Compositions comprising 1, 2-dichloro-1, 2-difluoroethylene for use in heat transfer applications

Abstract

There is a need for refrigerants characterized by low ozone depletion potential (ODP) and low impact on global warming.SOLUTION: The present invention relates to compositions comprising 1, 2-dichloro-1, 2-difluoroethylene (i.e. CFO - 1112) and an additional component. The compositions described herein may be useful, for example, in heat transfer applications.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present application provides compositions comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene (i.e., CFO-1112) and additional components. The compositions described herein can be useful, for example, in heat transfer applications (e.g., refrigeration and / or heating applications). [Background technology]

[0002] Many current commercially available refrigerants use hydrochlorofluorocarbons ("HCFCs") or hydrofluorocarbons ("HFCs"). HCFCs contribute to ozone depletion and are scheduled for eventual phase-out under the Montreal Protocol. While HFCs do not contribute to ozone depletion, they may contribute to global warming, and the use of such compounds is under scrutiny by environmental regulatory agencies. Thus, there is a need for refrigerants characterized by low ozone depletion potential (ODP) and low impact on global warming. The present application addresses this and other needs. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0003] The present application relates, inter alia, to i) 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene (CFO-1112), ii) a compound selected from R-245fa, R-1336mzzZ, n-pentane, R-1233zdE, i-pentane, R-1336mzzE, R-1224ydZ, R-1234zeZ, R-1336yf, R-1336zeE, R-1234zeE, R-32, R-134a, R-1234yf, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, R-152a, R-134, R-125, and R-1123.

[0004] The present application further provides a method for producing cooling, comprising evaporating composition 1 provided herein in the vicinity of an object to be cooled, and then condensing said composition.

[0005] The present application further provides a method for producing heating, comprising condensing a composition provided herein in the vicinity of a body to be heated and then evaporating said composition.

[0006] The present application further provides a heat transfer system or device (e.g., a refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump device) comprising the compositions provided herein.

[0007] The present application further provides a process for replacing an incumbent refrigerant in a heat transfer device (e.g., a refrigeration device or system), comprising substantially replacing said incumbent refrigerant with the composition provided herein.

[0008] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials for use in the present invention are described herein; other suitable methods and materials known in the art may also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0009] The present disclosure provides compositions (e.g., heat transfer compositions and / or refrigerant compositions) comprising 2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene (i.e., CFO-1112) and additional components described herein. The compositions provided herein may be useful, for example, in refrigerant and / or heat transfer applications where chlorofluorocarbon ("CFC") compounds were previously useful.

[0010] Definitions and Abbreviations As used herein, the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "has," "having," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that includes a list of elements is not necessarily limited to those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent in such process, method, article, or apparatus. Furthermore, unless expressly stated to the contrary, "or" refers to an inclusive "or," not an exclusive "or." For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or absent), A is false (or absent) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

[0011] As used herein, "consisting essentially of" is used to define compositions, methods, and compositions that include materials, steps, features, ingredients, or elements in addition to those literally disclosed, provided that these additionally included materials, steps, features, components, or elements do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention, particularly the mechanism of action for achieving any desired result of the inventive process. The terms "consists essentially of" or "consisting essentially of" occupy a middle ground between "comprising" and "consisting."

[0012] Additionally, the use of "a" or "an" is employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be interpreted to include one or at least one, and the singular also includes the plural unless it is clear that a different meaning is intended.

[0013] As used herein, the term "about" is meant to account for variation due to experimental error (e.g., plus or minus about 10% of the stated value). All measurements reported herein are understood to be modified by the term "about," unless otherwise specified, regardless of whether the term "about" is explicitly used.

[0014] When an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is given as either a range, a preferred range, or a list of upper and / or lower preferred values, these are to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pairing of any upper range value or preferred upper value and any lower range value or preferred lower value, whether or not the ranges are separately disclosed. When a numerical range is described herein, unless otherwise indicated, the range is intended to include its endpoints, and to include all integers and fractions within the range.

[0015] Global warming potential (GWP) is an index used to estimate the relative global warming contribution resulting from the atmospheric emission of one kilogram of a particular greenhouse gas compared to the emission of one kilogram of carbon dioxide. GWP can be calculated for various time horizons and indicates the impact of a given gas over its atmospheric lifetime. The GWP for a 100-year time horizon is the commonly referenced value.

[0016] As used herein, the term "ozone depletion potential (ODP)" is defined in The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, A report of the World Meteorological Association's Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, section 1.4.4, pages 1.28-1.31 (see the first paragraph of this section). Ozone depletion potential (ODP) represents the expected stratospheric ozone depletion from a compound, based on its mass relative to the mass of fluorotrichloromethane (CFC-11).

[0017] Refrigeration capacity (sometimes referred to as cooling capacity) is a term that defines the change in enthalpy of a refrigerant or working fluid in an evaporator per unit mass of circulating refrigerant or working fluid. Volumetric cooling capacity refers to the amount of heat removed by the refrigerant or working fluid per unit volume of refrigerant vapor exiting the evaporator. Refrigeration capacity is a measure of the ability of a refrigerant, working fluid, or heat transfer composition to produce cooling. Thus, the higher the volumetric cooling capacity of a working fluid, the greater the cooling rate that can be produced in an evaporator with the maximum volumetric flow rate achievable for a given compressor. Cooling rate refers to the heat removed per unit time by the refrigerant in the evaporator.

[0018] Similarly, volumetric heating capacity is a term that defines the amount of heat supplied by the refrigerant or working fluid in the condenser per unit volume of refrigerant or working fluid vapor entering the compressor. The higher the volumetric heating capacity of the refrigerant or working fluid, the greater the heating rate that can be produced in the condenser with the maximum volumetric flow rate achievable for a given compressor.

[0019] The coefficient of performance (COP) is the amount of heat removed in the evaporator divided by the energy required to operate the compressor. The higher the COP, the more energy efficient. COP is directly related to the energy efficiency ratio (EER), the efficiency rating for a refrigeration or air conditioning unit at a specific set of internal and external temperatures.

[0020] As used herein, a heat transfer medium includes compositions used to carry heat from a heat source to a heat sink, for example, from an object to be cooled to a chiller evaporator, or from a chiller condenser to a cooling tower or other structure where heat can be released to the surroundings.

[0021] As used herein, a working fluid or refrigerant includes a compound or mixture of compounds (e.g., the compositions provided herein) that function to transfer heat in a cycle, where the working fluid undergoes a phase change from liquid to gas and back to liquid in repeated cycles.

[0022] Subcooling is the reduction of a liquid to a temperature below the saturation point of that liquid at a given pressure. The saturation point is the temperature at which a vapor composition is completely condensed into a liquid (also called the bubble point). However, subcooling continues to cool the liquid to a cooler liquid at a given pressure. Cooling a liquid below its saturation temperature can increase the net refrigeration capacity. Subcooling thereby improves the refrigeration capacity and energy efficiency of the system. The amount of subcooling is the amount of cooling (in degrees) below the saturation temperature, or how far below its saturation temperature a liquid composition is cooled.

[0023] The term "superheat" defines how much a vapor composition is heated above its saturated vapor temperature, which is the temperature at which liquid droplets first form when the vapor composition is cooled, also referred to as the "dew point."

[0024] Chemicals, Abbreviations, and Acronyms HFC: Hydrofluorocarbon HCFC: Hydrochlorofluorocarbon HCFO: Hydrochlorofluoroolefin PFC: Perfluorocarbon CFO-1112: 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene (mixture of isomers) CFO-1112(E) or CFO-1112E: E-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene CFO-1112(Z) or CFO-1112Z: Z-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene R-245fa or HFC-245fa: 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane R-1336mzz or HFO-1336mzz: 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene (mixture of isomers) R-1336mzzZ or HFO-1336mzz(Z) or (Z)-1336mzz: (Z)-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene R-1336mzzE or HFO-1336mzz(E) or (E)-1336mzz: (E)-1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluorobut-2-ene R-1233zd: 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (mixture of isomers) R-1233zdE: (E)-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene R-1224yd: 1-chloro-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene R-1224ydZ: (Z)-1-chloro-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene R-1234ze: 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (mixture of isomers) R-1234zeZ: (Z)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene R-1336yf: 2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-1-ene (mixture of isomers) R-1336ze: 1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-1-ene (mixture of isomers) R-1336zeE: (E)-1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-1-ene R-1234ze: 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (mixture of isomers) R-1234zeE: (E)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene R-32: Difluoromethane R-125: Pentafluoroethane R-134a: 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane R-1234yf: 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (mixture of isomers) t-DCE: trans-1,2-dichloroethylene R-152a: 1,1-difluoroethane R-134: 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane R-1123: 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene

[0025] composition This application is i) 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene (CFO-1112), and optionally ii) a compound selected from R-245fa, R-1336mzzZ, n-pentane, R-1233zdE, i-pentane, R-1336mzzE, R-1224ydZ, R-1234zeZ, R-1336yf, R-1336zeE, R-1234zeE, R-32, R-134a, R-1234yf, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, R-152a, R-134, R-125, and R-1123.

[0026] In some embodiments, the composition comprises: i) 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene (CFO-1112), and optionally ii) a compound selected from R-245fa, R-1336mzzZ, n-pentane, R-1233zdE, i-pentane, R-1336mzzE, R-1224ydZ, R-1234zeZ, R-1336yf, R-1336zeE, R-1234zeE, R-32, R-134a, R-1234yf, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, R-152a, and R-134.

[0027] In some embodiments, the composition comprises: i) 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and, optionally, ii) a compound selected from R-245fa, R-1336mzzZ, n-pentane, R-1233zdE, i-pentane, R-1336mzzE, R-1224ydZ, R-1234zeZ, R-1336yf, and R-1336zeE.

[0028] This application is i) 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene (CFO-1112), ii) a compound selected from R-245fa, R-1336mzzZ, n-pentane, R-1233zdE, i-pentane, R-1336mzzE, R-1224ydZ, R-1234zeZ, R-1336yf, R-1336zeE, R-1234zeE, R-32, R-134a, R-1234yf, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, R-152a, R-134, R-125, and R-1123.

[0029] In some embodiments, the composition comprises: i) 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene (CFO-1112), ii) a compound selected from R-245fa, R-1336mzzZ, n-pentane, R-1233zdE, i-pentane, R-1336mzzE, R-1224ydZ, R-1234zeZ, R-1336yf, R-1336zeE, R-1234zeE, R-32, R-134a, R-1234yf, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, R-152a, and R-134.

[0030] In some embodiments, the composition comprises: i) 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, ii) a compound selected from R-245fa, R-1336mzzZ, n-pentane, R-1233zdE, i-pentane, R-1336mzzE, R-1224ydZ, R-1234zeZ, R-1336yf, and R-1336zeE.

[0031] In some embodiments, the composition comprises 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, the composition consists essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, the composition consists of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene.

[0032] In some embodiments, the 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene is (E)-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, the 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene is (Z)-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene.

[0033] In some embodiments, the 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene comprises a mixture of (E)-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and (Z)-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene.

[0034] In some embodiments, the 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene comprises about 60% to about 70% E-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 30% to about 40% Z-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene.

[0035] In some embodiments, the 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene comprises about 60% E-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 40% Z-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, the 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene comprises about 70% E-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 30% Z-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene.

[0036] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise from about 1 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, e.g., from about 1 to about 90, from about 1 to about 80, from about 1 to about 50, from about 1 to about 25, from about 1 to about 10, from about 10 to about 99, from about 10 to about 90, from about 10 to about 80, from about 10 to about 50, from about 10 to about 25, from about 25 to about 99, from about 25 to about 90, from about 25 to about 80, from about 25 to about 50, from about 50 to about 99, from about 50 to about 90, from about 50 to about 80, from about 80 to about 99, from about 80 to about 90, or from about 90 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene.

[0037] In some embodiments, the composition comprises: about 1 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, or about 95 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, or about 90 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, or about 85 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, or about 70 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, or about 60 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, or about 50 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, or from about 1 to about 40 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, or from about 1 to about 25 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, or from about 1 to about 20 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, or from about 1 to about 15 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, or from about 1 to about 10 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene.

[0038] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent R-245fa, e.g., from about 1 to about 90, from about 1 to about 80, from about 1 to about 50, from about 1 to about 25, from about 1 to about 10, from about 10 to about 99, from about 10 to about 90, from about 10 to about 80, from about 10 to about 50, from about 10 to about 25, from about 25 to about 99, from about 25 to about 90, from about 25 to about 80, from about 25 to about 50, from about 50 to about 99, from about 50 to about 90, from about 50 to about 80, from about 80 to about 99, from about 80 to about 90, or from about 90 to about 99 weight percent R-245fa.

[0039] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent R-245fa. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 85 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 15 weight percent R-245fa.

[0040] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 40 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 60 weight percent R-245fa. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 25 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 75 weight percent R-245fa.

[0041] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 34 to about 36 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 66 to about 64 weight percent R-245fa.

[0042] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-245fa has a temperature gradient of about 0.3 K or less, e.g., about 0.2 K or less, about 0.15 K or less, about 0.1 K or less, or about 0.05 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-245fa has a temperature gradient of less than about 0.3 K.

[0043] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-245fa has a temperature gradient of about 0.15 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-245fa has a temperature gradient of less than about 0.15 K.

[0044] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-245fa. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-245fa.

[0045] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336mzzZ (i.e., (Z)-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene).

[0046] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent R-1336mzzZ, e.g., from about 1 to about 90, from about 1 to about 80, from about 1 to about 50, from about 1 to about 25, from about 1 to about 10, from about 10 to about 99, from about 10 to about 90, from about 10 to about 80, from about 10 to about 50, from about 10 to about 25, from about 25 to about 99, from about 25 to about 90, from about 25 to about 80, from about 25 to about 50, from about 50 to about 99, from about 50 to about 90, from about 50 to about 80, from about 80 to about 99, from about 80 to about 90, or from about 90 to about 99 weight percent R-1336mzzZ.

[0047] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent R-1336mzzZ. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 5 to about 40 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 95 to about 60 weight percent R-1336mzzZ.

[0048] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 10 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 90 weight percent R-1336mzzZ. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 50 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 50 to about 1 weight percent R-1336mzzZ.

[0049] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 60 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 40 to about 1 weight percent R-1336mzzZ.

[0050] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 20 to about 21 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 80 to about 79 weight percent R-1336mzzZ.

[0051] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336mzzZ has a temperature gradient of about 2 K or less, e.g., about 1.5 K or less, about 1 K or less, or about 0.5 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336mzzZ has a temperature gradient of less than about 2 K.

[0052] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336mzzZ has a temperature gradient of about 1 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336mzzZ has a temperature gradient of less than about 1 K.

[0053] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336mzzZ. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336mzzZ.

[0054] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and n-pentane.

[0055] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent n-pentane, e.g., from about 1 to about 90, from about 1 to about 80, from about 1 to about 50, from about 1 to about 25, from about 1 to about 10, from about 10 to about 99, from about 10 to about 90, from about 10 to about 80, from about 10 to about 50, from about 10 to about 25, from about 25 to about 99, from about 25 to about 90, from about 25 to about 80, from about 25 to about 50, from about 50 to about 99, from about 50 to about 90, from about 50 to about 80, from about 80 to about 99, from about 80 to about 90, or from about 90 to about 99 weight percent n-pentane.

[0056] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent n-pentane. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 5 to about 40 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 95 to about 60 weight percent n-pentane.

[0057] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 20 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 80 weight percent n-pentane. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 60 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 40 to about 1 weight percent n-pentane.

[0058] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 10 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 90 weight percent n-pentane. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 70 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 30 to about 1 weight percent n-pentane.

[0059] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 93 to about 94 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 7 to about 6 weight percent n-pentane.

[0060] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and n-pentane has a temperature gradient of about 3 K or less, e.g., about 2.5 K or less, about 2.0 K or less, about 1.5 K or less, about 1 K or less, or about 0.5 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and n-pentane has a temperature gradient of less than about 3 K.

[0061] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and n-pentane has a temperature gradient of about 2 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and n-pentane has a temperature gradient of less than about 2 K.

[0062] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and n-pentane. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and n-pentane.

[0063] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1233zdE.

[0064] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent R-1233zdE, e.g., from about 1 to about 90, from about 1 to about 80, from about 1 to about 50, from about 1 to about 25, from about 1 to about 10, from about 10 to about 99, from about 10 to about 90, from about 10 to about 80, from about 10 to about 50, from about 10 to about 25, from about 25 to about 99, from about 25 to about 90, from about 25 to about 80, from about 25 to about 50, from about 50 to about 99, from about 50 to about 90, from about 50 to about 80, from about 80 to about 99, from about 80 to about 90, or from about 90 to about 99 weight percent R-1233zdE.

[0065] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent R-1233zdE. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 70 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 30 weight percent R-1233zdE.

[0066] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 35 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 65 weight percent R-1233zdE. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 25 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 75 weight percent R-1233zdE.

[0067] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 27 to about 28 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 73 to about 72 weight percent R-1233zdE.

[0068] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1233zdE has a temperature gradient of about 0.05 K or less, e.g., about 0.025 K or less, about 0.02 K or less, about 0.015 K or less, about 0.01 K or less, or about 0.005 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1233zdE has a temperature gradient of less than about 0.05 K.

[0069] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1233zdE has a temperature gradient of about 0.02 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1233zdE has a temperature gradient of less than about 0.02 K.

[0070] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1233zdE. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1233zdE.

[0071] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and i-pentane.

[0072] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent i-pentane, e.g., from about 1 to about 90, from about 1 to about 80, from about 1 to about 50, from about 1 to about 25, from about 1 to about 10, from about 10 to about 99, from about 10 to about 90, from about 10 to about 80, from about 10 to about 50, from about 10 to about 25, from about 25 to about 99, from about 25 to about 90, from about 25 to about 80, from about 25 to about 50, from about 50 to about 99, from about 50 to about 90, from about 50 to about 80, from about 80 to about 99, from about 80 to about 90, or from about 90 to about 99 weight percent i-pentane.

[0073] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 65 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 35 weight percent i-pentane. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 20 to about 70 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 80 to about 30 weight percent i-pentane.

[0074] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 70 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 30 to about 1 weight percent i-pentane. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 80 to about 90 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 20 to about 10 weight percent i-pentane.

[0075] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 20 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 80 weight percent i-pentane. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 55 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 45 to about 1 weight percent i-pentane.

[0076] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 10 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 90 weight percent i-pentane. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 65 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 35 to about 1 weight percent i-pentane.

[0077] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 82 to about 83 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 18 to about 17 weight percent i-pentane.

[0078] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and i-pentane has a temperature gradient of about 1.5 K or less, e.g., about 1.25 K or less, about 1.0 K or less, about 0.5 K or less, about 0.25 K or less, or about 0.1 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and i-pentane has a temperature gradient of less than about 1.5 K.

[0079] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and i-pentane has a temperature gradient of about 1 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and i-pentane has a temperature gradient of less than about 1 K.

[0080] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and i-pentane. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and i-pentane.

[0081] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336mzzE (i.e., (E)-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene).

[0082] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent R-1336mzzE, e.g., from about 1 to about 90, from about 1 to about 80, from about 1 to about 50, from about 1 to about 25, from about 1 to about 10, from about 10 to about 99, from about 10 to about 90, from about 10 to about 80, from about 10 to about 50, from about 10 to about 25, from about 25 to about 99, from about 25 to about 90, from about 25 to about 80, from about 25 to about 50, from about 50 to about 99, from about 50 to about 90, from about 50 to about 80, from about 80 to about 99, from about 80 to about 90, or from about 90 to about 99 weight percent R-1336mzzE.

[0083] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent R-1336mzzE. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 40 to about 90 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 60 to about 10 weight percent R-1336mzzE.

[0084] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 40 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 60 weight percent R-1336mzzE. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 85 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 15 to about 1 weight percent R-1336mzzE.

[0085] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 25 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 75 weight percent R-1336mzzE. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 95 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 5 to about 1 weight percent R-1336mzzE.

[0086] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336mzzE has a temperature gradient of about 2 K or less, e.g., about 1.5 K or less, about 1.0 K or less, about 0.5 K or less, about 0.25 K or less, or about 0.1 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336mzzE has a temperature gradient of less than about 1.5 K.

[0087] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336mzzE has a temperature gradient of about 1 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336mzzE has a temperature gradient of less than about 1 K.

[0088] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336mzzE. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336mzzE.

[0089] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1224ydZ.

[0090] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent R-1224ydZ, e.g., from about 1 to about 90, from about 1 to about 80, from about 1 to about 50, from about 1 to about 25, from about 1 to about 10, from about 10 to about 99, from about 10 to about 90, from about 10 to about 80, from about 10 to about 50, from about 10 to about 25, from about 25 to about 99, from about 25 to about 90, from about 25 to about 80, from about 25 to about 50, from about 50 to about 99, from about 50 to about 90, from about 50 to about 80, from about 80 to about 99, from about 80 to about 90, or from about 90 to about 99 weight percent R-1224ydZ.

[0091] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent R-1224ydZ. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 85 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 15 weight percent R-1224ydZ.

[0092] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 40 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 60 weight percent R-1224ydZ. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 85 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 15 to about 1 weight percent R-1224ydZ.

[0093] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 25 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 75 weight percent R-1224ydZ. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 95 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 5 to about 1 weight percent R-1224ydZ.

[0094] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1224ydZ has a temperature gradient of about 0.4 K or less, e.g., about 0.3 K or less, about 0.2 K or less, about 0.1 K or less, or about 0.05 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1224ydZ has a temperature gradient of less than about 0.4 K.

[0095] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1224ydZ has a temperature gradient of about 0.2 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1224ydZ has a temperature gradient of less than about 0.2 K.

[0096] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1224ydZ. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1224ydZ.

[0097] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeZ.

[0098] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent R-1234zeZ, e.g., from about 1 to about 90, from about 1 to about 80, from about 1 to about 50, from about 1 to about 25, from about 1 to about 10, from about 10 to about 99, from about 10 to about 90, from about 10 to about 80, from about 10 to about 50, from about 10 to about 25, from about 25 to about 99, from about 25 to about 90, from about 25 to about 80, from about 25 to about 50, from about 50 to about 99, from about 50 to about 90, from about 50 to about 80, from about 80 to about 99, from about 80 to about 90, or from about 90 to about 99 weight percent R-1234zeZ.

[0099] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent R-1234zeZ. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 25 to about 90 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 75 to about 10 weight percent R-1234zeZ.

[0100] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 35 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 65 weight percent R-1234zeZ. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 25 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 75 weight percent R-1234zeZ.

[0101] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeZ has a temperature gradient of about 0.5 K or less, e.g., about 0.4 K or less, about 0.3 K or less, about 0.2 K or less, about 0.1 K or less, or about 0.05 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeZ has a temperature gradient of less than about 0.5 K.

[0102] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeZ has a temperature gradient of about 0.2 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeZ has a temperature gradient of less than about 0.2 K.

[0103] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeZ. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeZ.

[0104] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336yf.

[0105] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent R-1336yf, e.g., from about 1 to about 90, from about 1 to about 80, from about 1 to about 50, from about 1 to about 25, from about 1 to about 10, from about 10 to about 99, from about 10 to about 90, from about 10 to about 80, from about 10 to about 50, from about 10 to about 25, from about 25 to about 99, from about 25 to about 90, from about 25 to about 80, from about 25 to about 50, from about 50 to about 99, from about 50 to about 90, from about 50 to about 80, from about 80 to about 99, from about 80 to about 90, or from about 90 to about 99 weight percent R-1336yf.

[0106] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 35 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 65 to about 1 weight percent R-1336yf. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 55 to about 95 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 45 to about 5 weight percent R-1336yf. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 5 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 95 to about 99 weight percent R-1336yf.

[0107] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 30 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 70 weight percent R-1336yf.

[0108] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 95 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 5 to about 1 weight percent R-1336yf. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 20 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 80 weight percent R-1336yf.

[0109] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336yf has a temperature gradient of about 0.2 K or less, e.g., about 0.1 K or less, or about 0.05 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336yf has a temperature gradient of less than about 0.2 K.

[0110] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336yf has a temperature gradient of about 1 K or less, e.g., about 0.5 K or less, about 0.25 K or less, about 0.1 K or less, or about 0.05 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336yf has a temperature gradient of less than about 1 K.

[0111] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336yf. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336yf.

[0112] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336zeE.

[0113] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 99 weight percent R-1336zeE, e.g., about 1 to about 90, about 1 to about 80, about 1 to about 50, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 10, about 10 to about 99, about 10 to about 90, about 10 to about 80, about 10 to about 50, about 10 to about 25, about 25 to about 99, about 25 to about 90, about 25 to about 80, about 25 to about 50, about 50 to about 99, about 50 to about 90, about 50 to about 80, about 80 to about 99, about 80 to about 90, or about 90 to about 99 weight percent R-1336zeE.

[0114] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent R-1336zeE. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 20 to about 90 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 80 to about 10 weight percent R-1336zeE.

[0115] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 40 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 60 weight percent R-1336zeE. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 85 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 15 to about 1 weight percent R-1336zeE.

[0116] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 25 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 75 weight percent R-1336zeE. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 90 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 10 to about 1 weight percent R-1336zeE.

[0117] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336zeE has a temperature gradient of about 1.5 K or less, e.g., about 1 K or less, about 0.5 K or less, about 0.25 K or less, or about 0.1 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336zeE has a temperature gradient of less than about 1.5 K.

[0118] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336zeE has a temperature gradient of about 1 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336zeE has a temperature gradient of less than about 1 K.

[0119] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336zeE. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336zeE.

[0120] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeE.

[0121] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent R-1234zeE, e.g., from about 1 to about 90, from about 1 to about 80, from about 1 to about 50, from about 1 to about 25, from about 1 to about 10, from about 10 to about 99, from about 10 to about 90, from about 10 to about 80, from about 10 to about 50, from about 10 to about 25, from about 25 to about 99, from about 25 to about 90, from about 25 to about 80, from about 25 to about 50, from about 50 to about 99, from about 50 to about 90, from about 50 to about 80, from about 80 to about 99, from about 80 to about 90, or from about 90 to about 99 weight percent R-1234zeE.

[0122] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 40 to about 70 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 60 to about 30 weight percent R-1234zeE. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 40 to about 65 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 60 to about 35 weight percent R-1234zeE.

[0123] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 35 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 65 weight percent R-1234zeE. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 10 to about 30 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 90 to about 70 weight percent R-1234zeE.

[0124] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 20 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 80 weight percent R-1234zeE. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 90 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 10 to about 1 weight percent R-1234zeE.

[0125] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 10 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 90 weight percent R-1234zeE. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 95 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 5 to about 1 weight percent R-1234zeE.

[0126] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeE has a temperature gradient of about 8 K or less, e.g., about 7 K or less, about 6 K or less, about 5 K or less, about 4 K or less, about 3 K or less, about 2 K or less, or about 1 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeE has a temperature gradient of less than about 8 K.

[0127] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeE has a temperature gradient of about 5 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeE has a temperature gradient of less than about 5 K.

[0128] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeE. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeE.

[0129] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-32.

[0130] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent R-32, e.g., from about 1 to about 90, from about 1 to about 80, from about 1 to about 50, from about 1 to about 25, from about 1 to about 10, from about 10 to about 99, from about 10 to about 90, from about 10 to about 80, from about 10 to about 50, from about 10 to about 25, from about 25 to about 99, from about 25 to about 90, from about 25 to about 80, from about 25 to about 50, from about 50 to about 99, from about 50 to about 90, from about 50 to about 80, from about 80 to about 99, from about 80 to about 90, or from about 90 to about 99 weight percent R-32.

[0131] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 90 to about 10 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 10 to about 90 weight percent R-32.

[0132] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 95 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 5 to about 1 weight percent R-32.

[0133] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 80 to about 85 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 20 to about 15 weight percent R-32.

[0134] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 45 to about 75 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 55 to about 25 weight percent R-32. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 50 to about 65 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 50 to about 35 weight percent R-32.

[0135] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 20 to about 40 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 80 to about 60 weight percent R-32.

[0136] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 15 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 85 weight percent R-32.

[0137] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 10 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 90 weight percent R-32.

[0138] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-32 has a temperature gradient of about 8 K or less, e.g., about 7 K or less, about 6 K or less, about 5 K or less, about 4 K or less, about 3 K or less, about 2 K or less, or about 1 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-32 has a temperature gradient of less than about 8 K.

[0139] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-32. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-32.

[0140] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134a.

[0141] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 99 weight percent R-134a, e.g., about 1 to about 90, about 1 to about 80, about 1 to about 50, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 10, about 10 to about 99, about 10 to about 90, about 10 to about 80, about 10 to about 50, about 10 to about 25, about 25 to about 99, about 25 to about 90, about 25 to about 80, about 25 to about 50, about 50 to about 99, about 50 to about 90, about 50 to about 80, about 80 to about 99, about 80 to about 90, or about 90 to about 99 weight percent R-134a.

[0142] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 85 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 15 to about 1 weight percent R-134a. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 90 to about 95 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 10 to about 5 weight percent R-134a.

[0143] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 55 to about 65 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 45 to about 35 weight percent R-134a. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 60 to about 65 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 40 to about 35 weight percent R-134a.

[0144] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 25 to about 50 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 75 to about 50 weight percent R-134a. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 35 to about 50 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 65 to about 50 weight percent R-134a.

[0145] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 25 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 75 weight percent R-134a.

[0146] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 15 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 85 weight percent R-134a. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 9 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 91 to about 1 weight percent R-134a.

[0147] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134a has a temperature gradient of about 8 K or less, e.g., about 7 K or less, about 6 K or less, about 5 K or less, about 4 K or less, about 3 K or less, about 2 K or less, or about 1 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134a has a temperature gradient of less than about 8 K.

[0148] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134a. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134a.

[0149] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234yf.

[0150] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 99 weight percent R-1234yf, e.g., about 1 to about 90, about 1 to about 80, about 1 to about 50, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 10, about 10 to about 99, about 10 to about 90, about 10 to about 80, about 10 to about 50, about 10 to about 25, about 25 to about 99, about 25 to about 90, about 25 to about 80, about 25 to about 50, about 50 to about 99, about 50 to about 90, about 50 to about 80, about 80 to about 99, about 80 to about 90, or about 90 to about 99 weight percent R-1234yf.

[0151] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 80 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 20 to about 1 weight percent R-1234yf. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 90 to about 95 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 10 to about 5 weight percent R-1234yf.

[0152] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 55 to about 75 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 45 to about 25 weight percent R-1234yf.

[0153] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 20 to about 50 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 80 to about 50 weight percent R-1234yf. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 30 to about 50 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 70 to about 50 weight percent R-1234yf.

[0154] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 20 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 80 weight percent R-1234yf.

[0155] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 10 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 90 weight percent R-1234yf.

[0156] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 15 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 85 weight percent R-1234yf. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 9 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 91 to about 1 weight percent R-1234yf.

[0157] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234yf has a temperature gradient of about 8 K or less, e.g., about 7 K or less, about 6 K or less, about 5 K or less, about 4 K or less, about 3 K or less, about 2 K or less, or about 1 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234yf has a temperature gradient of less than about 8 K.

[0158] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234yf. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234yf.

[0159] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.

[0160] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 99 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, e.g., about 1 to about 90, about 1 to about 80, about 1 to about 50, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 10, about 10 to about 99, about 10 to about 90, about 10 to about 80, about 10 to about 50, about 10 to about 25, about 25 to about 99, about 25 to about 90, about 25 to about 80, about 25 to about 50, about 50 to about 99, about 50 to about 90, about 50 to about 80, about 80 to about 99, about 80 to about 90, or about 90 to about 99 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.

[0161] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 55 to about 90 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 45 to about 10 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.

[0162] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 25 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 75 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 75 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 25 to about 1 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.

[0163] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 10 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 90 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 90 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 10 to about 1 weight percent trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.

[0164] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene has a temperature gradient of about 5 K or less, e.g., about 4 K or less, about 3 K or less, about 2 K or less, or about 1 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene has a temperature gradient of less than about 5 K.

[0165] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene has a temperature gradient of about 3 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene has a temperature gradient of less than about 3 K.

[0166] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.

[0167] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-152a.

[0168] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 99 weight percent R-152a, e.g., about 1 to about 90, about 1 to about 80, about 1 to about 50, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 10, about 10 to about 99, about 10 to about 90, about 10 to about 80, about 10 to about 50, about 10 to about 25, about 25 to about 99, about 25 to about 90, about 25 to about 80, about 25 to about 50, about 50 to about 99, about 50 to about 90, about 50 to about 80, about 80 to about 99, about 80 to about 90, or about 90 to about 99 weight percent R-152a.

[0169] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 85 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 15 to about 1 weight percent R-152a. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 90 to about 95 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 10 to about 5 weight percent R-152a.

[0170] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 60 to about 80 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 40 to about 20 weight percent R-152a. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 65 to about 80 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 35 to about 20 weight percent R-152a.

[0171] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 25 to about 55 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 75 to about 45 weight percent R-152a. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 35 to about 55 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 65 to about 45 weight percent R-152a.

[0172] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 25 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 75 weight percent R-152a. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 10 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 90 weight percent R-152a.

[0173] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 15 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 85 weight percent R-152a.

[0174] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-152a has a temperature gradient of about 8 K or less, e.g., about 7 K or less, about 6 K or less, about 5 K or less, about 4 K or less, about 3 K or less, about 2 K or less, or about 1 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-152a has a temperature gradient of less than about 8 K.

[0175] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-152a has a temperature gradient of about 5 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-152a has a temperature gradient of less than about 5 K.

[0176] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-152a. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-152a.

[0177] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134.

[0178] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 99 weight percent R-134, e.g., about 1 to about 90, about 1 to about 80, about 1 to about 50, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 10, about 10 to about 99, about 10 to about 90, about 10 to about 80, about 10 to about 50, about 10 to about 25, about 25 to about 99, about 25 to about 90, about 25 to about 80, about 25 to about 50, about 50 to about 99, about 50 to about 90, about 50 to about 80, about 80 to about 99, about 80 to about 90, or about 90 to about 99 weight percent R-134.

[0179] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 80 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 20 to about 1 weight percent R-134. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 85 to about 95 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 15 to about 5 weight percent R-134.

[0180] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 45 to about 75 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 55 to about 25 weight percent R-134. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 50 to about 70 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 50 to about 30 weight percent R-134.

[0181] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 10 to about 40 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 90 to about 60 weight percent R-134. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 20 to about 40 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 80 to about 60 weight percent R-134.

[0182] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 10 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 90 weight percent R-134.

[0183] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 20 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 80 weight percent R-134. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 90 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 10 to about 1 weight percent R-134.

[0184] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 15 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 85 weight percent R-134. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 95 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 5 to about 1 weight percent R-134.

[0185] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134 has a temperature gradient of about 8 K or less, e.g., about 7 K or less, about 6 K or less, about 5 K or less, about 4 K or less, about 3 K or less, about 2 K or less, or about 1 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134 has a temperature gradient of less than about 8 K.

[0186] In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134 has a temperature gradient of about 5 K or less. In some embodiments, a composition comprising 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134 has a temperature gradient of less than about 5 K.

[0187] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134.

[0188] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-125.

[0189] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent R-125, e.g., from about 1 to about 90, from about 1 to about 80, from about 1 to about 50, from about 1 to about 25, from about 1 to about 10, from about 10 to about 99, from about 10 to about 90, from about 10 to about 80, from about 10 to about 50, from about 10 to about 25, from about 25 to about 99, from about 25 to about 90, from about 25 to about 80, from about 25 to about 50, from about 50 to about 99, from about 50 to about 90, from about 50 to about 80, from about 80 to about 99, from about 80 to about 90, or from about 90 to about 99 weight percent R-125.

[0190] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 90 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 10 to about 1 weight percent R-125. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 95 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 5 to about 1 weight percent R-125.

[0191] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 75 to about 85 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 25 to about 15 weight percent R-125. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 80 to about 85 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 20 to about 15 weight percent R-125.

[0192] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 55 to about 65 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 45 to about 35 weight percent R-125. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 60 to about 65 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 40 to about 35 weight percent R-125.

[0193] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 20 to about 50 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 80 to about 50 weight percent R-125. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 25 to about 40 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 75 to about 60 weight percent R-125.

[0194] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 15 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 85 weight percent R-125.

[0195] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-125. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein consist of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-125.

[0196] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1123.

[0197] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 99 weight percent R-1123, e.g., about 1 to about 90, about 1 to about 80, about 1 to about 50, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 10, about 10 to about 99, about 10 to about 90, about 10 to about 80, about 10 to about 50, about 10 to about 25, about 25 to about 99, about 25 to about 90, about 25 to about 80, about 25 to about 50, about 50 to about 99, about 50 to about 90, about 50 to about 80, about 80 to about 99, about 80 to about 90, or about 90 to about 99 weight percent R-1123.

[0198] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 95 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 5 to about 1 weight percent R-1123.

[0199] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 85 to about 90 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 15 to about 10 weight percent R-1123.

[0200] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 75 to about 80 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 25 to about 20 weight percent R-1123.

[0201] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 45 to about 70 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 55 to about 30 weight percent R-1123. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 50 to about 65 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 50 to about 35 weight percent R-1123.

[0202] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 15 to about 40 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 85 to about 60 weight percent R-1123. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 20 to about 35 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 80 to about 65 weight percent R-1123.

[0203] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 10 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 90 weight percent R-1123.

[0204] How to use The compositions provided herein can act as working fluids used to transfer heat from a heat source to a heat sink. Such heat transfer compositions can also be useful as refrigerants in cycles in which a fluid undergoes a phase change, i.e., a cycle in which a fluid changes from a liquid to a gas and back to a liquid, or vice versa. Examples of heat transfer systems include, but are not limited to, air conditioners, freezers, refrigerators, heat pumps, water chillers, flooded evaporative chillers, direct expansion chillers, walk-in coolers, high-temperature heat pumps, mobile refrigerators, mobile air conditioning units, immersion cooling systems, data center cooling systems, and combinations thereof. Accordingly, the present application provides heat transfer systems (e.g., heat transfer devices) described herein that comprise the compositions provided herein. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful as working fluids in heat transfer devices (e.g., working fluids for refrigeration or heating applications). In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in devices or systems that include high-temperature heat pumps. In some embodiments, the high-temperature heat pumps include centrifugal compressors. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in devices or systems that include chiller devices. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in devices or systems that include centrifugal chiller devices. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in centrifugal high temperature heat pumps.

[0205] Mechanical vapor-compression refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump systems include an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser, and an expansion device. Refrigeration cycles reuse refrigerant in multiple steps, producing a cooling effect in one step and a heating effect in a different step. The cycle can be described as follows: liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator through an expansion device, where it boils at a low temperature by removing heat from the environment, forming a gas and producing cooling. Often, air or a heat transfer fluid flows over or around the evaporator, transferring the cooling effect created by the evaporation of the refrigerant in the evaporator to the object to be cooled. Low-pressure gas enters the compressor, where the gas is compressed, increasing its pressure and temperature. The high-pressure (compressed) gaseous refrigerant then enters the condenser, where it condenses and releases its heat to the environment. The refrigerant returns to the expansion device, through which the liquid expands from the higher-pressure level in the condenser to the lower-pressure level in the evaporator, thus repeating the cycle.

[0206] An object to be cooled or heated can be defined as any space, location, thing, or object for which it is desirable to provide cooling or heating. Examples include any space (open or enclosed) requiring air conditioning, cooling, or heating, such as a room, apartment, or building, such as an apartment building, a university dormitory, a house or other accessory or single-family home, a hospital, an office building, a supermarket, a classroom or administrative building at a college or university, and the passenger compartment of an automobile or truck. Additionally, objects to be cooled can include electronic devices such as computer equipment, central processing units (CPUs), data centers, server banks, and personal computers, among others.

[0207] "Near" means that the evaporator of the system containing the refrigerant composition is located either within or in close proximity to the object to be cooled, such that air moved through the evaporator moves through or around the object to be cooled. For processes that produce heating, "near" means that the condenser of the system containing the refrigerant composition is located either within or in close proximity to the object to be heated, such that air moved through the evaporator moves through or around the object to be heated. In some embodiments, for heat transfer, "near" can mean, for example, that the object to be cooled is directly immersed in the heat transfer composition, or that a tube containing the heat transfer composition flows through or around it internally, e.g., exiting electronic equipment.

[0208] Exemplary refrigeration systems include, but are not limited to, commercial, industrial, or residential refrigerators and freezers, ice makers, built-in coolers and freezers, vending machines, flooded evaporative chillers, direct expansion chillers, water chillers, screw chillers, scroll chillers, centrifugal chillers, walk-in and reach-in chillers and freezers, and installations including combination systems. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein may be used in supermarket refrigeration systems. Additionally, stationary applications may utilize secondary loop systems that use a primary refrigerant to generate cooling in one location and transfer this cooling to a remote location via a secondary heat transfer fluid.

[0209] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in mobile heat transfer systems, including refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems or devices. In some embodiments, the compositions are useful in stationary heat transfer systems, including refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems or devices.

[0210] As used herein, a mobile refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system refers to any refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump equipment incorporated into a road, rail, sea, or air transportation unit. The mobile air conditioning or heat pump system may be used in an automobile, truck, train, or other transportation system. The mobile refrigeration may include transport refrigerators for trucks, planes, or trains. Additionally, devices meant to provide cooling to any mobile carrier-independent system, known as "intermodal" systems, are included in the present invention. Such intermodal systems include "containers" (sea / land intermodal) and "swap bodies" (road and rail intermodal).

[0211] As used herein, a stationary air conditioning or heat pump system is a system that is fixed in place during operation. Stationary air conditioning or heat pump systems can be associated with or attached to any of a variety of buildings. These stationary applications can be stationary air conditioning and heat pumps, including chillers, heat pumps including residential and high temperature heat pumps, residential, commercial, or industrial air conditioning systems, and including, but not limited to, window-mounted packaged terminals and their exteriors that connect to buildings, such as rooftop systems, with or without ducts.

[0212] In some embodiments, there is provided a method for using the composition of the present invention as a heat transfer fluid, the method comprising transporting the composition from a heat source to a heat sink.

[0213] Stationary heat transfer may refer to systems for cooling electronic devices, such as immersion cooling systems, submersion cooling systems, phase change cooling systems, data center cooling systems, or simply liquid cooling systems. Immersion cooling systems may be used to cool electronic devices such as data center servers, insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) devices, telecommunications infrastructure, military electronics, televisions (TVs), mobile phones, monitors, drones, automotive batteries, electric vehicle (EV) powertrains, avionics devices, power supply devices, and displays. An immersion cooling system is a heat transfer device without a compressor. The object to be cooled is at least partially immersed in (in direct contact with) a heat transfer fluid contained within a container. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may evaporate and condense within the container. In other embodiments, there may not be a phase change involved.

[0214] Stationary heat transfer can refer to systems for cooling electronic devices, such as heat pipe systems, including constant conductance heat pipes and thermosiphon heat pipes. Heat pipes can also be used in computer displays such as televisions, cell phones, and computer monitors, laptop computers, and handheld tablet devices, as well as automotive batteries, electric vehicle (EV) powertrains, avionics, power supply devices, and displays. Generally, heat pipes are compressor-less heat transfer devices. They are simple devices with two regions: in one region, a heat-transfer fluid evaporates by absorbing heat, and in the second region, heat is released by condensation of the heat-transfer fluid.

[0215] In some embodiments, a method for producing cooling is provided, comprising evaporating any of the present compounds or compositions in the vicinity of a body to be cooled, and then condensing said composition.

[0216] In some embodiments, a method for producing heating is provided, comprising condensing any of the present compositions in the vicinity of a body to be heated and then evaporating said composition.

[0217] In some embodiments, the composition is useful in heat transfer and the working fluid is the heat transfer component.

[0218] In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention are for use in refrigeration or air conditioning.

[0219] In some embodiments, the refrigerant or air conditioning composition is selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea), 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFO-1243zf), (E)-1,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (E-HFO-1234ye), (Z)-1,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (Z-HFO-1234ye), (E)-1 ,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-Octafluoro-2-pentene (E-HFO-1438mzz), (Z)-1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-Octafluoro-2-pentene (Z-HFO-1438mzz), (E)-1,3,4,4,4-Pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)but-1-ene (E-HFO-1438ezy), (Z)-1,3,4,4,4-Pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)but-1-ene (Z -HFO-1438ezy), 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa), 1-methoxyheptafluoropropane (HFE-7000), 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane (HFC-365mfc), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-nonafluoro-4-methoxybutane (HFE-7100), 2-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propene, E-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoropropane The present invention further comprises one or more compounds selected from perfluoroethylene, Z-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, perfluoroethyl perfluoroisopropyl ketone (F-ethyl isopropyl ketone), E-HFO-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (E-HFO-1225ye), Z-HFO-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (Z-HFO-1225ye), CF3I, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and argon.

[0220] In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention can be useful for reducing or eliminating the flammability of flammable refrigerants provided herein (e.g., difluoromethane, 1,1-difluoroethane, R-1234yf, R-1234zeE, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene, (E)-1,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (E-HFO-1234ye), and (Z)-1,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (Z-HFO-1234ye). In some embodiments, the present application provides a method for reducing the flammability of a flammable refrigerant, comprising adding to the flammable refrigerant a composition comprising a composition disclosed herein.

[0221] The compositions provided herein may contain, among others, R-123 (or HFC-123, 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane), R-11 (or CFC-11, trichlorofluoromethane), R-12 (or CFC-12, dichlorodifluoromethane), R-22 (chlorodifluoromethane), R-114 (or CFC-114, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane), R-236fa (or HFC-23 These refrigerants may be useful as replacements for currently used (incumbent) refrigerants, including, but not limited to, R-6fa, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane), R-236ea (or HFC-236ea, 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane), R-124 (or HCFC-124, 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane), R-245fa, R-134a, R-410A, R-407C, and R-404A.

[0222] As used herein, the term "current refrigerant" is understood to mean the refrigerant that the heat transfer system is designed to operate against or that is present within the heat transfer system.

[0223] In many cases, replacement refrigerants are most useful if they can be used in the original refrigeration equipment designed for a different refrigerant, e.g., with minimal to no system modifications. In many applications, some embodiments of the disclosed compositions are useful as refrigerants and provide at least equivalent cooling performance (meaning cooling capacity) as the refrigerant for which replacement is sought. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerants provided herein (i.e., the compositions provided herein) exhibit a cooling capacity that is within about ±15% of the cooling capacity of the current refrigerant.

[0224] In some embodiments, the active refrigerant is selected from R-123, R-245fa, R-236fa, R-124, R-134a, R-22, and R-401A.

[0225] In some embodiments, the current refrigerant is R-123 and the replacement refrigerant is selected from compositions provided herein, including: 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336mzzZ, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and n-pentane, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and i-pentane, or 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.

[0226] In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerant exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±15% of the cooling capacity of R-123.

[0227] In some embodiments, the current refrigerant is R-245fa and the replacement refrigerant is selected from compositions provided herein, including: 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-245fa, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1233zdE, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and i-pentane, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336mzzE, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336zeE, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1224ydZ, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeZ, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeE, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336yf, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-32, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-125, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134a, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234yf, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-152a, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134, or 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1123.

[0228] In some embodiments, a method includes replacing R-245fa in a high temperature heat pump with an alternative refrigerant composition provided herein. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump is a centrifugal high temperature heat pump.

[0229] In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature greater than about 50° C. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature greater than about 100° C. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature greater than about 120° C. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature greater than about 150° C.

[0230] In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant comprises 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeE. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant comprises about 80 to about 85 wt% 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 20 to about 15 wt% R-1234zeE. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant comprises about 81 wt% 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 19 wt% R-1234zeE. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±15% of the cooling capacity of R-245fa. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant exhibits a heating coefficient of performance (COP) that is within about ±5% of the COP of R-245fa. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant exhibits a COP that is within about ±3% of the COP of R-245fa.

[0231] In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant comprises 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-245fa. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant comprises about 80 to about 85 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 20 to about 15 weight percent R-245fa. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant comprises about 85 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 15 weight percent R-245fa. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±15% of the cooling capacity of R-245fa. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant exhibits a heating coefficient of performance (COP) that is within about ±5% of the COP of R-245fa. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant exhibits a COP that is within about ±3% of the COP of R-245fa. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant exhibits a COP approximately equal to the COP of R-245fa.

[0232] In some embodiments, the current refrigerant is R-236fa and the replacement refrigerant is selected from compositions provided herein, including: 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1336yf, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeE, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-32, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-125, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134a, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234yf, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-152a, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134, or 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1123.

[0233] In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerant exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±15% of the cooling capacity of R-236fa.

[0234] In some embodiments, the current refrigerant is R-124 and the replacement refrigerant is selected from compositions provided herein, including: 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234zeE, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-32, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-125, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134a, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234yf, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-152a, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134, or 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1123.

[0235] In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerant exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±15% of the cooling capacity of R-124.

[0236] In some embodiments, the current refrigerant is R-134a and the replacement refrigerant is selected from compositions provided herein, including: 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-32, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-125, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134a, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1234yf, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-152a, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-134, or 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1123.

[0237] In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerant exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±15% of the cooling capacity of R-134a.

[0238] In some embodiments, the current refrigerant is R-22 and the replacement refrigerant is selected from compositions provided herein, including: 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-32, or 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-125, or 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1123.

[0239] In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerant exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±15% of the cooling capacity of R-22.

[0240] In some embodiments, the current refrigerant is R-410a and the replacement refrigerant is selected from compositions provided herein, including: 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-32, or 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and R-1123.

[0241] In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerant exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±15% of the cooling capacity of R-410a.

[0242] In some embodiments, the present application provides methods for improving the energy efficiency of a heat transfer system or device comprising a current refrigerant, comprising substantially replacing the current refrigerant with an alternative refrigerant composition provided herein, thereby improving the efficiency of the heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the heat transfer system is a chiller system or device provided herein. In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerant composition comprises 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerant composition consists essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerant composition consists of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene.

[0243] In some embodiments, a method includes substantially replacing a current refrigerant, which is R-123, with a replacement refrigerant composition provided herein, thereby improving the efficiency of a heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant composition comprises 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant composition consists essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant composition consists of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene.

[0244] In some embodiments, a method includes substantially replacing a current refrigerant, which is R-1233zdE, with a replacement refrigerant composition provided herein, thereby improving the efficiency of a heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant composition comprises 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant composition consists essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant composition consists of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene.

[0245] In some embodiments, a method includes substantially replacing a current refrigerant, R-1224ydZ, with an alternative refrigerant composition provided herein, thereby improving the efficiency of a heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerant composition comprises 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerant composition consists essentially of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerant composition consists of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene.

[0246] In some embodiments, a method is provided for operating a heat transfer system designed to operate with a current refrigerant or for transferring heat by filling an empty system with a composition of the present invention or by substantially replacing the current refrigerant with a composition of the present invention.

[0247] As used herein, the term "substantially replace" is understood to mean draining the current refrigerant from the system or pumping the current refrigerant from the system and then charging the system with the composition of the present invention. The system may be flushed with one or more quantities of the replacement refrigerant before charging. It will be understood that in some embodiments, some small amount of the current refrigerant may remain in the system after it has been charged with the composition of the present invention.

[0248] In another embodiment, a method is provided for recharging a heat transfer system containing a current refrigerant and a lubricant, the method comprising substantially removing the current refrigerant from the heat transfer system while retaining a substantial portion of the lubricant within the system, and introducing one of the present compositions into the heat transfer system. In certain embodiments, the lubricant in the system is partially replaced.

[0249] In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may be used to make up the refrigerant in a chiller. For example, if the performance of a chiller that uses HCFC-123 is reduced due to a refrigerant leak, the compositions disclosed herein can be added to restore performance to original specifications.

[0250] In some embodiments, a heat exchange system containing any of the compositions disclosed herein is provided, the system being selected from the group consisting of systems having an air conditioner, a freezer, a refrigerator, a heat pump, a water chiller, a flooded evaporative cooler, a direct expansion chiller, a walk-in cooler, a heat pump, a mobile refrigerator, a mobile air conditioning unit, and combinations thereof. Additionally, the compositions provided herein may be useful in secondary loop systems in which these compositions function as a primary refrigerant to provide cooling for a secondary heat transfer fluid, which in turn cools a remote location.

[0251] The compositions of the present invention can have some temperature gradient within the heat exchanger. This can allow the system to operate more efficiently if the heat exchanger is operating in countercurrent mode or cross-flow mode with a countercurrent tendency. Countercurrent tendency means that the closer the heat exchanger is to a countercurrent mode as possible, the more efficient the heat transfer. Therefore, air conditioning heat exchangers, especially evaporators, are designed to provide some aspect of countercurrent characteristics.

[0252] Thus, provided herein is an air conditioning or heat pump system that includes one or more heat exchangers (evaporators, condensers, or both) operating in a countercurrent mode or a crosscurrent mode exhibiting a countercurrent tendency.

[0253] In some embodiments, a refrigeration system is provided herein that includes one or more heat exchangers (evaporators, condensers, or both) operating in a countercurrent mode or a crosscurrent mode exhibiting a countercurrent trend.

[0254] In some embodiments, the refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system is a stationary refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system. In some embodiments, the refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system is a mobile refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system.

[0255] Additionally, in some embodiments, the disclosed compositions can function as a primary refrigerant in a secondary loop system that provides cooling to a remote location through the use of a secondary heat transfer fluid, which can include water, saline solution (e.g., calcium chloride), glycol, carbon dioxide, or a fluorinated hydrocarbon fluid (meaning an HFC, HCFC, hydrofluoroolefin ("HFO"), hydrochlorofluoroolefin ("HCFO"), chlorofluoroolefin ("CFO"), or perfluorocarbon ("PFC"). In this case, the secondary heat transfer fluid is adjacent to the evaporator and is cooled before being transferred to a second, remote object to be cooled, and is therefore the object to be cooled. In other embodiments, the disclosed compositions can function as a secondary heat transfer fluid and thus transfer or provide cooling (or heating) to a remote location.

[0256] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein comprise one or more non-refrigerant components (also referred to herein as additives) selected from the group consisting of lubricants, dyes (including UV dyes), solubilizers, compatibilizers, stabilizers, tracers, perfluoropolyethers, antiwear agents, extreme pressure additives, corrosion and oxidation inhibitors, metal surface energy reducers, metal surface deactivators, free radical scavengers, foam control agents, viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, detergents, viscosity modifiers, and mixtures thereof. Indeed, many of these optional non-refrigerant components fit one or more of these categories and may themselves possess qualities that aid in achieving one or more performance characteristics.

[0257] In some embodiments, one or more non-refrigerant components are present in a minor amount relative to the overall composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of the additive(s) in the disclosed compositions is from less than about 0.1 weight percent to as much as about 5 weight percent of the total composition. In some embodiments of the present invention, the additive is present in the disclosed compositions in an amount from about 0.1 weight percent to about 5 weight percent, or from about 0.1 weight percent to about 3.5 weight percent of the total composition. The additive component(s) selected for the disclosed compositions are selected based on practicality and / or the requirements of the particular equipment component or system.

[0258] In one embodiment, the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of mineral oil, alkyl benzene, polyol ester, polyalkylene glycol, polyvinyl ether, polycarbonate, perfluoropolyether, silicone, silicate ester, phosphate ester, paraffin, naphthene, polyalphaolefin, and combinations thereof.

[0259] The lubricants disclosed herein may be commercially available lubricants. For example, the lubricant may be a paraffinic mineral oil sold by BVA Oil under the tradename BVM 100N, a naphthenic mineral oil sold by Crompton Co. under the tradename Suniso® 1GS, Suniso® 3GS, and Suniso® 5GS, a naphthenic mineral oil sold by Pennzoil under the tradename Sontex® 372LT, a naphthenic mineral oil sold by Calumet Lubricants under the tradename Calumet® RO-30, a linear alkyl benzene sold by Shrieve Chemicals under the tradename Zerol® 75, Zerol® 150, and Zerol® 500, a branched alkyl benzene sold by Nippon Oil under the tradename HAB22, a polyol ester (POE) sold by Castrol, United Kingdom under the tradename Castrol® 100, a propylene glycol stearate (PGS) sold by Dow (Dow) The polymer may also be a polyalkylene glycol (PAG), such as RL-488A from Aerosol Chemical, Midland, Michigan, and mixtures thereof (meaning any mixture disclosed in this section).

[0260] Notwithstanding the weight ratios of the compositions disclosed herein, it is understood that in some heat transfer systems, additional lubricant may be obtained from one or more equipment components of such heat transfer systems while the compositions are in use. For example, some refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump systems may contain lubricant in the compressor and / or compressor lubrication sump. Such lubricant is present in the refrigerant of such systems, in addition to any lubricant additives. During use, when in the compressor, the refrigerant composition may pick up an amount of equipment lubricant, altering the refrigerant-lubricant composition from its starting ratio.

[0261] The non-refrigerant components used with the compositions of the present invention may include at least one dye. The dye may be at least one ultraviolet (UV) dye. As used herein, an "ultraviolet" dye is defined as an ultraviolet fluorescent or phosphorescent composition that absorbs light in the ultraviolet or "near" ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The fluorescence produced by the ultraviolet fluorescent dye can be detected under ultraviolet irradiation that emits at least some radiation having a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to about 775 nanometers.

[0262] Ultraviolet dyes are useful components for detecting leaking compositions because the fluorescence of the dye can be observed at or near the point of a leak in equipment (e.g., a refrigeration unit, air conditioner, or heat pump). The ultraviolet emission (e.g., fluorescence from the dye) may be observed under ultraviolet light. Thus, if a composition containing such an ultraviolet dye leaks from a given point in the device, the fluorescence can be detected at or near the point of the leak.

[0263] In some embodiments, the ultraviolet dye may be a fluorescent dye selected from the group consisting of naphthalimide, perylene, coumarin, anthracene, phenanthracene, xanthene, thioxanthene, naphthoxanthene, fluorescein, and derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof (meaning any mixture of the dyes or derivatives thereof disclosed in this section).

[0264] Another non-refrigerant component that may be used with the compositions of the present invention may include at least one solubilizing agent selected to improve the solubility of one or more dyes in the compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of dye to solubilizing agent ranges from about 99:1 to about 1:1. The solubilizing agent may include at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ethers, polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers (e.g., dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether), amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons (e.g., methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform, or mixtures thereof), esters, lactones, aromatic ethers, fluoroethers, and 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes, and mixtures thereof (meaning mixtures of any of the solubilizing agents disclosed in this section).

[0265] In some embodiments, the non-refrigerant component includes at least one compatibilizer to improve compatibility of the disclosed compositions with one or more lubricants. The compatibilizer may be selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ethers, polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers (e.g., dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether), amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons (e.g., methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform, or mixtures thereof), esters, lactones, aromatic ethers, fluoroethers, 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes, and mixtures thereof (meaning mixtures of any of the compatibilizers disclosed in this section).

[0266] The solubilizer and / or compatibilizer may be selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon ethers consisting of ethers containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, such as dimethyl ether (DME), and mixtures thereof (meaning mixtures of any hydrocarbon ethers disclosed in this section).

[0267] The compatibilizer may be a linear or cyclic aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon compatibilizer containing 3 to 15 carbon atoms. The compatibilizer may be at least one hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of at least propane, including propylene and propane; butane, including n-butane and isobutene; pentane, including n-pentane, isopentane, neopentane, and cyclopentane; hexane; octane; nonane; and decane, among others. Commercially available hydrocarbon compatibilizers include, but are not limited to, those sold under the trade name Isopar® H by Exxon Chemical (USA); undecane (C 11 ) and dodecane (C 12 ) and a mixture (high purity C 11 ~C 12 Iso-paraffin), Aromatic 150 (C9~C 11 Aromatic 200(C9~C 15 aromatic) and Naptha 140 (C5~C 11 mixtures of paraffins, naphthenes and aromatic hydrocarbons), and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any hydrocarbons disclosed in this section.

[0268] The compatibilizer may alternatively be at least one polymeric compatibilizer. The polymeric compatibilizer may be a random copolymer of a fluorinated acrylate and a non-fluorinated acrylate, the polymer having the formula CH═C(R 1 )CO2R 2 , CH2=C(R 3 )C6H4R 4 , and CH2=C(R 5 )C6H4XR 6 wherein X is oxygen or sulfur, and R 1 , R 3 , and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C4 alkyl radicals, and R 2 , R 4 , and R 6are independently selected from the group consisting of carbon chain-based radicals containing C and F, which may further contain H, Cl, ether oxygen, or sulfur in the form of thioether, sulfoxide, or sulfone groups and mixtures thereof. Examples of such polymeric compatibilizers include those commercially available from EI du Pont de Nemours and Company (Wilmington, DE, 19898, USA) under the trade name Zonyl® PHS. Zonyl® PHS is a polymeric com- patible with 40% by weight of CH₂=C(CH₃)CO₂CH₂CH₂(CF₂CF₂). m F (also known as Zonyl® fluoromethacrylate or ZFM), where m is 1-12, primarily 2-8, and 60% by weight of lauryl methacrylate (CH═C(CH)CO(CH) 11 It is a random copolymer made by polymerizing CH3 (also known as LMA).

[0269] In some embodiments, the compatibilizer component contains about 0.01 to 30 weight percent (based on the total weight of the compatibilizer) of an additive that reduces the surface energy of metallic copper, aluminum, steel, or other metals and their alloys found in heat exchangers in a manner that reduces the adhesion of the lubricant to the metal. Examples of additives that reduce metal surface energy include those commercially available from DuPont under the trade names Zonyl® FSA, Zonyl® FSP, and Zonyl® FSJ.

[0270] Another non-refrigerant component that may be used with the compositions of the present invention may be a metal surface deactivator selected from the group consisting of areoxalyl bis(benzylidene)hydrazide (CAS Registry Number 6629-10-3), N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoylhydrazine (CAS Registry Number 32687-78-8), 2,2-oxamidobis-ethyl-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate) (CAS Registry Number 70331-94-1), N,N-(disalicyclidene)-1,2-diaminopropane (CAS Registry Number 94-91-7), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CAS Registry Number 60-00-4) and its salts, and mixtures thereof (meaning mixtures of any of the metal surface deactivators disclosed in this section).

[0271] Alternatively, the non-refrigerant component used with the compositions of the present invention may be a stabilizer selected from the group consisting of hindered phenols, thiophosphates, butylated triphenylphosphorothionate, organophosphates or phosphites, aryl alkyl ethers, terpenes, terpenoids, epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, oxetanes, ascorbic acid, thiols, lactones, thioethers, amines, nitromethane, alkylsilanes, benzophenone derivatives, aryl sulfides, divinyl terephthalic acid, diphenyl terephthalic acid, hydrazones such as acetaldehyde dimethylhydrazone, ionic liquids, and mixtures thereof (meaning mixtures of any of the stabilizers disclosed in this section). Terpene or terpenoid stabilizers may include farnesene, d-limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpinene, or mixtures thereof. Phosphite stabilizers may include diphenyl phosphite.

[0272] The stabilizer may be selected from the group consisting of tocopherol; hydroquinone; t-butylhydroquinone; monothiophosphates, and dithiophosphates (commercially available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Basel, Switzerland (hereinafter "Ciba") under the trade name Irgalube® 63); dialkylthiophosphates (commercially available from Ciba under the trade names Irgalube® 353 and Irgalube® 350, respectively); butylated triphenylphosphorothionate (commercially available from Ciba under the trade name Irgalube® 232); amine phosphates (commercially available from Ciba under the trade name Irgalube® 349 (Ciba) ba); hindered phosphite (commercially available from Ciba as Irgafos® 168), and tris-(di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (commercially available from Ciba under the trade name Irgafos® OPH); (Di-n-octyl phosphite); and iso-decyl diphenyl phosphite (commercially available from Ciba as Irgafos® DDPP); trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, and tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate; triaryl phosphates, including triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, and trixylenyl phosphate, and mixed alkylaryl phosphates, including isopropylphenyl phosphate (IPPP) and bis(t-butylphenyl)phenyl phosphate (TBPP); butylated triphenyl phosphates, such as those commercially available under the trade name Syn-O-Ad®, such as Syn-O-Ad® 8784. phosphates; tert-butylated triphenyl phosphate such as that sold under the trade name Durad® 620; isopropyl triphenyl phosphate such as that sold under the trade names Durad® 220 and Durad® 110; anisole; 1,4-dimethoxybenzene; 1,4-diethoxybenzene; 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene; myrcene, alloocimene, limonene (especially d-limonene); retinal; pinene (alpha or beta); menthol; geraniol;Farnesol; phytol; vitamin A; terpinene (alpha or beta); delta-3-carene; terpinolene; phellandrene; fenthen; dipentene; caratenoids such as lycopene, beta-carotene, and xanthophylls such as zeaxanthin; retinoids such as hepaxanthin and isotretinoin; bornane; 1,2-propylene oxide; 1,2-butylene oxide; n-butyl glycidyl ether; trifluoromethyloxirane; 1,1-bis(trifluoromethyl)oxirane; 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-oxetane (e.g., OXT-101 (Toagosei Co., Ltd.)); 3-ethyl-3-((phenoxy)methyl)-oxetane (e.g., OXT-211 (Toagosei Co., Ltd.)) Co., Ltd); 3-ethyl-3-((2-ethylhexyloxy)methyl)-oxetane (e.g., OXT-212 (Toagosei Co., Ltd)); ascorbic acid; methanethiol (methyl mercaptan); ethanethiol (ethyl mercaptan); coenzyme A; dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA); grapefruit mercaptan ((R)-2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-enyl)propane-2-thiol); cysteine ​​((R)-2-amino-3-sulfanyl-propanoic acid); lipoamide (1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanamide); 5,7-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-[2,3(or 3,4)-dimethylphenyl]-2(3H)-benzofuranone (commercially available from Ciba under the trade name Irganox® HP-136); benzylphenyl sulfonate diphenyl sulfide; diisopropylamine; dioctadecyl 3,3'-thiodipropionate, available from Ciba under the trade name Irganox® PS802 (Ciba); didodecyl 3,3'-thiopropionate (available from Ciba under the trade name Irganox® PS800); di-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate (available from Ciba under the trade name Tinuvin® 770); poly-(N-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxy-piperidyl succinate (available from Ciba under the trade name Tinuvin® 622LD (Ciba));Methylbistaloamine;bistaloamine;phenol-α-naphthylamine;bis(dimethylamino)methylsilane (DMAMS);tris(trimethylsilyl)silane (TTMSS);vinyltriethoxysilane;vinyltrimethoxysilane;2,5-difluorobenzophenone;2',5'-dihydroxyacetophenone;2-aminobenzophenone;2-chlorobenzophenone;benzyl phenyl sulfide;diphenyl sulfide;dibenzyl sulfide;ionic liquids and mixtures and combinations thereof;

[0273] The additive used with the composition of the present invention may alternatively be an ionic liquid stabilizer. The ionic liquid stabilizer may be selected from the group consisting of organic salts that are liquid at room temperature (approximately 25° C.), the salts containing a cation selected from the group consisting of pyridinium, pyridazinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, imidazolium, pyrazolium, thiazolium, oxazolium, and triazolium, and mixtures thereof; and [BF4] - , PF6 - , [SbF6] - , [CF3SO3] - , [HCF2CF2SO3] - , [CF3HFCCF2SO3] - , [HCClFCF2SO3] - , [(CF3SO2)2N] - , [(CF3CF2SO2)2N] - , [(CF3SO2)3C] - , [CF3CO2] - , and F -and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the ionic liquid stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of emim BF (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate), bmim BF (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetraborate), emim PF (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate), and bmim PF (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate), all of which are available from Fluka (Sigma-Aldrich).

[0274] In some embodiments, the stabilizer may be a hindered phenol, such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol; 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol; tocopherol; hydroquinone and alkylated hydroquinones, including t-butylhydroquinone, other derivatives of hydroquinone, and the like; hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers, including 4,4'-thio-bis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4 '-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); alkylidene-bisphenols including 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2- or 4,4-biphenoldiol derivatives; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butyl Phenol; 4,4-butylidenebis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4-isopropylidenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol); 2,2'-isobutylidenebis(4,6-dimethylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol), 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiol (2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol) etc.); Bisphenols containing heteroatoms, including acylaminophenols, such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (also known as 2,6-di-tert-alpha-dimethylamino-p-cresol and 4,4-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol); 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4(N,N'-dimethylaminomethylphenol); sulfides such as bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylbenzyl) sulfide;Any substituted phenolic compound, such as phenol containing one or more substituted or cyclic straight or branched chain aliphatic substituents, such as bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) sulfide, and mixtures thereof (meaning mixtures of any of the phenols disclosed in this section);

[0275] The non-refrigerant component used with the compositions of the present invention may alternatively be a tracer. The tracer may be two or more tracer compounds of the same class of compound or different classes of compounds. In some embodiments, the tracer is present in the composition at a total concentration of about 50 parts per million (ppm) to about 1000 ppm by weight, based on the weight of the total composition. In other embodiments, the tracer is present at a total concentration of about 50 ppm to about 500 ppm. Alternatively, the tracer is present at a total concentration of about 100 ppm to about 300 ppm.

[0276] The tracer may be selected from the group consisting of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), hydrochlorocarbons (HCCs), deuterated hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, fluoroethers, brominated compounds, iodinated compounds, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, nitrous oxide, and combinations thereof. Alternatively, the tracer may be selected from the group consisting of chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), trifluoromethane (HFC-23), chloromethane (HCC-40), chloropentafluoroethane (CFC-115), fluoroethane (HFC-161), 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134), 1-chloro-2,2-difluoroethene ( HCFC-1122), chlorotrifluoroethene (CFC-1113), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ca), 1,1,1,2,2,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236cb), 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236ea), 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236fa), 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane Pentafluoropropane (HFC-245cb), 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245eb), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoropropane (HFC-254cb), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane (HFC-254eb), 1,1,1-trifluoropropane (HFC-263fb), 2,2-difluoropropane (HFC-272ca), 2-fluoropropane (HFC-28 1ea), 1-fluoropropane (HFC-281fa), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4-nonafluorobutane (HFC-329p), 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-methylpropane (HFC-329mmz), 1,1,1,2,2,4,4,4-octafluorobutane (HFC-338mf), 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-octafluorobutane (HFC-338pcc), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluorobutane (HFC-347s), hexafluoroethane (perfluoroethane, PFC-116), perfluorocyclopropane (PFC-C216), perfluoropropane (PFC-218), perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-C318), perfluorobutane (PFC-31-10mc), perfluoro-2-methylpropane (CF3CF(CF3)2), perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclobutane (PFC-C51-12mycm), trans-perfluoro-2,3-dimethylcyclobutane (PFC-C51-12mym, trans), The tracer may be selected from the group consisting of cis-perfluoro-2,3-dimethylcyclobutane (PFC-C51-12mym, cis), perfluoromethylcyclopentane, perfluoromethylcyclohexane, perfluorodimethylcyclohexane (ortho, meta, or para), perfluoroethylcyclohexane, perfluoroindan, perfluorotrimethylcyclohexane and its isomers, perfluoroisopropylcyclohexane, cis-perfluorodecalin, trans-perfluorodecalin, cis- or trans-perfluoromethyldecalin, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the tracer is a blend containing two or more hydrofluorocarbons or one hydrofluorocarbon combined with one or more perfluorocarbons.

[0277] Tracers may be added to the compositions of the present invention in predetermined amounts to allow for the detection of any dilution, contamination, or other alteration of the composition.

[0278] Additives that may be used with the compositions of the present invention may alternatively be perfluoropolyethers, as described in detail in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007 / 0284555, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0279] It will be understood that certain additives described above as suitable for the non-refrigerant components are also identified as potential refrigerants, however, in accordance with the present invention, when used, these additives are not present in amounts that could affect the novel and fundamental characteristics of the refrigerant mixtures of the present invention.

[0280] In some embodiments, the refrigerant compositions disclosed herein may be prepared by any convenient method for combining the desired amounts of the individual components, as is standard in the art. A preferred method is to weigh the desired amounts of the components and then combine the components in a suitable container. Agitation may be used, if desired. [Example]

[0281] The present disclosure is further defined in the following examples. It should be understood that these examples, while showing preferred embodiments, are provided for illustrative purposes only. From the above discussion and these embodiments, those skilled in the art can ascertain preferred features and make various changes and modifications to adapt to various uses and conditions without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.

[0282] Example 1 Cooling and heating performance data comparison of CFO-1112 blend and R-123 The cooling and heating performance of mixtures containing CFO-1112 compared to that of mixtures containing R-123 was determined. Measurements included pressure in the evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond), compressor discharge temperature (Disch T), average temperature glide (Avg Temp Glide) of the evaporator and condenser, and the compressor displacement versus 0.1 m. 3The mass flow rates included 1000 kJ / min. The relative energy efficiency (COP) and volumetric capacity (CAP) of the mixtures containing CFO-1112 compared to R-123 were also determined. The results are shown in Tables 1A-1B below.

[0283] The data was based on the following conditions:

[0284] [Table 1]

[0285] [Table 2-1]

[0286] [Table 2-2]

[0287] [Table 3-1]

[0288] [Table 3-2]

[0289] [Table 3-3]

[0290] The results in Tables 1A-1B show that the CFO-1112 mixtures analyzed in this example are good substitutes for R-123, with similar cooling and heating capacities and energy efficiency (COP). Mixtures with low temperature gradients (<~1 K) are particularly suitable for use in centrifugal chillers. Mixtures with high gradients are suitable for use in heat exchangers with counter-current or reverse flow. Compressor discharge temperatures of the mixtures and pure fluids were also similar to R-123.

[0291] Example 2 Cooling and heating performance data comparison of CFO-1112 blend and R-245fa The cooling and heating performance of mixtures containing CFO-1112 compared to that of mixtures containing R-245fa was determined. Measurements included pressure in the evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond), compressor discharge temperature (Disch T), average temperature gradient of the evaporator and condenser (Avg Temp Glide), and the refrigeration / heating performance of mixtures containing CFO-1112 versus compressor displacement (0.1 m). 3 The mass flow rates included 100 / min. The relative energy efficiency (COP) and volumetric capacity (CAP) of the blends containing CFO-1112 compared to R-245fa were also determined. The results are shown in Tables 2A-2B below.

[0292] The data was based on the following conditions:

[0293] [Table 4]

[0294] [Table 5-1]

[0295] [Table 5-2]

[0296] [Table 5-3]

[0297] [Table 5-4]

[0298] [Table 6-1]

[0299] [Table 6-2]

[0300] [Table 6-3]

[0301] [Table 6-4]

[0302] [Table 6-5]

[0303] [Table 6-6]

[0304] The results in Tables 2A-2B show that the CFO-1112 mixtures analyzed in this example are good substitutes for R-245fa, with similar cooling and heating capacities and energy efficiency (COP). Mixtures with low temperature gradients (<~1 K) are particularly suitable for use in centrifugal chillers. Mixtures with high gradients are suitable for use in heat exchangers with counter- or counter-flow. Compressor discharge temperatures of the mixtures and pure fluids were also similar to R-245fa.

[0305] Example 3 Comparison of Cooling and Heating Performance Data of CFO-1112 Blend and R-236fa The cooling and heating performance of mixtures containing CFO-1112 compared to that of mixtures containing R-236fa was determined. Measurements included pressure in the evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond), compressor discharge temperature (Disch T), average temperature gradient of the evaporator and condenser (Avg Temp Glide), and the refrigeration / heating performance of mixtures containing CFO-1112 versus compressor displacement (0.1 m). 3 The mass flow rates included 100 / min. The relative energy efficiency (COP) and volumetric capacity (CAP) of the blends containing CFO-1112 compared to R-236fa were also determined. The results are shown in Tables 3A-3B below.

[0306] The data was based on the following conditions:

[0307] [Table 7]

[0308] [Table 8]

[0309] [Table 9]

[0310] The results in Tables 3A-3B show that the CFO-1112 mixtures analyzed in this example are good substitutes for R-236fa, with similar cooling and heating capacities and energy efficiency (COP). Mixtures with low temperature gradients (<~1 K) are particularly suitable for use in centrifugal chillers. Mixtures with high gradients are suitable for use in heat exchangers with counter-current or reverse flow. Compressor discharge temperatures of the mixtures and pure fluids were also similar to R-236fa.

[0311] Example 4 Comparison of cooling and heating performance data for CFO-1112 blend and R-124 The cooling and heating performance of mixtures containing CFO-1112 compared to that of mixtures containing R-124 was determined. Measurements included pressure in the evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond), compressor discharge temperature (Disch T), average temperature gradient of the evaporator and condenser (Avg Temp Glide), and the refrigeration time (°C) versus compressor displacement (0.1 m). 3 The mass flow rates included 1000 kJ / min. The relative energy efficiency (COP) and volumetric capacity (CAP) of the mixtures containing CFO-1112 compared to R-124 were also determined. The results are shown in Tables 4A-4B below.

[0312] The data was based on the following conditions:

[0313] [Table 10]

[0314] [Table 11]

[0315] [Table 12]

[0316] The results in Tables 4A-4B show that the CFO-1112 mixtures analyzed in this example are good replacements for R-124, with similar cooling and heating capacities and energy efficiency (COP). Mixtures with low temperature gradients (<~1 K) are particularly suitable for use in centrifugal chillers. Mixtures with high gradients are suitable for use in heat exchangers with counter- or counter-flow. Compressor discharge temperatures of the mixtures and pure fluids were also similar to R-124.

[0317] Example 5 Cooling and heating performance data comparison of CFO-1112 blend and R-134a The cooling and heating performance of mixtures containing CFO-1112 compared to that of mixtures containing R-134a was determined. Measurements included pressure in the evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond), compressor discharge temperature (Disch T), average temperature gradient of the evaporator and condenser (Avg Temp Glide), and the refrigeration time versus compressor displacement (0.1 m). 3 The mass flow rates were determined based on the mixture's R-134a / min mass flow rate. The relative energy efficiency (COP) and volumetric capacity (CAP) of the mixture containing CFO-1112 compared to R-134a were also determined. The results are shown in Tables 5A-5B below.

[0318] The data was based on the following conditions:

[0319] [Table 13]

[0320] [Table 14]

[0321] [Table 15]

[0322] The results in Tables 5A-5B show that the CFO-1112 mixtures analyzed in this example are good replacements for R-134a, with similar cooling and heating capacities and energy efficiency (COP). Mixtures with low temperature gradients (<~1 K) are particularly suitable for use in centrifugal chillers. Mixtures with high gradients are suitable for use in heat exchangers with counter-current or reverse flow. Compressor discharge temperatures of the mixtures and pure fluids were also similar to R-134a.

[0323] Example 6 Comparison of cooling and heating performance data for CFO-1112 blend and R-22 The cooling and heating performance of mixtures containing CFO-1112 compared to that of mixtures containing R-22 was determined. Measurements included pressure in the evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond), compressor discharge temperature (Disch T), average temperature gradient of the evaporator and condenser (Avg Temp Glide), and the refrigeration / heating performance of mixtures containing CFO-1112 versus compressor displacement (0.1 m). 3 The mass flow rates included 1000 kJ / min. The relative energy efficiency (COP) and volumetric capacity (CAP) of the blends containing CFO-1112 compared to R-22 were also determined. The results are shown in Tables 6A-6B below.

[0324] The data was based on the following conditions:

[0325] [Table 16]

[0326] [Table 17]

[0327] [Table 18]

[0328] The results in Tables 6A-6B show that the CFO-1112 mixtures analyzed in this example are good replacements for R-22, with similar cooling and heating capacities and energy efficiency (COP). Mixtures with low temperature gradients (<~1 K) are particularly suitable for use in centrifugal chillers. Mixtures with high gradients are suitable for use in heat exchangers with counter-current or reverse flow. Compressor discharge temperatures of the mixtures and pure fluids were also similar to R-22.

[0329] Example 7 Cooling and heating performance data comparison of CFO-1112 blend and R-410A The cooling and heating performance of mixtures containing CFO-1112 compared to that of mixtures containing R-410A was determined. Measurements included pressure in the evaporator (Evap) and condenser (Cond), compressor discharge temperature (Disch T), average temperature gradient of the evaporator and condenser (Avg Temp Glide), and the refrigeration time (°C) versus compressor displacement (0.1 m). 3 The mass flow rates included 1000 kJ / min. The relative energy efficiency (COP) and volumetric capacity (CAP) of the blends containing CFO-1112 compared to R-410A were also determined. The results are shown in Table 10 below.

[0330] The data was based on the following conditions:

[0331] [Table 19]

[0332] [Table 20]

[0333] [Table 21]

[0334] The results in Tables 7A-8B show that the CFO-1112 mixtures analyzed in this example are good replacements for R-410A, with similar cooling and heating capacities and energy efficiency (COP). Mixtures with low temperature gradients (<~1 K) are particularly suitable for use in centrifugal chillers. Mixtures with high gradients are suitable for use in heat exchangers with counter-current or reverse flow. Compressor discharge temperatures of the mixtures and pure fluids were also similar to R-410A.

[0335] Example 8 Replacement of HFC-245fa in high temperature heat pumps HFC-245fa is widely used as a working fluid for high-temperature heat pumps. Low-GWP blends containing CFO-1112 can be formulated to replace HFC-245fa in either existing or new high-temperature heat pumps. Table 8 compares the performance of HFC-245fa with that of an R-1234ze-E / CFO-1112 blend containing 81 wt.% CFO-1112 (Blend 8A) and an R-134 / CFO-1112 blend containing 85 wt.% CFO-1112 (Blend 8B) under a set of representative high-temperature heat pump operating conditions.

[0336] The volumetric heating capacity of Blend 8A matched that of HFC-245fa, but the heat pump energy efficiency (expressed in terms of the heating coefficient of performance) of Blend 8A exceeded that of HFC-245fa by 3.1%.

[0337] The volumetric heating capacity of Blend 8B matched that of HFC-245fa, but the heat pump energy efficiency (expressed in terms of the heating coefficient of performance) of Blend 8B exceeded that of HFC-245fa by 4%.

[0338] [Table 22]

[0339] Example 9 Substitute for HCFC-123 in refrigerators This example shows chiller performance using CFO-1112 compared to other refrigerants suggested for use in chillers as a replacement for HCFC-123 (R-123). In Tables 9A-9B, Suct P is the pressure at the compressor inlet, Disch P is the pressure at the compressor outlet, tip speed is the speed of the impeller at the tip of a centrifugal compressor, if one is used in the chiller, COP is the coefficient of performance (a measure of energy efficiency), and Cap is the volumetric capacity. The performance of CFO-1112, R-1336mzzZ, R-1233zdE, R-245fa, R-1336mzzE, and R-1224ydZ is determined under the following conditions, all compared to HCFC-123.

[0340] [Table 23]

[0341] [Table 24]

[0342] [Table 25]

[0343] The data demonstrate that replacing HCFC-123 with CFO-1112 is feasible and even a better choice than other previously proposed refrigerants. Capacity is higher than HCFC-123 but closer than other refrigerants. The COP of CFO-1112 is higher than HCFC-123 and is the only refrigerant in the table that demonstrates this improved energy efficiency. When using a centrifugal compressor in the chiller, impeller tip speeds are within 10%, requiring only minor modifications.

[0344] Therefore, CFO-1112 provides a more efficient refrigerant for use in chillers compared to 1233zdE or 1224ydZ.

[0345] Example 10 Replacement of HFC-245fa in centrifugal high temperature heat pumps HFC-245fa is widely used as a working fluid for high-temperature heat pumps. Low-GWP blends containing CFO-1112 can be formulated to replace HFC-245fa in either existing or new high-temperature heat pumps. Table 10 compares the performance of HFC-245fa with that of an R-1234zeE / CFO-1112 blend containing 81 wt.% CFO-1112 (Blend 10A) and an R-134 / CFO-1112 blend containing 85 wt.% CFO-1112 (Blend 10B) for a set of representative high-temperature heat pump operating conditions.

[0346] The volumetric heating capacity of blend 10A matched that of HFC-245fa, but the heat pump energy efficiency (expressed in terms of the heating coefficient of performance) of blend 10A exceeded that of HFC-245fa by 3.1%.

[0347] The volumetric heating capacity for Blend 10B matched that of HFC-245fa, but the heat pump energy efficiency (expressed in terms of heating coefficient of performance) for Blend 10B exceeded that of HFC-245fa by 4%.

[0348] The impeller tip speeds required to meet the compressor load with Blend 10A and Blend 10B are 1.77% and 3.56% higher compared to HFC-245fa.

[0349] [Table 26]

[0350] Other embodiments 1. In some embodiments, the present application provides: i) 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene (CFO-1112), and optionally ii) a compound selected from R-245fa, R-1336mzzZ, n-pentane, R-1233zdE, i-pentane, R-1336mzzE, R-1224ydZ, R-1234zeZ, R-1336yf, R-1336zeE, R-1234zeE, R-32, R-134a, R-1234yf, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, R-152a, R-134, R-125, and R-1123. 2. In some embodiments, the present application provides: i) 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and, optionally, ii) a compound selected from R-245fa, R-1336mzzZ, n-pentane, R-1233zdE, i-pentane, R-1336mzzE, R-1224ydZ, R-1234zeZ, R-1336yf, R-1336zeE, R-1234zeE, R-32, R-134a, R-1234yf, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, R-152a, and R-134. 3. In some embodiments, the present application provides: i) 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and, optionally, ii) a compound selected from R-245fa, R-1336mzzZ, n-pentane, R-1233zdE, i-pentane, R-1336mzzE, R-1224ydZ, R-1234zeZ, R-1336yf, and R-1336zeE. 4. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises from about 1 to about 40 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 60 weight percent R-245fa. 5. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises from about 1 to about 25 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 75 weight percent R-245fa. 6. The composition of embodiment 4 or 5, wherein the composition has a temperature gradient of about 0.3 K or less. 7. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises from about 1 to about 10 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 10 weight percent R-1336mzzZ. 8. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises from about 50 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 50 to about 1 weight percent R-1336mzzZ. 9. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises from about 1 to about 25 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 75 weight percent R-1336mzzZ. 10. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3 and 7-9, wherein the composition has a temperature gradient of about 2 K or less. 11. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises from about 1 to about 20 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 80 weight percent n-pentane. 12. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises from about 60 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 1 to about 40 weight percent n-pentane. 13. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises about 1 to about 10 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 90 weight percent n-pentane. 14. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises from about 70 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 30 to about 1 weight percent n-pentane. 15. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3 and 11-14, wherein the composition has a temperature gradient of about 3 K or less. 16. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises from about 1 to about 35 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 65 weight percent R-1233zdE. 17. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises from about 1 to about 25 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 75 weight percent R-1233zdE. 18. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, 16, and 17, wherein the composition has a temperature gradient of about 0.05 K or less. 19. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises about 1 to about 20 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 80 weight percent i-pentane. 20. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises from about 55 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 45 to about 1 weight percent i-pentane. 21. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises about 1 to about 10 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 90 weight percent i-pentane. 22. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises from about 65 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 45 to about 1 weight percent i-pentane. 23. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3 and 19-22, wherein the composition has a temperature gradient of about 1.5 K or less. 24. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises from about 1 to about 40 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 99 to about 60 weight percent R-1336mzzE. 25. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises from about 85 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 15 to about 1 weight percent R-1336mzzE. 26. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises about 1 to about 25 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 75 weight percent R-1336mzzE. 27. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises about 95 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 5 to about 1 weight percent R-1336mzzE. 28. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3 and 24-27, wherein the composition has a temperature gradient of about 2 K or less. 29. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises about 1 to about 40 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 60 weight percent R-1224ydZ. 30. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises about 85 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 15 to about 1 weight percent R-1224ydZ. 31. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises about 1 to about 25 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 75 weight percent R-1224ydZ. 32. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises about 95 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 5 to about 1 weight percent R-1224ydZ. 33. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3 and 29-32, wherein the composition has a temperature gradient of about 0.4 K or less. 34. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises about 1 to about 35 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 65 weight percent R-1234zeZ. 35. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises about 1 to about 25 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 75 weight percent R-1234zeZ. 36. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, 34, and 35, wherein the composition has a temperature gradient of about 0.5 K or less. 37. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises about 1 to about 30 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 70 weight percent R-1336yf. 38. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises about 95 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 5 to about 1 weight percent R-1336yf. 39. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises about 1 to about 20 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 80 weight percent R-1336yf. 40. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3 and 37-39, wherein the composition has a temperature gradient of about 0.2 K or less. 41. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises about 1 to about 40 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 60 weight percent R-1336zeE. 42. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises about 85 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 15 to about 1 weight percent R-1336zeE. 43. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises about 1 to about 25 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 99 to about 75 weight percent R-1336zeE. 44. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises about 90 to about 99 weight percent 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 10 to about 1 weight percent R-1336zeE. 45. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3 and 41-44, wherein the composition has a temperature gradient of about 1.5 K or less. 46. ​​The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 45, wherein the 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene comprises from about 60% to about 70% E-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and from about 30% to about 40% Z-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. 47. In some embodiments, the present application further provides a method for producing cooling, comprising evaporating a composition described in any one of embodiments 1 to 46 in the vicinity of an object to be cooled, and then condensing the composition. 48. In some embodiments, the present application further provides a method for producing heating, comprising condensing a composition described in any one of embodiments 1 to 46 in the vicinity of an object to be heated, and then evaporating said composition. 49 In some embodiments, the present application further provides a refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump device comprising the composition of any one of embodiments 1-46. 50. The apparatus of embodiment 49, wherein the heat pump is a high-temperature heat pump. 51. The apparatus of embodiment 50, wherein the high-temperature heat pump comprises a centrifugal compressor. 52. The device according to any one of embodiments 49 to 51, comprising a centrifugal chiller device. 53. In some embodiments, the present application further provides a process for replacing an incumbent refrigerant in a refrigeration device or system, comprising substantially replacing said incumbent refrigerant with the composition of any one of embodiments 1-46. 54. The process of embodiment 53, wherein the active refrigerant is selected from R-123, R-245fa, R-236fa, R-124, R-134a, R-22, and R-401A. 55. The process of embodiment 53 or 54, wherein the replacement refrigerant composition exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±15% of the cooling capacity of the current refrigerant. 56. In some embodiments, the present application provides the use of a composition comprising a refrigerant consisting of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene in a centrifugal chiller. 57. The use of embodiment 56, wherein the 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene consists of (E)-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, (Z)-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene, or a mixture thereof. 58. The use of embodiment 56 or 57, wherein the 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene consists of a mixture of about 60 to about 70% by weight of (E)-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene and about 40 to 30% by weight of (Z)-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. 59. A method for improving the energy efficiency of a heat transfer system or device containing an incumbent refrigerant, the method comprising substantially replacing the incumbent refrigerant with the replacement refrigerant composition of any one of embodiments 1-46, thereby improving the efficiency of the heat transfer system. 60. The method of embodiment 59, wherein the active refrigerant is selected from R-123, R-1233zeE, and R-1224ydZ. 61. The method of embodiment 59 or 60, wherein the replacement refrigerant composition consists of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene. 62. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-46, further comprising a catalyst. 63. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-46, further comprising a lubricant selected from the group consisting of mineral oil, alkyl benzene, polyol ester, polyalkylene glycol, polyvinyl ether, polycarbonate, perfluoropolyether, silicone, silicate ester, phosphate ester, paraffin, naphthene, polyalphaolefin, and combinations thereof. 64. The composition of any of embodiments 1-46, 62, or 63, further comprising one or more non-refrigerant components selected from the group consisting of lubricants, dyes (including UV dyes), solubilizers, compatibilizers, stabilizers, tracers, perfluoropolyethers, antiwear agents, extreme pressure additives, corrosion and oxidation inhibitors, metal surface energy reducers, metal surface deactivators, free radical scavengers, foam control agents, viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, detergents, viscosity modifiers, and mixtures thereof. 65. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-46, 62, 63, or 64, further comprising a stabilizer. 66. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-46, 62, 63, 64, or 65, further comprising a stabilizer selected from the group consisting of hindered phenols, thiophosphates, butylated triphenyl phosphorothioate, organophosphates or phosphites, aryl alkyl ethers, terpenes, terpenoids, epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, oxetanes, ascorbic acid, thiols, lactones, thioethers, amines, nitromethane, alkyl silanes, benzophenone derivatives, aryl sulfides, divinyl terephthalic acid, diphenyl terephthalic acid, hydrazones such as acetaldehyde dimethylhydrazone, ionic liquids, and mixtures thereof. 67. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-46, 62, 63, 64, or 65, further comprising a stabilizer selected from the group consisting of d-limonene, b-pinene, BHT, and nitromethane. 68. A method of transferring heat, comprising transporting the composition of any one of embodiments 1-46 from a heat source to a heat sink. 69. The method of embodiment 68, wherein the heat transfer is within a heat pipe. 70. The method of embodiment 68, wherein the transfer of heat is in a constant conductance heat pipe or a thermosiphon. 71. Use of a composition consisting of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene in a heat pipe. 72. Use of a composition according to any of embodiments 1 to 46 in a heat pipe. 73. The method of embodiment 68, wherein the heat transfer is in a immersion cooler. 74. Use of a composition consisting of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene in a throw-in cooler. 75. Use of a composition according to any of embodiments 1 to 46 in a throw-in cooler.

[0351] While the present invention has been described in conjunction with its detailed description, it should be understood that the foregoing description is intended to be illustrative, and not limiting, of the scope of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be combined with any of the features described herein with respect to any particular aspect and / or embodiment of the invention, with any one or more of the other features of any other aspect and / or embodiment of the invention described herein, modified appropriately to ensure compatibility of the combination. Such combinations are considered to be part of the invention contemplated by this disclosure.

Claims

[Claim 1] i) 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene (CFO-1112), and optionally ii) a compound selected from R-245fa, n-pentane, i-pentane, R-1234zeE, R-32, R-134a, R-1234yf, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, R-152a, R-134, R-125, and R-1123; A composition comprising:

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