Feed spacer for spiral membranes

Abstract

This paper describes a feed spacer for spiral membranes and a method for manufacturing the feed spacer. In the method for manufacturing the feed spacer, the feed spacer is manufactured by additive manufacturing. The feed spacer comprises a spacer member and a flow regulating member. The spacer member is operable to separate adjacent components of the spiral membrane to form a fluid channel. The flow regulating member is operable to guide the fluid flow toward the membrane components of the spiral membrane within the fluid channel. The spacer member is operable to separate membrane components from the flow regulating member and to form fluid channels above and below the flow regulating member. The paper also describes a spiral membrane equipped with a feed spacer and a water treatment module equipped with a feed spacer or a spiral membrane.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This invention relates to a feed flow spacer for spiral-type membranes, such as spiral wound membranes used for water treatment. [Background technology]

[0002] Traditional water treatment methods such as chemical disinfection, solar disinfection, boiling, sedimentation, and distillation are insufficient to meet the world's population's demand for drinking water at a low cost. To address this problem, more advanced technologies have been established and industrialized, including pressure-driven membrane-based water treatment technologies, which generally include ultrafiltration (UF), microfiltration (MF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO). These methods have significantly improved the water treatment industry by offering advantages such as avoiding heat input, the application of chemical additives, and reducing media regeneration.

[0003] Membrane filtration is preferred over other water treatment technologies because, in principle, it does not require significant heat input, uses few chemical additives, and has a low need for regeneration of used media. Pressure-driven membrane processes are the most widely applied membrane technology in water treatment for the removal of particulate matter, ions, microorganisms, bacteria, and natural organic matter, covering a wide range of applications from waste treatment in the food and petroleum industries to seawater desalination.

[0004] Spiral membranes are a common type of membrane filtration technology, comprising multiple membrane envelopes and feed spacers, all wrapped around a central permeate collection tube. A membrane envelope typically consists of two opposing filtration membrane layers (such as an active layer, support layer, and backing layer) and a feed spacer. The membrane envelopes are typically sealed to each other along three outer edges and attached to the central permeate collection tube along a fourth edge.

[0005] Feed spacers are an important component used in spiral membrane filtration, and their primary function is to provide a channel for feed flow.

[0006] Typically, the feed liquid is supplied to the filtration membrane layer through a channel created by the feed spacer, and the mixture of components is separated by the application of a driving force generally applied across the surface of the membrane, such as a transmembrane pressure (TMP), to obtain the filtered permeate in the feed spacer. The permeate is then collected in a central permeate collection tube, and the stop liquid flows out through the channel formed by the feed spacer.

[0007] Currently, commercially available feed spacers function well in many applications, but with the growing movement to produce new water resources and conserve existing ones, there is a need for more advanced feed spacers. New materials and processing technologies possessing the properties to meet these requirements are desired.

[0008] In general, robust water filtration modules for water treatment should exhibit properties including high chemical, mechanical, and thermal stability, good fouling resistance with cleanliness, long lifespan, high permeability, and controllable selectivity. Feed spacers for use in these water filtration modules should have commercial accessibility, such as low material and manufacturing costs, high manufacturing scalability, and a reasonable lead time to commercialization.

[0009] Therefore, an improved feed spacer is needed for efficient water treatment. Accordingly, an object of an embodiment of the present invention is to address one or more of the above-mentioned problems or other problems. [Overview of the project]

[0010] According to a first aspect of the present invention, a feed spacer for a spiral membrane for water filtration and the like is provided, and this feed spacer is a. A spacer member that can move to separate adjacent components of a spiral membrane to form a fluid channel, b. A flow regulating member that is operable to guide the fluid flow toward the membrane components of a spiral membrane within a fluid channel, Equipped with, The spacer member is operable to separate the membrane components from the flow regulating member and to form fluid channels above and below the flow regulating member.

[0011] According to a second aspect of the present invention, a feed spacer for a spiral membrane, preferably a feed spacer according to the first aspect of the present invention, is provided, a. A step of manufacturing a feed spacer component including a support material by additive manufacturing, optionally, b. A step of removing an optional support material by dissolving the support material in a solvent or by mechanically removing the support material. c. Optionally, a step of UV curing the feed spacer components, It is produced by a method that includes [the following].

[0012] Advantageously, the feed spacer of the present invention can provide high chemical, mechanical, and / or thermal stability, good fouling resistance with cleanliness, long life, high permeability, and / or controllable selectivity. The feed spacer promotes a higher flux of permeate across the membrane while simultaneously reducing fouling on the membrane surface, and reducing the increase in pressure drop and the potential for membrane stretching. Advantageously, this can also reduce the degree to which the required operating pressure increases in applications where a constant flux is desired. This leads to a reduction in the frequency of membrane cleaning. Advantageously, the present invention can improve the rejection rate of at least divalent ions and improve selectivity between divalent and monovalent ions. The enhanced permeate flux provided by the feed spacer of the present invention increases recovery rate and permeate water yield, and can enable the operation of the membrane module at lower flow rates, thereby reducing specific energy consumption while producing the same flux (and therefore the same amount of permeate).

[0013] The feed spacer may have any suitable thickness. The thickness of the feed spacer may be ≥ 0.25 mm to ≤ 2.2 mm, or ≥ 0.6 mm to ≤ 1.8 mm, or ≥ 0.8 mm to ≤ 1.2 mm. Those skilled in the art will understand that the thickness of the feed spacer can be adapted according to the intended use of the spiral membrane. For example, reverse osmosis or nanofiltration may be compatible with a thinner feed spacer, while spiral membranes used for ultrafiltration and microfiltration may require a thicker feed spacer.

[0014] The spiral membrane may comprise a first membrane envelope and a second membrane envelope, and the first side of the feed spacer according to the present invention is operable to be properly abutted and disposed adjacent to the first membrane envelope, and the second side of the feed spacer that is properly opposed to the first side is operable to be properly abutted and disposed adjacent to the second membrane envelope, as a result, a fluid flow path is formed between the membrane envelopes. The spiral membrane may comprise a plurality of such configurations using a plurality of feed spacers according to the present invention.

[0015] The feed spacer for the spiral membrane is operable to be disposed proximal to the permeate collection tube and may comprise a first side surface that can extend substantially parallel to the permeate collection tube, and a second side surface that is operable to be disposed distal to the permeate collection tube and can extend substantially parallel to the permeate collection tube. The feed spacer for the spiral membrane is operable to be disposed proximal to the feed inlet and may comprise a first end portion that can extend substantially transverse to the permeate collection tube, and a second end portion that is operable to be disposed proximal to the distal end of the feed inlet / retentate outlet and can extend substantially transverse to the permeate collection tube.

[0016] In use, there may be a fluid connection between the feed inlet of the spiral membrane and the reject outlet of the spiral membrane through the fluid flow path between adjacent membrane envelopes formed by the feed spacer of the present invention. As a result, the feed fluid can be operable to pass from the feed inlet to the reject outlet while removing the desired permeate passing through the membrane components of the spiral membrane during passage.

[0017] The fluid operable to flow through the fluid flow path formed by the feed spacer may be a liquid. For example, the liquid may be water, seawater, etc. For example, the liquid may be water, seawater, etc.

[0018] The feed spacer comprises a spacer member. The spacer member is operable to provide separation between adjacent components of the spiral membrane. Thereby, the efficiency of the spiral membrane may be improved by providing a large surface area to volume ratio.

[0019] Adjacent components of the spiral membrane may be membrane components. The membrane components may be operable to allow the movement of the permeate across a portion of the membrane components.

[0020] The separation provided between adjacent components of the spiral membrane provides a fluid flow path therebetween. The fluid flow path can provide an interval through which fluid can flow from the feed liquid inlet of the spiral membrane to the reject outlet.

[0021] Advantageously, the configuration provided by the feed spacer of the present invention can be operable to improve the efficiency of the spiral membrane by increasing the surface area of adjacent components of the spiral membrane used for the passage of the permeate. This configuration can prevent adjacent components of the spiral membrane from contacting or sticking to each other.

[0022] The spacer member may be operable to increase the turbulence and / or tortuosity of the fluid flow passing through the fluid channel. The spacer member may also be operable to increase the mixing of the fluid flow passing through the fluid channel.

[0023] Advantageously, the spacer member may be operable to improve the flux of the spiral membrane. The spacer member may be operable to reduce the pressure drop across the feed spacer, thereby reducing the likelihood of damage to the spiral membrane.

[0024] The spacer member may have a leading edge surface. The leading edge surface may be operable to face substantially upstream with respect to the direction of the fluid flow. The leading edge surface may be operable to become the first surface of the spacer member that comes into contact with the fluid flow.

[0025] The spacer member may have a trailing edge surface. The trailing edge surface may be operable to face substantially downstream with respect to the direction of the fluid flow. The trailing edge surface may be operable to become the last surface of the surface member that contacts the fluid flow.

[0026] The leading edge surface of the spacer member may be curved, such as being substantially curved horizontally. The curved leading edge surface of the spacer member may be curved away from the incoming fluid flow. The curved leading edge surface of the spacer member may be curved downstream. Such a curved leading edge surface may be considered convex with respect to the direction of the fluid flow.

[0027] The leading edge surface of the spacer member may be substantially vertical and straight.

[0028] The curved leading edge surface of the spacer member may be formed substantially in an arc. The radius of curvature of the curved leading edge surface may be operable to align substantially parallel to the direction of fluid flow. As used herein, "align substantially parallel" to the radius of curvature of the curved leading edge surface may be ≤20°, for example ≤10°, or ≤5° from parallel to the direction of fluid flow.

[0029] Advantageously, this configuration may be operable to provide a streamlined leading edge surface to the spacer member. This may reduce the pressure drop in the fluid flow across the feed spacer, thereby reducing the possibility of damage to the spiral membrane due to the pressure drop in the fluid flow.

[0030] The trailing edge surface of the spacer member may be curved, such as being substantially curved horizontally, or substantially flat, such as being substantially horizontally planar. The curved leading edge surface of the spacer member may be curved toward the incoming fluid flow. The curved trailing edge surface of the spacer member may be curved toward the upstream direction. Such a curved leading edge surface may be considered concave with respect to the direction of the fluid flow.

[0031] The trailing edge surface of the spacer member may be substantially vertical and straight.

[0032] The curved trailing edge surface of the spacer member may be formed substantially in an arc. The radius of curvature of the curved trailing edge surface may be operable to align substantially parallel to the direction of fluid flow. As used herein, "align substantially parallel" to the radius of curvature of the curved trailing edge surface may be ≤20°, for example ≤10°, or ≤5° from parallel to the direction of fluid flow.

[0033] Advantageously, this can provide a spacer member having a streamlined profile. This configuration can reduce the likelihood of flow separation occurring downstream of the spacer member. This may reduce the pressure drop of the fluid flow across the feed spacer, thereby reducing the likelihood of damage to the spiral membrane due to the pressure drop of the fluid flow.

[0034] The radius of curvature of the curved leading edge surface of the spacer member may be at least 0.04 mm, at least 0.1 mm, or at least 0.14 mm.

[0035] The radius of curvature of the leading edge surface of the spacer member may be a maximum of 0.3 mm, a maximum of 0.25 mm, or a maximum of 0.17 mm.

[0036] The radius of curvature of the curved leading edge surface of the spacer member may be ≥0.04 mm to ≤0.3 mm, or ≥0.1 mm to ≤0.25 mm, or ≥0.14 mm to ≤0.17 mm.

[0037] The radius of curvature of the curved rear edge surface of the spacer member may be at least 0.04 mm, at least 0.1 mm, or at least 0.14 mm.

[0038] The radius of curvature of the curved rear edge surface of the spacer member may be a maximum of 0.3 mm, a maximum of 0.25 mm, or a maximum of 0.17 mm.

[0039] The radius of curvature of the curved rear edge surface of the spacer member may be ≥0.04mm to ≤0.3mm, or ≥0.1mm to ≤0.25mm, or ≥0.14mm to ≤0.17mm.

[0040] The spacer member may have a first side and a second side. The first side and the second side may be substantially opposite each other.

[0041] The first and / or second side surfaces may curve laterally outward from the midpoint of the horizontal cross-section of the spacer member. In other words, the first and / or second side surfaces may curve in a direction substantially perpendicular to the curvature of the leading and trailing edges. The first and / or second side surfaces may be operable to curve outward in a direction substantially horizontal and perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow.

[0042] The spacer member may have a horizontal cross-section of a closed planar curve, or for example, a substantially elliptical cross-section.

[0043] Advantageously, this configuration allows the spacer member to be provided with a streamlined profile over which the fluid can flow. This reduces the pressure drop of the fluid flow passing through the feed spacer.

[0044] The horizontal cross-section of the closed planar curve of the spacer member may be formed substantially by the intersection of two arcs. The arcs may be curved outward laterally with respect to the midpoint of the horizontal cross-section of the spacer member. The arcs may have substantially the same radius of curvature.

[0045] Advantageously, this configuration can reduce the possibility of flow separation occurring downstream of the spacer member.

[0046] The curved leading edge surface may have a radius of curvature smaller than that of the first and / or second side surfaces. The curved trailing edge surface may have a radius of curvature smaller than that of the first and / or second side surfaces.

[0047] The leading and trailing edges may have substantially the same radius of curvature.

[0048] Advantageously, this configuration may provide the spacer member with a streamlined profile that can reduce the hydraulic resistance and pressure drop of the fluid flow across the feed spacer.

[0049] The radius of curvature of the first side surface of the spacer member may be at least 0.4 mm, at least 1.5 mm, or at least ≥ 2 mm.

[0050] The radius of curvature of the first side surface of the spacer member may be a maximum of 6 mm, a maximum of 3 mm, or a maximum of 2.4 mm.

[0051] The radius of curvature of the first side surface of the spacer member may be ≥0.4mm to ≤6mm, or ≥1.5mm to ≤3mm, or ≥2mm to ≤2.4mm.

[0052] The radius of curvature of the second side surface of the spacer member may be at least 0.4 mm, at least 1.5 mm, or at least 2 mm.

[0053] The radius of curvature of the second side surface of the spacer member may be a maximum of 6 mm, a maximum of 3 mm, or a maximum of 2.4 mm.

[0054] The radius of curvature of the second side surface of the spacer member may be ≥0.4mm to ≤6mm, or ≥1.5mm to ≤3mm, or ≥2mm to ≤2.4mm.

[0055] The spacer member may have a transverse axis along its maximum width, and the spacer member may be substantially symmetrical with respect to the transverse axis. The transverse axis may extend between the vertices of each of the opposing curved sides.

[0056] The spacer member may further have a longitudinal axis along the maximum length of the spacer member. The spacer member may be substantially symmetric with respect to the longitudinal axis. The longitudinal axis of the spacer member may extend between the apex of the curved leading edge surface and the apex of the curved trailing edge surface.

[0057] The longitudinal axis of the spacer member may be operable to align substantially parallel to the direction of fluid flow.

[0058] As used herein, “aligned substantially parallel to the direction of fluid flow” with respect to the longitudinal axis of the spacer member may mean aligned at an angle of at least 10°, at least 25°, and at least 30° from parallel to the direction of fluid flow.

[0059] As used herein, "aligned substantially parallel to the direction of fluid flow" with respect to the longitudinal axis of the spacer member may mean aligned from parallel to the direction of fluid flow at an angle of up to 65°, up to 50°, and up to 40°.

[0060] As used herein, "aligned substantially parallel to the direction of fluid flow" with respect to the longitudinal axis of a spacer member may mean aligned at an angle of ≥10° to ≤65°, ≥25° to ≤50°, or ≥30° to ≤40° from parallel to the direction of fluid flow.

[0061] Advantageously, the parallel alignment of the fluid flow direction with the longitudinal axis of the spacer member can reduce the hydraulic resistance associated with the spacer member. This configuration further reduces the pressure drop of the fluid flow passing through the feed spacer.

[0062] The front edge surface of the spacer member may include a width smaller than the maximum width of the spacer member.

[0063] The trailing edge surface of the spacer member may include a width smaller than the maximum width of the spacer member.

[0064] Advantageously, this configuration facilitates streamlined interaction with the fluid flow, thereby reducing the pressure drop of the fluid flow passing through the feed spacer.

[0065] The spacer member may have a substantially flat trailing edge surface.

[0066] The trailing edge surface may be wider than the front surface of the spacer member. The width of the flat trailing edge surface may be greater than the width of the front surface of the spacer member. The trailing edge surface may include the maximum width of the spacer member.

[0067] The spacer member may have a substantially wedge-shaped horizontal cross-section. In this configuration, the opposing side walls of the spacer member may have a tapered width between the front and rear edges. The spacer member may also be substantially wedge-shaped.

[0068] Advantageously, this configuration may be operable to increase the meandering and / or turbulence of the fluid flow, thereby improving the efficiency of permeate transfer across adjacent components of the spiral membrane.

[0069] The maximum width of the spacer member may be at least 0.4 mm, at least 0.6 mm, or at least 0.7 mm.

[0070] The maximum width of the spacer member may be 2 mm, 1.5 mm, or 1 mm.

[0071] The maximum width of the spacer member may be ≥0.4mm to ≤2mm, or ≥0.6mm to ≤1.5mm, or ≥0.7mm to ≤1mm.

[0072] The width of the leading edge surface may be at least 0.07 mm, at least 0.18 mm, or at least 0.25 mm.

[0073] The width of the leading edge surface may be a maximum of 0.53 mm, a maximum of 0.45 mm, or a maximum of 0.35 mm.

[0074] The width of the leading edge surface may be ≥0.07 mm to ≤0.53 mm, or ≥0.18 mm to ≤0.45 mm, or ≥0.25 mm to ≤0.35 mm.

[0075] The width of the trailing edge surface may be at least 0.07 mm, at least 0.18 mm, or at least 0.25 mm.

[0076] The width of the trailing edge surface may be a maximum of 0.53 mm, a maximum of 0.45 mm, or a maximum of 0.35 mm.

[0077] The width of the trailing edge surface may be ≥0.07 mm to ≤0.53 mm, or ≥0.18 mm to ≤0.45 mm, or ≥0.25 mm to ≤0.35 mm.

[0078] The width of the leading edge surface may be at least 3.5%, at least 9%, or at least 12.5% ​​of the maximum width of the spacer member.

[0079] The width of the leading edge surface may be up to 26.5%, 22.5%, or 17.5% of the maximum width of the spacer member.

[0080] The width of the front edge surface may be ≥3.5% to ≤26.5% of the maximum width of the spacer member, or ≥9% to ≤22.5%, or ≥12.5% ​​to ≤17.5%.

[0081] The width of the trailing edge surface may be at least 3.5%, at least 9%, or at least 12.5% ​​of the maximum width of the spacer member.

[0082] The width of the trailing edge surface may be a maximum of 100%, 22.5%, or 17.5% of the maximum width of the spacer member.

[0083] The width of the trailing edge surface may be ≥3.5% to ≤100% of the maximum width of the spacer member, or ≥9% to ≤22.5%, or ≥12.5% ​​to ≤17.5%.

[0084] The maximum length of the spacer member may be at least 0.8 mm, at least 1.5 mm, or at least 2.2 mm.

[0085] The maximum length of the spacer member may be 4 mm, 3.5 mm, or 2.6 mm.

[0086] The maximum length of the spacer member may be ≥0.8mm to ≤4mm, or ≥1.5mm to ≤3.5mm, or ≥2.2mm to ≤2.6mm.

[0087] The spacer member may have a maximum length and a maximum width, the maximum width of which may be at least 0.1 mm, at least 0.2 mm, or at least 0.25 mm.

[0088] The spacer member may have a maximum length and a maximum width, and the maximum width may be a maximum of 1 mm, a maximum of 0.5 mm, or a maximum of 0.35 mm.

[0089] The spacer member may have a maximum length and a maximum width, and the maximum width may be ≥0.1mm to ≤1mm, or ≥0.2mm to ≤0.5mm, or ≥0.25mm to ≤0.35mm.

[0090] Advantageously, such a length-to-width relationship may result in a substantially elongated shape for the spacer member, further promoting streamlined interaction with the fluid flow.

[0091] The height of the spacer member may be at least 0.25 mm, at least 0.6 mm, or at least 0.8 mm.

[0092] The height of the spacer member may be a maximum of 2.2 mm, a maximum of 1.8 mm, or a maximum of 1.2 mm.

[0093] The height of the spacer member may be ≥0.25mm to ≤2.2mm, or ≥0.6mm to ≤1.8mm, or ≥0.8mm to ≤1.2mm.

[0094] The spacer member may comprise an upper portion and a lower portion, the upper portion being operable to move the membrane component away from the upper surface of the flow adjustment member, and the lower portion being operable to move the membrane component away from the lower surface of the flow adjustment member.

[0095] The upper and lower portions may have a front section, a rear section, a first side section, a second side section, a horizontal cross-section, and / or dimensions (absolute and / or relative), as previously defined with respect to the spatial member.

[0096] The upper and lower portions of the spacer member may be aligned substantially vertically, or they may be aligned substantially concentrically, for example.

[0097] The upper and lower portions of the spacer member do not need to be aligned vertically. The upper and lower portions of the spacer member do not need to overlap vertically.

[0098] The feed spacer further comprises a flow regulating member. The flow regulating member is operable to direct the fluid flow toward the membrane components of the spiral membrane within the fluid channel.

[0099] The flow regulating member may be operable to direct the fluid flow toward both adjacent components, i.e., the membrane components above and below the fluid flow member. The flow regulating member may also be operable to direct the fluid flow through fluid channels formed above and below the flow regulating member by the spacing from the membrane components provided by the spacer member.

[0100] Advantageously, this configuration may be operable to improve the efficiency of permeate transfer across adjacent components of the spiral membrane. This may increase turbulence and / or meandering of the fluid flow.

[0101] The spacer member may protrude above and below the flow adjustment member. For example, the upper portion of the spacer member may protrude above the flow adjustment member, and the lower portion of the spacer member may protrude below the flow adjustment member.

[0102] The height of the upper and / or lower protruding portions of the spacer member that protrudes above and / or below the flow adjustment member may be at least 0.075 mm, at least 0.2 mm, and at least 0.27 mm.

[0103] The heights of the upper and / or lower protruding portions of the spacer member that protrude above and / or below the flow adjustment member may be a maximum of 0.31 mm, a maximum of 0.3 mm, and a maximum of 0.29 mm.

[0104] The heights of the upper and / or lower protruding portions of the spacer member that protrude above and / or below the flow adjustment member may be ≥0.075mm to ≤0.31mm, or ≥0.2mm to ≤0.3mm, or ≥0.27mm to ≤0.29mm.

[0105] The difference between the height of the upper portion of the spacer member protruding above the flow adjustment member and the height of the lower portion of the spacer member protruding below the flow adjustment member may be 0 mm.

[0106] The difference between the height of the upper portion of the spacer member protruding above the flow adjustment member and the height of the lower portion of the spacer member protruding below the flow adjustment member may be a maximum of 0.3 mm, 0.2 mm, or 0.1 mm.

[0107] The difference between the height of the upper portion of the spacer member protruding above the flow adjustment member and the height of the lower portion of the spacer member protruding below the flow adjustment member may be ≥0mm to ≤0.3mm, or ≥0mm to ≤0.2mm, or ≥0mm to ≤0.1mm.

[0108] The height of the upper and / or lower protruding portions of the spacer member that protrude above and / or below the flow adjustment member may be at least 9%, at least 25%, and at least 33% of the height of the spacer member.

[0109] The height of the upper and / or lower protruding portions of the spacer member that protrude above and / or below the flow adjustment member may be a maximum of 40%, 37%, and 36% of the height of the spacer member, respectively.

[0110] The height of the upper and / or lower protruding portions of the spacer member that protrude above and / or below the flow adjustment member may be ≥9% to ≤40%, or ≥25% to ≤37%, or ≥33% to ≤36% of the height of the spacer member.

[0111] The flow adjustment member may include a portion that extends between adjacent spacer members.

[0112] The flow regulating member or a portion thereof may include a longitudinal axis that is movable so as to be angularly offset with respect to the direction of the fluid flow.

[0113] The longitudinal axis of the flow regulating member or a portion thereof may be operable to be angularly offset by at least 10°, at least 25°, or at least 30° with respect to the direction of fluid flow.

[0114] The longitudinal axis of the flow regulating member or a portion thereof may be operable to be angularly offset by an angle of up to 65°, up to 50°, or up to 40° with respect to the direction of fluid flow.

[0115] The longitudinal axis of the flow regulating member or a part thereof may be operable to be angularly offset by ≥10° to ≤65°, ≥25° to ≤50°, or ≥30° to ≤40° with respect to the direction of fluid flow.

[0116] The flow regulating member may include a leading edge surface and a trailing edge surface. The leading edge surface may be operable to be the first surface of the flow regulating member that contacts the fluid flow. The trailing edge surface may be operable to be the last surface of the flow regulating member that contacts the fluid flow.

[0117] The leading edge surface of the flow regulating member may be operable to face relatively upstream in the direction of fluid flow compared to the trailing edge surface. The trailing edge surface may be operable to face substantially downstream in the direction of fluid flow compared to the leading edge surface.

[0118] The leading edge surface of the flow regulating member may be curved, such as being curved perpendicularly. The curved leading edge surface of the flow regulating member may be curved away from the incoming fluid flow. The curved leading edge surface of the flow regulating member may be curved in the downstream direction. Such a curved leading edge surface may be considered convex with respect to the direction of the fluid flow.

[0119] The leading edge surface of the flow regulating member may be substantially horizontal and straight.

[0120] Advantageously, this configuration may allow the flow regulating member to be operable to provide a streamlined leading edge surface, thereby reducing fluid resistance and minimizing the possibility of flow separation occurring downstream of the spacer member. The curvature of the leading edge surface of the flow regulating member can promote a preferred flow direction toward adjacent components of the spiral membrane. This configuration may accelerate the fluid flow around the flow regulating member, thereby increasing turbulence in the fluid flow.

[0121] The curved leading edge surface of the flow regulating member may be defined by an arc. The arc defining the curvature of the leading edge surface of the flow regulating member may have a radius of curvature of at least 0.04 mm, at least 0.07 mm, or at least 0.09 mm.

[0122] The curved leading edge surface of the flow regulating member may be defined by an arc. The arc defining the curvature of the leading edge surface of the flow regulating member may have a radius of curvature of up to 0.3 mm, up to 0.12 mm, or up to 0.1 mm.

[0123] The curved leading edge surface of the flow regulating member may be defined by an arc. The arc defining the curvature of the leading edge surface of the flow regulating member may have a radius of curvature of ≥0.04 mm to ≤0.3 mm, or ≥0.07 mm to ≤0.12 mm, or ≥0.09 mm to ≤0.1 mm.

[0124] The radius of curvature of the leading edge surface of the flow regulating member may be substantially aligned parallel to the lateral axis of the flow regulating member that extends along the maximum width of the flow regulating member.

[0125] The trailing edge surface of the flow regulating member may be operable to facilitate the deflection of fluid flow from the flow regulating member toward adjacent components of the spiral membrane. The trailing edge surface may be substantially flat.

[0126] The substantially flat trailing edge surface may be substantially perpendicular to the lateral axis of the flow regulating member. In other words, the substantially flat trailing edge surface may be substantially perpendicular to the lateral longitudinal (horizontal) cross-section of the flow regulating member.

[0127] As used herein, "substantially perpendicular orthogonal" to the lateral axis of a flow regulating member may mean at least 70°, at least 80°, or at least 85°.

[0128] As used herein, "substantially perpendicular to" the lateral axis of the flow control member may mean a maximum of 110°, 100°, or 95°.

[0129] When used herein, "substantially perpendicular to" the lateral axis of the flow regulating member may mean ≥70° to ≤110°, or ≥80° to ≤100°, or ≥85° to ≤95°.

[0130] Advantageously, this configuration may provide the flow regulating member with a cross-sectional profile that can operate to guide fluid flow above and below the flow regulating member and toward adjacent components of the spiral membrane.

[0131] The height of the lateral-vertical cross-section of the flow regulating member may vary along the lateral axis. In other words, the height of the vertical cross-section of the flow regulating member may vary along its width. For example, the height may decrease towards the leading edge and increase towards the trailing edge. The height of the vertical cross-section of the flow regulating member may be tapered along the lateral axis, from lower towards the leading edge to higher towards the trailing edge. The flow regulating member may have a lateral-vertical cross-section, where the height of the leading edge is less than the maximum height of the cross-section. The maximum height of the cross-section may be toward the trailing edge of the cross-section.

[0132] The flow regulating member may have a substantially wedge-shaped transverse-vertical cross-section.

[0133] The lateral vertical cross-section of the flow regulating member may have a maximum height of at least 0.18 mm, at least 0.2 mm, and at least 0.22 mm.

[0134] The lateral vertical cross-section of the flow regulating member may have a maximum height of 0.65 mm, 0.4 mm, or 0.26 mm.

[0135] The lateral vertical cross-section of the flow adjustment member may have a maximum height of ≥0.18 mm to ≤0.65 mm, or ≥0.2 mm to ≤0.4 mm, or ≥0.22 mm to ≤0.26 mm.

[0136] The transverse-vertical section of the flow regulating member may have a transverse axis extending along the maximum width of the transverse-vertical section. The transverse-vertical section may be substantially symmetric with respect to the transverse axis. The transverse axis may extend between the vertex of the leading edge surface and the midpoint of the trailing edge surface.

[0137] The transverse vertical section may have a maximum width of at least 0.48 mm, at least 0.9 mm, and at least 1.2 mm.

[0138] The transverse vertical cross-section may have a maximum width of 2.4 mm, 2.1 mm, or 1.4 mm.

[0139] The transverse-vertical cross-section may have a maximum width of ≥0.48 mm to ≤2.4 mm, or ≥0.9 mm to ≤2.1 mm, or ≥1.2 mm to ≤1.4 mm.

[0140] The flow regulating member may have a cross-section perpendicular to the lateral direction, and the width of the cross-section is greater than the height of the cross-section.

[0141] Advantageously, this configuration may be operable to facilitate fluid flow around the flow regulating member toward adjacent components of the spiral membrane, thereby increasing the permeate flux across the components.

[0142] The cross-section may have a height of at least 10% of its width, or at least 15% of its width.

[0143] The cross-section may have a height of up to 140% of the width, up to 40% of the width, and up to 20% of the height.

[0144] The cross-section may have a height of ≥10% to ≤140% of the width, or ≥10% to ≤40%, or 15% to 20%.

[0145] Advantageously, this configuration may allow the flow regulating member to be operable to provide an elongated form that can further promote streamlined interaction with the fluid flow.

[0146] The feed spacer may include a flow regulating member portion extending from the spacer member. The feed spacer may also include a flow regulating member portion extending from the intersection. The flow regulating member portion may extend between adjacent spacer members and / or adjacent intersections.

[0147] The flow adjustment member portion may have a length of at least 1.5 mm, at least 2 mm, or at least 3 mm extending between adjacent spacer members.

[0148] The flow adjustment member portion may have a maximum length of 6.5 mm, 5 mm, or 4 mm extending between adjacent spacer members.

[0149] The flow adjustment member portion may have a length extending between adjacent spacer members of ≥1.5 mm to ≤6.5 mm, or ≥2 mm to ≤5 mm, or ≥3 mm to ≤4 mm.

[0150] The flow regulating member portion may have a length of at least 1.5 mm, at least 2 mm, or at least 3 mm extending between adjacent intersections.

[0151] The flow adjustment member portion may have a maximum length of 6.5 mm, 5 mm, or 4 mm between adjacent intersections.

[0152] The flow adjustment member portion may have a length extending between adjacent intersections of ≥1.5 mm to ≤6.5 mm, or ≥2 mm to ≤5 mm, or ≥3 mm to ≤4 mm.

[0153] The feed spacer may include flow regulating member portions extending between adjacent spacer members, and the flow regulating member portions including the lateral vertical cross-section may be at least 40%, at least 60%, or at least 75%.

[0154] The feed spacer may include flow regulating member portions extending between adjacent spacer members, and the flow regulating member portions, including the lateral vertical cross-section, may be up to 95%, up to 90%, or up to 85%.

[0155] The feed spacer may include a flow regulating member portion extending between adjacent spacer members, and the flow regulating member portion including the lateral vertical cross-section may have a flow rate of ≥40% to ≤95%, or ≥60% to ≤90%, or ≥75% to ≤85%.

[0156] The feed spacer may include a flow regulating member comprising multiple flow regulating member portions. The spacer member may also include a flow regulating member, and the flow regulating member portions comprising the flow regulating member portion may be at least 40%, at least 60%, or at least 75%.

[0157] The feed spacer may include a flow regulating member comprising multiple flow regulating member portions. The spacer member may also include a flow regulating member, and the flow regulating member portions comprising the flow regulating member portion may be up to 95%, up to 90%, or up to 85%.

[0158] The feed spacer may include a flow adjustment member comprising multiple flow adjustment member portions. The spacer member may also include a flow adjustment member, and the flow adjustment member portion comprising the flow adjustment member portion may have a flow rate of ≥40% to ≤95%, or ≥60% to ≤90%, or ≥75% to ≤85%.

[0159] The feed spacer may include a flow regulating member, and the portion of the flow regulating member having a lateral vertical cross-section may be at least 40%, at least 60%, or at least 75%.

[0160] The feed spacer may include a flow regulating member, and the portion of the flow regulating member having a lateral vertical cross-section may be up to 95%, up to 90%, or up to 85%.

[0161] The feed spacer may include a flow adjustment member, and the portion of the flow adjustment member having a lateral vertical cross-section may have a flow rate of ≥40% to ≤95%, or ≥60% to ≤90%, or ≥75% to ≤85%.

[0162] The flow regulating member or a portion thereof may have an average maximum height of at least 0.18 mm, at least 0.2 mm, and at least 0.22 mm.

[0163] The flow regulating member or a portion thereof may have an average maximum height of 0.65 mm, 0.4 mm, or 0.26 mm.

[0164] The flow adjustment member or a portion thereof may have an average maximum height of ≥0.18 mm to ≤0.65 mm, or ≥0.2 mm to ≤0.4 mm, or ≥0.22 mm to ≤0.26 mm.

[0165] The average height of the leading edge surface of the flow adjustment member or a portion thereof may be at least 0.07 mm, 0.1225 mm, or at least 0.1575 mm.

[0166] The average height of the leading edge surface of the flow adjustment member or a part thereof may be a maximum of 0.525 mm, a maximum of 0.21 mm, or a maximum of 0.175 mm.

[0167] The average height of the leading edge surface of the flow adjustment member or a part thereof may be ≥0.07 mm to ≤0.525 mm, or ≥0.1225 mm to ≤0.21 mm, or ≥0.1575 mm to ≤0.175 mm.

[0168] The average height of the leading edge surface of the flow adjustment member or a portion thereof may be at least 10%, at least 20%, or at least 22% of the height of the spacer member.

[0169] The average height of the leading edge surface of the flow adjustment member or a portion thereof may be a maximum of 70%, 35%, or 30% of the height of the spacer member.

[0170] The average height of the leading edge surface of the flow adjustment member or a part thereof may be ≥10% to ≤70%, or ≥20% to ≤35%, or ≥22% to ≤30% of the height of the spacer member.

[0171] The average height of the trailing edge surface of the flow adjustment member or a portion thereof may be at least 0.18 mm, at least 0.2 mm, or at least 0.22 mm.

[0172] The average height of the trailing edge surface of the flow adjustment member or a part thereof may be a maximum of 0.65 mm, a maximum of 0.4 mm, or a maximum of 0.26 mm.

[0173] The average height of the trailing edge surface of the flow adjustment member or a part thereof may be ≥0.18 mm to ≤0.65 mm, or ≥0.2 mm to ≤0.4 mm, or ≥0.22 mm to ≤0.26 mm.

[0174] The average height of the trailing edge surface of the flow adjustment member or a portion thereof may be at least 22.5%, at least 25%, or at least 27.5% of the height of the spacer member.

[0175] The average height of the trailing edge surface of the flow adjustment member or a portion thereof may be a maximum of 81.25%, a maximum of 50%, or a maximum of 32.5% of the height of the spacer member.

[0176] The average height of the trailing edge surface of the flow adjustment member or a part thereof may be ≥22.5% to ≤81.25%, or ≥25% to ≤50%, or ≥27.5% to ≤32.5% of the height of the spacer member.

[0177] The average height of the leading edge surface of the flow regulating member or a portion thereof may be at least 15%, at least 40%, or at least 60% of the height of the trailing edge surface of the flow regulating member.

[0178] The average height of the leading edge surface of the flow regulating member or a portion thereof may be a maximum of 90%, a maximum of 85%, or a maximum of ≤80% of the height of the trailing edge surface of the flow regulating member.

[0179] The average height of the leading edge surface of the flow adjustment member or a part thereof may be ≥15% to ≤90%, or ≥40% to ≤85%, or ≥60% to ≤80% of the height of the trailing edge surface of the flow adjustment member.

[0180] Advantageously, these features may increase the extent to which the flow regulating member can direct the fluid flow toward adjacent components of the spiral membrane. This configuration may also be operable to increase the turbulence and / or meandering of the fluid flow.

[0181] The flow regulating member may further include an upper surface. The upper surface may extend between the upper end of the leading edge surface and the upper end of the trailing edge surface. The upper surface may be substantially flat. The upper surface may be operable to substantially face the upper components of adjacent components of the spiral membrane.

[0182] The upper surface of the flow regulating member (or, in the case of a non-planar upper surface, the plane extending between the start and end points of the upper surface) may be angled at least 3°, at least 4°, and at least 5° from the lateral axis of the flow regulating member.

[0183] The upper surface of the flow regulating member (or, in the case of a non-planar upper surface, the plane extending between the start and end points of the upper surface) may be angled at a maximum of 30°, 15°, or 10° from the lateral axis of the flow regulating member.

[0184] The upper surface of the flow adjustment member (or, in the case of a non-planar upper surface, the plane extending between the start and end points of the upper surface) may be angled from the lateral axis of the flow adjustment member at an angle of ≥3° to ≤30°, ≥4° to ≤15°, or ≥5° to ≤10°.

[0185] The flow regulating member may further include a lower surface. The lower surface may extend between the lower end of the leading edge and the lower end of the trailing edge. The lower surface may be substantially flat. The lower surface may substantially face the lower component of an adjacent component of the spiral membrane.

[0186] The lower surface of the flow regulating member (or, in the case of a non-planar lower surface, the plane extending between the start and end points of the lower surface) may be angled at least ≥3°, at least 4°, and at least 5° from the lateral axis of the flow regulating member.

[0187] The lower surface of the flow regulating member (or, in the case of a non-planar lower surface, the plane extending between the start and end points of the lower surface) may be angled at a maximum of 30°, 15°, or 10° from the lateral axis of the flow regulating member.

[0188] The lower surface of the flow regulating member (or, in the case of a non-planar lower surface, the plane extending between the start and end points of the lower surface) may be angled from the lateral axis of the flow regulating member at an angle of ≥3° to ≤30°, ≥4° to ≤15°, or ≥5° to ≤10°.

[0189] Advantageously, the angle of the upper and / or lower surfaces of the flow regulating member may facilitate the deflection of fluid flow toward adjacent components of the spiral membrane.

[0190] The flow regulating member may have a bulging portion, which is operable to increase lateral and vertical turbulence of the fluid flow compared to another portion of the flow regulating member or a portion thereof extending between adjacent spacer members. In other words, the bulging portion may be operable to increase lateral and vertical turbulence of the fluid flow compared to a non-bulging portion of the flow regulating member.

[0191] The bulging portion of the flow regulating member may have projections extending substantially vertically to the upper and / or lower surfaces, etc. The bulging portion of the flow regulating member may have a portion of the bulging portion extending outward to the upper and / or lower surfaces, or a convex curve. The bulging portion may be positioned close to the center of the flow regulating member portion in the longitudinal direction relative to the end of the flow regulating member portion.

[0192] The flow regulating member or a portion thereof may have a longitudinally perpendicular cross-section, and the maximum height of the longitudinally perpendicular cross-section may be ≥30% along the length of the longitudinally perpendicular cross-section from adjacent intersections. The maximum height of the longitudinally perpendicular cross-section may be ≤70% along the length of the longitudinally perpendicular cross-section from adjacent intersections.

[0193] The flow regulating member or a portion thereof may have a series of transverse vertical sections in the order XYZ along its length. The transverse vertical section Y may have a greater height than the transverse vertical sections X or Z.

[0194] The series of X, Y, and Z sections may be spatially separated substantially evenly along the longitudinally perpendicular section of the flow regulating member or a portion thereof. The X and Z sections may be closer to adjacent spacer members or intersections than section Y.

[0195] The bulging portion does not need to be able to move to make contact with the membrane components during use.

[0196] The bulging portion may have a height greater than the average height of the flow adjustment member or a part thereof.

[0197] The maximum height of the bulging portion may be greater than the average height of the flow adjustment member or a portion thereof by ≥50% to ≤250%, or ≥70% to ≤190%, or ≥80% to ≤150%.

[0198] The maximum height of the bulging portion may be at least 50%, at least 70%, or at least 80% greater than the average height of the flow regulating member or a portion thereof.

[0199] The maximum height of the bulging portion may be up to 250%, up to 190%, and up to 150% greater than the average height of the flow regulating member or a portion thereof.

[0200] The maximum height of the bulging portion may be greater than the average height of the flow regulating member or a part thereof by ≥50% to ≤250%, or ≥70% to ≤190%, or ≥80% to ≤150%. The maximum height of the bulging portion may be greater than the minimum height of the flow regulating member or a part thereof by at least 80%, at least 120%, or at least 150%.

[0201] The maximum height of the bulging portion may be up to 320%, 280%, or 230% greater than the minimum height of the flow regulating member or a part thereof.

[0202] The maximum height of the bulging portion may be greater than the minimum height of the flow adjustment member or a part thereof by ≥80% to ≤320%, or ≥120% to ≤280%, or ≥150% to ≤230%.

[0203] The maximum height of the bulging portion may be at least 38%, at least 50%, or at least 56% of the height of the spacer member.

[0204] The maximum height of the bulging portion may be up to 88%, 81%, or 70% of the height of the spacer member.

[0205] The maximum height of the bulging portion may be ≥38% to ≤88%, or ≥50% to ≤81%, or ≥56% to ≤70% of the height of the spacer member.

[0206] The flow regulating member or a portion thereof may have a first transverse vertical cross-section and a second transverse vertical cross-section. The second transverse vertical cross-section may have a greater height than the first transverse vertical cross-section.

[0207] The first transverse vertical section may have a height of at least 0.18 mm, at least 0.2 mm, and at least 0.22 mm.

[0208] The first transverse vertical section may have a maximum height of 0.45 mm, 0.4 mm, or 0.26 mm.

[0209] The first transverse-vertical cross section may have a height of ≥0.18 mm to ≤0.45 mm, or ≥0.2 mm to ≤0.4 mm, or ≥0.22 mm to ≤0.26 mm.

[0210] The second transverse vertical section may have a height of at least 0.3 mm, at least 0.35 mm, and at least 0.4 mm.

[0211] The second transverse vertical section may have a maximum height of 0.65 mm, 0.6 mm, or 0.55 mm.

[0212] The second transverse vertical section may have a height of at least 0.3 mm, at least 0.35 mm, and at least 0.4 mm.

[0213] The second transverse vertical section may have a maximum height of 0.65 mm, 0.6 mm, or 0.55 mm.

[0214] The second transverse vertical section may have a height of ≥0.3 mm to ≤0.65 mm, or ≥0.35 mm to ≤0.6 mm, or ≥0.4 mm to ≤0.55 mm.

[0215] The second transverse vertical section may have a height of at least 110%, at least 130%, or at least 150% of the height of the first transverse vertical section.

[0216] The second transverse-vertical section may have a height of up to 350%, up to 300%, or up to 250% of the height of the first transverse-vertical section.

[0217] The second transverse-vertical section may have a height of ≥110% to ≤350%, or ≥130% to ≤300%, or ≥150% to ≤250% of the height of the first transverse-vertical section.

[0218] The first transverse vertical section may have a height of at least 23%, at least 25%, or at least 27% of the height of the spacer member.

[0219] The first transverse vertical section may have a height of up to 56%, 50%, or 32% of the height of the spacer member.

[0220] The first lateral vertical cross section may have a height of ≥23% to ≤56%, or ≥25% to ≤50%, or ≥27% to ≤32% of the height of the spacer member.

[0221] The second transverse vertical section may have a height of at least 37%, at least 43%, or at least 50% of the height of the spacer member.

[0222] The second transverse vertical section may have a height of up to 81%, 75%, or 68% of the height of the spacer member.

[0223] The second transverse vertical cross section may have a height of ≥37% to ≤81%, or ≥43% to ≤75%, or ≥50% to ≤68% of the height of the spacer member.

[0224] The flow regulating member or a portion thereof may include at least 30%, at least 35%, or at least 40% of the first transverse vertical cross-section.

[0225] The flow regulating member or a portion thereof may include up to 60%, up to 55%, or up to 50% of the first transverse vertical cross-section.

[0226] The flow regulating member or a portion thereof may include ≥30% to ≤60%, or ≥35% to ≤55%, or ≥40% to ≤50% of the first transverse vertical cross-section.

[0227] The flow regulating member or a portion thereof may include at least 20%, at least 25%, or at least 30% of the second transverse vertical cross-section.

[0228] The flow regulating member or a portion thereof may include up to 50%, up to 45%, or up to 40% of the second transverse vertical cross-section.

[0229] The flow regulating member or a portion thereof may include ≥20% to ≤50%, or ≥25% to ≤45%, or ≥30% to ≤40% of the second transverse vertical cross-section.

[0230] The flow regulating member or a portion thereof may have a longitudinally perpendicular cross-section. The longitudinally perpendicular cross-section may extend between adjacent spacer members.

[0231] The flow regulating member may comprise a first longitudinally perpendicular cross-section and a second longitudinally perpendicular cross-section. The second longitudinally perpendicular cross-section may have a greater height than the first longitudinally transversely perpendicular cross-section.

[0232] The first longitudinally perpendicular cross-section may be operable to be closer to the leading edge surface of the flow regulating member than the second longitudinally perpendicular cross-section of the flow regulating member.

[0233] The trailing edge surface of the flow regulating member may have a second longitudinally perpendicular cross-section.

[0234] The first longitudinally perpendicular section may have a height that is substantially the same or constant along its length.

[0235] The first longitudinally perpendicular cross-section may have a height that deviates slightly from the arithmetic mean of the heights of the flow regulating member or a portion thereof. The first longitudinally perpendicular cross-section may have a height that deviates by ≤20%, for example, ≤10% or ≤5%, from the arithmetic mean height of the flow regulating member or a portion thereof.

[0236] The first longitudinally perpendicular section may have a height of at least 0.15 mm, at least 0.2 mm, and at least 0.25 mm.

[0237] The first longitudinally perpendicular section may have a maximum height of 0.4 mm, 0.35 mm, or 0.3 mm.

[0238] The first longitudinally perpendicular cross section may have a height of ≥0.15 mm to ≤0.4 mm, or ≥0.2 mm to ≤0.35 mm, or ≥0.25 mm to ≤0.3 mm.

[0239] The second longitudinally perpendicular section may have a height of at least 0.3 mm, at least 0.35 mm, and at least 0.4 mm.

[0240] The second longitudinally perpendicular section may have a maximum height of 0.65 mm, 0.6 mm, or 0.55 mm.

[0241] The second longitudinally perpendicular cross section may have a height of ≥0.3 mm to ≤0.65 mm, or ≥0.35 mm to ≤0.6 mm, or ≥0.4 mm to ≤0.55 mm.

[0242] The second longitudinal perpendicular section may have a height of at least 120%, at least 160%, or at least 180% of the height of the first longitudinal perpendicular section.

[0243] The second longitudinal perpendicular section may have a height of up to 300%, up to 250%, or up to 230% of the height of the first longitudinal perpendicular section.

[0244] The second longitudinally perpendicular section may have a height of ≥120% to ≤300%, or ≥160% to ≤250%, or ≥180% to ≤230% of the height of the first longitudinally perpendicular section.

[0245] The first longitudinally perpendicular cross section may have a height of at least 18%, at least 25%, or at least 30% of the height of the spacer member.

[0246] The first longitudinally perpendicular cross section may have a height of up to 50%, up to 45%, or up to 40% of the height of the spacer member.

[0247] The first longitudinally perpendicular cross section may have a height of ≥18% to ≤50%, or ≥25% to ≤45%, or ≥30% to ≤40% of the height of the spacer member.

[0248] The second longitudinally perpendicular cross section may have a height of at least 37.5%, at least 43.75%, or at least 50% of the height of the spacer member.

[0249] The second longitudinally perpendicular section may have a height of up to 81.25%, up to 75%, or up to 68.75% of the height of the spacer member.

[0250] The second longitudinally perpendicular cross section may have a height of ≥37.5% to ≤81.25%, or ≥43.75% to ≤75%, or ≥50% to ≤68.75% of the height of the spacer member.

[0251] The flow regulating member or a portion thereof may constitute at least 30%, at least 35%, or at least 40% of the first longitudinally perpendicular cross-section.

[0252] The flow regulating member or a portion thereof may constitute up to 60%, up to 55%, or up to 50% of the first longitudinally perpendicular cross-section.

[0253] The flow adjustment member or a portion thereof may constitute ≥30% to ≤60%, or ≥35% to ≤55%, or ≥40% to ≤50% of the first longitudinally perpendicular cross-section.

[0254] The flow regulating member or a portion thereof may constitute at least 20%, at least 25%, or at least 30% of the second longitudinally perpendicular cross-section.

[0255] The flow regulating member or a portion thereof may constitute up to 50%, up to 45%, or up to 40% of the second longitudinally perpendicular cross-section.

[0256] The flow regulating member or a portion thereof may constitute ≥20% to ≤50%, or ≥25% to ≤45%, or ≥30% to ≤40% of the second longitudinally perpendicular cross section.

[0257] Advantageously, the bulging portion may provide favorable fluid dynamics around the flow regulating member by increasing the fluid velocity and guiding the fluid flow toward adjacent components.

[0258] The feed spacer may include multiple flow regulating members, for example, ≥10, ≥50, or ≥100 flow regulating members.

[0259] The spacer member may include multiple flow regulating members, the longitudinal axes of which are substantially parallel to each other.

[0260] As used herein, "substantially aligned" parallel to the longitudinal axis of each flow regulating member from a plurality of flow regulating members means that the angle from parallel to the longitudinal axis of an adjacent flow regulating member may be ≤10°, for example ≤5°, or ≤2°.

[0261] Advantageously, this configuration may be operable to increase the direction of fluid flow toward adjacent components of the spiral membrane.

[0262] The spacing between adjacent flow regulating members may be larger or smaller closer to the edge of the feed spacer. The spacing between adjacent flow regulating members may be substantially constant over most of the feed spacer. The spacing between adjacent flow regulating members may be substantially constant over at least 70%, at least 75%, or at least 80% of the feed spacer.

[0263] The spacing between adjacent flow regulating members may be larger or smaller closer to the edge of the feed spacer. The spacing between adjacent flow regulating members may be substantially constant over most of the feed spacer. The spacing between adjacent flow regulating members may be substantially constant over up to 95%, up to 92%, or up to 90% of the feed spacer.

[0264] The spacing between adjacent flow regulating members may be larger or smaller closer to the edge of the feed spacer. The spacing between adjacent flow regulating members may be substantially constant over most of the feed spacer. The spacing between adjacent flow regulating members may be substantially constant over ≥70% to ≤95%, or ≥75% to ≤92%, or ≥80% to ≤90% of the feed spacer.

[0265] The feed spacer may include intersecting flow regulating members. In other words, the longitudinal axes of the flow regulating members may intersect each other.

[0266] The longitudinal axes of the intersecting flow regulating members may be angularly offset from each other by at least 20°, at least 50°, and at least 60°.

[0267] The longitudinal axes of the intersecting flow regulating members may be angularly offset from each other by angles of up to 130°, up to 100°, and up to 80°.

[0268] The longitudinal axes of the intersecting flow regulating members may be angularly offset from each other by an angle of ≤130°, for example, ≤100°, or ≤80°.

[0269] The feed spacer may include multiple flow regulating members, for example, flow regulating members that intersect at intervals.

[0270] Advantageously, this configuration may improve the direction of flow toward adjacent components of the spiral membrane. This configuration may also be further operable to fill the feed spacer with more flow regulating members.

[0271] The feed spacer may comprise a first series and a second series of flow regulating members, each series comprising a plurality of flow regulating members. The flow regulating members of the first series may comprise a plurality of flow regulating members that are at least partially spaced apart and substantially parallel to each other. The flow regulating members of the second series may comprise a plurality of flow regulating members that are at least partially spaced apart and substantially parallel to each other.

[0272] Advantageously, this configuration may be operable to improve flow direction, turbulence, and / or meandering by arranging flow regulating members in groups and further arranging these groups relative to one another.

[0273] The flow regulating members of the first and / or second series may be spatially separated from each other laterally with respect to the feed spacer. Spatial separation between adjacent flow regulating members may create fluid channels through which fluid can flow.

[0274] The flow regulating members of the first and / or second series may be spaced laterally apart from each other by a distance of at least 2 mm, at least 3 mm, and at least 3.5 mm.

[0275] The flow regulating members of the first and / or second series may be spaced laterally apart from each other by a maximum distance of 7 mm, 6 mm, and 5 mm, respectively.

[0276] The flow regulating members of the first and / or second series may be spaced laterally apart from each other by a distance of ≥2mm to ≤7mm, or ≥3mm to ≤6mm, or ≥3.5mm to ≤5mm.

[0277] The average separation distance between adjacent flow regulating members in the first series may be at least 2 mm, at least 3 mm, or at least 3.5 mm.

[0278] The average separation distance between adjacent flow regulating members in the first series may be a maximum of 7 mm, a maximum of 6 mm, or a maximum of 5 mm.

[0279] The average separation distance between adjacent flow regulating members in the first series may be ≥2mm to ≤7mm, or ≥3mm to ≤6mm, or ≥3.5mm to ≤5mm.

[0280] The average separation distance between adjacent flow regulating members in the second series may be at least 2 mm, at least 3 mm, or at least 3.5 mm.

[0281] The average separation distance between adjacent flow regulating members in the second series may be a maximum of 7 mm, a maximum of 6 mm, or a maximum of 5 mm.

[0282] The average separation distance between adjacent flow regulating members in the second series may be ≥2mm to ≤7mm, or ≥3mm to ≤6mm, or ≥3.5mm to ≤5mm.

[0283] Advantageously, this configuration may provide a plurality of surfaces that can be arranged relative to each other, and these surfaces may be operable to facilitate the splitting and redirection of fluid flow towards adjacent components of the spiral membrane.

[0284] The first series of flow regulating members may comprise a common longitudinal axis extending along the collective length of the series. The second series of flow regulating members may comprise a common longitudinal axis extending along the collective length of the series.

[0285] The common longitudinal axis of the first and / or second series of flow regulating members may be operable to be angularly offset with respect to the direction of fluid flow.

[0286] Advantageously, this configuration may provide the feed spacer with a plurality of flow regulating members arranged relative to each other so as to facilitate the direction of fluid flow towards adjacent components of the spiral membrane. This configuration may further increase the meandering of the flow path taken by the fluid flow.

[0287] The common longitudinal axis of the first series and / or second series may be operable to be angularly offset by at least 20°, at least 50°, at least 60°.

[0288] The common longitudinal axis of the first series and / or second series may be operable to be angularly offset by a maximum of 130°, a maximum of 100°, a maximum of 80°.

[0289] The common longitudinal axis of the first series and / or second series may be operable to be angularly offset by an angle of ≥20° to ≤130°, or ≥50° to ≤100°, or ≥60° to ≤80°.

[0290] The shared longitudinal axis of the first series and / or the second series may be operable to be angularly offset by an angle of at least 10°, at least 25°, and at least 30° with respect to the direction of fluid flow.

[0291] The shared longitudinal axis of the first and / or second series may be operable to be angularly offset by an angle of up to 65°, 50°, or 40° with respect to the direction of fluid flow.

[0292] The shared longitudinal axis of the first and / or second series may be operable to be angularly offset from the direction of fluid flow by an angle of ≥10° to ≤65°, or ≥25° to ≤50°, or ≥30° to ≤40°.

[0293] Advantageously, this configuration of the flow regulating member may allow for a change in the direction of the fluid flow passing through the feed spacer.

[0294] The flow regulating member of the second series or its shared longitudinal axis may be angularly offset with respect to the flow regulating member of the first series or its shared longitudinal axis. In other words, the shared longitudinal axis of the second series flow regulating member may be angularly offset with respect to the shared longitudinal axis of the first series flow regulating member.

[0295] The shared longitudinal axis of the first series may be angularly offset from the shared longitudinal axis of the second series by an angle of at least 20°, at least 50°, or at least 60°.

[0296] The shared longitudinal axis of the first series may be angularly offset from the shared longitudinal axis of the second series by an angle of up to 130°, up to 100°, and up to 80°.

[0297] The shared longitudinal axis of the first series may be angularly offset from the shared longitudinal axis of the second series by an angle of ≥20° to ≤130°, or ≥50° to ≤100°, or ≥60° to ≤80°.

[0298] The flow regulating member of the first series may intersect with the flow regulating member of the second series.

[0299] Advantageously, this configuration may promote turbulence and increase the meandering of the fluid channel.

[0300] The feed spacer may comprise multiple spacer members, for example, ≥50, ≥200, or ≥500 spacer members.

[0301] The feed spacer may be provided with spacer members at the intersections between flow regulating members. The feed spacer may be provided with spacer members at ≥70%, for example, ≥80% or ≥90%, of the intersections between flow regulating members.

[0302] Advantageously, this configuration may provide consistent separation between adjacent components of the spiral membrane across the entire area of ​​the feed spacer. This configuration may be operable to facilitate preferred fluid dynamics. This configuration may further prevent sagging of the membrane material.

[0303] The flow adjustment member or a portion thereof may have a height lower than the height of adjacent spacer members or other spacer members.

[0304] Advantageously, this configuration may allow the flow regulating member to be operable to provide a gap between the flow regulating member and adjacent components of the spiral membrane. The gaps provided above and below the flow regulating member allow the fluid flow to be directed to adjacent components of the spiral membrane, thereby increasing the permeate flux across the adjacent components of the spiral membrane.

[0305] The average distance between adjacent spacer members in the lateral direction may be at least 2 mm, at least 3 mm, or at least 3.5 mm.

[0306] The average distance between adjacent spacer members in the lateral direction may be at most 7 mm, at most 6 mm, or at most 5 mm.

[0307] The average distance between adjacent spacer members in the lateral direction may be ≥ 2 mm to ≤ 7 mm, or ≥ 3 mm to ≤ 6 mm, or ≥ 3.5 mm to ≤ 5 mm.

[0308] The average distance between adjacent spacer members in the longitudinal direction may be at least 2 mm, at least 3 mm, or at least 3.5 mm.

[0309] The average distance between adjacent spacer members in the longitudinal direction may be at most 7 mm, at most 6 mm, or at most 5 mm.

[0310] The average distance between adjacent spacer members in the longitudinal direction may be ≥ 2 mm to ≤ 7 mm, or ≥ 3 mm to ≤ 6 mm, or ≥ 3.5 mm to ≤ 5 mm.

[0311] The average spatial density of spacer members across the feed spacer may be at least 4 cm -2 at least 6 cm -2 at least 8 cm -2 and may be so.

[0312] The average spatial density of spacer members across the feed spacer may be at most 36 cm -2 at most 20 cm -2 at most 10 cm -2 and may be so.

[0313] The average spatial density of spacer members across the feed spacer may be ≥ 4 cm -2 to ≤ 36 cm -2 or ≥ 6 cm -2 to ≤ 20 cm -2 or ≥ 8 cm -2 to ≤ 10 cm -2 and may be so.

[0314] The spacer members may be attached to the intersections of the flow adjustment members. The spacer members may also be formed integrally with the intersections.

[0315] Advantageously, the integrated configuration may improve the strength and stability of the feed spacer.

[0316] The flow adjustment member may protrude from the side surface of the spacer member. The spacer member may protrude from the top and / or bottom surface of the flow adjustment member.

[0317] The longitudinal axis of the flow adjustment member or a part thereof may be angularly offset with respect to the longitudinal axis of an adjacent spacer member or other spacer member, for example, by an angle of at least 10°, at least 25°, or at least 30°.

[0318] The longitudinal axis of the flow adjustment member or a part thereof may be angularly offset with respect to the longitudinal axis of an adjacent spacer member, such as a spacer member, for example, by an angle of up to 65°, up to 50°, or up to 40°.

[0319] The longitudinal axis of the flow adjustment member or a part thereof may be angularly offset with respect to the longitudinal axis of an adjacent spacer member, such as a spacer member, for example, by an angle of ≥10° to ≤65°, or ≥25° to ≤50°, or ≥30° to ≤40°.

[0320] Advantageously, this configuration may allow the flow regulating member to operate in a way that provides a flow path around it, while enabling a larger surface area of ​​adjacent spiral membrane components to come into contact with the fluid flow.

[0321] The feed spacer may include spacer members having a height greater than the average height of adjacent flow regulating member portions extending between the spacer member and the adjacent spacer member. The spacer members may have heights greater than the average height of at least two, for example, at least three or at least four adjacent flow regulating member portions.

[0322] The height of the spacer member may be at least 30%, at least 70%, and at least 100% greater than the average height of the adjacent flow regulating member portion extending between the spacer member and the adjacent spacer member.

[0323] The height of the spacer member may be up to 350%, 300%, or 250% greater than the average height of the adjacent flow regulating member portion extending between the spacer member and the adjacent spacer member.

[0324] The height of the spacer member may be greater than the average height of the adjacent flow regulating member portion extending between the spacer member and the adjacent spacer member by ≥30% to ≤350%, or ≥70% to ≤300%, or ≥100% to ≤250%.

[0325] Advantageously, this configuration may be operable to prevent the flow path through the feed spacer from being blocked by the flow regulating member. This configuration may further provide spacing between adjacent components of the spiral membrane for the fluid to pass through.

[0326] The difference between the height of the spacer member and the average height of the flow adjustment member or a portion thereof may be at least 0.2 mm, at least 0.3 mm, or at least 0.45 mm.

[0327] The difference between the height of the spacer member and the average height of the flow adjustment member or a part thereof may be a maximum of 0.62 mm, a maximum of 0.6 mm, or a maximum of 0.55 mm.

[0328] The difference between the height of the spacer member and the average height of the flow adjustment member or a part thereof may be ≥0.2mm to ≤0.62mm, or ≥0.3mm to ≤0.6mm, or ≥0.45mm to ≤0.55mm.

[0329] The feed spacer may include intersecting flow regulating members, which are substantially in the same horizontal plane.

[0330] A feed spacer may comprise multiple intersecting flow regulating members that are substantially in the same horizontal plane.

[0331] The flow regulating members for the first and second series may be located in substantially the same horizontal plane.

[0332] At least 50% of the flow regulating member or a portion thereof, for example, ≥75% or ≥90%, may be substantially in the same horizontal plane.

[0333] As used herein, “substantially the same horizontal plane” may mean that there is at least some horizontal coplanar overlap between the transverse and vertical cross-sections of intersecting flow regulating members, for example, ≥25%, or ≥50%, or ≥75%, or ≥85%, or ≥95%.

[0334] Advantageously, the planar configuration may reduce the hydraulic resistance provided by the multiple flow regulating members and allow them to operate to reduce the pressure drop across the spiral membrane.

[0335] According to one aspect of the present invention, a feed spacer for a spiral membrane for water filtration and the like is provided. a. A spacer member that can move to separate adjacent components of a spiral membrane to form a fluid channel, b. A flow regulating member that is operable to guide the fluid flow toward the membrane components of a spiral membrane within a fluid channel, Equipped with, The spacer member is operable to separate the membrane components from the flow regulating member and to form fluid channels above and below the flow regulating member. The spacer member has a substantially elliptical horizontal cross-section, The flow regulating member has a substantially wedge-shaped transverse-vertical cross-section.

[0336] A feed spacer for a spiral membrane according to any aspect of the present invention may be operable to provide a transmembrane pressure of ≥10 bar to ≤120 bar to a reverse osmosis membrane module.

[0337] A feed spacer for a spiral membrane according to any aspect of the present invention may be operable to provide a transmembrane pressure of ≥5 bar to ≤60 bar to a nanofiltration membrane module.

[0338] A feed spacer for a spiral membrane according to any aspect of the present invention may be operable to provide a transmembrane pressure of ≥3 bar to ≤40 bar to an ultrafiltration membrane module.

[0339] A feed spacer for a spiral membrane according to any aspect of the present invention may be operable to provide a transmembrane pressure of ≥1 bar to ≤10 bar to a microfiltration membrane module.

[0340] As used herein, “comparative component” may be a feed spacer formed from a stacked cylindrical mesh. The stacked cylindrical mesh may be formed from a first layer of cylindrical struts and a second layer of cylindrical struts. The struts of the first and second layers may be arranged substantially orthogonal to each other. The diameter of the struts may be about 0.5 mm.

[0341] A feed spacer for a spiral membrane according to any aspect of the present invention may be operable to provide the spiral membrane with a permeation flux that is ≥5% higher than that of a comparative component, for example, ≥20% or ≥40% higher.

[0342] A feed spacer for a spiral membrane according to any aspect of the present invention is for ≤1800m 2 / m 3 For example, ≤1500m 2 / m 3 For example, ≤1200m 2 / m 3 It may have a packing density.

[0343] A feed spacer for a spiral membrane according to any aspect of the present invention is ≥300m 2 / m 3 For example, ≥600m 2 / m 3 For example, ≥800m 2 / m 3 It may have a packing density.

[0344] A feed spacer for a spiral membrane according to any aspect of the present invention may have a packing density that is ≥5% higher than that of a comparative component, for example, ≥25% or ≥50% higher.

[0345] When used in this specification, the packing density was calculated as follows:

number

[0346] For example, in the case of a spiral-shaped module, the packing density was calculated as follows: Dimensional measurement is performed using the following formula:

number

number

[0347] A feed spacer for a spiral membrane according to any aspect of the present invention may be operable to reduce the pressure drop in the spiral membrane by ≥5%, more preferably ≥20%, and most preferably ≥30% compared to a comparative component.

[0348] A feed spacer for a spiral membrane according to any aspect of the present invention may have an effective surface area that is ≥5%, more preferably ≥30%, for example ≥50%, higher than that of a comparative component.

[0349] In this specification, references to "comparative components" refer to comparative feed spacer components in the same spiral membrane under the same conditions as the feed spacer of the present invention, unless otherwise specified.

[0350] A feed spacer for a spiral membrane according to any aspect of the present invention may be manufactured by additive manufacturing.

[0351] According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for manufacturing a feed spacer is provided, and this method is a. A step of manufacturing a feed spacer component including a support material by additive manufacturing, optionally, b. A step of removing an optional support material by dissolving the support material in a solvent or by mechanically removing the support material. c. Optionally, a step of UV curing the feed spacer components, Includes.

[0352] The additive manufacturing technique may be any suitable 3D printing technique. For example, a feed spacer for a spiral film according to any aspect of the present invention may be printed using stereolithography, digital photoprocessing, two-photon polymerization, two-color photopolymerization, inkjet printing, binder jet printing, stereolithography (SLA), direct ink writing, three-dimensional printing, selective laser sintering, selective laser melting, additive manufacturing, or melt deposition modeling.

[0353] Feed spacers for spiral films according to any aspect of the present invention may be manufactured by inkjet printing, more specifically by material jet 3D printing.

[0354] A feed spacer for a spiral membrane according to any aspect of the present invention may include a polymer material, a ceramic material, a composite material, an inorganic-organic material, and / or a metallic material.

[0355] Feed spacers for spiral films according to any aspect of the present invention may be formed from materials selected from UV-curable thermosetting precursor materials; polycarbonate materials such as Accura 5530, Accura 60, and Accura 55; acrylonitrile butadiene styrene materials such as Renshape SL7820, Somos Watershed XC 11122, Accura Xtreme White 200, and Somos 14120; polypropylene materials such as Somos 9120, Accura 25, and Samos NeXT; polyethylene materials such as VisiJet SL Flex; epoxy materials such as Epoxy SL5170; acrylic materials such as Accura Xtreme and Accura Xtreme 200; resin materials such as glass-filled Rigid4000 resin, or any combination thereof.

[0356] The present invention may also include the step of washing the feed spacer components with any suitable solvent known to those skilled in the art, such as a polar solvent like isopropyl alcohol or a non-polar solvent.

[0357] Advantageously, the spiral membrane feed spacer of the present invention can be manufactured with improved ease of processing and / or at low cost.

[0358] Feed spacers according to aspects of the present invention can be used in a wide range of structures and filtration devices, including but not limited to those operating under gravity filtration, vacuum filtration, and / or pressurized systems.

[0359] Feed spacers in any embodiment of the present invention may be used for any type of filtration. Preferably, the feed spacers of the present invention are used for water treatment such as oil / water separation; molecular separation and pharmaceutical filtration for the removal of pharmaceutical residues in aquatic environments; biofiltration such as the separation of microorganisms from water; desalination or selective ion filtration for the extraction of noble metals such as lithium; and nuclear wastewater filtration for the removal of nuclear radioactive elements from nuclear wastewater; hematological treatment such as physiological filtration and hemofiltration to replace damaged kidney filters, and / or for the separation of bioplatform molecules derived from plant sources such as grass. Preferably, the feed spacers are used for water treatment such as desalination or oil / water separation, or for pharmaceutical filtration.

[0360] When used in this specification, the radius of curvature is defined as follows:

number

[0361] Using this definition, the radius of curvature at any point on a curve is the radius of the osculating circle at that point. If the curve is a circle, the radius of curvature is the radius of the circle at all points on it.

[0362] When used herein, turbulence is measured using the Reynolds number (Re):

number

[0363] When used herein, meandering was measured by: τ = C / L In the equation, τ is the meander of the fluid flow, C is the length of the streamline between the first and second points, and L is the straight-line distance between the first and second points.

[0364] When used in this specification, hydraulic resistance was measured by:

number

[0365] When used in this specification, the uniformity of the velocity distribution was measured by:

number

[0366] When used herein, unless otherwise specified, all numerical values, including those representing values, ranges, quantities, or percentages, can be interpreted as being preceded by the word "approximately," even when the term does not explicitly appear. When used herein, the term "approximately" means ±10% of the stated value.

[0367] Furthermore, any numerical range listed herein is intended to include all subranges contained within it. The singular form encompasses the plural form, and vice versa.

[0368] As used herein, the term “polymer” refers to both oligomers and homopolymers and copolymers, and the prefix “poly” refers to two or more. Terms such as “including” and “for example” mean to include, but are not limited to, these.

[0369] As used herein, the terms “comprising” and “comprises” are synonymous with “including” or “containing,” and are comprehensive or non-exclusive, not excluding additional unlisted components, elements, or method steps. Furthermore, although the present invention is described using the term “comprising,” the processes, materials, and coating compositions detailed herein may also be described as “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of.”

[0370] As used herein, "average" refers to the mean average unless otherwise specified.

[0371] When a distribution range is given for a genus, each distribution range may apply additionally and independently to one or more of the species described in that genus.

[0372] All features included herein can be combined in any combination with any of the embodiments described above.

[0373] For a better understanding of the present invention and to illustrate how embodiments of the present invention can be carried out, the following experimental data and figures are referenced here as examples. (Examples) [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0374] The aspects of this disclosure are described below as merely examples, with reference to the attached drawings.

[0375] [Figure 1] A partially cutaway perspective view of a spiral-type membrane apparatus is shown.

[0376] [Figure 2] This shows a front perspective view of a first embodiment of the feed spacer according to the present invention.

[0377] [Figure 3] A rearward perspective view of a first embodiment of the feed spacer according to the present invention is shown.

[0378] [Figure 4] This shows a side view of a feed spacer according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0379] [Figure 5] This shows a front view of a feed spacer according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0380] [Figure 6] This shows an enlarged perspective view of the spacer member of the feed spacer according to the present invention.

[0381] [Figure 7] The same enlarged perspective view of the spacer member and the flow regulating member is shown, showing the various vertical, lateral, and longitudinal surfaces referred to herein.

[0382] [Figure 8] The same enlarged perspective view of the spacer member and the flow regulating member is shown, showing the various vertical, lateral, and longitudinal surfaces referred to herein.

[0383] [Figure 9] This shows a front perspective view of the spacer member of a feed spacer according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

[0384] [Figure 10] A rearward perspective view of a feed spacer according to a second embodiment of the present invention is shown.

[0385] [Figure 11] This shows an enlarged perspective view of the spacer member and flow regulating member of a second embodiment of the feed spacer of the present invention, showing various vertical, lateral, and longitudinal surfaces as referred to herein.

[0386] [Figure 12] This shows a front perspective view of a third embodiment of the feed spacer according to the present invention.

[0387] [Figure 13] A rear perspective view of a third embodiment of the feed spacer according to the present invention is shown.

[0388] [Figure 14] This is an enlarged front perspective view of the spacer member and the flow regulating member, showing the various vertical, lateral, and longitudinal views referred to herein.

[0389] [Figure 15] The following plot shows a comparison of the pressure drop of the feed spacer of the present invention compared to other commercially available feed spacers.

[0390] [Figure 16] The following plots compare the permeation flux and pressure drop of the feed spacer of the present invention with those of other commercially available feed spacers.

[0391] [Figure 17] A front perspective view of a first embodiment of the feed spacer according to the present invention is shown, along with the associated fluid flow path.

[0392] [Figure 18] The image shows a front perspective view of a first embodiment of the feed spacer according to the present invention, illustrating the fluid flow path along a vertical slice of the feed spacer that extends in the direction of fluid flow.

[0393] [Figure 19] A top view of a first embodiment of the feed spacer according to the present invention is shown, along with the associated fluid flow path. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0394] Figure 1 shows a perspective view of a partially unfolded spiral membrane 10. The spiral membrane 10 includes a feed spacer 12 according to the present invention. The spiral membrane 10 has membrane components 14 and a permeate spacer 16. These components are arranged in a layered configuration as shown in the figure. The layered configuration is spirally arranged to provide a spatially efficient filtration device.

[0395] As shown in Figures 2 to 8, a feed spacer 100 for a spiral-type membrane 10 according to a first embodiment of the present invention is provided.

[0396] The feed spacer 100 is formed by a plurality of spacer members 102 and a plurality of flow rate adjusting members 106. The spacer members 102 are operable to separate adjacent membrane envelope components 14 of the spiral membrane 10.

[0397] The feed spacer 100 has an upper membrane contact surface 118 and a lower membrane contact surface (not shown). The upper and lower membrane contact surfaces are operable to contact the membrane components 14 of the spiral membrane 10.

[0398] The gap between adjacent membrane envelopes 14, provided by the spacer member 102, forms a fluid channel 104. The fluid channel 104 is operable to allow the passage of a fluid such as water or seawater. Those skilled in the art will understand that various other fluids are applicable to the feed spacer 100 and should be interchangeable. The fluid flows substantially in the fluid flow direction 110 under high pressure.

[0399] As shown in Figure 1, the feed spacer 100 is positioned on the spiral membrane 10 and has a supply inlet section (not shown) along one end and a stop liquid output section at the opposite end downstream of the supply inlet section.

[0400] As shown in Figure 8, each spacer member 102 has a horizontal (lateral longitudinal) cross-section 102E when viewed along cross-section E, and its periphery is defined by a closed planar curve. As shown in Figures 4 and 6, the closed planar curve of the horizontal cross-section 102E has a front edge surface 112, a rear edge surface 116, and a pair of opposing (first and second) side surfaces 114.

[0401] The closed planar curve of the horizontal section 102E, when viewed along section E, is bounded by a surface including at least the leading edge surface 112 and the trailing edge surface 116, as well as the first and second side surfaces 114.

[0402] The leading edge surface 112, the trailing edge surface 116, and the pair of side surfaces 114 are formed from a series of continuously joined arcs. Each arc is defined by a radius of curvature. In other words, the leading edge surface 112, the trailing edge surface 116, and the pair of side surfaces 114 of the spacer member 102 are curved. The leading edge surface 112 and the trailing edge surface 116 are substantially straight in the vertical direction, as shown by the Z direction in Figure 8.

[0403] The leading edge surface 112 is positioned to face the upstream direction of the fluid flow, and as a result, the first surface of the spacer member 102 is in contact with the fluid flow. The trailing edge surface 116 is positioned to face substantially the downstream direction of the fluid flow, and as a result, the last surface of the spacer member 102 is in contact with the fluid flow.

[0404] As shown in Figures 1, 2, and 6, the first and second sides 114 are configured to connect the vertical edge portion 113 of the front edge surface 112 and the vertical edge portion 117 of the rear edge surface 116.

[0405] The radius of curvature of the arc defining the periphery of the horizontal cross-section 102E of the leading edge surface 112 is smaller than the radius of curvature of the pair of arcs defining the region of the maximum width of the spacer member 102. In other words, the curvature of the arc defining the leading edge surface 112 is greater than the curvature of the arc defining the side surface 114.

[0406] The radius of curvature of the arc defining the rear edge surface 116 of the spacer member 102 is smaller than the radius of curvature of the arc defining the region of the maximum width of the spacer member 102. In other words, the curvature of the arc defining the rear edge surface 116 is greater than the curvature of the arc defining the side surface 114. The width of the front edge surface 112 of the spacer member 102 is smaller than the maximum width of the spacer member 102. The width of the rear edge surface 116 of the spacer member 102 is smaller than the maximum width of the spacer member 102.

[0407] As shown in Figure 8, X, Y, and Z indicate the longitudinal, transverse, and vertical axes of the spacer member, respectively. These directions correspond to the longitudinal, transverse, and vertical axes of the feed spacer.

[0408] As further shown in Figure 8, the spacer member 102 has a transverse axis in direction Y along its maximum width. The spacer member 102 is substantially symmetric with respect to the transverse axis. In other words, as shown in Figure 8, the spacer member 102 is substantially symmetric with respect to the transverse-perpendicular cross section 102F when viewed along the cross section F.

[0409] The spacer member 102 has a longitudinal axis in direction X along its maximum length. The spacer member 102 is substantially symmetric with respect to its longitudinal axis. In other words, as shown in Figure 8, the spacer member 102 is substantially symmetric with respect to the longitudinally perpendicular cross section 102G when viewed along the cross section G.

[0410] The radii of curvature defining the leading edge surface 112 and the trailing edge surface 116 are substantially aligned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the spacer member 102. The longitudinal axis of the spacer member 102 extends in the X direction between the apex of the curved leading edge surface 112 and the apex of the curved trailing edge surface 116.

[0411] The arc defining the curved leading edge surface 112 is convex with respect to the direction of the fluid flow 110. The arc defining the curved trailing edge surface 116 is concave with respect to the direction of the fluid flow 110. The leading edge surface 112 has a radius of curvature of ≤0.17 mm. The trailing edge surface 116 has a radius of curvature of ≤0.17 mm.

[0412] Returning to Figures 2 and 3, the longitudinal axis of the spacer member 102 along direction X is substantially aligned with the direction of the fluid flow 110.

[0413] The side surface 114 curves laterally outward from the midpoint of the longitudinal axis of the spacer member 102. The side surface 114 is curved horizontally and perpendicular to the direction of the fluid flow 110. In other words, when viewed along the cross-section G in the Y direction of Figure 8, the side surface 114 curves away from the longitudinally perpendicular cross-section 102G of the spacer member 102. The radius of curvature defining the curvature of the arc defining the side surface 114 of the spacer member 102 is aligned substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the spacer member 102 along the direction X.

[0414] The first and second sides 114 of the spacer member 102 have the same radius of curvature. The first and second sides 114 of the spacer member 102 have a radius of curvature of ≤2.4 mm.

[0415] Figure 8 shows the spacer member 102 having the corresponding maximum length, width, and height measurements corresponding to directions X, Y, and Z, respectively. The length and width dimensions of the spacer member 102 are substantially aligned with the lateral and longitudinal axes of the spacer member 102. The longitudinal axis of the spacer member 102 is aligned substantially parallel to the direction of the fluid flow 110, as shown by direction X in Figure 8. The radii of curvature of the leading edge surface 112 and trailing edge surface 116 of the spacer member 102 are aligned substantially parallel to the direction of the fluid flow 110.

[0416] The spacer member 102 has a height of ≤1.2 μm, a width of ≤1 mm, and a length of ≤2.6 mm.

[0417] Each flow regulating member 106 has a leading edge surface 124. The leading edge surface 124 of the flow regulating member 106 is positioned to face the upstream direction of the fluid flow 110, and as a result, the first surface of the flow regulating member 106 is in contact with the fluid flow.

[0418] The flow regulating member 106 has a trailing edge surface 126. The trailing edge surface 126 of the flow regulating member 106 is positioned to face the downstream direction of the fluid flow 110, and as a result, the last surface of the flow regulating member 106 is in contact with the fluid flow.

[0419] As shown in Figure 7, X, Y, and Z indicate the longitudinal axis, transverse axis, and vertical axis directions of the flow adjustment member, respectively.

[0420] The leading edge surface 124 of the flow adjustment member 106 is closer to the supply liquid inlet of the spiral membrane than the trailing edge surface 126 of the flow adjustment member 106. The trailing edge surface 126 of the flow adjustment member 106 is closer to the blocked liquid outlet of the spiral membrane than the leading edge surface 124 of the flow adjustment member 106.

[0421] As shown in Figure 7, when viewed along cross-section D, the flow adjustment member 106 has a transverse-vertical cross-section 106D, and the width of the flow adjustment member 106 is greater than the maximum height of the flow adjustment member 106.

[0422] The flow regulating member 106 has a maximum width in the Y direction of ≤1.4 mm and a maximum height in the Z direction of ≤0.26 mm. The flow regulating member has a maximum length in the X direction of ≤4 mm. As shown in Figure 7, the flow regulating member 106 has a substantially wedge-shaped transverse vertical section 106A.

[0423] The leading edge surface 124 of the flow regulating member 106 is curved in the downstream direction. In other words, the leading edge surface 124 is curved away from the incoming fluid flow. Therefore, the leading edge surface 124 has a convex curvature with respect to the direction of the fluid flow 110.

[0424] The curved leading edge surface 124 of the flow regulating member 106 is formed in an arc shape. The radius of curvature of the curved leading edge surface 124 is aligned substantially parallel to the direction of the fluid flow 110. The radius of curvature of the leading edge surface 124 is aligned substantially parallel to the transverse axis of the flow regulating member 106 in the Y direction in Figure 7 or the X direction in Figure 8. The curved leading edge surface has a radius of curvature of ≤0.1 mm.

[0425] The trailing edge surface 126 of the flow regulating member 106 is substantially flat. The substantially flat trailing edge surface 126 is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal transverse (horizontal) plane 106C of the flow regulating member 106 when viewed along cross-section C. The substantially flat trailing edge surface 126 is substantially parallel to the longitudinal vertical planes 106A and / or 106B of the flow regulating member 106 when viewed along cross-sections A and / or B, respectively.

[0426] The flow regulating member 106 further has an upper surface 128. The upper surface 128 of the flow regulating member 106 extends between the upper end of the leading edge surface 132 and the upper end of the trailing edge surface 134. The upper surface 128 of the flow regulating member 106 substantially faces the upper membrane component 14 of the spiral membrane 10.

[0427] The flow adjustment member 106 further has a lower surface 130. The lower surface 130 of the flow adjustment member 106 extends between the lower end of the front edge surface 136 and the lower end of the rear edge surface 138.

[0428] The upper surface 128 substantially faces the upper component of the adjacent component of the spiral film. The lower surface 130 substantially faces the lower component of the adjacent component of the spiral film.

[0429] As shown in Figures 4 and 5, the upper surface 128 of the flow adjustment member 106 is angled with respect to the horizontal plane Y. The upper surface 128 of the flow adjustment member 106 is curved toward the downstream direction. The upper surface 128 is at an angle of ≤10° with respect to the horizontal plane Y.

[0430] As shown in Figures 4 and 5, the lower surface 130 of the flow adjustment member 106 is angled with respect to the horizontal plane Y. The lower surface 130 of the flow adjustment member 106 is curved toward the downstream direction. The lower surface 130 is at an angle of ≤10° with respect to the horizontal plane.

[0431] The horizontal plane Y shown in Figures 4 and 5 is, as shown in Figure 7, a plane that encompasses the lateral longitudinal surface 106C of the flow adjustment member 106 when viewed along the cross-section C. The normal vector to the horizontal plane Y is positioned perpendicular to the Z direction in Figures 7 and 8, and extends substantially toward the membrane envelopes 14 of the spiral membranes 10 on both sides of the feed spacer 100.

[0432] Each flow regulating member 106 has a longitudinal axis extending in the X direction along its length, as shown in Figure 7. The longitudinal axis of the flow regulating member 106 is substantially aligned parallel to the vertical longitudinal axis 106A / 106B of the flow regulating member 106.

[0433] Referring again to Figure 2, the multiple flow regulating members 106 include flow regulating member portions 108. The flow regulating member portions 108 extend between a pair of adjacent spacer members 102. The flow regulating member portions 108 have a length of ≤4 mm.

[0434] The spacer member 102 comprises an upper portion that protrudes above the flow adjustment member 106 and a lower portion that protrudes below the flow adjustment member 106. The upper portion is operable to move the membrane component away from the upper surface 128 of the flow adjustment member 106. Similarly, the lower portion is operable to move the membrane component away from the lower surface 130 of the flow adjustment member 106.

[0435] The upper and lower portions of the spacer member 102 are aligned substantially vertically and concentrically. The upper and lower film contact surfaces of the spacer member 102 are aligned substantially vertically and concentrically.

[0436] The upper and lower portions of the spacer member have a height of ≤0.29 mm. The height difference between the upper and lower protruding portions of the spacer member is ≤0.1 mm.

[0437] Multiple flow regulating members 106 include ≥ 10 flow regulating members 106.

[0438] As shown in Figure 6, the flow adjustment member 106 is attached to the spacer member 102. The flow adjustment member 106 is attached to the spacer member 102 at an intermediate point along the height of the spacer member 102.

[0439] As shown in Figure 2, the multiple flow regulating members 106 are grouped into a first series of flow regulating members 144a, b, c and a second series of flow regulating members 146a, b, c.

[0440] The first series of flow regulating members 144a, b, c have a plurality of flow regulating members that are spaced apart and aligned substantially parallel to each other. The second series of flow regulating members 146a, b, c have a plurality of flow regulating members that are spaced apart and aligned substantially parallel to each other.

[0441] The flow regulating members 106 of the first series 144a, b, c are better aligned with each other than the flow regulating members of the second series 146a, b, c. The flow regulating members 106 of the second series 146a, b, c are better aligned with each other than the flow regulating members 106 of the first series 144a, b, c.

[0442] Adjacent flow regulating members from the same series are spaced ≤ 5 mm apart. In other words, each flow regulating member from the first series is spaced ≤ 5 mm apart from adjacent flow regulating members within the first series, and each flow regulating member from the second series is spaced ≤ 5 mm apart from adjacent flow regulating members within the second series.

[0443] The flow regulating members 106 in the first series 144a, b, c have a shared longitudinal axis that extends along the length of the collective orientation of the first series 144a, b, c, and the flow regulating members 106 in the second series 146a, b, c have a shared longitudinal axis that extends along the length of the collective orientation of the second series 146a, b, c.

[0444] The flow regulating members 144a, b, and c of the first series are arranged to intersect with the flow regulating members 146a, b, and c of the second series, so that each flow regulating member 106 of the first series substantially intersects with each flow regulating member 106 of the second series.

[0445] The longitudinal axes of the first series of flow regulating members 144a, b, and c are angularly offset by ≤80° with respect to the longitudinal axes of the second series of flow regulating members 146a, b, and c.

[0446] The longitudinal axes of both the first and second series of flow regulating members 144a, b, c and 146a, b, c are angularly offset by ≤40° with respect to the direction of the fluid flow 110.

[0447] As shown in Figures 4 and 5, the multiple flow regulating members 140 in the first and second series of flow regulating members 144a, b, c and 146a, b, c are arranged in a single horizontal plane. The horizontal plane Y extends through the lateral longitudinal (horizontal) plane / section 106C of the flow regulating member 106 and the lateral longitudinal (horizontal) plane / section 102E of the spacer member 102.

[0448] The spacer member 102 is positioned at the respective intersections between the flow regulating members of the first series 144a, b, c and the second series 146a, b, c. The spacer member 102 is integrally formed with the intersecting flow regulating members 106 of the first and second series 144a, b, c and 146a, b, c by additive manufacturing.

[0449] When viewed along cross-section D, the flow adjustment member 106 has a transverse-vertical cross-section 106D, and the height of the leading edge surface 124 is less than the maximum height of the transverse-vertical cross-section 106D. The trailing edge surface 126 defines the maximum height of the transverse-vertical cross-section 106D.

[0450] When viewed along cross-section D, the flow adjustment member has a transverse-vertical cross-section 106D, and the width of the transverse-vertical cross-section 106D is greater than the height of the transverse-vertical cross-section 106D.

[0451] The lateral vertical cross-section 106D of the flow adjustment member 106 has a maximum height of ≤0.26 mm.

[0452] The transverse-vertical section 106D of the flow regulating member 106 has a transverse axis along the direction Y in Figure 7, and this transverse axis extends along the maximum width of the transverse-vertical section 106D when viewed along section D. The transverse-vertical section 106D is substantially symmetric with respect to the transverse axis of the flow regulating member, i.e., along the Y direction in Figure 7. The transverse axis of the flow regulating member 106 extends in the Y direction in Figure 7 between the apex of the leading edge surface 124 and the vertical midpoint of the trailing edge surface 126.

[0453] The lateral vertical cross-section 106D of the flow adjustment member 106 has a maximum width of ≤1.4 mm.

[0454] The flow regulating member 106 has a plurality of flow regulating member portions 107 that extend between adjacent spacer members 102, and ≥85% of the flow regulating member portions 107 have a lateral vertical cross section 106D.

[0455] The flow regulating member 107 or a portion thereof 107 has an average maximum height of ≤0.26 mm. The average height is the arithmetic mean height of the transverse-vertical cross section 106D when viewed along cross section D.

[0456] The average height of the leading edge surface 124 of the flow adjustment member 106 or a part thereof 107 is ≤0.175 mm.

[0457] The average height of the leading edge surface 124 of the flow adjustment member 106 or a portion thereof 107 is ≤ 30% of the height of the spacer member 102.

[0458] The average height of the trailing edge surface 126 or a portion thereof 107 of the flow adjustment member is ≤0.26 mm.

[0459] The average height of the trailing edge surface 126 of the flow adjustment member 106 or a portion thereof 107 is ≤ 32.5% of the height of the spacer member 102.

[0460] As is clear from Figures 4 to 8, the height of the spacer member 102 is greater than the height of the flow regulating member 106. The flow regulating member 106 intersects with the spacer member 102 at its midpoint, thereby providing vertical spacing for the fluid flow.

[0461] Figures 9 to 11 show a second embodiment of the feed spacer 200 according to the present invention. The second embodiment of the feed spacer 200 is the same as the first embodiment 100, except that the flow regulating member 206 has a transverse-vertical cross section 206C when viewed along the cross section C, and includes a projection substantially extending in the vertical Z direction as shown in Figure 11. The projection or bulging portion 252 is operable to increase transverse and vertical turbulence and / or meandering of the fluid flow.

[0462] The bulging portion 252 extends outward or includes a convex curve on the upper surface 228 and lower surface 230 of the flow regulating member 206. The bulging portion is positioned close to the center of the flow regulating member portion 207 in the longitudinal direction shown in the X direction in Figure 11, relative to the end of the flow regulating member portion 207. In other words, the bulging portion 252 is positioned substantially centrally along the length of the flow regulating member portion 207 between adjacent spacer members 202.

[0463] The bulging portion 252 is positioned laterally so as to be closer to the trailing edge surface 226 of the flow adjustment member 206 than to the leading edge surface 224 of the flow adjustment member 206.

[0464] As shown in Figure 11, the flow regulating member 206 or a portion thereof 207, when viewed along cross-section A, has a longitudinally perpendicular cross-section 206B, the maximum height of the longitudinally perpendicular cross-section being ≥30% along the length of the longitudinally perpendicular cross-section 206B from adjacent intersections between the flow regulating members 206, and ≤70% along the length of the longitudinally perpendicular cross-section 206B from adjacent intersections between the flow regulating members 206.

[0465] The flow regulating member 206 or a portion thereof 207 comprises a series of transverse vertical sections 206C, 206D in the order XYZ along its length in the longitudinal direction, as shown by direction X in Figure 11. The transverse vertical section 206C has a greater height than the transverse vertical section 206D in the X or Z direction.

[0466] The series of X, Y, and Z sections are spatially separated substantially evenly along the longitudinally perpendicular sections 206A and 206B of the flow regulating member 206 or a portion thereof 207. The X and Z sections are closer to the adjacent spacer member 202 or intersection than section Y. In other words, section Y is positioned more centrally along the length of the flow regulating member 206 or a portion thereof than sections X and / or Z.

[0467] The bulging portion 252 is not operable to contact the upper or lower membrane component 14 during use. Rather, the bulging portion 252 has a height greater than the average height of the flow regulating member 206 or a portion thereof 207, but not greater than the height of the spacer member 202.

[0468] The maximum height of the bulging portion 252 is ≤150% greater than the average height of the flow regulating member 206 or a portion thereof 207.

[0469] The maximum height of the bulging portion 252 is ≤230% greater than the minimum height of the flow adjustment member 206 or a portion thereof 207.

[0470] The maximum height of the bulging portion 252 is ≤44% less than the height of the spacer member 202.

[0471] The flow regulating member 206 or a portion thereof 207 comprises a first transverse-vertical cross section 206D when viewed along cross section D, and a second transverse-vertical cross section 206C when viewed along cross section C. The second transverse-vertical cross section 206C has a greater average height than the first transverse-vertical cross section 206D.

[0472] The second transverse-vertical section 206C has a maximum height that is ≤250% of the height of the first transverse-vertical section 206D.

[0473] The second transverse vertical section 206C has a maximum height of ≤0.55 mm.

[0474] The first transverse vertical section 206D has a maximum height of ≤0.26 mm.

[0475] The flow regulating member 206 or a portion thereof 207 has a first transverse vertical cross section 206D that is ≤90% to ≥30%.

[0476] The flow regulating member 206 or a portion thereof 207 has a second transverse vertical cross section 206C of ≤20% to ≥17%.

[0477] The flow regulating member 206 or a portion thereof 207 has a first longitudinally perpendicular cross section 206A and a second longitudinally perpendicular cross section 206B. The second longitudinally perpendicular cross section 206B has a greater height than the first longitudinally perpendicular cross section 206A.

[0478] The first longitudinally perpendicular cross section 206A is operable to be closer to the leading edge surface 224 of the flow regulating member 206 or a portion thereof 207 than the second longitudinally perpendicular cross section 206B of the flow regulating member 206 or a portion thereof 207.

[0479] The trailing edge surface 226 of the flow regulating member 206 or a portion thereof 207 has a second longitudinally perpendicular cross section 206B.

[0480] The first longitudinally perpendicular section 206A has a height that is substantially the same or constant along its length. In other words, the first longitudinally perpendicular section has a height that deviates slightly from the arithmetic mean of the heights of the flow regulating member 206 or a portion thereof 207. The first longitudinally perpendicular section 206A has a height that deviates by ≤5% from the arithmetic mean height of the flow regulating member 206 or a portion thereof 207.

[0481] Figures 12 to 14 show a third embodiment of the feed spacer 300 according to the present invention. The third embodiment of the feed spacer 300 is the same as the first embodiment of the feed spacer 100, except that the spacer member 302 has a substantially wedge-shaped longitudinal transverse (horizontal) cross section 302E when viewed along the cross section E, as shown in Figure 14.

[0482] The leading edge surface 312 and the first and second side surfaces 314 are formed by a series of continuously joined arcs. Each arc is defined by a radius of curvature. In other words, the leading edge surface 312 and the first and second side surfaces 314 of the spacer member 302 are curved.

[0483] The leading edge surface 312 is positioned to face the upstream direction of the fluid flow, and as a result, the first surface of the spacer member 302 is in contact with the fluid flow. The trailing edge surface 116 is positioned to face substantially the downstream direction of the fluid flow, and as a result, the last surface of the spacer member 102 is in contact with the fluid flow.

[0484] The first and second sides 314 are positioned to connect the edge of the front edge surface 312 and the edge of the rear edge surface 316.

[0485] The radius of curvature of the arc defining the leading edge surface 214 of the spacer member 302 is smaller than the curvature of the arc defining the region of the maximum width of the spacer member 302. In other words, the curvature of the arc defining the leading edge surface 314 is larger than the curvature of the arc defining the side surface 314.

[0486] The leading edge surface 312 of the spacer member 302 is curved in the downstream direction. In other words, the leading edge surface 312 is curved away from the incoming fluid flow. Therefore, the leading edge surface 312 has a convex curvature with respect to the direction of the fluid flow 310.

[0487] The radius of curvature of the curved leading edge surface 312 is substantially aligned parallel to the direction of the fluid flow 310. As shown in Figure 14, the radius of curvature of the leading edge surface 312 is substantially aligned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the spacer member 302 in the X direction.

[0488] The curved leading edge surface has a radius of curvature of ≤4 mm. The curved first and second surfaces 314 have a radius of curvature of ≤4 mm.

[0489] The trailing edge surface 316 of the wedge-shaped spacer member 302 is not curved. In other words, the trailing edge surface 316 of the spacer member 302 is substantially flat. When viewed along section E, the substantially flat trailing edge surface 316 is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal transverse (horizontal) section 302E of the spacer member 302. When viewed along section G, the substantially flat trailing edge surface 316 is substantially parallel to the longitudinal perpendicular section 302G of the spacer member 302.

[0490] As shown in Figure 14, the wedge-shaped spacer member 302 has a longitudinal axis extending in the X direction. The longitudinal axis extends along the maximum length of the spacer member 302. The spacer member 302 is substantially symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis. The longitudinal axis of the spacer member 302 extends between the apex of the curved leading edge surface 312 and the center of the flat trailing edge surface 316.

[0491] The longitudinal axis of the wedge-shaped spacer member 302 is movably oriented to align substantially parallel to the direction of the fluid flow 310.

[0492] The front edge surface 312 of the wedge-shaped spacer member 302 has a width smaller than the maximum width of the spacer member 302.

[0493] The trailing edge surface 316 is wider than the leading edge surface 312 of the spacer member 302. The trailing edge surface has the maximum width of the spacer member 302.

[0494] The wedge-shaped spacer member 302 has a maximum width of ≥ 3 mm.

[0495] The first and second side walls 314 of the wedge-shaped spacer member 302 have a tapered width along the length of the spacer member 302 between the front edge surface 312 and the rear edge surface 314. In other words, the first and second side walls 314 have a minimum separation distance close to the front edge surface 312 and a maximum separation distance close to the rear edge surface 316.

[0496] The wedge-shaped spacer member 302 has a maximum length of ≥3 mm.

[0497] Figures 17 to 19 show fluid flow paths related to the feed spacer described herein.

[0498] (Experimental data) To better understand the present invention and to illustrate how its embodiments can be carried out, the following experimental data are referenced here as an example. The experimental data referred to herein are shown in Figures 15 and 16.

[0499] The feed spacer of the above embodiment is manufactured using additive manufacturing techniques.

[0500] Feed spacers E1, E2, and E3 were fabricated using stereolithography (SLA), a family of addition methods known as vat photopolymerization, with a Formlabs® Form 3L printer. Rigid4000 resin was used, which is a glass-filled photopolymer resin. The feed spacers were fabricated in layers, with each layer having a height of 50 μm.

[0501] Feed spacers E1, E2, and E3 were manufactured using the following steps.

[0502] First, the printer was primed and the feed spacer was printed. After printing, the support material was removed, and the resulting feed spacer was washed in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) for 15 minutes to remove any residual liquid resin. Then, any excess IPA was wiped off.

[0503] Next, the printed feed spacers were UV-cured at 80°C for 15 minutes. Then, the cured feed spacers were washed with water and prepared for testing.

[0504] The feed spacer of the above embodiment was tested against a commercially available feed spacer.

[0505] Feed spacers were tested using the Alfa Laval® M20 cross-flow system. Nanofiltration membranes were used in conjunction with various 3D printed feed spacers manufactured using SLA technology. Experiments were conducted at a transmembrane pressure (TMP) of 25 bar and a feed flow rate of 6 L / min. All experiments were performed at room temperature. The feed fluid contained 20,000 ppm NaCl and 20,000 ppm MgSO4 in water.

[0506] Various 3D printed feed spacers were tested using the following steps.

[0507] 160 g of NaCl was mixed with 328 g of MgSO4·7H2O in 8 L of water to produce a feed fluid containing 20,000 ppm of NaCl and 20,000 ppm of MgSO4. The prepared feed fluid was poured into the feed tank of the M20 system.

[0508] The test feed spacer, along with the NF membrane and permeate spacer, was incorporated into a Sterlitech Sepa CF cell. This cell was then assembled into a cell holder. The pressure was increased to 70 bar using a hydraulic pump.

[0509] The pressure control valve was opened, and the pump was switched on and set to a rotation speed of 6 L / min. The pressure control valve was gradually closed to increase the system pressure. The pump rotation speed was then adjusted until the intermembrane pressure differential reached 25 bar. The pressure drop across the membrane was measured as the difference between the supply pressure and the stop-flow pressure. Measurements of the pressure drop (DP) and permeate flux were taken and the equilibrium flux value was recorded until the system reached equilibrium and the permeate flux stabilized. Flux is defined as the permeate flow rate per unit area of ​​the membrane, as follows:

number

[0510] Finally, the system was rinsed with water and the internal components were cleaned. The pump was turned off, the water was drained from the tank, and the membrane and spacers were removed from the cell.

[0511] The experimental results were obtained for various commercially available biplanar feed spacers (C1-C6) and three variations of the first embodiment of the feed spacer of the present invention (E1-E3), including different dimensions, as shown in Table 1 below. [Table 1]

[0512] As shown in Table 1, the feed spacers of the present invention (E1-E3) exhibit a lower pressure drop than the comparative feed spacers (C1-6) without flow regulating members. Furthermore, by further improving the 3D printed spacers of the present invention and reducing the thickness of the flow regulating members, the fluid pressure drop was reduced even further without significantly affecting the flow flux.

[0513] The data from Table 1 is summarized in Figures 15 and 16, which show the significant improvement and excess pressure drop compared to the flux of the tested system.

[0514] Attention is drawn to all papers and documents filed concurrently with or prior to this specification and made available to the public together with this specification, and the contents of all such papers and documents are incorporated herein by reference.

[0515] All of the features disclosed herein (including the attached claims, abstract and drawings) and / or all of the steps of any method or process disclosed herein may be combined in any combination, except for any combination in which at least some of such features and / or steps are mutually exclusive.

[0516] Each feature disclosed herein (including the attached claims, abstract, and drawings) may be replaced by an alternative feature serving the same, equivalent, or similar purpose unless otherwise expressly stated. Accordingly, unless otherwise expressly stated, each disclosed feature is merely an example of a general set of equivalent or similar features.

[0517] The present invention is not limited to the details of the embodiments described above. The present invention extends to any novel features or any novel combination of features disclosed herein (including the appended claims, abstract and drawings), or to any novel methods or steps of processes so so disclosed.

Claims

1. A feed spacer for spiral membranes used for water filtration, etc. a. A spacer member that can move to separate adjacent components of the spiral membrane to form a fluid channel, b. A flow regulating member that is operable to guide the fluid flow toward the membrane components of the spiral membrane within the fluid channel, Equipped with, The spacer member is a feed spacer that is operable to separate the membrane component from the flow regulating member and to form the fluid flow path above and below the flow regulating member.

2. The feed spacer according to claim 1, wherein the spacer member includes a substantially elliptical horizontal cross-section.

3. The feed spacer according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the flow adjustment member includes a substantially wedge-shaped transverse vertical cross-section.

4. The spacer member is a. A leading edge surface that is operable to substantially face the upstream direction of the fluid flow, b. A trailing edge surface that is operable to substantially face the downstream direction of the fluid flow, Equipped with, The height of the aforementioned front edge surface is less than the maximum height of the cross-section. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the maximum height of the cross section can be toward the trailing edge surface of the cross section.

5. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the front edge surface of the spacer member is curved.

6. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the curved leading edge surface of the spacer member is curved away from the incoming fluid flow.

7. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the curved leading edge surface is defined by an arc having a radius of curvature aligned substantially parallel to the direction of fluid flow.

8. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the arc defining the curved leading edge surface has a radius of curvature of ≤0.3 mm, for example ≤0.25 mm, for example ≤0.17 mm.

9. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the rear edge surface of the spacer member is curved.

10. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the curved trailing edge surface of the spacer member is curved toward the incoming fluid flow.

11. The curved trailing edge surface is defined by an arc having a radius of curvature that is substantially aligned parallel to the direction of fluid flow, according to any one of claims 1 to 10.

12. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the arc defining the curved leading edge surface has a radius of curvature of ≤0.3 mm, for example ≤0.25 mm, for example ≤0.17 mm.

13. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the front edge surface of the spacer member has a width smaller than the maximum width of the spacer member.

14. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the trailing edge surface of the spacer member has a width smaller than the maximum width of the spacer member.

15. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the trailing edge surface of the spacer member is substantially flat.

16. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the trailing edge surface of the spacer member has the maximum width of the spacer member.

17. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the spacer member has a substantially wedge-shaped horizontal cross-section.

18. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the spacer member includes substantially opposing first and second sides.

19. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the first and second sides of the spacer member are curved in a direction substantially horizontal to and perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow.

20. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the curved first side and the second side of the spacer member have a radius of curvature of ≤6 mm, for example, ≤3 mm, or 2.4 mm.

21. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the radius of curvature of the leading edge surface is smaller than the radius of curvature of the first side surface and / or the second side surface.

22. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the curved trailing edge surface has a radius of curvature smaller than the radius of curvature of the first side surface and / or the second side surface.

23. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the spacer member includes a lateral axis along its maximum width.

24. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein the spacer member is substantially symmetrical with respect to the lateral axis.

25. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 24, wherein the spacer member includes a longitudinal axis along its maximum length.

26. The feed spacer according to claim 25, wherein the spacer member is substantially symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis.

27. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein the longitudinal axis of the spacer is operable to align substantially parallel to the direction of fluid flow.

28. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein the maximum width of the spacer member is ≤2 mm, for example ≤1.5 mm, or ≤1 mm.

29. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the maximum length of the spacer member is ≤4 mm, for example ≤3.5 mm, or ≤2.6 mm.

30. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein the maximum height of the spacer member is ≤2.2 mm, for example ≤1.8 mm, or ≤1.2 mm.

31. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 30, wherein the height of the spacer member is greater than the height of the flow adjustment member.

32. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 31, wherein the spacer member includes an upper portion and a lower portion, and the upper portion and / or the lower portion are operable to move the membrane component away from the flow adjustment member.

33. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 32, wherein the height of the upper and / or lower protruding portion of the spacer member that protrudes above and / or below the flow adjustment member is ≤0.31 mm, for example ≤0.30 mm, or ≤0.29 mm.

34. The flow adjustment member is a. A leading edge surface that is movable to become the first surface of the flow regulating member that comes into contact with the fluid flow, b. A trailing edge surface that is movable to become the last surface of the flow regulating member that comes into contact with the fluid flow, Equipped with, The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein the leading edge surface is operable to face relatively upstream compared to the trailing edge surface, and the trailing edge surface is operable to face relatively downstream compared to the leading edge surface.

35. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 34, wherein the leading edge surface of the flow adjustment member is curved.

36. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein the curved leading edge surface of the flow adjustment member is curved away from the incoming fluid flow.

37. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 36, wherein the curved leading edge surface has a radius of curvature of ≤0.3 mm, for example, ≤0.12 mm, or ≤0.1 mm.

38. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 37, wherein the leading edge surface of the flow adjustment member is substantially horizontal and straight.

39. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 38, wherein the trailing edge surface of the flow adjustment member is operable to facilitate deflection from the flow adjustment member toward the adjacent components of the spiral membrane.

40. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 39, wherein the trailing edge surface of the flow adjustment member is substantially flat.

41. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 40, wherein the substantially flat trailing edge surface of the flow adjustment member is substantially perpendicular to the horizontal cross-section of the flow adjustment member.

42. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 41, wherein the flow adjustment member has a variable height along the lateral vertical cross section of the flow adjustment member.

43. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 42, wherein the height of the front edge surface is smaller than the height of the rear edge surface.

44. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 43, wherein the flow adjustment member may have a maximum height of ≤0.65 mm, for example, ≤0.4 mm or ≤0.26 mm.

45. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 44, wherein the flow adjustment member has a lateral axis extending over the maximum width of the lateral vertical cross-section.

46. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 45, wherein the flow adjustment member is substantially symmetrical with respect to the lateral axis.

47. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 46, wherein the lateral vertical cross-section of the flow adjustment member has a maximum width of ≤2.4 mm, for example, ≤2.1 mm, or ≤1.4 mm.

48. The flow adjustment member is a. An upper surface extending between the upper end of the front edge surface and the upper end of the rear edge surface, b. A lower surface extending between the lower end of the front edge surface and the lower end of the rear edge surface, A feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 47, further comprising:

49. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 48, wherein the upper surface and the lower surface are substantially flat.

50. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 49, wherein the upper surface is operable to substantially face the upper component of the adjacent component.

51. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 50, wherein the lower surface is operable to substantially face the lower component of the adjacent component.

52. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 51, wherein the upper surface and / or lower surface of the flow adjustment member are angled with respect to the lateral axis of the feed spacer.

53. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 52, wherein the upper surface and / or lower surface of the flow adjustment member are angled with respect to the lateral axis of the flow adjustment member at an angle of ≤30°, for example ≤15°, or ≤10°.

54. A feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 53, further comprising a flow regulating member portion extending between adjacent spacer members and / or intersections.

55. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 54, wherein the flow adjustment member portion has a length of ≤6.5 mm, for example ≤5 mm, or ≤4 mm, extending between adjacent spacer members and / or intersections.

56. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 55, wherein the flow regulating member comprises a bulging portion, the bulging portion being operable to increase lateral and vertical turbulence of the fluid flow compared to the non-bulging portion of the flow regulating member.

57. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 56, wherein the bulging portion includes a projection that extends substantially vertically.

58. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 57, wherein the vertically extending projection extends from the upper and / or lower surface of the flow adjustment member.

59. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 58, wherein the bulging portion is positioned close to the midpoint in the longitudinal direction of the flow adjustment member portion that extends between adjacent spacer members.

60. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 59, wherein the bulging portion includes a height greater than the average height of the flow adjustment member portion.

61. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 60, wherein the spacer member is not operable to contact the membrane component during use.

62. A feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 61, comprising a plurality of flow regulating members, for example, ≥10, ≥50, or ≥100 flow regulating members.

63. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 62, wherein the longitudinal axes of the plurality of flow regulating members are aligned substantially parallel to each other.

64. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 63, wherein the longitudinal axes of the flow adjustment members are arranged to intersect each other.

65. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 64, wherein the longitudinal axes of the intersecting flow adjustment members are angularly offset from each other by an angle of ≤130°, for example ≤100°, or ≤80°.

66. A feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 65, wherein one flow adjustment member intersects with a plurality of flow adjustment members at intervals.

67. A feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 66, comprising a first series and a second series of flow regulating members, each of which comprises a plurality of flow regulating members.

68. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 67, wherein the first series of flow regulating members comprises a plurality of flow regulating members that are at least partially spaced apart and substantially aligned in parallel, and the second series of flow regulating members comprises a plurality of flow regulating members that are at least partially spaced apart and substantially aligned in parallel.

69. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 68, wherein the flow regulating members of the first series and / or the second series are spatially spaced apart from each other laterally with respect to the feed spacer, and the spatial spacing between adjacent flow regulating members creates a fluid passage through which fluid can flow.

70. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 69, wherein the flow regulating members of the first series and / or the second series are spaced apart from each other laterally by a distance of ≤ 7 mm, for example, ≤ 6 mm, or ≤ 5 mm.

71. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 70, wherein the flow regulating member of the first series has a shared longitudinal axis extending along the length of the collective orientation of the series, and the flow regulating member of the second series has a shared longitudinal axis extending along the length of the collective orientation of the series.

72. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 71, wherein the shared longitudinal axis of the flow regulating member of the first series and / or the second series is operable to be angularly offset with respect to the direction of fluid flow.

73. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 72, wherein the shared longitudinal axis of the first series and / or the second series is angularly offset by an angle of ≤65°, for example ≤50° or 40°, with respect to the direction of fluid flow.

74. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 73, wherein the shared longitudinal axis of the second series of flow regulating members is angularly offset with respect to the shared longitudinal axis of the first series of flow regulating members.

75. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 74, wherein the shared longitudinal axes of the flow regulating members of the first series and the second series are angularly offset from each other by an angle of ≤130°, for example ≤100°, or ≤80°.

76. A feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 75, comprising a plurality of spacer members, for example, ≥10, ≥50, or ≥100 spacer members.

77. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 76, wherein the spacer member is located at the intersection between flow adjustment members.

78. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 77, wherein the spacer member is located at ≥70%, for example ≥80%, or ≥90% of the intersection between the flow adjustment members.

79. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 78, wherein the average distance between adjacent spacer members in the lateral direction is ≤ 7 mm, for example ≤ 6 mm, or ≤ 5 mm.

80. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 79, wherein the average distance between adjacent spacer members in the longitudinal direction is ≤7 mm, for example ≤6 mm, or ≤5 mm.

81. The average spatial density of the spacer members across the feed spacer is ≤ 36 cm². －２ For example, ≤20cm －２ , or ≤10cm －２ The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 80.

82. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 81, wherein the spacer member is attached to the intersection of each flow adjustment member.

83. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 82, wherein the spacer member is integrally formed with each of the aforementioned intersections.

84. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 83, wherein the flow adjustment member protrudes from the side surface of the spacer member.

85. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 84, wherein the longitudinal axis of the flow adjustment member is angularly offset with respect to the longitudinal axis of the spacer member.

86. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 85, wherein the longitudinal axis of the flow adjustment member is angle-offset with respect to the longitudinal axis of the spacer member by an angle of ≤65°, for example ≤50°, or ≤40°.

87. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 86, wherein the intersecting flow adjustment members are substantially in the same horizontal plane.

88. The feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 87, wherein ≥50%, for example ≥75%, or ≥90% of the flow adjustment members are substantially in the same horizontal plane.

89. A method for manufacturing a feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 88 by additive manufacturing such as inkjet printing, including material jet 3D printing.

90. A method for manufacturing a feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 89, a. A step of manufacturing a feed spacer component including a support material by additive manufacturing, which can be optionally selected. b. A step of removing the support material of any choice by dissolving the support material in a solvent or by mechanically removing the support material, c. Optionally, a step of UV curing the feed spacer component, Methods that include...

91. The method according to claim 89 or 90, wherein the feed spacer component is manufactured using a glass-filled photopolymer resin such as Rigid4000 resin.

92. The method according to any one of claims 89 to 91, wherein the feed spacer component is manufactured in layers, and the height of each layer is 50 μm.

93. The method according to any one of claims 89 to 92, wherein the manufactured feed spacer component is washed with a polar solvent such as isopropyl alcohol or a non-polar solvent.

94. The method according to any one of claims 89 to 93, wherein the manufactured component is UV-cured at a temperature of at least 80°C for at least 15 minutes, optionally.

95. The method according to any one of claims 89 to 94, wherein the additive manufacturing technique is selected from any 3D printing techniques such as material jet 3D printing, digital photoprocessing, two-photon polymerization, two-color photopolymerization, inkjet printing, binder jet printing, stereolithography (SLA), direct ink writing, three-dimensional printing, selective laser sintering, selective laser melting, additive manufacturing, or melt deposition modeling, and is preferably inkjet printing or material jet 3D printing.

96. A spiral membrane comprising a feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 88.

97. A water treatment module comprising a feed spacer according to any one of claims 1 to 88, or a spiral membrane according to claim 96.

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