B, the markings comprise subsurface ablations 122.

[0052] 8A and 8B, as described herein, forming a pattern on the first surface 104 may include using a laser beam to remove at least a portion of material from or create microcracks below the first surface 104. The window 100 of FIGS. 8A and 8B may be manufactured by forming the markings 106 after the first panel 102 is placed in the frame 118 to form the window 100. Forming the markings 106 after the first panel 102 is placed in the frame 118 may allow for more efficient formation of the window 100 because the markings 106 can be formed on a window where other portions of the fabrication have been completed (as opposed to patterning the first surface 104 before assembling the window unit).

[0053] Referring to FIG. 9, the window 100 shown therein is similar to that described in connection with FIGS. 2A-2D, except for the following. The window 100 of FIG. 9 may further include at least one side light 146. The side light 146 may be positioned on at least one side of the first panel 102, with that side being between the first surface 104 and the second surface 108. For example, the side light 146 may be integrated into the frame 118 and may emit light toward the side of the first panel 102. Light emitted from the side light 146 may pass through the interior of the first panel 102, and at least a portion of the light may be incident on the marking 106 on the first surface 104. The portion of the light emitted from the side light 146 that is incident on the marking 106 may further illuminate the marking 106, making it more visible than markings 106 that are not illuminated by light from the side light 146. The markings 106 can change the direction of incident light to make the markings 106 more visible. In this manner, the use of side lighting 146 can further increase the visibility of the markings 106 and further prevent bird collisions with the window 100.

[0054] Although the side lighting 146 is shown integrated into the frame 118 of a window 100 having two panels 102, 110 and having ablation ablations 120 as markings 106, it will be appreciated that the side lighting 146 can be used for a window 100 with a single panel 102 (e.g., FIGS. 8A and 8B ) and / or with a window 100 having subsurface ablations 122 as markings 106. Furthermore, although the side lighting 146 is shown emitting light from the side of the first panel 102, the side lighting 146 may additionally or alternatively emit light from the side of the second panel 110, which may additionally or alternatively include markings 106.

[0055] Without limitation, the ablation, marking, and / or pattern of the present invention is formed such that any such linear or linear-based pattern is typically formed having a width between 1 mm and 10 mm, between 2 mm and 9 mm, between 3 mm and 8 mm, between 4 mm and 7 mm, or even between 5 mm and 6 mm. In another embodiment, the ablation, marking, and / or pattern of the present invention is formed such that any such circular pattern or other non-linear geometry-based pattern is typically formed having a maximum width or diameter (in the case of a circular pattern) in at least one direction of between 1 mm and 10 mm, between 2 mm and 9 mm, between 3 mm and 8 mm, between 4 mm and 7 mm, or even between 5 mm and 6 mm.

[0056] Additionally, as can be seen from Figures 1E and 1G, the various alternative patterns of the present invention may enable manufacturers to realize significant energy savings, if desired, when the multiple ablations of the present invention are discontinuous in design, such as the various polygonal shaped patterns of Figure 1E and / or the discontinuous circular pattern of Figure 1E. Alternatively, energy savings may be realized through reduced laser etching via the various alternative patterns disclosed in Figure 1G. It should also be appreciated that the various alternative designs of Figures 1E and 1G may reduce laser etching time, etching and / or sandblasting time, photolithography complexity, and may provide other benefits.

[0057] The following numbered clauses illustrate various aspects of the present invention.

[0058] Clause 1: A window comprising: a first transparent panel having an exterior-facing surface numbered 1 and an opposite surface numbered 2; and a second transparent panel having an interior-facing surface numbered 4 and an opposite surface numbered 3, the first and second transparent panels being spaced apart from one another by a gap, and surface 1 comprising a pattern comprising a plurality of spaced apart markings over surface 1, each of the plurality of markings comprising an ablation, thereby providing a visible marking on surface 1.

[0059] Clause 2: The window of clause 1, wherein the ablation is a laser-induced marking formed by directing a laser beam at surface 1 to remove at least a portion of material from surface 1 or to create microcracks below surface 1.

[0060] Clause 3: The window of clause 1 or 2, wherein the ablation is formed by sandblasting surface 1 to remove at least a portion of the material from surface 1.

[0061] Clause 4: The window of any of clauses 1 to 3, wherein the ablation is formed by removing at least a portion of material from the first surface.

[0062] Clause 5: The window of any of clauses 1 to 4, wherein the ablation is formed by creating microcracks below the first surface.

[0063] Clause 6: A window according to any of clauses 1 to 5, wherein surface 1 is an uncoated surface and / or a coated surface.

[0064] Clause 7: A window according to any of clauses 2 to 6, wherein the laser-induced marking is formed by a carbon dioxide laser.

[0065] Clause 8: The laser beam has a power of 0.5 J / cm at the location of the marking formed by the laser beam. 2 ~10J / cm 28. The window of any of clauses 2 to 7, having an energy density of

[0066] Clause 9: A window according to any one of clauses 1 to 8, wherein each of the plurality of markings scatters incident electromagnetic radiation.

[0067] Clause 10: A window according to any one of clauses 1 to 9, wherein the gap is sealed and closed by an edge connecting the first panel and the second panel.

[0068] Clause 11: A window according to any one of clauses 1 to 10, wherein the gap contains a gas that is denser than air.

[0069] Clause 12: A window according to any one of clauses 1 to 11, wherein the gap is evacuated to form a vacuum.

[0070] Clause 13: The window of clause 12, further comprising a plurality of supports disposed within the gap for connecting the first panel and the second panel.

[0071] Clause 14: The window of clause 13, wherein at least some of the plurality of markings are formed between locations where the plurality of supports contact the first panel.

[0072] Clause 15: The window of clause 13 or 14, wherein at least some of the plurality of markings are formed at locations where the plurality of supports contact the first panel.

[0073] Clause 16: A window according to any one of clauses 1 to 15, wherein the first panel is a component of a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) component.

[0074] Clause 17: A window according to any of clauses 1 to 16, wherein the window is located within the framework of a building structure, with the first surface facing the exterior being positioned as the exterior surface of the building structure.

[0075] Clause 18: A window described in any of clauses 2 to 17, wherein the gap is sealed and closed by an edge connecting the first panel and the second panel, and the multiple markings are formed by applying a laser beam to the first surface after the gap is sealed and closed.

[0076] Clause 19: A window according to any of clauses 1 to 18, wherein the plurality of markings are formed by chemical etching without utilizing any photon-enhanced reaction.

[0077] Clause 20: A window according to any of clauses 1 to 18, wherein the plurality of markings are not formed by chemical etching that does not utilize any photon-enhanced reaction.

[0078] Clause 21: The window of any of clauses 1 to 20, wherein the plurality of markings exhibit a 20° gloss value of less than 1.

[0079] Clause 22: A window as described in any of clauses 1 to 21, wherein the patterns are spaced apart so that there are no areas of 25.8064 square centimeters (4 square inches) of surface No. 1 that are unmarked by multiple markings across the entire area of ​​surface No. 1.

[0080] Clause 23: A window according to any one of clauses 1 to 22, wherein the first panel comprises glass and / or plastic.

[0081] Clause 24: A window described in any of clauses 1 to 23, further comprising at least one side light positioned to emit light on a side between the first and second surfaces of the first transparent panel.

[0082] Clause 25: A building structure equipped with a window as described in any of clauses 1 to 24.

[0083] Clause 26: A building structure as described in clause 25, comprising a building with an opening, wherein the window is mounted within the opening with the first surface facing the exterior positioned as the exterior surface of the building.

[0084] Clause 27: A method of manufacturing a window, comprising the steps of: providing a transparent insulation unit comprising a first transparent panel having an exterior-facing surface numbered 1 and an opposite surface numbered 2, and a second transparent panel having an interior-facing surface numbered 4 and an opposite surface numbered 3, the first transparent panel and the second transparent panel being spaced apart from each other by a gap; and forming a pattern on surface 1, the pattern consisting of a plurality of markings spaced apart on surface 1, each of the plurality of markings comprising an ablation, thereby providing a visible marking on surface 1.

[0085] Clause 28: The method of clause 27, wherein forming the pattern includes using a laser beam to remove at least a portion of the material of surface 1 or to create microcracks below surface 1.

[0086] Clause 29: The method of clause 27 or 28, further comprising sealing and closing the gap by forming an edge connecting the first panel and the second panel, wherein the plurality of markings are formed on the first surface after the gap is sealed and closed.

[0087] Clause 30: The method of any of clauses 27 to 29, wherein the gap is filled with a gas that is denser than air.

[0088] Clause 31: The method of any one of clauses 27 to 30, wherein the gap comprises a vacuum.

[0089] Clause 32: A method of preventing bird collisions with a building substrate, comprising the step of installing a window according to any of clauses 1 to 24 within an opening in a building substrate, with its exterior-facing surface No. 1 positioned as the exterior surface of the building substrate.

[0090] Clause 33: A method for manufacturing a transparent element, comprising the steps of: providing a single transparent panel having an exterior-facing surface No. 1 and an opposing surface No. 2, wherein the single transparent panel is placed between frames; and forming a pattern on surface No. 1, the pattern consisting of a plurality of markings spaced apart on surface No. 1, each of the plurality of markings comprising an ablation, thereby providing a visible marking on surface No. 1, wherein the pattern is formed on surface No. 1 after the first transparent panel is placed between the frames.

[0091] Clause 34: A window comprising: a first transparent panel having an exterior-facing surface numbered 1 and an opposite surface numbered 2; and a second transparent panel having an interior-facing surface numbered 4 and an opposite surface numbered 3, the first and second transparent panels being spaced apart from one another by a gap, and surface 1 comprising a pattern comprising a plurality of spaced apart markings on surface 1, each of the plurality of markings comprising an ablation, the ablation being formed from one or more patterns having one or more intermittent and / or discontinuous areas within each ablation where no ablation is formed, thereby providing a visible marking on surface 1.

[0092] Clause 35: A window as described in clause 34, wherein the patterns are spaced apart so that there is no area of ​​12.9032 square centimeters (2 square inches) of surface No. 1 that is unmarked by multiple markings across the entire area of ​​surface No. 1.

[0093] Clause 36: A window as described in clause 34, wherein the patterns are spaced and arranged so that there is no area of ​​25.8064 square centimeters (4 square inches) of surface No. 1 that is unmarked by multiple markings across the entire area of ​​surface No. 1.

[0094] Clause 37: A window as described in clause 34, wherein the patterns are spaced and positioned so that there is no area of ​​38.7096 square centimeters (6 square inches) of surface No. 1 that is unmarked by multiple markings across the entire area of ​​surface No. 1.

[0095] Clause 38: A window as described in clause 34, wherein the patterns are spaced apart so that there is no area of ​​51.6128 square centimeters (8 square inches) of surface No. 1 that is unmarked by multiple markings across the entire area of ​​surface No. 1.

[0096] Clause 39: A window as described in any of clauses 34 to 38, in which the total area of ​​the markings covers up to 25 percent of the area of ​​surface No. 1.

[0097] Clause 40: A window as described in any of clauses 34 to 38, in which the total area of ​​the markings covers up to 30 percent of the area of ​​surface No. 1.

[0098] Clause 41: A window as described in any of clauses 34 to 38, in which the total area of ​​the markings covers up to 35 percent of the area of ​​surface No. 1.

[0099] Clause 42: A window as described in any of clauses 34 to 38, in which the total area of ​​the plurality of markings covers up to 40 percent of the area of ​​surface No. 1.

[0100] Clause 43: A window as described in any of clauses 34 to 38, in which the total area of ​​the markings covers up to 45 percent of the area of ​​surface No. 1.

[0101] Clause 44: A window as described in any of clauses 34 to 38, wherein the total area of ​​the plurality of markings covers up to 50 percent of the area of ​​surface No. 1.

[0102] Clause 45: A window described in any of clauses 34 to 44, wherein the plurality of ablations are formed such that each ablation has a maximum width of between 1 mm and 10 mm in at least one direction.

[0103] Clause 46: A window according to any of clauses 34 to 44, wherein the ablation is a laser-induced marking formed by directing a laser beam at surface 1 to remove at least a portion of the material at surface 1 or to create microcracks below surface 1.

[0104] Clause 47: A window according to any of clauses 34 to 46, wherein the ablation is formed by removing at least a portion of the material of the first surface.

[0105] Clause 48: The window of clause 47, wherein the ablation is formed by creating microcracks below the first surface.

[0106] Clause 49: The window of clause 47, wherein the ablation is formed from one or more geometric shapes including one or more intermittent and / or discontinuous non-ablated regions.

[0107] Clause 50: A window according to clause 49, wherein the geometric shape is selected from one or more polygons, stars, or other discrete symbols.

[0108] Clause 51: The window of clause 49, wherein the geometry is selected concentric circles with alternating ablated and non-ablative regions.

[0109] Clause 52: A window as described in Clause 47, wherein the ablation is formed from one or more intermittent and / or discontinuous rectangular lines containing areas within which no ablation is formed.

[0110] Clause 53: The window according to clause 47, wherein the laser-induced marking is formed by a carbon dioxide laser.

[0111] Clause 54: The laser beam has a power of 0.5 J / cm at the location of the marking formed by the laser beam. 2 ~10J / cm 248. The window of claim 47, having an energy density of

[0112] Clause 55: A window according to any one of clauses 34 to 54, wherein surface 1 is an uncoated surface and / or a coated surface.

[0113] Clause 56: A window according to any of clauses 34 to 55, wherein each of the plurality of markings scatters incident electromagnetic radiation.

[0114] Clause 57: A window according to any one of clauses 34 to 56, wherein the gap is sealed and closed by an edge connecting the first panel and the second panel.

[0115] Clause 58: A window according to any one of clauses 34 to 57, wherein the gap contains a gas that is denser than air.

[0116] Clause 59: A window according to any one of clauses 34 to 57, wherein the gap is evacuated to form a vacuum.

[0117] Clause 60: The window of clause 59, further comprising a plurality of supports disposed within the gap for connecting the first panel and the second panel.

[0118] Clause 61: The window of clause 60, wherein at least some of the plurality of markings are formed between locations where the plurality of supports contact the first panel.

[0119] Clause 62: The window of clause 61, wherein at least some of the plurality of markings are formed at locations where the plurality of supports contact the first panel.

[0120] Clause 63: A window according to any of clauses 34 to 62, wherein the first panel is a component of a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) component.

[0121] Clause 64: A window as described in any of clauses 34 to 62, wherein the window is located within the framework of a building structure, with the first surface facing the exterior being positioned as the exterior surface of the building structure.

[0122] Clause 65: A window described in any of clauses 46 to 64, wherein the gap is sealed and closed by an edge connecting the first panel and the second panel, and the multiple markings are formed by applying a laser beam to the first surface after the gap is sealed and closed.

[0123] Clause 66: A window according to any of clauses 34 to 65, wherein the plurality of markings exhibit a 20° gloss value of less than 1.

[0124] Clause 67: A window according to any of clauses 34 to 66, wherein the first panel comprises glass and / or plastic.

[0125] Clause 68: A window as described in any of clauses 34 to 67, further comprising at least one side light positioned to emit light on the side between the first and second surfaces of the first transparent panel.

[0126] Clause 69: A building structure equipped with a window as described in any of clauses 34 to 68.

[0127] Clause 70: A building structure as described in clause 69, comprising a building with an opening, wherein the window is mounted within the opening with the first surface facing the exterior positioned as the exterior surface of the building.

[0128] Clause 71: A method of manufacturing a window, comprising the steps of: providing a transparent insulation unit comprising a first transparent panel having an exterior-facing surface numbered 1 and an opposite surface numbered 2, and a second transparent panel having an interior-facing surface numbered 4 and an opposite surface numbered 3, the first and second transparent panels being spaced apart from each other by a gap; and forming a pattern on surface 1, the pattern consisting of a plurality of spaced apart markings on surface 1, each of the plurality of markings comprising an ablation, the ablation being formed from one or more patterns having one or more intermittent and / or discontinuous areas within each ablation where no ablation is formed, thereby providing a visible marking on surface 1.

[0129] Clause 72: The method of clause 71, wherein forming the pattern comprises using a laser beam to remove at least a portion of the material of surface 1 or to create microcracks below surface 1.

[0130] Clause 73: The method of clause 71, further comprising the step of sealing and closing the gap by forming an edge connecting the first panel and the second panel, wherein the plurality of markings are formed on the first surface after the gap is sealed and closed.

[0131] Clause 74: The method of clause 71, wherein the gap is filled with a gas that is denser than air.

[0132] Clause 75: The method of clause 71, wherein the gap comprises a vacuum.

[0133] Clause 76: A method of preventing bird collisions with a building substrate, comprising the step of installing a window according to any of clauses 34 to 67 within an opening in a building substrate with its exterior-facing surface No. 1 positioned as the exterior surface of the building substrate.

[0134] Examples Referring to Figures 10 and 11, an exemplary VIG unit can be fabricated. Two multi-layer VIG units with 25 supports can be obtained within the gap 116 between the first panel 102 and the second panel 110, and the first surface 104 of these VIG units can be patterned using a CO2 laser (Trotec Laser, Marchtrenk, Austria) at the first surface 104. The pattern of visible markings 106 can be seen as dot markings similar to those shown in Figure 10 and / or wave pattern markings similar to those shown in Figure 11. The edge 128 sealing the gap 116 between the first panel (102) and the second panel (110) will be formed before the CO2 laser is applied and therefore will be unaffected. The transparent panel of the VIG unit will remain intact, with the pattern clearly visible and no signs of structural damage.

[0135] Referring to Figure 12, an example of a patterned surface is shown, where the first surface is coated and patterned by removing at least a portion of the coating using a diode laser (λ = 390 nm).

[0136] Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that modifications may be made to the present invention without departing from the concepts disclosed in the foregoing description. Accordingly, the specific embodiments described in detail herein are merely illustrative and do not limit the scope of the invention, which is to be accorded the full scope of the appended claims and any and all equivalents thereof.

Claims

1. a first transparent panel having an exterior-facing surface No. 1 and an opposing surface No. 2; a second transparent panel having an inwardly facing surface numbered 4 and an opposing surface numbered 3, wherein the first transparent panel and the second transparent panel are spaced apart from each other by a gap; the first surface comprises a pattern comprising a plurality of markings spaced apart on the first surface, each of the plurality of markings comprising an ablation, the ablation being formed from one or more patterns having one or more intermittent and / or discontinuous non-ablated areas within each ablation, thereby providing a visible marking on the first surface; window.

2. 2. The window of claim 1, wherein the patterns are spaced apart such that no area of ​​the No. 1 surface is unmarked by the plurality of markings over the entire area of ​​the No. 1 surface by 2 square inches.

3. 2. The window of claim 1, wherein the patterns are spaced apart such that no area of ​​the No. 1 surface is unmarked by the plurality of markings over the entire area of ​​the No. 1 surface.

4. 2. The window of claim 1, wherein the patterns are spaced apart such that no area of ​​the No. 1 surface is unmarked by the plurality of markings over the entire area of ​​the No. 1 surface.

5. 2. The window of claim 1, wherein the patterns are spaced apart such that no area of ​​the No. 1 surface is unmarked by the plurality of markings over the entire area of ​​the No. 1 surface.

6. 10. The window of claim 1, wherein the total area of ​​the plurality of markings covers up to 25 percent of the area of ​​the first surface.

7. 10. The window of claim 1, wherein the total area of ​​the plurality of markings covers up to 30 percent of the area of ​​the first surface.

8. 10. The window of claim 1, wherein the total area of ​​the plurality of markings covers up to 35 percent of the area of ​​the first surface.

9. 10. The window of claim 1, wherein the total area of ​​the plurality of markings covers up to 40 percent of the area of ​​the first surface.

10. 10. The window of claim 1, wherein the total area of ​​the plurality of markings covers up to 45 percent of the area of ​​the first surface.

11. 10. The window of claim 1, wherein the total area of ​​the plurality of markings covers up to 50 percent of the area of ​​the first surface.

12. The window of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of ablations are formed such that each ablation has a maximum width in at least one direction of between 1 mm and 10 mm.

13. 10. The window of claim 1, wherein the ablation is a laser-induced marking formed by directing a laser beam at the first surface to remove at least a portion of the material at the first surface or to create microcracks below the first surface.

14. 14. The window of claim 13, wherein the ablation is formed by removing at least a portion of the material of the first surface.

15. 14. The window of claim 13, wherein the ablation is formed by creating microcracks below the first surface.

16. 14. The window of claim 13, wherein the ablation is formed from one or more geometric shapes including one or more intermittent and / or discontinuous unablative regions.

17. 17. The window of claim 16, wherein the geometric shapes are selected from one or more polygons, stars, or other discrete symbols.

18. 17. The window of claim 16, wherein the geometric shapes are selected concentric circles with alternating regions of ablation and non-ablation.

19. 14. The window of claim 13, wherein the ablation is formed from one or more intermittent and / or discontinuous rectangular lines containing unablative regions.

20. 14. The window of claim 13, wherein the laser-induced marking is formed by a carbon dioxide laser.

21. The laser beam has a power of 0.5 J / cm at the location of the marking formed by the laser beam. ２ ~10 J / cm ２ 14. The window of claim 13 having an energy density of

22. 10. The window of claim 1, wherein the first surface is an uncoated surface and / or a coated surface.

23. The window of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of markings scatters incident electromagnetic radiation.

24. 2. The window of claim 1, wherein the gap is sealed and closed by an edge connecting the first panel and the second panel.

25. The window of claim 1 , wherein the gap contains a gas that is denser than air.

26. The window of claim 1 , wherein the gap is evacuated to a vacuum.

27. 27. The window of claim 26, further comprising a plurality of supports disposed within the gap for connecting the first panel and the second panel.

28. 28. The window of claim 27, wherein at least some of the plurality of markings are formed between locations where the plurality of supports contact the first panel.

29. 30. The window of claim 28, wherein at least some of the plurality of markings are formed where the plurality of supports contact the first panel.

30. 10. The window of claim 1, wherein the first panel is a component of a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) component.

31. The window according to claim 1 , wherein the window is disposed within a building structure, and the first surface facing the exterior is disposed as an exterior surface of the building structure.

32. 3. The window of claim 2, wherein the gap is sealed and closed by an edge connecting the first panel and the second panel, and the plurality of markings are formed by applying the laser beam to the first surface after the gap is sealed and closed.

33. 10. The window of claim 1, wherein the plurality of markings exhibit a 20[deg.] gloss value of less than 1.

34. The window of claim 1 , wherein the first panel comprises glass and / or plastic.

35. 10. The window of claim 1, further comprising at least one side light positioned to emit light on a side of the first transparent panel between the first and second surfaces.

36. An architectural structure comprising the window according to claim 1.

37. 37. The architectural structure of claim 36, comprising a building having an opening, wherein the window is mounted within the opening with the exterior-facing first surface positioned as an exterior surface of the building.

38. providing a transparent insulation unit comprising a first transparent panel having an exterior-facing surface numbered 1 and an opposite surface numbered 2, and a second transparent panel having an interior-facing surface numbered 4 and an opposite surface numbered 3, the first and second transparent panels being spaced apart from each other by a gap; forming a pattern on the first surface, the pattern comprising a plurality of spaced apart markings on the first surface, each of the plurality of markings comprising an ablation, the ablation being formed from one or more patterns having one or more intermittent and / or discontinuous unablative regions within each ablation, thereby providing a visible marking on the first surface; A method of manufacturing a window, comprising:

39. 40. The method of claim 38, wherein forming the pattern comprises using a laser beam to remove at least a portion of the material of the first surface or to create microcracks below the first surface.

40. 39. The method of claim 38, further comprising the step of sealing and closing the gap by forming an edge connecting the first panel and the second panel, and wherein the plurality of markings are formed on the first surface after the gap is sealed and closed.

41. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the gap is filled with a gas that is denser than air.

42. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the gap comprises a vacuum.

43. Installing the window of claim 1 within an opening in a building substrate with the exterior-facing first surface disposed as an exterior surface of the building substrate.

1. A method for preventing bird collisions with a building substrate, comprising:

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