Filtration monitoring system

Abstract

A fluid filtration system is described herein, comprising a fluid processing pressure vessel having a plurality of fluid filtration modules arranged in series between an inlet and a permeate outlet, at least one sensor module, and at least one data acquisition module. The at least one sensor module comprises a body, at least one sensor, and a data transmitter, and the at least one data acquisition module comprises a data receiver configured to receive data from the data transmitter of the at least one sensor module. Methods of using these are also described.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a fluid filtration monitoring system and a fluid filtration system including the fluid filtration monitoring system.

Background Art

[0002] Fluid filtration systems are used to process fluids and separate the components of the fluid being processed from impurities and the like.

[0003] For example, a water filtration system processes aqueous fluids such as seawater and wastewater to produce pure or substantially pure water. Water filtration systems often include a plurality of water filtration modules housed in series within a container or pressure vessel between two separate outlets, an inlet and a permeate outlet (where the permeate that has passed through the filter medium flows out) and a concentrate outlet (where the concentrate that has not passed through the filter medium flows out). The aqueous fluid to be processed is fed at high pressure to the inlet of the container and to the first water filtration module of a plurality of water filtration modules arranged in series. This is the feed liquid. A portion of the water in the aqueous fluid passes through the filtration membrane and enters a permeate pipe connected to the permeate outlet, thereby separating pure or substantially pure water (permeate) from the aqueous fluid being processed. On the other hand, other substances dissolved or suspended in the aqueous fluid usually do not pass through the filtration membrane or pass through it very little. The remaining aqueous fluid (concentrate) moves as the feed liquid for the next water filtration module arranged in series to that water filtration module, where a portion of the fluid then passes through the filtration membrane to become additional permeate, and this is repeated until the last remaining fluid flows out of the concentrate outlet of the pressure vessel.

[0004] Fluid filtration modules used in series are prone to fouling (clogging) depending on the fluid being processed. For example, in seawater treatment in desalination plants, biofouling (bio-fouling) can occur when biological substances and organisms in the seawater accumulate on the supply-side spacer / fabric or filter material (such as the filter membrane) of the fluid filtration module. This can obstruct the flow of supply water into the module and reduce the permeability of the filter material. Furthermore, other substances such as organic matter and minerals in the seawater can also accumulate on the filter material, not only reducing the permeability of the filter membrane but also potentially interfering with the selectivity of the membrane, which prevents (removes) dissolved substances such as salt from passing through the filter membrane.

[0005] As a result, the fluid filtration module requires periodic cleaning to maintain its performance.

[0006] Operators of fluid filtration systems typically monitor parameters such as pressure, flow rate, and salinity (to obtain osmotic pressure and salinity transfer rate to the permeate) at the pressure vessel's feed port, concentrate outlet, and permeate outlet.

[0007] However, it is often difficult to determine the specific reason for performance degradation across multiple fluid filtration modules arranged in series. For example, it may be difficult to determine whether the performance degradation is due to biofouling, mineral scale buildup, or filter media failure. The operator must deduce the cause of the performance degradation and apply appropriate measures or countermeasures. If the initial measures fail, the operator must attempt further maintenance procedures, and in some cases, consider aggressive chemical cleaning methods and / or replacement of one or more fluid filtration modules in the fluid filtration system.

[0008] This typical trial-and-error approach can extend the downtime of the fluid filtration system and increase the costs associated with maintaining it.

[0009] Furthermore, by the time a fouling is detected due to a decline in the overall system performance, the fouling in one or more fluid filtration modules within the system may have already exceeded the limits of normal cleaning, requiring cleaning or proving that cleaning is no longer effective. In fact, it may be necessary to replace one or more fluid filtration modules.

[0010] Therefore, there is still a need for more improved systems and methods for monitoring fluid filtration systems.

[0011] At least some aspects of this disclosure provide improved devices, systems, and methods of using them for monitoring fluid filtration systems. [Overview of the project]

[0012] In a first embodiment, a sensor module is provided that is configured to be installed between adjacent fluid filtration modules in a fluid processing pressure vessel, the sensor module comprising a body, at least one sensor, and a data transmitter.

[0013] While the sensor module of this embodiment is useful in any number of fluid filtration systems and modules, exemplary fluid filtration systems and modules are described below to illustrate the features and advantages provided by the sensor module of this embodiment. The exemplary fluid filtration systems described in this embodiment should not be construed as limiting in any way.

[0014] A fluid filtration module that can use the sensor module of this disclosure may include a permeate tube around which a filter membrane is wrapped. During use, fluid from the feed fluid (i.e., the fluid supplied to the fluid filtration module for processing) is fed through the fluid filtration module, and a portion of the fluid passes through the filter membrane (permeate) and is collected in the permeate tube. The remainder of the fluid flows out through the opposite end of the fluid filtration module (concentrate). Thus, the fluid filtration module may have a feed side (i.e., the side or portion of the fluid filtration module through which the feed fluid or concentrate that has not passed through the filter membrane flows) and a permeate side (i.e., within the filter membrane or within the permeate tube through which the fluid that has passed through the filter membrane flows). The fluid filtration module may further include a cap (also known as an anti-telescoping device, ATD) that prevents the filter membrane from extending out of the fluid filtration module when subjected to high pressure and / or high fluid flow rate from the feed side. Typically, the cap acts as a physical barrier that prevents the filter membrane of the fluid filtration module from being pushed out by the flow of fluid supplied through the fluid filtration module during use.

[0015] To avoid misunderstanding, the fluid entering a particular fluid filtration module is the feed fluid for that module, and the fluid flowing out of a particular fluid filtration module is the concentrate for that module, which becomes the feed fluid for the next fluid filtration module in series. The feed fluid flowing through the appropriate fluid filtration module is separated into permeate and concentrate. Therefore, the use of the terms "feed" and "reject" should be understood to refer to fluid that has not passed through the fluid filter material or filter membrane.

[0016] When fluid filtration modules are arranged in series, the permeate tubes of the fluid filtration modules are typically connected to each other and connected to the permeate outlets to form a continuous fluid path. The permeate tubes are often connected to each other using appropriate seals attached to both ends of the connector tubes.

[0017] The sensor module may be configured to be positioned between adjacent fluid filtration modules on the supply side of an adjacent fluid filtration module. The sensor module may be configured to be positioned between the inlet of a fluid processing pressure vessel and a first fluid filtration module in a series of fluid filtration modules housed within the fluid processing pressure vessel. The sensor module may be configured to be positioned between the outlet of a fluid processing pressure vessel and a final fluid filtration module in a series of fluid filtration modules housed within the fluid processing pressure vessel. The body of the sensor module may be configured to be attached to a cap. The sensor module may be positioned on the cap to measure at least one parameter of the fluid flowing on the supply side of a fluid filtration module. The sensor module may be positioned on or adjacent to the cap to measure at least one parameter of the concentrate flowing from a first fluid filtration module to an adjacent second fluid filtration module.

[0018] The main body may be tubular. This tubular body may be configured to be inserted into or installed in the permeate tube of a fluid filtration module. The tubular body may be configured to be inserted into or installed in the permeate tubes of two adjacent fluid filtration modules. The tubular body may be configured to be inserted into or installed in the inlet. The tubular body may be configured to be inserted into or installed in the concentrate outlet. The tubular body may be configured to be inserted into or installed in the permeate outlet. The tubular body may include a first end and a second end. The first end of the tubular body may be inserted into or installed in the permeate tube of a first fluid filtration module, and the second end of the tubular body may be inserted into or installed in the permeate tube of a second adjacent fluid filtration module. The tubular body may form a continuous fluid path from the permeate tube of the first fluid filtration module to the permeate tube of the second adjacent fluid filtration module. The sensor module may be configured to replace a connector tube.

[0019] As used herein, the term “tubular body” refers to an entity that includes a flow channel extending from a first end of the body to a second end of the body. The first end may be on the opposite side from the second end. A fluid may flow through the flow channel of the tubular body. A fluid may flow outside the body of the tubular body. The flow channel may have a regular cross-section. The flow channel may have a circular or elliptical cross-section. The flow channel may have a triangular, rectangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, or higher polygonal cross-section. The flow channel may have an irregular cross-section. A tubular body may be a tube. A tubular body may generally be cylindrical.

[0020] The tubular body of the sensor module may be sized to be similar to or to match the outer diameter of a standard connector pipe. The sensor module may be configured to be retrofitted to an existing fluid filtration system by replacing a standard connecting pipe, without requiring significant modifications to the fluid filtration module of the fluid processing pressure vessel.

[0021] The tubular body may have one or more sealing members. The first sealing member may be located at the first end of the tubular body. The second sealing member may be located at the second end of the tubular body. The first end of the tubular body is configured to be installed in the permeate pipe of the first fluid filtration module, and the first sealing member may form a seal between the inner surface of the permeate pipe of the first fluid filtration module and the outer surface of the first end of the tubular body. The second end of the tubular body is configured to be installed in the permeate pipe of the second fluid filtration module, and the second sealing member may form a seal between the inner surface of the permeate pipe of the second fluid filtration module and the outer surface of the second end of the tubular body. The first and second sealing members may be deformable portions of the tubular body configured to deform when compressed against the inner surface of the permeate pipe to form a seal between the permeate pipe and the tubular body. The first and second sealing members may be one or more O-rings or similar that are attached to the tubular body before installation.

[0022] The main body may include at least one sensor. In embodiments where the main body is tubular, at least one sensor may be configured to detect at least one parameter of the fluid flowing through the flow path of the tubular body. For example, at least one sensor may extend into the flow path of the tubular body, or it may otherwise be exposed to the fluid flowing through the flow path of the tubular body during use.

[0023] At least one sensor may be configured to detect at least one parameter of the fluid flowing outside the main body. For example, at least one sensor may be located outside the main body, or it may be exposed to the fluid flowing outside the main body.

[0024] The main body may be equipped with multiple sensors. In embodiments where the main body is tubular, at least one of the multiple sensors may be located within the flow path of the tubular body. At least one of the multiple sensors may be located on the outside of the main body.

[0025] The sensor module may include at least one elongated member extending away from the main body. At least one elongated member may extend radially away from the main body. At least one elongated member may extend tangentially or in other directions from the main body.

[0026] At least one elongated member may have at least one sensor. At least one elongated member may have a proximal end adjacent to or connected to the main body and a distal end furthest from the main body. At least one sensor of at least one elongated member may be located at the distal end. At least one sensor of at least one elongated member may be located at the proximal end. At least one sensor of at least one elongated member may be located in the intermediate portion between the proximal and distal ends. In embodiments in which the sensor module includes multiple sensors, the multiple sensors may be located at the proximal end, the distal end, or in the intermediate portion between the proximal and distal ends. The multiple sensors may be distributed along the length or width of the elongated member.

[0027] The sensor module may include a support. In embodiments in which the sensor module includes at least one elongated member, the support may comprise one or more of the at least one elongated member. The support may extend away from the body. The support may be substantially planar. Thus, the support may extend in a plane or substantially in a plane away from the body. The plane of the support may be perpendicular to a line connecting a first end and a second end of the body. During use, the plane of the support may be perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow passing outside the support. At least one elongated member may extend away from the tubular body within the plane of the support. The support may comprise a plurality of elongated members extending away from the body. At least one of the plurality of elongated members may comprise at least one sensor. The support allows components of the sensor module to be positioned in a fixed location between two adjacent fluid filtration modules. For example, the support allows one or more of the at least one sensor to be positioned in a fixed location relative to the body. The support allows one or more electronic components of the sensor module to be positioned in a fixed location relative to the main body. The support may be configured to minimize obstruction to the flow of fluid through or outside the support.

[0028] The data transmitter may be provided on a support. The data transmitter may be provided at an end of the support. The data transmitter may be provided on one of at least one elongate member. The data transmitter may be provided at an end of the elongate member. The data transmitter may be provided at a distal end of the elongate member.

[0029] Preferably, the data transmitter may be configured to wirelessly transmit data to a data receiver outside the fluid treatment pressure vessel during use.

[0030] Alternatively, the data transmitter may be configured to transmit data to a data receiver outside the fluid treatment pressure vessel via a wired connection during use. During use, the wired connection may extend from the data transmitter through the fluid filtration module to the outlet of the fluid treatment pressure vessel. The wired connection may extend from the data transmitter through the permeate pipe of the fluid filtration module to the low pressure side. The wired connection may extend from the data transmitter through the permeate pipe of the fluid filtration module to the high pressure side. The wired connection may extend from the data transmitter through the wall of the fluid treatment pressure vessel. The fluid treatment pressure vessel may include a pressure-resistant opening associated with the sensor module to allow the wired connection to extend through the wall without compromising the integrity of the fluid treatment pressure vessel.

[0031] The sensor module may further include an energy receiver configured to wirelessly receive energy from an external energy transmitter and power the sensor module. In embodiments in which the sensor module includes an elongated member, the energy receiver may be located at the distal end of the elongated member. Alternatively, the energy receiver may be located at the proximal end of the elongated member or in a portion midway between the distal and proximal ends. The energy receiver may include a near-field induction coil. The data transmitter may include an energy receiver. The data transmitter may also be an energy receiver. In embodiments in which the sensor module includes a support and / or at least one elongated member, the energy receiver may be located at the furthest point from the tubular body of the support or at least one elongated member.

[0032] The sensor module may be configured to receive energy via a wired connection. In embodiments in which the sensor module transmits data via a wired connection, the sensor module may be configured to receive energy via that wired connection.

[0033] The sensor module may be equipped with an energy source. The energy source may be a battery. The battery may be the primary energy source for the sensor module. The battery may also be a secondary energy source used when the primary energy source is depleted or fails.

[0034] The sensor module may be configured to extract energy from a fluid that is processed by passing it through a fluid filtration module. The sensor module may also form an electrolytic cell with the fluid that is processed by passing it through the fluid filtration module. The sensor module may have electrodes, and the fluid being processed may be the electrolyte of the electrolytic cell.

[0035] At least one sensor may be configured to determine at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of flow rate, pressure, salinity / conductivity, viscosity, turbidity, and temperature.

[0036] In embodiments where the main body is tubular, at least one sensor may be configured to determine at least one parameter of the fluid flowing inside the tubular body (i.e., permeate). At least one sensor may be configured to determine at least one parameter of the fluid flowing outside the main body (i.e., concentrate / feed). In embodiments including at least one elongated member, at least one sensor may be configured to determine at least one parameter of the fluid flowing outside the at least one elongated member (i.e., concentrate / feed).

[0037] At least one sensor may comprise a first pressure sensor. In embodiments where the body is tubular, the first pressure sensor may be configured to measure the pressure of a fluid flowing inside the tubular body. The first pressure sensor may be configured to measure the pressure of a fluid flowing outside the body. Thus, the first pressure sensor may be configured to measure or determine the pressure of a permeate or concentrate / feed.

[0038] At least one sensor may include a second pressure sensor. The second pressure sensor may be configured to measure or determine the pressure of the permeate or concentrate / feed during use.

[0039] At least one sensor may comprise a first pressure sensor and a second pressure sensor. The first pressure sensor may be configured to measure or determine the pressure of the concentrate / feed during use, and the second pressure sensor may be configured to measure or determine the pressure of the permeate during use. Thus, the sensor module may be configured to measure the pressure of both the concentrate / feed and the permeate flowing from the fluid filtration module during use.

[0040] At least one sensor may comprise a conductivity sensor or a conductivity sensor array. The conductivity sensor is typically an electrical conductivity sensor. The conductivity sensor or conductivity sensor array may be configured to measure or determine the conductivity of a fluid flowing outside the body during use. The conductivity sensor or conductivity sensor array may be configured to measure or determine the conductivity of a concentrate / feed. In embodiments where the body is tubular, the conductivity sensor or conductivity sensor array may be configured to measure or determine the conductivity of a fluid flowing through the flow path of the tubular body during use. The conductivity sensor or conductivity sensor array may be configured to measure or determine the conductivity of a permeate. The conductivity sensor or conductivity sensor array may be located within the flow path of the tubular body. The conductivity sensor or conductivity sensor array may be located outside the body. In embodiments including at least one elongated member, the conductivity sensor or conductivity sensor array may be located on the elongated member.

[0041] The fluid may be a liquid. The liquid may be an aqueous liquid. The aqueous liquid may be saltwater. For example, the aqueous liquid may be seawater, groundwater, wastewater, fracking water, etc. Therefore, the fluid filtration module may be a water filtration module and may be configured to separate water from the aqueous liquid to produce pure or substantially pure water from the aqueous liquid.

[0042] The liquid may be a non-aqueous liquid. The non-aqueous liquid may be an oil. The non-aqueous liquid may contain liquid hydrocarbons. The oil may be crude oil. The oil may be a crude oil fraction. The liquid may be a mixture. The liquid may be a mixture of an aqueous liquid and a non-aqueous liquid. For example, the liquid may contain oil and brine.

[0043] The fluid may be a gas. The fluid may be a plasma.

[0044] In a second embodiment, a data acquisition module is provided which is configured to receive data from a sensor module according to the first embodiment, the data acquisition module comprising a data receiver configured to receive data transmitted by a data transmitter of the sensor module.

[0045] The fluid filtration pressure vessel may include a pressure vessel casing. The data acquisition module may be configured to be mounted on the pressure vessel casing. The data acquisition module may be accessible to the operator during use. In embodiments where the data acquisition module receives data from the sensor module via a remote connection (i.e., a non-wired connection), the data acquisition module allows the operator to receive data from the sensor module during use so that a wire can pass through the casing without compromising the integrity of the pressure vessel casing. Furthermore, the data acquisition module can be more easily implemented in existing fluid filtration systems because it only needs to be mounted on an existing pressure vessel casing without requiring any modifications to the pressure vessel casing itself.

[0046] The data acquisition module may be configured to connect to a central data processing unit. The data acquisition module may transmit data received from the sensor module during use to the central data processing unit. The data acquisition module may perform calculations using the data received from the sensor module or a portion of it, and transmit the output of those calculations to the central data processing unit.

[0047] The data acquisition module may be configured to receive data from multiple sensor modules. The data acquisition module may transmit the data received from multiple sensor modules during use to a central data processing unit. The data acquisition module may perform calculations using the data received from multiple sensor modules or a portion of it to generate one or more outputs, and transmit one or more outputs of those calculations to the central data processing unit.

[0048] At least one data acquisition module may be equipped with an energy transmitter. During use, the energy transmitter may supply power to the sensor module by transmitting energy to the sensor module's energy receiver.

[0049] The data acquisition module may further comprise a fastener configured to be attached to the outside of the fluid processing pressure vessel. The fastener may be an adhesive capable of bonding the data acquisition module to the outside of the fluid processing pressure vessel. The fastener may be a mechanical fastener capable of mechanically attaching the data acquisition module to the outside of the fluid processing pressure vessel. The fastener may comprise a strap or a buckle. In embodiments configured to receive data remotely (e.g., via a non-wired connection) from a sensor module, the strap or buckle may include a wire of a length such that the wire is wrapped multiple times around the fluid processing pressure vessel to enhance the strength and / or clarity of the data signal connection to the sensor module.

[0050] The data acquisition module may include a connector that allows the cable or multicore cable to wrap around the outside of the fluid handling pressure vessel. To attach the data acquisition module to the fluid handling pressure vessel, the cable or multicore cable may be wrapped around the outside of the fluid handling pressure vessel once or more times. The cable or multicore cable may be wrapped around the outside of the fluid handling pressure vessel multiple times.

[0051] In a third embodiment, a detection system is provided comprising at least one sensor module according to the first embodiment and at least one data acquisition module according to the second embodiment, wherein one of the at least one sensor module is configured to be located between adjacent fluid filtration modules housed in a fluid processing pressure vessel, and at least one data acquisition module is configured to be located outside the fluid processing pressure vessel.

[0052] The detection system may include at least one energy transmitter, which may transmit energy to an energy receiver of at least one sensor module during use to power at least one sensor module. The detection system may also include at least one sensor module, at least one data acquisition module, and at least one energy transmitter.

[0053] At least one data acquisition module may include an energy transmitter. During use, the energy transmitter may supply power to at least one sensor module by transmitting energy to an energy receiver of at least one sensor module.

[0054] One of at least one sensor module may communicate with one of at least one data acquisition module via near-field communication. The data acquisition module may include an initiator device that provides a carrier electromagnetic field during use. The sensor module may include a target device that functions as a transponder. The target device may communicate with the initiator device of the data acquisition module by modulating the carrier electromagnetic field and may draw its operating power from the carrier electromagnetic field.

[0055] Communication between at least one sensor module and at least one data acquisition module of the detection system may conform to one or more of the corresponding proximity communication interfaces and protocols, such as ISO / IEC 18092 / ECMA-340 or ISO / IEC 21481 / ECMA-352.

[0056] At least one of the sensor modules is, for example, Bluetooth. (登録商標) Communication may be made with one of the at least one data acquisition modules via a wireless connection, Wi-Fi wireless connection, proprietary analog or digital wireless communication, or other appropriate means.

[0057] At least one of the sensor modules may communicate with the data acquisition module via a wired connection.

[0058] During use, at least one data acquisition module may be located outside the fluid processing pressure vessel adjacent to at least one sensor module.

[0059] A fluid processing pressure vessel may comprise a pressure vessel casing in which multiple fluid processing modules are housed in series. One of at least one data acquisition modules may be mounted on the pressure vessel casing adjacent to one of at least one sensor modules, or appropriately positioned relative to one of at least one sensor modules. The spacing between the data acquisition module and the sensor modules may be minimized. In embodiments where the data acquisition module and the sensor modules communicate via proximity communication, minimizing the spacing between them can maximize the strength of communication between them or improve the strength and / or clarity of the data signal connection to the sensor module.

[0060] Each sensor module within at least one sensor module may include a unique identifier so as to identify the specific sensor module from which data was transmitted. The unique identifier may correspond to adding the identifier to the data transmitted from each sensor module within at least one sensor module. Each sensor module within at least one sensor module may be identified by the order in which data is transmitted from at least one sensor module. In embodiments in which each sensor module has a data collection module associated with it, each sensor module within at least one sensor module may be identified by the associated data collection module from which the sensor module transmits data.

[0061] In a fourth embodiment, a fluid filtration system is provided, comprising a fluid processing pressure vessel having a plurality of fluid filtration modules arranged in series between an inlet and a concentrate outlet and a permeate outlet; at least one sensor module; and at least one data acquisition module, the at least one sensor module comprising a body, at least one sensor, and a data transmitter, the at least one data acquisition module comprising a data receiver configured to receive data from the data transmitter of one of the at least one sensor modules, one or more of the at least one sensor modules being positioned between two adjacent fluid filtration modules of the plurality of fluid filtration modules, and one of the at least one data acquisition module being positioned outside the fluid processing pressure vessel, wherein during use, a fluid flows into the inlet of the fluid processing pressure vessel, passes sequentially through each of the plurality of fluid filtration modules, the permeate flows out from the permeate outlet, and the concentrate flows out from the concentrate outlet.

[0062] At least one sensor module may be a sensor module according to the first embodiment.

[0063] At least one data acquisition module may be a data acquisition module according to a second embodiment.

[0064] A combination of at least one sensor module and at least one data acquisition module may be a detection system according to a third embodiment.

[0065] Each of the multiple fluid filtration modules may be equipped with a filter material. The filter material may be configured so that a portion of the fluid flowing through the fluid filtration module passes through the filter material. The filter material may be in the form of a filter membrane. The filter membrane may selectively allow fluid to pass through or enter the filter membrane. The filter membrane may guide the fluid that has passed through or entered the membrane to a permeate tube. Thus, during use, the fluid flowing into the fluid filtration module (feed liquid) may be divided into a fluid that does not pass through the filter material (concentrate) and a fluid that does pass through the filter material (permeate). Thus, the fluid filtration module may correspond to the fluid filtration module defined in the first embodiment.

[0066] Typically, fluid processing pressure vessels consist of a pressure casing, and multiple fluid filtration modules are housed in series within the pressure casing.

[0067] A fluid treatment pressure vessel may be configured to contain fluids that are fed through the fluid treatment pressure vessel at high pressure or pumped through it. A fluid treatment pressure vessel may be configured to contain fluids that are fed through the fluid treatment pressure vessel or pumped through it at normal operating pressures. Therefore, a fluid treatment pressure vessel may be configured to withstand the normal operating internal pressures for a fluid filtration system. A fluid treatment pressure vessel may be configured to withstand internal pressures of at least 2 bar, at least 10 bar, at least 20 bar, at least 50 bar, at least 60 bar, at least 70 bar, at least 80 bar, at least 90 bar, or at least 100 bar. A fluid treatment pressure vessel may be configured to withstand internal pressures of 2 bar to 300 bar, 10 bar to 300 bar, 20 bar to 300 bar, or 50 bar to 300 bar.

[0068] A fluid processing pressure vessel may have at least two, at least three, or at least four fluid filtration modules. For example, a fluid processing pressure vessel may have four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, or more fluid filtration modules.

[0069] At least one sensor module may comprise multiple sensor modules. One of the sensor modules within the at least one sensor module may be located between a selected set of fluid filtration modules or a selected set of fluid filtration modules. One of the sensor modules within the at least one sensor module may be located on either side of a selected fluid filtration module or a selected set of fluid filtration modules. Thus, a sensor module may be located "upstream" of its selected fluid filtration module or a selected set of fluid filtration modules, and a sensor module may be located "downstream" of its selected fluid filtration module or a selected set of fluid filtration modules. To avoid misunderstanding, the sensor module upstream of the first fluid filtration module is also the sensor module downstream of the preceding fluid filtration module in a series configuration.

[0070] A sensor module may be located between the first two fluid filtration modules of a group of fluid filtration modules. Alternatively, a sensor module may be located between the last two filtration modules of a group of fluid filtration modules. The fluid treatment pressure vessel may include a sensor associated with the inlet. One of at least one sensor modules may be associated with the inlet. A sensor module may be associated upstream of a first fluid filtration module arranged in series. Thus, during use, at least one parameter of the fluid flowing into the inlet or into the first fluid filtration module can be determined. The fluid treatment pressure vessel may also include a sensor associated with the permeate outlet. One of at least one sensor modules may be associated with the permeate outlet. One of at least one sensor module may be located downstream of the last fluid filtration module of a series of fluid filtration modules. Thus, during use, at least one parameter of the fluid flowing out of the permeate outlet can be determined.

[0071] The fluid processing pressure vessel may be equipped with a sensor associated with the concentrate outlet. One of at least one sensor modules may be associated with the concentrate outlet. One of at least one sensor modules may be located downstream of the last fluid filtration module in a series of fluid filtration modules. Thus, during use, at least one parameter of the fluid flowing out of the concentrate outlet can be determined.

[0072] By providing sensor modules at at least two locations between at least two fluid filtration modules in a series of fluid filtration modules, it is possible to determine at least one parameter at multiple locations within the fluid processing pressure vessel. For example, if sensor modules are provided both upstream and downstream of a fluid filtration module, it is possible to determine changes in at least one parameter for the entire fluid filtration module. In embodiments where upstream and downstream sensor modules are provided for two or more fluid filtration modules, it is possible to individually determine changes in at least one parameter for the entire fluid filtration module. In embodiments where sensor modules are provided for adjacent fluid filtration modules in a series of fluid filtration modules, the downstream sensor module of the first adjacent fluid filtration module may function as the upstream sensor module for the adjacent downstream fluid filtration module. In embodiments where at least one parameter includes pressure and sensor modules are provided both upstream and downstream of a fluid filtration module, it is possible to determine changes in the pressure for the entire fluid filtration module.

[0073] Membrane filtration systems, in which the fluid being processed comes into contact with a filtration membrane, typically operate in one of two modes: (1) constant pressure mode and (2) constant (permeate) flux mode. In constant pressure mode, the applied pressure is kept constant, and the permeate flux decreases as contaminants accumulate on the supply fabric and membrane. Typically, an accelerating decrease in permeate generation suggests the occurrence of fouling. In constant flux mode, the applied pressure changes to maintain a selected permeate flux, and this pressure needs to be increased as contaminants accumulate on the supply fabric and membrane to maintain a clean permeate generation rate. Typically, an accelerating increase in the pressure required to maintain a constant flux suggests the occurrence of fouling.

[0074] The speed at which water is driven through a filtration membrane is determined by the membrane's water permeability and net drive pressure. Net drive pressure is the difference between the transmembrane pressure (TMP) and the osmotic pressure difference between the fluids on the supply and permeate sides of the filtration membrane. TMP is the hydraulic pressure difference between the supply and permeate sides of the filtration membrane. The operator of the filtration system can control TMP by adjusting the pressure on the supply and permeate sides of the membrane, for example, by controlling the pumps and / or valves at the inlet, permeate outlet, or concentrate outlet.

[0075] Osmotic pressure is determined by the concentration of solids dissolved in a fluid. For example, in filtration operations using reverse osmosis membranes, such as the desalination of seawater, wastewater, and groundwater, the osmotic pressure of the permeate is very low because the water is substantially pure. In seawater desalination, the feedwater contains high concentrations of dissolved solids, mainly dissolved salts.

[0076] The feedwater flowing along the feed side of the filtration membrane and ultimately exiting through the concentrate outlet of the pressure vessel provides a so-called "crossflow," which helps remove contaminants from the feed side of the fluid filtration module. If the crossflow is not high enough, contaminants can accumulate in the filtration module, leading to fouling.

[0077] If fouling becomes too severe, it becomes impossible to adjust the supply pressure to maintain permeate flow rate in constant-flux operation, and in constant-pressure operation, the rate of permeate generation decreases. When this happens, operators attempt to restore system performance by performing a cleaning process using aggressive acidic or alkaline solutions deemed appropriate. This process typically requires taking the fluid filtration system offline during the cleaning process. Depending on the type and extent of the fouling, the cleaning process may or may not be effective. It is important to detect and correct the fouling early before it becomes permanent.

[0078] While not bound by theory, it has been suggested that changes in the pressure drop of the first fluid filtration module in a series of fluid filtration modules, or the entire pressure drop of one of the first fluid filtration modules, may be an indication of biofouling. Changes in the intermembrane pressure (TMP) and / or membrane permeation flux (TMF) of the last fluid filtration module in a series of fluid filtration modules, or the entire pressure drop of one of the last fluid filtration modules, may be an indication of mineral scale.

[0079] The fluid processed by the fluid filtration system typically includes the fluid to be extracted and at least one contaminant. The at least one contaminant may be particulate matter. The at least one contaminant may be a species dissolved in the fluid. For example, the species may be a salt dissolved in an aqueous liquid. The at least one contaminant may be a biological contaminant. The at least one contaminant may be an inorganic contaminant, such as silica.

[0080] The operating conditions of each filtration module arranged in series may differ and change over time during operation. Each membrane module removes some permeate from the feedwater, thereby concentrating contaminants in the feedwater and reducing both the flow rate and pressure to subsequent filtration modules arranged in series. If these contaminants include dissolved solids such as salt, the osmotic pressure difference between the feed side and the permeate side of the filtration membrane increases as the amount of dissolved water decreases. This acts to reduce the net drive pressure and decrease the permeate flux. Some contaminants may adhere to the materials within the filtration module. This can obstruct the crossflow of water on the feed side of the filtration membrane, reducing the cleaning effect of the crossflow and potentially leading to fouling. This hydraulic resistance also reduces the pressure applied to each subsequent filtration module arranged in series, reducing the permeate generation in those modules. Some dissolved contaminants may reach saturation concentration and precipitate from the solution. This can occur on the surface of the filtration membrane, causing fouling and increasing the hydraulic resistance of the entire filtration membrane, thereby reducing the membrane permeate flux (permeate generation).

[0081] Furthermore, it has been shown that when the membrane permeate flux ("critical flux") threshold is exceeded (i.e., the flow rate of fluid passing through the membrane from the feed side to the permeate side), the crossflow is insufficient to remove at least one contaminant at a rate sufficient to prevent the deposition of at least one contaminant on the filtration membrane surface (Ho et al., 2016, and Coster et al., 2021). If the at least one contaminant includes, for example, dissolved silica, the silica may exceed its saturation concentration and form an immovable cake on the filtration membrane surface. Initial fouling caused by exceeding the critical flux may be mitigated by increasing the crossflow and / or decreasing the membrane permeate flux (the flow of permeate passing through the membrane). If left unchecked, the fouling can only be removed by chemical cleaning methods, and in some cases, the cleaning protocol may become insufficient to remove the fouling, requiring the replacement of a particular fluid filtration module. Note here that increasing the crossflow can cause the membrane permeate flux to fall below the critical flux, as the critical flux also increases as the crossflow increases.

[0082] Therefore, for operators of fluid filtration systems, it is crucial to avoid operating the system above the critical flux, not only for the average of all filtration modules in the system, but also for every individual filtration module within the system.

[0083] In embodiments of the fluid filtration system comprising multiple sensor modules, the fluid filtration system of this embodiment enables the determination of one or more characteristics of the feed fluid and / or permeate at multiple locations along a series of fluid filtration modules, thereby allowing the operator to detect signs of reaching critical flux for a particular fluid filtration module and thereby take corrective action to prevent exceeding critical flux.

[0084] At least one sensor module may be installed in the permeate tube of a first fluid filtration module in a series of fluid filtration modules, and in the permeate tube of a second fluid filtration module adjacent to the first fluid filtration module. Thus, during use, the permeate of the first fluid filtration module may flow from the permeate tube of the first fluid filtration module through the sensor module to the permeate tube of the second fluid filtration module. In embodiments in which the sensor module comprises a tubular body, the permeate of the first fluid filtration module may flow from the permeate tube of the first fluid filtration module to the permeate tube of the second fluid filtration module through the flow path of the tubular body.

[0085] There may be a gap between the permeate tube of the first fluid filtration module and the permeate tube of the second fluid filtration module. Part of the sensor module may be exposed to this gap. Therefore, during use, part of the sensor module may be exposed to the concentrated liquid flowing from the first fluid filtration module to the second fluid filtration module.

[0086] The permeate tubes of each of the multiple fluid filtration modules may form a continuous fluid path through the multiple fluid filtration modules to the permeate outlet.

[0087] In some embodiments, the fluid filtration system may be a water filtration system. Therefore, the fluid filtration modules may be multiple water filtration modules. Each water filtration module may include a water filtration membrane wrapped around a permeate tube. The permeate tube may extend from a first end to a second end of the water filtration module. The permeate tube of each water filtration module may flow into the permeate tube of the next water filtration module arranged in series. Thus, the permeate flows along the permeate tubes of the multiple water filtration modules to the permeate outlet.

[0088] The fluid treated by the fluid filtration system may be an aqueous liquid. The aqueous liquid may be saltwater or seawater. The aqueous liquid may be wastewater. The aqueous liquid may be sewage, industrial water, contaminated water, surface water, or groundwater.

[0089] In embodiments where a fluid filtration system treats saline solution, the permeate may be water with a reduced salt concentration, and the concentrate may be water with an increased salt concentration. The permeate may also be water that is substantially free of salt.

[0090] A fluid filtration system may have the same number of sensor modules as data acquisition modules. Therefore, one data acquisition module may be associated with one sensor module. A fluid filtration system may have fewer data acquisition modules than sensor modules. Therefore, at least one data acquisition module may be associated with multiple sensor modules and receive data from multiple sensor modules.

[0091] One of the at least one data acquisition modules may be positioned adjacent to one of the at least one sensor modules. The distance between one of the at least one data acquisition modules and one of the at least one sensor modules may be minimized by the appropriate positioning of the data acquisition modules relative to the sensor modules.

[0092] The fluid filtration system may include at least one energy transmitter. The energy transmitter may transmit energy to one or more of at least one sensor module. Thus, one or more of the at least one sensor module may receive energy from at least one energy transmitter and transmit data to another data acquisition module.

[0093] The fluid filtration system may include a central processing unit. The central processing unit may be configured to receive data from at least one data acquisition module. The central processing unit may present the data received from at least one data acquisition module to the user.

[0094] A fifth aspect provides a method for monitoring the fluid filtration system of the fourth aspect, the method being: A step of providing a fluid filtration system comprising a fluid processing pressure vessel housing a plurality of fluid filtration modules arranged in series between an inlet, a concentrated liquid outlet, and a permeate outlet, A step of providing multiple sensor modules, wherein at least one sensor module is positioned between adjacent fluid filtration modules, and each adjacent fluid filtration module comprises an upstream fluid filtration module and a downstream fluid filtration module, and each of the multiple sensor modules comprises a body, at least one sensor, and a data transmitter. A step of providing at least one data acquisition module, wherein the data acquisition module or each data acquisition module is located outside a fluid processing pressure vessel and includes a data receiver configured to receive data from a data transmitter of one of a plurality of sensor modules, The process includes feeding the fluid from the inlet to the concentrate outlet and the permeate outlet, passing through multiple fluid filtration modules, and then passing it through a fluid processing pressure vessel. Each of the multiple sensor modules determines at least one parameter of the fluid at the location of the sensor module. Each sensor module transmits data related to at least one determined parameter to one of the at least one data acquisition modules. At least one parameter determined by one of several sensor modules indicates the operating conditions of the associated fluid filtration module.

[0095] A change in at least one parameter determined by one of several sensor modules, compared to reference data, may indicate fouling in the associated fluid filtration module.

[0096] Each of the multiple sensor modules may be a sensor module according to the first embodiment.

[0097] Each of at least one data acquisition module may be a data acquisition module of the second embodiment.

[0098] The combination of the sensor module and the data acquisition module may also be a detection system according to a third embodiment.

[0099] The fluid filtration system may also be a fluid filtration system according to the fourth embodiment.

[0100] The determined at least one parameter may be selected from a group of parameters consisting of flow rate, pressure, salinity / conductivity, viscosity, turbidity, and temperature.

[0101] Each fluid filtration module may include a filtration membrane and a permeate tube, and during use, at least some of the fluid may pass through the filtration membrane and into the permeate tube. At least one sensor module of the multiple sensor modules may determine at least one parameter of the fluid flowing through the permeate tube. At least one sensor module of the multiple sensor modules may determine at least one parameter of the fluid flowing outside the filtration membrane. At least one sensor module of the multiple sensor modules may determine at least one parameter of the fluid flowing through the permeate tube and at least one parameter of the fluid flowing outside the filtration membrane.

[0102] At least one parameter of the fluid flowing through the permeate tube may include pressure. At least one parameter of the fluid flowing through the permeate tube may include conductivity.

[0103] At least one parameter of the fluid flowing outside the filtration membrane may include pressure. At least one parameter of the fluid flowing outside the filtration membrane may include conductivity.

[0104] By determining the pressures on the upstream and downstream sides of a fluid filtration module, the overall pressure change of the fluid filtration module can be determined. The overall pressure change (ΔP) of the fluid filtration module allows for the detection of fouling in the supply-side fabric of the fluid filtration membrane. The supply-side fabric of the fluid filtration membrane may have spaces between adjacent fluid filtration membrane sections within the fluid filtration module. Fouling in the supply-side fabric of the fluid filtration membrane may be biofouling. Fouling of the supply-side fabric may primarily occur in the first fluid filtration module of a series of fluid filtration modules (e.g., the first, second, and third fluid filtration modules).

[0105] By determining the flow rates on the upstream and downstream sides of a fluid filtration module, the membrane permeate flux (TMF) of the fluid filtration module (i.e., the flux of fluid passing through the filtration membrane from the supply side to the permeate side) can be determined. By detecting a decrease in TMF, scaling (scale buildup) on the surface of the filtration membrane can be detected. Scaling of the filtration membrane is most likely to occur in the final fluid filtration module of a series of fluid filtration modules (i.e., the last three fluid filtration modules). TMF may be determined for a particular filtration membrane by methods described, for example, in the sixth, seventh, or eighth embodiment below.

[0106] In embodiments where both pressure and TMF are determined, this method allows for the independent determination of ΔP and TMF for a specific fluid filtration module. This makes it possible to independently detect fouling of the filtration membrane fabric and scaling of the filtration membrane surface.

[0107] Each of the multiple sensor modules may include a tubular body that is inserted into the permeate tube of an adjacent fluid filtration module.

[0108] Each of the multiple sensor modules may include at least one elongated member extending away from the tubular body. The at least one elongated member may extend away from the tubular body between the filter membranes of adjacent fluid filtration modules.

[0109] One of the multiple sensor modules may be located on either side of a selected fluid filtration module or a selection of multiple fluid filtration modules. One of the multiple sensor modules may be located between the first two fluid filtration modules of the multiple fluid filtration modules. One of the multiple sensor modules may be located between the last two fluid filtration modules of the multiple fluid filtration modules. Sensor modules may be located between each fluid filtration module of the fluid filtration system. A sensor from the multiple sensor modules or a single sensor module may be located at the inlet of the fluid processing pressure vessel. A sensor from the multiple sensor modules or a single sensor module may be located at the permeate outlet of the fluid processing pressure vessel. A sensor from the multiple sensor modules or a single sensor module may be located at both the inlet and the permeate outlet of the fluid processing pressure vessel. A sensor from the multiple sensor modules or a single sensor module may be located at the concentrate outlet of the fluid processing pressure vessel. Therefore, at least one parameter of the fluid flowing into the inlet of the fluid processing pressure vessel, and / or the fluid flowing out from the permeate outlet of the fluid processing pressure vessel, and / or the fluid flowing out from the concentrate outlet of the fluid processing pressure vessel is determined. In at least some embodiments, one of the multiple sensor modules is located between each adjacent fluid filtration module in the multiple fluid filtration modules, and the sensors of the multiple sensor modules or one sensor module is located at the inlet, permeate outlet and concentrate outlet of the fluid processing pressure vessel, and a change in at least one parameter of each fluid filtration module in the multiple fluid filtration modules is determined, which is then compared with reference data to determine whether fouling has occurred in any of the fluid filtration modules in the multiple fluid filtration modules.

[0110] This method may include a step of adjusting the initial pressure of the fluid flowing into the inlet of the fluid processing pressure vessel (i.e., the pressure of the fluid flowing into the inlet before passing through the first fluid filtration module) if fouling is determined to have occurred. This method may include a step of adjusting the initial pressure of the fluid flowing into the inlet of the fluid processing pressure vessel from the operating pressure to the flushing pressure. The flushing pressure may be higher than the operating pressure. Thus, increasing the pressure of the fluid flowing into the inlet increases the crossflow across the filtration membrane of the fluid filtration module, thereby removing some or all of the deposits of contaminants or fouling agents that may have caused a change in at least one parameter.

[0111] The process of adjusting the initial pressure of the fluid flowing into the inlet of the fluid processing pressure vessel may be performed by an operator. The process of adjusting the initial pressure of the fluid flowing into the inlet of the fluid processing pressure vessel may be performed automatically. The pump supplying fluid to the inlet may be automatically controlled by a central processing unit, which may be configured to adjust the pressure of the fluid supplied by the pump. If fouling is determined, the central processing unit may adjust the pumping pressure from the operating pressure to the flushing pressure. The pumping pressure may be returned to the operating pressure after a predetermined period. The pumping pressure may be returned to the operating pressure after it is determined that the fouling has been removed. For example, at least one parameter may be returned to a normal range compared to reference data.

[0112] This method may include a step of adjusting the flow rate of the concentrated fluid flowing out of the fluid processing vessel to lower the fluid pressure and increase the flow rate of the concentrated fluid, thereby increasing the cross-flow rate within the fluid filtration module and washing away the membrane surface of the fluid filtration module.

[0113] The process of adjusting the pressure of the fluid flowing out of the concentrate outlet of the fluid processing pressure vessel may be performed by an operator. The process of adjusting the pressure of the fluid flowing out of the concentrate outlet of the fluid processing pressure vessel may be performed automatically. The concentrate outlet valve may be controlled to adjust the pressure at the concentrate outlet. If fouling is detected, the central processing unit may adjust the pressure at the concentrate outlet from the operating pressure to the flushing pressure. The pressure at the concentrate outlet may be returned to the operating pressure after a predetermined period. The pressure at the concentrate outlet may be returned to the operating pressure after it is determined that the fouling has been removed. For example, at least one parameter may be returned to a normal range compared to reference data.

[0114] This method may be performed for multiple fluid filtration modules to determine at least one parameter for each of the multiple fluid filtration modules in a fluid filtration system.

[0115] Data from each sensor module may be presented to the operator so that the operator can see all of the at least one parameter determined by each sensor module for each monitored fluid filtration module. Data from sensor modules on both sides of a particular fluid filtration module may be used to present to the operator at least one parameter for the entire fluid filtration module. For example, changes in pressure (or pressure drop) and / or changes in conductivity for the entire fluid filtration module may be presented to the operator. At least one parameter may be presented to the operator numerically. At least one parameter may be presented to the operator graphically. Color may be used in the presentation of at least one parameter. For example, color may be used to distinguish between values ​​within the normal range, values ​​outside the normal range, and values ​​that are dangerously outside the normal range.

[0116] In some embodiments, the reference data may define a normal boundary value for at least one parameter. Therefore, if at least one parameter is determined to be within the reference data (i.e., within the normal boundary value for at least one parameter), it may indicate that there is no fouling, or substantially no fouling, in a particular fluid filtration module. The reference data may define an upper limit for at least one parameter, and exceeding this limit may indicate a fouling of the change in at least one parameter compared to the reference data. The reference data may define a lower limit for at least one parameter, and falling below this lower limit may indicate a fouling of the change in at least one parameter compared to the reference data. The reference data may define a target value or range of values ​​for at least one parameter.

[0117] Reference data may be specific to individual fluid filtration systems. Reference data may be specific to individual fluid filtration modules. Reference data may be specific to fluid filtration modules of a particular type, size, or configuration.

[0118] The reference data may be obtained or derived by an operator from a fluid filtration system provided by this embodiment of the method. For example, the operator may obtain or derive the reference data by obtaining at least one parameter from each of a plurality of sensor modules when each fluid filtration module is known to be clean.

[0119] Reference data may be provided to the operator by a third party.

[0120] In a sixth aspect, a method is provided for determining the flow rate of a fluid passing through a filtration membrane, the method being: The process of providing a filtration membrane, The process involves flowing fluid outside the filtration membrane, A step of determining the initial flow rate of the fluid before it flows outside the filtration membrane, A step to determine the initial concentration of species in the fluid before the fluid flows outside the filtration membrane, A process to determine the final concentration of seeds in the fluid after the fluid has flowed outside the filtration membrane, The process involves calculating the change in seed concentration from the initial and final concentrations, The process involves calculating the final flow rate of the fluid after it has flowed outside the filtration module, based on the calculated changes in the concentration of the species and the initial flow rate of the fluid, and This includes a step of calculating the fluid flux that has passed through the filtration membrane from the difference between the initial fluid flow rate and the final fluid flow rate.

[0121] The species may be ions in a fluid. The fluid may be an aqueous fluid containing salt ions, such as seawater. The ion concentration in the fluid may be determined by measuring or determining the conductivity of the fluid.

[0122] The species may be fine particles in a fluid. The fluid may be an aqueous fluid containing fine particles. The fluid may be a non-aqueous fluid. The concentration of fine particles in the fluid may be determined by measuring the turbidity of the fluid.

[0123] This method may include a step of determining the concentration of species in the permeate at both ends of the permeate tubes located at both ends of the fluid filtration module.

[0124] The process of calculating the fluid flux (i.e., membrane permeation flux) that passes through the filtration membrane may take into account the surface area of ​​the filtration membrane.

[0125] The initial fluid flow rate to the first fluid filtration module of a series of fluid filtration modules may be determined at the inlet of the fluid processing pressure vessel. The initial fluid flow rate to the second fluid filtration module of a series of fluid filtration modules may be the final fluid flow rate to the first fluid filtration module. The initial fluid flow rate to the third fluid filtration module of a series of fluid filtration modules may be the final fluid flow rate to the second fluid filtration module. Thus, the membrane permeate flux may be determined for a particular fluid filtration module within a series of fluid filtration modules without directly measuring the initial fluid flow rate to that fluid filtration module.

[0126] Naturally, the steps of determining the initial flow rate of the fluid before it flows outside the filter membrane, determining the initial concentration of the species in the fluid before it flows outside the filter membrane, and determining the final concentration of the species in the fluid after it has flowed outside the filter membrane can be performed in any order or simultaneously.

[0127] In a seventh aspect, a method is provided for determining the flux of a fluid passing through a filtration membrane, the method being: The process of providing a filtration membrane, The process involves flowing fluid outside the filtration membrane, A step of determining the initial flow rate of the fluid before it flows outside the filtration membrane, A step to determine the initial conductivity of the fluid before it flows outside the filtration membrane, A process to determine the final conductivity of the fluid after it has flowed outside the filtration membrane, The process of calculating the change in conductivity from the initial and final concentrations, The process involves calculating the final flow rate of the fluid after it has flowed outside the filtration membrane, based on the calculated change in conductivity and the initial flow rate of the fluid, and This includes a step of calculating the fluid flux that has passed through the filtration membrane from the difference between the initial fluid flow rate and the final fluid flow rate.

[0128] The fluid may be an aqueous fluid. The fluid may be an ionic fluid. The fluid may be a polar fluid.

[0129] The filtration membrane may be a water filtration membrane. The fluid may be saltwater. The fluid may be seawater. When the fluid interacts with the water filtration membrane, water may pass through the membrane, but ions dissolved in the water are restricted from passing through the membrane. Therefore, as water moves through the water filtration membrane, the amount of fluid that flows outside the membrane decreases, and the concentration of ions dissolved in the supply / concentrate fluid increases. As the ion concentration increases, the conductivity of the fluid increases proportionally.

[0130] In embodiments in which the fluid filtration module includes a reverse osmosis membrane or a filtration membrane that substantially restricts the passage of ions, the flux of water entering through the water filtration membrane can be calculated from the measured change in conductivity and the flow rate of the fluid entering the fluid filtration module, simply by measuring the conductivity of the fluid before and after the water filtration membrane in the water filtration module.

[0131] The process of calculating the fluid flux (i.e., membrane permeation flux) that passes through the filtration membrane may take into account the surface area of ​​the filtration membrane.

[0132] This method may include a step of determining the initial conductivity of the fluid flowing into the permeate tube of the fluid filtration module. This method may also include a step of determining the final conductivity of the fluid flowing out of the permeate tube of the fluid filtration module. Thus, this method may include a step of calculating the change in conductivity of the permeate by comparing the initial conductivity with the final conductivity. The step of calculating the final flow rate of the fluid after it has flowed outside the filtration membrane may further determine the flux of the fluid passing through the filtration membrane using the calculated change in conductivity of the permeate. In embodiments where substantially dissolved ions do not pass through the filtration membrane, there is substantially no change in the conductivity of the permeate. In embodiments where a significant concentration of ions passes through the filtration membrane, there may be a significant change in the conductivity of the permeate, and determining this change in concentration allows for a more accurate measurement of the flux of the fluid passing through the filtration membrane.

[0133] In the eighth aspect, a method is provided for determining the fluid flux across a filtration membrane, the method being: The process of providing a filtration membrane, A step in which fluid is flowed outside the filtration membrane. A step to determine the initial turbidity of the fluid before it flows outside the filtration membrane, A process to determine the final turbidity of the fluid after it has flowed outside the filtration membrane, A step of determining the initial flow rate of the fluid before it flows outside the filtration membrane, A process of calculating the change in turbidity by comparing the initial turbidity and the final turbidity, The process involves calculating the final flow rate of the fluid after it has flowed outside the fluid filtration membrane, based on the calculated change in turbidity and the initial flow rate of the fluid, and This includes a step of calculating the fluid flux that has passed through the filtration membrane from the difference between the initial flow rate and the final flow rate.

[0134] The fluid may be a non-aqueous fluid. The fluid may be an aqueous fluid. The fluid may contain fine particles.

[0135] When a fluid passes through the filtration membrane, it may pass through the membrane and enter the permeate tube.

[0136] Fluids containing particulate matter may have higher turbidity than similar fluids that do not contain particulate matter. When a fluid passes through a filtration membrane, the fluid enters the membrane, but the particulate matter may be restricted from passing through or may not pass through at all. Therefore, as the amount of fluid decreases, the concentration of particulate matter in the remaining fluid increases.

[0137] Therefore, by simply measuring the turbidity of the fluid before and after the filtration membrane in the fluid filtration module, in combination with the initial fluid flow rate, the flow rate of the fluid passing through the filtration membrane can be calculated solely from the measured difference in turbidity.

[0138] The process of calculating the fluid flux (i.e., membrane permeation flux) that passes through the filtration membrane may take into account the surface area of ​​the filtration membrane.

[0139] This method may include a step of determining the initial turbidity of the fluid flowing into the permeate tube of the fluid filtration module. This method may also include a step of determining the final turbidity of the fluid flowing out of the permeate tube of the fluid filtration module. This method may also include a step of calculating the change in turbidity of the permeate by comparing the initial turbidity with the final turbidity. The step of calculating the final flow rate of the fluid may further determine the flux of the fluid passing through the filtration membrane using the calculated change in turbidity of the permeate. In embodiments where substantially no particulate matter passes through the filtration membrane, there is substantially no change in the turbidity of the permeate. In embodiments where a significant concentration of particulate matter passes through the filtration membrane, there may be a significant change in the turbidity of the permeate, and determining this change in concentration allows for a more accurate measurement of the flux of the fluid passing through the filtration membrane.

[0140] To avoid misunderstanding, the characteristics of the sensor module in the first embodiment are also characteristics of the sensor module in the subsequent embodiment. The characteristics of the data acquisition module in the second embodiment are also characteristics of the data acquisition module in the subsequent embodiment. The characteristics of the detection system in the third embodiment are also characteristics of the combination of the sensor module and data acquisition module in the subsequent embodiment. The characteristics of the fluid filtration system in the fourth embodiment are also characteristics of the fluid filtration system in the subsequent embodiment. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0141] With reference to the attached drawings, embodiments of the present invention will be described as non-limiting examples.

[0142] [Figure 1] Figure 1: A) Side cross-sectional view of the sensor module according to the embodiment, and B) Front view of the sensor module according to the embodiment. [Figure 2] Figure 2: Side cross-sectional view of two adjacent water filtration modules connected by connector pipes. [Figure 3] Figure 3: Side cross-sectional view of two adjacent water filtration modules connected by a sensor module according to an embodiment. [Figure 4] Figure 4: An exemplary water filtration module used in conventional technology. [Figure 5] Figure 5: Exemplary water filtration membrane wrapped around a permeate tube from a water filtration module. [Figure 6] Figure 6: Side cross-sectional view of a conventional water filtration system. [Figure 7] Figure 7: Side cross-sectional view of a detection system according to an embodiment installed in the pressure vessel of a water filtration system. [Figure 8] Figure 8: Side cross-sectional view of a sensor module according to an embodiment. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0143] While various embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below for the manufacture and use of each, it should be understood that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that can be embodied in a wide range of specific contexts. The specific embodiments considered herein illustrate specific examples of the manufacture and use of the present invention and do not limit the scope of the invention as described in the claims.

[0144] To facilitate understanding of the present invention, several terms are defined below. Terms as defined herein have meanings generally understood by those skilled in the art relating to the present invention. Terms such as “a,” “an,” and “the” are not intended to refer to only a single entity, but include a general class for which specific examples are used for illustrative purposes. Terms herein are used to describe specific embodiments of the present invention, but their use is not intended to limit the invention unless outlined in the claims.

[0145] The apparatus, systems, and methods of this disclosure are suitable for filtering any suitable fluid. The apparatus and systems of this disclosure are illustrated below using water filtration systems used in desalination plants that produce drinking water from seawater. This example should not be construed as limiting the applications of the apparatus, systems, and methods of this disclosure, but merely illustrates the underlying principles. [Examples]

[0146] Example 1 Referring to Figures 1A and 1B, a sensor module 1 is provided comprising a tubular body 2 and a support 4 extending from the tubular body 2. The tubular body 2 comprises a first end 6, a second end 8, and a flow path 10 extending from the first end 6 to the second end 8. The support 4 comprises a radially extending member (for example, functioning as an elongated member 12), an inner circular connecting portion 14, and an outer circular connecting portion 16. Control electronic equipment 17 is provided adjacent to the tubular body 2. The first end 6 is provided with two sealing O-rings 18, and the second end 8 is provided with two sealing O-rings 20. The tubular body 2 further comprises a first pressure transducer 22 (functioning as a first pressure sensor) inside the flow path 10 and a second pressure transducer 24 (functioning as a second pressure sensor) outside the tubular body 2.

[0147] One radially extending member 12 comprises a conductivity sensor array 26. The support 4 comprises a target device 28 at the end of the support 4 furthest from the tubular body 2. The target device 28 comprises a near-field induction coil configured to receive energy from an external initiator device and modulate the carrier electromagnetic field of the external initiator device.

[0148] Typically, adjacent water filtration modules in a water filtration plant are connected to each other by a connector pipe 30 that connects the permeate pipe 32 (functioning as a permeate tube) of the first water filtration module 34 to the permeate pipe 36 (functioning as a permeate tube) of the adjacent second water filtration module 38 (see, for example, Figure 2). The ends of the first water filtration module 34 and the second water filtration module 38 are provided with expansion-resistant devices or caps 39. An exemplary connector pipe 30 is a cylindrical tube with an outer diameter of 25 mm, and its first and second ends are equipped with two O-rings to seal the connection between the connector pipe and the permeate pipe, and the first and second ends have an outer diameter of 27 mm. Referring to Figure 3, the connector pipe 30 is replaced by a sensor module 1. The sensor module 1 is installed between adjacent water filtration modules. The first end 6 of the tubular body 2 is inserted into the permeate tube 40 of the first water filtration module 42, and the second end 8 of the tubular body 2 is inserted into the permeate tube 44 of the second water filtration module 46. The O-ring 18 of the first end 6 forms a seal between the inner surface of the permeate tube 40 of the first water filtration module 42 and the tubular body 2, and the O-ring 20 of the second end 8 forms a seal between the inner surface of the permeate tube 44 of the second water filtration module 46 and the tubular body 2. The support 4 extends from the tubular body 2 across the expansion-resistant devices 48 (which function as caps) of the first and second water filtration modules 42 and 46, and the target device 28 is positioned adjacent to the outside 50 of the first and second water filtration devices 42 and 46.

[0149] Example 2 An exemplary system in which the sensor module of Example 1 can be used is a seawater filtration / desalination plant that processes seawater in a seawater desalination process to produce substantially pure water.

[0150] In a desalination process, a source of seawater or other brine (feed liquid) is typically pumped through a series of water filtration modules arranged in a pressure vessel (which functions as a fluid handling pressure vessel). Referring to Figures 4-6, an exemplary water filtration module 50, which is standard in the industry, comprises a filtration membrane 52 wrapped around a porous permeate collection pipe 54 (which functions as a permeate pipe). The filtration membrane 52 is housed within the water filtration module 50 by an expansion-resistant device (which functions as a cap) to prevent it from being pushed out of the water filtration module 50 when water is pumped through the water filtration module 50 at a high flow rate during use. The filtration membrane 52 comprises a filtration membrane envelope comprising a first membrane 56, a permeate spacer 58, and a second membrane 60, so that during use, water flows across the first membrane 56 and the second membrane 60 into the permeate spacer 58. From the permeate spacer 58, the water flows into the porous permeate collection pipe 54. As a result, the filtration membrane 52 filters out salts and other impurities from the water, and substantially pure water 53 is collected in a porous permeate collection pipe 54.

[0151] The supply liquid 55 entering the water filtration module 50 has a predetermined salinity, and the supply liquid (concentrated liquid) flowing out from the opposite side of the water filtration module 50 usually has a higher salinity because the amount of water in the supply liquid decreases as the water (permeate) is filtered into the permeate collection pipe 54.

[0152] Therefore, the supply liquid 55 entering the second water filtration module has a higher salinity, lower pressure, and lower flow rate than the supply liquid entering the preceding first water filtration module, due to the reduced volume of water and the water pressure resistance of the first module.

[0153] In some facilities, the pressure vessel may house seven water filtration modules arranged in series. Therefore, the feed liquid flows through the water filtration system, passing sequentially through the second to sixth water filtration modules from the first to the seventh water filtration module.

[0154] The alternative pressure vessel may house, for example, two, three, five, ten, fourteen, or any other number of water filtration modules.

[0155] The pressure vessel 62 has an inlet 64 for supplying the first water filtration module 66. The pressure vessel 62 further includes a permeate outlet 68, which allows the permeate to be removed from the pressure vessel 62. The pressure vessel 62 also includes a concentrate outlet 69, which allows the feed liquid (also known as concentrate 57) that has passed through all the water filtration modules 70 to flow out of the pressure vessel 62. The resulting concentrate may flow into another pressure vessel for further processing. The pressure vessel 62 in this example houses seven water filtration modules arranged in series.

[0156] Typically, referring to Figure 7, the permeate collection pipe 80 of the first water filtration module 82 supplies permeate to the permeate collection pipe 84 of the second water filtration module 86, and similarly, the permeate collection pipes of a series of water filtration modules form a continuous permeate collection pipe.

[0157] Previously, operators of desalination plants with multiple pressure vessel banks would determine the performance of each pressure vessel bank using data obtained, for example, at the pressure vessel inlet and the pressure vessel concentrate outlet. Typically, a measured change in pressure drop across the entire pressure vessel, or a change in intermembrane pressure affecting the overall salinity pass-through rate, would indicate a membrane failure or fouling within a series of water filtration modules, which would then bring the relevant pressure vessel bank offline and process the specific pressure vessel.

[0158] In this example, the sensor module 1 according to Embodiment 1 is installed between adjacent water filtration modules, so that each water filtration module is followed by a sensor module 1, and pressure data and conductivity data are provided for each water filtration module. For example, as shown in Figure 7, the sensor module 1 is installed in the permeate collection pipe 80 of the first water filtration module 82 and in the permeate collection pipe 84 of the second water filtration module 86. A sensor (not shown) is also installed at the inlet 64 of the pressure vessel 62 to determine the pressure and conductivity of the fluid entering the pressure vessel 62 during use, and a sensor (not shown) is also installed at the concentrate outlet.

[0159] Referring to Figure 7, for each sensor module 1, a data acquisition module 100 is provided outside the pressure vessel 62. The data acquisition module 100 includes an initiator device 102 configured to communicate with and power the corresponding sensor module 1 and its target device 28. Each data acquisition module 100 is positioned on the pressure vessel 62 such that its initiator device 102 is positioned adjacent to the target device 28 of the sensor module 1.

[0160] During use, seawater is sent under high pressure (up to approximately 100 bar) to the inlet 64 of the pressure vessel 62, and the seawater passes through each water filtration module in sequence. Water is removed from the seawater through the permeate outlet 68, which collects the water from each water filtration module.

[0161] Each sensor module 1 collects pressure data and conductivity data and transmits this data to the corresponding data acquisition module 100. Each data acquisition module 100 transmits the received data to a central processing unit (not shown), where the data is cross-referenced and analyzed. In addition, data from the inlet 64 and the concentrate outlet 80 are also transmitted to the central processing unit for cross-reference and analysis.

[0162] The central processing unit calculates the pressure change (ΔP), intermembrane pressure (TMP), salinity (from measured conductivity), and conductivity change (ΔC) across each water filtration module. For a particular water filtration module, any or all of the parameters from normal operating values ​​(which serve as reference data) are indicative of a failure or fouling in that particular water filtration module.

[0163] Typically, for one of the first two water filtration modules in a series, a change in ΔP compared to reference data is an indication of biofouling, and therefore the operator recognizes that applying or adjusting the dosage of a biocide or similar biofouling-preventing composition to the module in its pressure vessel is a possible corrective action to be taken.

[0164] Typically, for one of the last two water filtration modules in a series, a change in TMP and / or membrane permeation flux (TMF) compared to reference data is an indication of mineral scale, and therefore, if the TMP or TMF for one of the last water filtration modules changes from the TMP or TMF of normal operation, the operator recognizes that applying or adjusting the dosage of a scale-preventing composition to the supply solution to that pressure vessel is a possible corrective action to take.

[0165] The data is provided to operators on a regular basis, allowing them to respond to fouling incidents early, reduce downtime of the water filtration system, and minimize the risk of damage to the water filtration modules.

[0166] By providing ΔC for the concentrated / supply liquid for each water filtration module, it becomes possible to calculate the flux of water passing through the filtration membrane of the water filtration module, i.e., the intermembrane flux.

[0167] As mentioned above, the removal of water from seawater by the water filtration module reduces the volume of the fluid but retains the same amount of salt. Therefore, the salinity increases directly in proportion to the change in the volume of water in the seawater (supply water) supplied to the subsequent water filtration module. The measured conductivity of the supply water is proportional to the salinity of the supply water.

[0168] By measuring the ΔC for each water filtration module along with the total supply flow rate to the pressure vessel, the operator can determine the change in salinity of the seawater across the water filtration modules. Therefore, the change in seawater volume can be determined, which in turn allows for the identification of the water flux (membrane permeation flux) passing through the filtration membrane of each water filtration module.

[0169] By determining the membrane permeation flux for each water filtration module, operators can monitor changes in the membrane permeation flux of individual modules, thereby enabling early detection of any decrease in membrane permeation flux and the application of corrective measures as needed.

[0170] Furthermore, the ability to monitor the membrane permeate flux for each water filtration module over time allows for the detection of any changes in membrane permeate flux that may be related to the occurrence of critical flux for any water filtration module. Thus, the operator can determine that critical flux is approaching for a particular water filtration module and take precautionary measures to prevent critical flux from occurring. For example, the operator can lower the pressure in the pressure vessel by opening the concentrate outlet valve, thereby lowering the drive pressure and increasing crossflow, removing contaminants and preventing the critical flux from being exceeded.

[0171] Example 3 Referring to Figure 8, the sensor module 200 comprises a tubular body 202. The tubular body 202 comprises a first end 204, a central portion 206, and a second end 208 opposite the first end 204. The flow path 210 extends from the first end 204 to the second end 208. The first end 204 is provided with two sealing O-rings 212, and the second end 208 is provided with two sealing O-rings 214. The central portion 206 further comprises a first pressure sensor 216 inside the flow path 210 of the tubular body 202 and a second pressure sensor 218 outside the tubular body 202. The central portion 206 further comprises a battery 220 and a data transmitter 222.

[0172] The first end 204 of the tubular body 202 is configured to be inserted into the permeate pipe (functioning as a permeate tube) of the first fluid filtration module, and the second end 208 of the tubular body 202 is configured to be inserted into the permeate pipe of a second fluid filtration module adjacent to the first fluid filtration module in a series of fluid filtration modules. The first pressure sensor 216 is exposed to the fluid flowing through the channel 210 of the tubular body 202. The second pressure sensor 218 is exposed to the fluid flowing outside the tubular body 202 between adjacent fluid filtration modules.

[0173] During use, the sensor module 200 is powered by the battery 220. Pressure data is determined by the first pressure sensor 216 and the second pressure sensor 218 and transmitted to an external device by the data transmitter 222.

[0174] Example 4 The water filtration system (not shown) comprises 14 water filtration modules arranged in series within two pressure vessels connected in series (the first pressure vessel houses seven water filtration modules, and the second pressure vessel houses seven water filtration modules). The pressure vessels are configured with an inlet, a permeate outlet, and a concentrate outlet. The concentrate outlet of the first pressure vessel is connected to the inlet of the second pressure vessel, and the permeate outlet of the first pressure vessel is connected to the permeate pipe of the second pressure vessel. Each water filtration module corresponds to the water filtration module described in Example 2. The sensor modules according to Example 3 are provided between the first and second water filtration modules, between the second and third water filtration modules, between the fifth and sixth water filtration modules, and between the sixth and seventh water filtration modules in the first and second pressure vessels, respectively. Sensor modules are also provided at the inlets of the first and second pressure vessels. Sensor modules are also installed at the concentrated liquid outlets of the first and second pressure vessels.

[0175] For each sensor module, a data acquisition module is provided on the outside of the pressure vessel. The data acquisition module comprises a corresponding sensor module and an initiator device configured to communicate via the transmitter of that sensor module. Each data acquisition module is positioned on the pressure vessel such that its initiator device is located adjacent to the transmitter of the sensor module.

[0176] During use, data is collected as described in Example 2. The operator is presented with data on the first, second, sixth, and seventh water filtration modules of each pressure vessel, allowing them to monitor the performance of each water filtration module within each pressure vessel and individually detect any performance degradation in any of these modules. As a result, the operator can address any performance degradation in any of the monitored water filtration modules early, thereby ensuring that the water filtration system operates at maximum efficiency.

[0177] While approved embodiments of the present invention have been described herein, it will be readily apparent that many different changes and modifications in form, design, structure, and component arrangement can be made to other embodiments without departing from the present invention. It will also be understood that all such changes and modifications are considered embodiments as part of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.

[0178] References JS Ho, LN Sim, J Gu, RD Webster, AG Fane, HGL Coster A threshold flux phenomenon for colloidal fouling in reverse osmosis characterized by transmembrane pressure and electrical impedance spectroscopy; Journal of Membrane Science 500, 55-65 2016 HGL Coster, AG Fane, LN Sim, JS Ho, JH Low Method and apparatus for assessing a state of fouling of a reverse osmosis system US Patent 11,192,069 2021

Claims

1. A fluid filtration system comprising a fluid processing pressure vessel having a plurality of fluid filtration modules arranged in series between an inlet, a concentrated liquid outlet, and a permeate outlet, at least one sensor module, and at least one data acquisition module, The aforementioned at least one sensor module comprises a main body, at least one sensor, and a data transmitter. The at least one data acquisition module includes a data receiver configured to receive data from the data transmitter of one of the at least one sensor modules. A fluid filtration system in which, during use, a fluid flows into the inlet of the fluid filtration pressure vessel, passes sequentially through each of the multiple fluid filtration modules, a permeate flows out from the permeate outlet, and a concentrate flows out from the concentrate outlet.

2. The fluid filtration system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor module comprises a plurality of sensor modules.

3. The fluid filtration system according to claim 2, wherein one of the plurality of sensor modules is provided on both sides of one selected fluid filtration module or a selection of fluid filtration modules.

4. A fluid filtration system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a sensor module is provided between each adjacent fluid filtration module.

5. The fluid filtration system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the body of at least one sensor module or each sensor module is a tubular body configured to be inserted into or installed in the permeate pipe of a fluid filtration module.

6. The fluid filtration system according to claim 5, wherein the at least one sensor is configured to determine at least one parameter of the fluid flowing through the tubular body and / or the fluid passing outside the tubular body.

7. The fluid filtration system according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the body of the sensor module or each sensor module comprises at least one sensor.

8. The fluid filtration system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein one of the at least one sensor modules or each sensor module comprises at least one elongated member extending away from the main body.

9. The fluid filtration system according to claim 8, wherein the at least one elongated member comprises at least one sensor.

10. The fluid filtration system according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein one of the at least one sensor module or each of the sensor modules includes an energy receiver configured to wirelessly receive power from an external energy transmitter and supply power to the sensor module.

11. A fluid filtration system according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein a sensor or sensor module is provided upstream of the first fluid filtration module of the series of fluid filtration modules, and a sensor or sensor module is provided downstream of the final fluid filtration module of the series of fluid filtration modules.

12. A method for monitoring a fluid filtration system according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the method is: A step of providing a fluid filtration system comprising a fluid processing pressure vessel housing a plurality of fluid filtration modules arranged in series between an inlet, a concentrated liquid outlet, and a permeate outlet, A step of providing a plurality of sensor modules, wherein each of the plurality of sensor modules comprises a main body, at least one sensor, and a data transmitter, and is arranged between adjacent fluid filtration modules, and the adjacent fluid filtration modules comprise an upstream fluid filtration module and a downstream fluid filtration module. A step of providing at least one data acquisition module, wherein the or each data acquisition module comprises a data receiver configured to receive data from a data transmitter of a sensor module, and the or each data acquisition module is positioned outside a pressurized vessel, The process includes feeding fluid from the inlet through each of the plurality of fluid filtration modules and passing it through the pressurized container, Each of the plurality of sensor modules determines at least one parameter of the fluid flowing from the fluid filtration module upstream of the adjacent fluid filtration module. Each of the plurality of sensor modules transmits data related to at least one determined parameter to the at least one data acquisition module. A method wherein at least one parameter determined by one of the plurality of sensor modules indicates the operating conditions of the associated fluid filtration module.

13. The method according to claim 12, wherein a change in the at least one parameter determined by one of the plurality of sensor modules compared with reference data is an indication of fouling of the associated fluid filtration module.

14. The method according to claim 12 or 13, wherein the determined at least one parameter is selected from the group of parameters consisting of flow rate, pressure, salinity / conductivity, viscosity, turbidity, and temperature.

15. The method according to any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein one of the plurality of sensor modules is provided on both sides of one selected fluid filtration module or a selection of fluid filtration modules, and the method independently determines a change in the at least one parameter for the or each selected fluid filtration module.

16. The method according to any one of claims 12 to 15, wherein each fluid filtration module comprises a filtration membrane and a permeate tube, and is configured such that at least some of the fluid passes through the filtration membrane and into the permeate tube during use, and the method comprises the step of determining at least one parameter of a feed liquid / concentrate flowing outside the filtration membrane using at least one sensor module of the plurality of sensor modules.

17. The method according to any one of claims 12 to 16, wherein at least one of the plurality of sensor modules comprises a tubular body, the tubular body is inserted into a permeate tube of an adjacent fluid filtration module, and the method comprises the step of determining at least one parameter of the permeate flowing through the channel of the tubular body.

18. A sensor module configured to be installed in the permeate tube of a fluid filtration module, comprising a tubular body, at least one sensor, and a data transmitter.

19. The sensor module according to claim 18, wherein the tubular body comprises at least one sensor.

20. The sensor module according to claim 18 or 19, wherein the sensor module comprises at least one elongated member extending away from the tubular body, and the at least one elongated member comprises at least one sensor.

21. The sensor module according to claim 20, wherein the at least one sensor is configured to determine at least one parameter of a fluid flowing outside the elongated member.

22. The sensor module according to any one of claims 18 to 21, wherein the data transmitter is configured to wirelessly transmit data to a data receiver located outside the fluid processing pressure vessel during use.

23. The sensor module according to any one of claims 18 to 22, further comprising an energy receiver configured to wirelessly receive power from an external energy transmitter and supply power to the sensor module.

24. The sensor module according to any one of claims 18 to 23, wherein the at least one sensor is configured to determine at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of flow rate, pressure, salinity / conductivity, viscosity, turbidity, and temperature.

25. The sensor module according to claim 24, wherein the at least one sensor is configured to determine at least one parameter of the fluid flowing through the tubular body and / or the fluid flowing outside the tubular body.

26. The sensor module according to any one of claims 18 to 25, wherein the at least one sensor comprises a first sensor and a second sensor, the first sensor being configured to measure at least one parameter of a fluid flowing through the tubular body during use, and the second sensor being configured to measure at least one parameter of a fluid flowing outside the tubular body during use.

27. A method for determining the flow rate of a fluid traversing a filtration membrane, The process of providing a filtration membrane, A step of flowing fluid outside the aforementioned filtration membrane, A step of determining the initial flow rate of the fluid before it flows outside the filtration membrane, A step of determining the initial concentration of seeds in the fluid before the fluid flows outside the filtration membrane, A step of determining the final concentration of the species in the fluid after the fluid has flowed outside the filter membrane, A step of calculating the change in the concentration of the species from the initial concentration and the final concentration, A step of calculating the final flow rate of the fluid after it has flowed outside the filtration membrane, based on the calculated change in the concentration of the said species and the initial flow rate of the said fluid, A method comprising the step of calculating the flux of the fluid that has passed through the filtration membrane from the difference between the initial flow rate of the fluid and the final flow rate of the fluid.

28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the fluid is an aqueous fluid.

29. The method according to claim 27 or 28, wherein the species is ions or fine particles in the fluid.

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