Stabilized fluoroolefin compositions and methods for producing, storing, and using same - Patents.com

Abstract

To provide stabilized fluoroolefin-containing compositions whose potential to oligomerize or homopolymerize is reduced, if not eliminated.SOLUTION: The present invention relates to compositions comprising at least one fluoroolefin and an effective amount of at least one inhibitor. The stabilized compositions may be useful in cooling apparatuses, such as refrigeration, air-conditioning, chillers and heat pumps, and in applications as foam blowing agents, solvents, aerosol propellants, fire extinguishants, and sterilants.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention broadly relates to a stabilized composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin and at least one inhibitor comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of limonene, α-terpinene, α-tocopherol, butylated hydroxytoluene, 4-methoxyphenol, and benzene-1,4-diol. [Background technology]

[0002] New environmental regulations on refrigerants are forcing the refrigeration and air conditioning industry to search for new refrigerants with lower global warming potential (GWP).

[0003] There is a need for alternative refrigerants that have low GWP, non-toxicity, non-flammability, reasonable cost, and excellent refrigeration performance.

[0004] Fluoroolefins have been proposed as refrigerants, either alone or in mixtures. These products have been extensively tested for chemical stability and compatibility with materials typically used in air conditioning or refrigeration systems (see "1234yf-A Low GWP Refrigerant For MAC, Honeywell / DuPont Joint Collaboration," JAMA / JARIA publication, October 3, 2007), and have been shown to be stable under typical operating conditions. However, it has been observed that certain fluoroolefins may exhibit degradation and / or produce unwanted by-products under abnormal conditions, such as extreme temperatures or contact with other compounds in contaminated systems (e.g., excess oxygen, oxidizing chemicals, or radical-generating compounds, among other contaminants), which may occur unexpectedly in certain uses and / or applications. Such degradation may occur when utilizing fluoroolefins as refrigerants or heat transfer fluids. This degradation may occur by any number of different mechanisms. Examples of stabilized compositions are disclosed in JP 2009298918, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,969,701, 8,133,407, U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2006 / 0022166, 2006 / 0043330, 2008 / 0157022, and WO 2007 / 126760, as well as EP 2057245, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,101,094, 8,535,555, 8,097,181, and 8,075,796, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0005] [Patent Document 1] Patent Publication No. 2009298918 [Patent Document 2] U.S. Patent No. 6,969,701 [Patent Document 3] U.S. Patent No. 8,133,407 [Patent Document 4] US Patent Application Publication No. 2006 / 0022166 [Patent Document 5] US Patent Application Publication No. 2006 / 0043330 [Patent Document 6] US Patent Application Publication No. 2008 / 0157022 [Patent Document 7] International Publication No. 2007 / 126760 [Patent Document 8] European Patent No. 2057245 [Patent Document 9] U.S. Patent No. 8,101,094 [Patent Document 10] U.S. Patent No. 8,535,555 [Patent Document 11] U.S. Patent No. 8,097,181 [Patent Document 12] U.S. Patent No. 8,075,796 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0006] Under certain abnormal conditions and in the presence of undesirable contaminants that can act as initiators, fluoroolefins may oligomerize or homopolymerize in the presence of certain contaminants that may be present.Therefore, there is a need in the art for stabilized fluoroolefin-containing compositions that reduce, if not eliminate, the possibility of oligomerization or homopolymerization. [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] The present invention improves the ability of hydrofluoroolefin-containing compositions to withstand abnormal conditions by adding at least one inhibitor to the fluoroolefin-containing composition, and also solves the potential problems associated with initiators (e.g., contaminants) that oligomerize or homopolymerize fluoroolefins (e.g., tetrafluoropropene). "Inhibitor" is meant to refer to at least one compound according to the present invention that reduces, if not eliminates, the conversion of hydrofluoroolefins to oligomers or polymers. The oligomerization or homopolymerization reaction can be accelerated by relatively high temperatures. Such reactions can also occur under ambient conditions, depending on the concentration and type of initiator (e.g., contaminant). The inhibitor can function as a radical inhibitor without affecting the refrigeration performance of the composition or its compatibility with refrigerant oils and components. The stabilized composition can be useful in cooling systems and as a replacement for existing refrigerants with higher global warming potential.

[0008] To avoid possible instability of fluoroolefins, it has been found that the addition of certain inhibitor compounds, i.e., hydrocarbons including at least one of cyclic monoterpenes; lipophilic organic compounds including tocopherols such as α-tocopherol; aromatic organic compounds having at least one chemical moiety CH(OH), including phenol, benzene-1,4-diol, to the fluoroolefin-containing composition increases its stability during packaging, storage, and use in refrigeration or air conditioning system applications. Specific examples of inhibitor compounds include at least one member selected from the group consisting of limomene, α-terpinene, α-tocopherol, butylated hydroxytoluene, 4-methoxyphenol, benzene-1,4-diol. In one embodiment of the present invention, the inhibitor composition of the present invention comprises a liquid at temperatures of about -100 to about 220°C, about -90 to about 200°C, and in some cases about -80 to about 185°C.

[0009] In a specific embodiment, the present invention relates to a fluoroolefin-containing composition comprising an inhibitor capable of interacting or reacting with O2 and fluoroolefin polyperoxides and subsequently inhibiting or preventing the reaction of such compounds with hydrofluoroolefins. Examples of such inhibitors include at least one of limonene and α-terpinene. Limonene and α-terpinene have the following structures:

[0010] [ka]

[0011] In one embodiment of the invention, the inhibitor comprises alpha-terpinene. Without being bound by theory or explanation, it is believed that the presence of conjugated double bonds in its structure allows alpha-terpinene to form aromatic rings upon oxidation.

[0012] In one embodiment of the present invention, limonene or alpha-terpinene, optionally containing antioxidants, has a unique aroma even at a few ppm level. This pleasant odor can be utilized for refrigerant leak detection with refrigerants and blends based on hydrofluoroolefins (e.g., including at least one of 1234yf, 1234ze, and combinations thereof). This is particularly useful for early detection of refrigerant leaks in home or portable air conditioners, since paraprofessional electronic leak detectors are often not available everywhere.

[0013] One embodiment of the present invention comprises: a. at least one fluoroolefin; b. an effective amount of at least one inhibitor, comprising: a hydrocarbon, including cyclic monoterpenes; a lipophilic organic compound, including tocopherols, including α-tocopherol; an aromatic organic compound having the chemical formula CH(OH), including phenols, benzene-1,4-diol; and a composition comprising an inhibitor comprising:

[0014] One embodiment of the present invention relates to any of the aforementioned compositions further comprising at least one antioxidant. Although any suitable oxidizing agent can be used, examples of suitable oxidizing agents include at least one member selected from the group consisting of butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, tertiary butylhydroquinone, gallic acid salts, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, 1-(2,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-butanone, bisphenolmethane derivatives, 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), especially phenol, and combinations thereof.

[0015] A specific embodiment relates to the use of the aforementioned antioxidants together with an inhibitor comprising at least one of limonene and alpha-terpinene.

[0016] Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method of stabilizing a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin, comprising adding to said composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin an effective amount of at least one inhibitor, the inhibitor being a hydrocarbon comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of cyclic monoterpenes, lipophilic organic compounds including tocopherols including α-tocopherol, phenols, and aromatic organic compounds having the chemical formula CH(OH), including benzene-1,4-diol, and mixtures thereof.

[0017] Another embodiment of the invention relates to a method for reducing oligomerization or homopolymerization of a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin caused by the presence of accidental or undesirable contaminants present in at least one of the following: conduits, lines, and other systems used to handle the fluoroolefin-containing compositions; packaging (containers); and refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems, comprising adding an inhibitor comprising at least one hydrocarbon comprising cyclic monoterpenes, lipophilic organic compounds including tocopherols including α-tocopherol, phenols, aromatic organic compounds having the chemical formula CH(OH), including benzene-1,4-diol, and mixtures thereof, to at least one of the systems, containers, and compositions comprising at least one fluoroolefin.

[0018] A further embodiment of the present invention relates to a fluoroolefin-containing composition in a container, wherein the fluoroolefin has a reduced likelihood of oligomerizing or homopolymerizing compared to a composition not including the inhibitor composition of the present invention.

[0019] One embodiment of the present invention relates to a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin and an effective amount of at least one inhibitor, the composition being substantially free of oligomers, homopolymers, or other polymeric products derived from the fluoroolefin.

[0020] Another embodiment of the invention is directed to any of the preceding compositions comprising less than about 0.03% by weight of oligomers, homopolymers, or other polymeric products.

[0021] Another embodiment of the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compositions further comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of air, oxygen, cumene hydroperoxide, and fluoroolefin polyperoxides, peroxides, hydroperoxides, persulfates, percarbonates, perborates, and hydropersulfates.

[0022] Another embodiment of the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compositions, wherein the inhibitor comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of limomen, alpha-terpinene, alpha-tocopherol, butylated hydroxytoluene, 4-methoxyphenol, and benzene-1,4-diol.

[0023] Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to any of the aforementioned compositions further comprising at least one lubricant.

[0024] Another embodiment of the invention is directed to any of the preceding compositions wherein the fluoroolefin comprises at least one component of HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze.

[0025] Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to any of the aforementioned compositions further comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-152a, HFC-227ea, and carbon dioxide.

[0026] Another embodiment of the invention is directed to any of the aforementioned compositions further comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of HFC-134a, HFO-1243zf, HFO1225ye, HFO-1234ze, 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propyne, HCFO-1233xf, HFC-244bb, and HFC-245cb.

[0027] Another embodiment of the invention is directed to any of the aforementioned compositions further comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of HCC-40, HCFC-22, CFC-115, HCFC-124, HCFC-1122, and CFC-1113.

[0028] Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to any of the aforementioned compositions, wherein the inhibitor is present in an amount from about 30 to about 3,000 ppm.

[0029] Another embodiment of the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compositions further comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, tertiary butylhydroquinone, gallate, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, 1-(2,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-butanone, phenol, bisphenolmethane derivatives, and 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol).

[0030] Another embodiment of the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compositions, wherein the inhibitor comprises at least one of limonene and alpha-terpinene.

[0031] Another embodiment of the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compositions, wherein the inhibitor is liquid at a temperature of about -80 to 180°C.

[0032] Another embodiment of the present invention relates to any of the aforementioned compositions, optionally further comprising at least one antioxidant.

[0033] Another embodiment of the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compositions, further comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of HFO-1225yeZ, HFO-1243zf, HFO-1234ze, HFC-236ea, HFC-245fa, and 3,3,3-trifluoropropyne.

[0034] Another embodiment of the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compositions, wherein the components include HFO-1234ze, HFO-1225yeZ, and 3,3,3-trifluoropropyne.

[0035] Another embodiment of the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compositions, wherein the composition is substantially free of at least one of ammonia and CF3I.

[0036] Another embodiment of the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compositions, wherein the composition consists essentially of HFO-1234yf and limonene, and contains no ammonia or CF3I.

[0037] Another embodiment of the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compositions, wherein the composition consists essentially of HFO-1234yf, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyne, and limonene.

[0038] One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method of reducing the formation of oligomers and homopolymers comprising contacting a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin with an effective amount to reduce the formation of oligomers or homopolymers of at least one member selected from the group consisting of limomene, alpha-terpinene, alpha-tocopherol, butylated hydroxytoluene, 4-methoxyphenol, and benzene-1,4-diol.

[0039] Another embodiment of the invention relates to any of the aforementioned methods, wherein the composition is exposed to at least one member selected from the group consisting of air, oxygen, cumene hydroperoxide, and fluoroolefin polyperoxides, peroxides, hydroperoxides, persulfates, percarbonates, perborates, and hydropersulfates prior to the contacting.

[0040] Another embodiment of the invention relates to any of the aforementioned methods using any of the aforementioned compositions for heating or cooling.

[0041] Another embodiment of the invention relates to a container containing a refrigerant comprising any of the aforementioned compositions.

[0042] The embodiments of the invention can be used alone or in combination with each other, and different embodiments thereof can be combined and form part of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0043] The present invention provides a stabilized composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin and an effective amount of at least one inhibitor. By "stabilized" it is meant to refer to a composition comprising an effective amount of at least one inhibitor compound that inhibits, but does not eliminate, the interaction of the fluoroolefin with another compound to form a dimer, oligomer, homopolymer, or polymer product. Examples of such compounds that may cause such interactions include air, oxygen, cumene hydroperoxide, and oxidizing agents such as fluoroolefin polyperoxides, peroxides, hydroperoxides, persulfates, percarbonates, perborates, hydropersulfates, among other inhibitors. The initiator compound may be present in an amount of about 10 to about 15,000 ppm, about 1,000 to about 10,000 ppm, in some cases about 1,000 to about 3,000 ppm, and in some embodiments, 30 to 2,000 ppm by weight. Such initiator compounds may be present as contaminants in conduits, lines, and other systems used to handle fluoroolefin-containing compositions, packaging (containers), and / or refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems. Without being bound by theory or explanation, it is believed that certain contaminants act as radical initiators, thereby causing fluoroolefins to oligomerize, homopolymerize, or form other polymeric products.

[0044] In one embodiment of the present invention, the composition of the present invention is substantially free of oligomers, homopolymers, or other polymeric products derived from hydrofluoroolefins. By "substantially free," it is meant that the composition contains less than about 1% by weight, less than about 0.07% by weight, less than about 0.03% by weight, or even about 0 ppm of such products as measured by IR or NMR.

[0045] In another embodiment of the present invention, the composition of the present invention comprises a sesquiterpene compound, such as at least one member selected from the group consisting of famesol, famesene; [CH3CO2] -, [HSO4] - , [CH3OSO3] - , [C2H5OSO3] - , [AlCl4] - , [CO3] 2- , [HCO3] - , [NO2] - , [NO3] - , [SO4] 2- , [PO4] 3- , [HPO4] 2- , [H2PO4] - , [HSO3], and certain fluorinated anions, [BF4] - , PF6 - , [SbF6] - , [CF3SO3] - , [HCF2CF2SO3] - , [CF3HFCCF2SO3] - , [HCClFCF2SO3] - , [(CF3SO2)2N] - , [(CF3CF2SO2)2N] - , [(CF3SO2)3C] - , [CF3CO2] - , [CF3OCFHCF2SO3] - , [CF3CF2OCFHCF2SO3] - , [CF3CFHOCF2CF2SO3] - , [CF2HCF2OCF2CF2SO3] - , [CF2ICF2OCF2CF2SO3] - , [CF3CF2OCF2CF2SO3] - , [(CF2HCF2SO2)2N] - , [(CF3CFHCF2SO2)2N] - an ionic liquid, such as an ionic liquid comprising an anion selected from the group consisting of fluorinated anions; As well as being substantially free of certain conventional inhibitor compounds, including mixtures thereof, By substantially free, it is meant that the compositions of the present invention contain less than about 500 ppm, typically less than about 250 ppm, in some cases less than about 100 ppm, and in some cases about 0 ppm of such conventional inhibitors.

[0046] The compositions of the present invention have a variety of utilities, including, inter alia, as foam foams, solvents, aerosol propellants, fire extinguishing agents, sterilants, or working fluids, including heat transfer media, such as heat transfer fluids and refrigerants for use in refrigeration systems, refrigerators, air conditioning systems, heat pumps, chillers, etc. The compounds of the present invention are particularly suitable for use in portable air conditioning systems and as components for making refrigerant blends for use in stationary heat transfer systems.

[0047] A blowing agent is a volatile composition that causes a polymer matrix to expand and form a cellular structure.

[0048] A solvent is a fluid that removes dirt from a substrate or deposits material onto a substrate or carries material.

[0049] An aerosol propellant is a volatile composition of one or more components that exerts a pressure in excess of one atmosphere to expel the material from a container.

[0050] Fire extinguishing agents are volatile compositions that extinguish or suppress flames.

[0051] The sterilant is a volatile germicidal fluid or blend that contains a volatile germicidal fluid that destroys biologically active materials and the like.

[0052] A heat transfer medium (also referred to herein as a heat transfer fluid, heat transfer composition, or heat transfer fluid composition) is a working fluid used to transport heat from a heat source to a heat sink.

[0053] A refrigerant is a compound or mixture of compounds that acts as a heat transfer fluid in a cycle in which the fluid changes phase from a liquid to a gas and back again.

[0054] As used herein, the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "has," "having," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions. For example, a composition, process, method, article, or device that includes recited elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements, but may include other elements not expressly recited or associated with such composition, process, method, article, device, etc. Furthermore, unless expressly stated to the contrary, "or" refers to an inclusive "or," not an exclusive "or." For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or absent), A is false (or absent) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

[0055] The transitional phrase "consisting of" excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified. When in a claim, such phrases exclude the inclusion of materials other than those recited, except for impurities normally accompanying the materials. When the phrase "consisting of" appears within a clause in the body of a claim rather than immediately following the preamble, the phrase is intended to limit only the elements set forth in that clause and does not exclude other elements from the claim as a whole.

[0056] The transitional phrase "consisting essentially of" is used to define compositions, methods that include materials, steps, features, ingredients, or elements in addition to those literally disclosed, provided that these additionally included materials, steps, features, ingredients, or elements have a substantial effect on the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention, particularly the mode of action for achieving a desired result of any of the inventive processes. The term "consisting essentially of" has a meaning intermediate between "comprising" and "consisting of."

[0057] It should be readily understood that where applicants have defined an invention or a portion thereof with open-ended terms such as "comprising," the description should be construed to also include inventions using the terms "consisting essentially of" or "consisting of" (unless otherwise expressly stated).

[0058] Additionally, the use of "a" or "an" is used to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be interpreted to include one or at least one, and the singular also includes the plural unless it is clear that a different meaning is intended.

[0059] As used herein, the term fluoroolefin describes a compound that contains carbon atoms, fluorine atoms, and optionally hydrogen atoms. In one embodiment, the fluoroolefins used in the compositions of the present invention include compounds having 2 to 12 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, the fluoroolefins include compounds having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and in yet another embodiment, the fluoroolefins include compounds having 3 to 7 carbon atoms. Representative fluoroolefins include, but are not limited to, all of the compounds listed in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3.

[0060] One embodiment of the present invention is a compound of formula E- or ZR 1 CH=CHR 2 (Formula I) (wherein, R 1 and R 2 R is independently a C1 to C6 perfluoroalkyl group. 1 Groups and R 2Exemplary groups include, but are not limited to, CF3, C2F5, CF2CF2CF3, CF(CF3)2, CF2CF2CF2CF3, CF(CF3)CF2CF3, CF2CF(CF3)2, C(CF3)3, CF2CF2CF2CF2CF3, CF2CF2CF(CF3)2, C(CF3)2C2F5, CF2CF2CF2CF2CF2CF3, CF(CF3)CF2CF2C2F5, and C(CF3)2CF2C2F5. In one embodiment, the fluoroolefin of formula I has at least about 4 carbon atoms in the molecule. In another embodiment, the fluoroolefin of formula I has at least about 5 carbon atoms in the molecule. Exemplary, non-limiting compounds of formula I are provided in Table 1.

[0061] [Table 1-1]

[0062] [Table 1-2]

[0063] [Table 1-3]

[0064] Compounds of formula I have the formula R 1 I is a perfluoroalkyl iodide of formula R 2 by contacting with a perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin of formula R 1 CH2CHIR 2 This trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane can then be dehydroiodinated to give R 1 CH=CHR 2 Alternatively, the olefin R 1 CH=CHR 2 Then, the formula R 2 I is a perfluoroalkyl iodide of formula R 1with a perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin of formula R 1 CHICH2R 2 It can also be prepared by dehydroiodination of a trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane of the formula:

[0065] The contacting of the perfluoroalkyl iodide with the perfluoroalkyl trihydroolefin may be carried out in batch mode by combining the reactants in a suitable reactor capable of operating at the reaction temperature and under the autogenous pressure of the reactants and products. Suitable reactors include those made from stainless steel (especially austenitic) and well-known high nickel alloys such as Monel® nickel-copper alloy, Hastelloy® nickel-based alloy, and Inconel® nickel-chromium alloy.

[0066] Alternatively, the reaction may be carried out in a semi-batch mode in which the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin reactant is added to the perfluoroalkyl iodide reactant by a suitable addition device, such as a pump, at the reaction temperature.

[0067] The ratio of perfluoroalkyl iodide to perfluoroalkyl trihydroolefin should be about 1:1 to about 4:1, preferably about 1.5:1 to 2.5:1. Ratios less than 1.5:1 tend to produce a large amount of 2:1 adduct, as reported by Jeanneaux, et. al. in Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, Vol. 4, pages 261-270 (1974).

[0068] The preferred temperature for contacting the perfluoroalkyl iodide with the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin is preferably within the range of about 150° C. to 300° C., preferably about 170° C. to about 250° C., and most preferably about 180° C. to about 230° C. The suitable contact time for the reaction of the perfluoroalkyl iodide with the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin is about 0.5 hours to 18 hours, preferably about 4 to about 12 hours.

[0069] The trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane prepared by the reaction of the perfluoroalkyl iodide with the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin may be used directly in the dehydroiodination step or, preferably, may be recovered and purified by distillation prior to the dehydroiodination step.

[0070] The dehydroiodination step is carried out by contacting the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane with a basic substance. Suitable basic substances include alkali metal hydroxides (e.g., sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide), alkali metal oxides (e.g., sodium oxide), alkaline earth metal hydroxides (e.g., calcium hydroxide), alkaline earth metal oxides (e.g., calcium oxide), alkali metal alkoxides (e.g., sodium methoxide or sodium ethoxide), aqueous ammonia, sodium amide, or a mixture of basic substances such as soda lime. Preferred basic substances are sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The contact of the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane with a basic substance may be carried out in liquid phase, preferably in the presence of a solvent capable of dissolving at least a portion of both reactants. Suitable solvents for the dehydroiodination step include one or more polar organic solvents such as alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, and tertiary butanol), nitriles (e.g., acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, benzonitrile, or adiponitrile), dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, or sulfolane. The choice of solvent may depend on the boiling point of the product and the ease of separating traces of solvent from the product during purification. Typically, ethanol or isopropanol are good solvents for this reaction.

[0071] Typically, the dehydroiodination reaction can be carried out by adding one of the reactants (either the basic substance or the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane) to the other reactant in a suitable reaction vessel, which may be fabricated from glass, ceramic, or metal, and is preferably agitated with an impeller or stirring mechanism.

[0072] Suitable temperatures for the dehydroiodination reaction are from about 10° C. to about 100° C., preferably from about 20° C. to about 70° C. The dehydroiodination reaction may be carried out at ambient pressure or at reduced or elevated pressure. Of note in the dehydroiodination reaction is that the compound of formula I distills from the reaction vessel as it is formed.

[0073] Alternatively, the dehydroiodination reaction may be carried out by contacting an aqueous solution of the basic material with a solution of the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst in one or more less polar organic solvents such as an alkane (e.g., hexane, heptane, or octane), an aromatic hydrocarbon (e.g., toluene), a halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g., methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or perchloroethylene), or an ether (e.g., diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethoxyethane, diglyme, or tetraglyme). Suitable phase transfer catalysts include quaternary ammonium halides (e.g., tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium hydrosulfate, triethylbenzylammonium chloride, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, and tricaprylyl ammonium chloride), quaternary phosphonium halides (e.g., triphenylmethylphosphonium bromide and tetraphenylphosphonium chloride), or cyclic polyether compounds known in the art as crown ethers (e.g., 18-crown-6 and 15-crown-5).

[0074] Alternatively, the dehydroiodination reaction may be carried out in the absence of a solvent by adding the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane to a solid or liquid basic substance.

[0075] Suitable reaction times for the dehydroiodination reaction are from about 15 minutes to about 6 hours, or more, depending on the solubility of the reactants. Typically, the dehydroiodination reaction is rapid, requiring from about 30 minutes to about 3 hours for completion.

[0076] The compound of formula I can be recovered from the dehydroiodination reaction mixture by phase separation after addition of water, by distillation, or by a combination of these.

[0077] In another embodiment of the present invention, the fluoroolefin is a cyclic fluoroolefin (cyclo-[CX=CY(CZW) n -] (Formula II), where X, Y, Z, and W are independently selected from H and F, and n is an integer from 2 to 5. In one embodiment, the fluoroolefin of Formula II has at least about 3 carbon atoms in the molecule. In another embodiment, the fluoroolefin of Formula II has at least about 4 carbon atoms in the molecule. In yet another embodiment, the fluoroolefin of Formula II has at least about 5 carbon atoms in the molecule. Representative cyclic fluoroolefins of Formula II are listed in Table 2.

[0078] [Table 2]

[0079] The compositions of the invention may include a single compound of formula I or formula II, such as one of the compounds in Table 1 or Table 2, or may include a combination of compounds of formula I or formula II.

[0080] In another embodiment, the fluoroolefin may include the compounds listed in Table 3.

[0081] [Table 3-1]

[0082] [Table 3-2]

[0083] [Table 3-3]

[0084] [Table 3-4]

[0085] The compounds listed in Tables 2 and 3 are either commercially available or can be prepared by processes known in the art or as described herein.

[0086] 1,1,1,4,4-Pentafluoro-2-butene can be prepared from 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluorobutane (CHF2CH2CHFCF3) by dehydrofluorination with solid KOH in the vapor phase at room temperature. The synthesis of 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluorobutane is described in U.S. Patent No. 6,066,768, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0087] 1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butene can be prepared from 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-iodobutane (CF3CHICH2CF3) by reacting with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 60° C. The synthesis of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-iodobutane can be carried out by reacting perfluoromethyl iodide (CF3I) and 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (CF3CH=CH2) at about 200° C. under autogenous pressure for about 8 hours.

[0088] 3,4,4,5,5,5-Hexafluoro-2-pentene can be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropentane (CF3CF2CF2CH2CH3) using solid KOH or over a carbon catalyst at 200-300° C. 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropentane can be prepared by hydrogenating 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (CF3CF2CF2CH=CH2).

[0089] 1,1,1,2,3,4-Hexafluoro-2-butene can be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,3,3,4-heptafluorobutane (CH2FCF2CHFCF3) using solid KOH.

[0090] 1,1,1,2,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butene can be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,2,4,4-heptafluorobutane (CHF2CH2CF2CF3) using solid KOH.

[0091] 1,1,1,3,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butene can be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,3,3,4,4-heptafluorobutane (CF3CH2CF2CHF2) using solid KOH.

[0092] 1,1,1,2,4-Pentafluoro-2-butene can be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,2,3-hexafluorobutane (CH2FCH2CF2CF3) using solid KOH.

[0093] 1,1,1,3,4-Pentafluoro-2-butene can be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,3,3,4-hexafluorobutane (CF3CH2CF2CH2F) using solid KOH.

[0094] 1,1,1,3-Tetrafluoro-2-butene can be prepared by reacting 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane (CF3CH2CF2CH3) with aqueous KOH at 120°C.

[0095] 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-Octafluoro-2-pentene can be prepared from (CF3CHICH2CF2CF3) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 60° C. The synthesis of 4-iodo-1,1,1,2,2,5,5,5-octafluoropentane can be carried out by reacting perfluoroethylidene (CF3CF2I) and 3,3,3-trifluoropropene at about 200° C. under autogenous pressure for about 8 hours.

[0096] 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-Decafluoro-3-hexene can be prepared from 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-iodohexane (CF3CF2CHICH2CF2CF3) by reacting with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 60° C. The synthesis of 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-iodohexane can be carried out by reacting perfluoroethyl iodide (CF3CF2I) and 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CF3CF2CH=CH2) at about 200° C. under autogenous pressure for about 8 hours.

[0097] 1,1,1,4,5,5,5-Heptafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene can be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-iodo-2-(trifluoromethyl)-pentane (CF3CHICH2CF(CF3)2) with KOH in isopropanol. CF3CHICH2CF(CF3)2 is made from reacting (CF3)2CFI with CF3CH=CH2 at elevated temperatures, e.g., about 200°C.

[0098] 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-Decafluoro-2-hexene can be prepared by reacting 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CF3CH=CHCF3) with tetrafluoroethylene (CF2=CF2) and antimony pentafluoride (SbF5).

[0099] 2,3,3,4,4-Pentafluoro-1-butene can be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluorobutane with fluorinated alumina at elevated temperatures.

[0100] 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-Octafluoro-1-pentene can be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentane with solid KOH.

[0101] 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoro-1-pentene can be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentane with fluorinated alumina at elevated temperatures.

[0102] 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene can be prepared by converting at least one of HCFC-244bb or HFC-245eb to HFO-1234yf.

[0103] 1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propene can be prepared from HFO-1234ze by HFC-245fa.

[0104] Many of the compounds of Formula I, Formula II, Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 exist as different configurational isomers or stereoisomers. If no particular isomer is specified, the present invention is intended to include all single configurational isomers, single stereoisomers, or any combination thereof. For example, F11E is meant to represent the E isomer, the Z isomer, or any combination or mixture of both isomers in any ratio. As another example, HFO-1225ye is meant to represent the E isomer, the Z isomer, or any combination or mixture of both isomers in any ratio.

[0105] In one specific embodiment, the fluoroolefin component of the compositions of the invention comprises HFO-1234yf and / or HFO-1234ze. In another specific embodiment, the fluoroolefin comprises HFO-1234yf and / or HFO-1234ze having a purity of greater than 99% by weight, greater than 99.5% by weight, and in some cases greater than 99.5 to 99.98 percent. In another specific embodiment, the fluoroolefin comprises at least 99.5% by weight of 1234yf or 1234ze and less than 0.5 and greater than 0.0001% by weight, less than 0.3, and in some cases less than 0.2% by weight of other fluoroolefins.

[0106] In another specific embodiment, the fluoroolefin component may include compositions disclosed in US Pat. Nos. 8,147,709 and 8,877,086, which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0107] In another specific embodiment, the fluoroolefin component comprises greater than about 99.5% by weight HFO-1234yf and one or more members selected from the group consisting of HFO-1225ye, HFO-1243zf, HFO-1234ze, HFC-236ea, HFC-244bb, HFC-245fa, HFC-245eb, HFC-245cb, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyne, and mixtures thereof. The amount of HFO-1225ye (E / Z isomer) can range from greater than 0 to about 200 ppm by weight, from about 1 to about 150 ppm, and in some cases from about 5 to about 50 ppm. The amount of HFO1243zf can range from about 0.1 to about 250 ppm, from about 10 to about 200 ppm, and in some cases from about 15 to about 150 ppm. The amount of HFO-1234ze (E isomer) may range from about 1 to about 1,500 ppm, about 5 to about 1,000 ppm, and in some cases about 50 to 500 ppm. The amount of HFC-236ea may range from about 1 to about 50 ppm, about 5 to about 25, and in some cases about 10 to about 20 ppm. The amount of HFC-245fa, HFC-245eb, and / or HFC-245cb may range from about 0 to about 20, about 1 to about 15, and in some cases about 5 to about 10 ppm. The amount of 3,3,3-trifluoropropyne may range from about 0 to about 500 ppm, about 1 to about 300 ppm, and in some cases about 5 to about 100 ppm.

[0108] In another embodiment, the fluoroolefin component comprises HFO-1234yf and at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of 1114, 1123, 1131a, 1131trans, 1140, 1214ya, 1216, 1224yd, 1225ye(E), 1233zd(E), 1234ze(E), 1252, 143a, 225, 245eb, 254eb, 263fb, CFCFI, 236fa, 142b, 244cc, 1223, 1132a, 2316, 1327 isomers, 1336mzzE, 1336 isomers, 1234zeZ, and 1224 isomers. In one specific embodiment, the fluoroolefin component comprises HFO-1234yf and greater than 0 and less than about 1 wt%, less than about 0.5 wt%, and in some cases less than 0.25 wt% of additional compounds. In further embodiments, the inhibitors of the present invention can be used with compositions of at least one of HCFO-1233zd and HCFO-1224yd, and blends comprising at least one of HCFO-1233zd and HCFO-1224yd.

[0109] Any suitable effective amount of inhibitor can be used in the aforementioned composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin. As described herein, the phrase "effective amount" refers to an amount of the inhibitor of the present invention that, when added to a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin, results in a composition in which the fluoroolefin does not interact with the initiator and / or degrade, e.g., does not significantly reduce performance when used in a cooling device, compared to a composition without an inhibitor. In the case of a cooling device, such an effective amount of inhibitor can be determined by testing under the conditions of standard test ASHRAE 97-2007 (RA-2017). In certain embodiments of the invention, an effective amount is an amount of inhibitor that, when combined with a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin, reduces the amount of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) or other standard refrigerants (R-12, R-22, R-502, R-507A, R-508, R401A, R401B, R402A, R402B, R408, R-410A, R-510B, R-510C, R-510D, R-510E, R-510F, R-510G, R-510H, R-510I, R-510H ... In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a refrigeration system that utilizes a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin (R-404A, R-407C, R-413A, R-417A, R-422A, R-422B, R-422C, R-422D, R-423, R-114, R-11, R-113, R-123, R-124, R236fa, or R-245fa) as a working fluid.

[0110] The present invention employs an effective amount of at least one of the aforementioned inhibitors. While any suitable effective amount can be used, the effective amount comprises from about 0.001 weight percent to about 10 weight percent, from about 0.01 weight percent to about 5 weight percent, from about 0.3 weight percent to about 4 weight percent, from about 0.3 weight percent to about 1 weight percent based on the total weight of the composition, including the composition containing at least one fluoroolefin described herein. In one embodiment, the effective amount comprises from about 10 to about 2,000 ppm, from about 10 to about 1,000 ppm, and in some cases from about 10 to about 500 ppm, by weight, of at least one initiator.

[0111] One embodiment of the present invention relates to any of the aforementioned compositions further comprising at least one antioxidant. While any suitable oxidizing agent can be used, examples of suitable oxidizing agents include at least one member selected from the group consisting of butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, tertiary butylhydroquinone, gallates, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, 1-(2,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-butanone, phenol, bisphenolmethane derivatives, 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), and combinations thereof. The amount of antioxidant can range from about 0.01 to about 5,000 ppm, about 0.03 to about 2000 ppm, and in some cases from about 0.05 to about 1000 ppm by weight. A specific embodiment example relates to the use of the aforementioned antioxidants with at least one inhibitor comprising alpha-terpinene and limonene. One specific embodiment example relates to the use of the aforementioned antioxidants together with an inhibitor comprising at least one of alpha-terpinene and limonene.

[0112] In one embodiment, the aforementioned compositions of the present invention may further comprise at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of fluoroolefins (as previously described herein), hydrofluorocarbons, hydrocarbons, dimethyl ether, CF3I, ammonia, carbon dioxide (CO2), and mixtures thereof, i.e., mixtures of any of the additional compounds listed in this paragraph. The amount of the additional compound may range from about 1 to about 90% by weight, from about 5 to about 75%, and in some cases from about 10 to about 50%.

[0113] In one embodiment, the additional compound comprises a hydrofluorocarbon. The hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) compounds of the present invention include saturated compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine. Particularly useful are hydrofluorocarbons having 1 to 7 carbon atoms and normal boiling points of about -90°C to about 80°C. Hydrofluorocarbons are commercially available from a number of sources or can be prepared by methods known in the art. Representative hydrofluorocarbon compounds include fluoromethane (CH3F, HFC-41), difluoromethane (CH2F2, HFC-32), trifluoromethane (CHF3, HFC-23), pentafluoroethane (CF3CHF2, HFC-125), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (CHF2CHF2, HFC-134), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CF3CH2F, HFC-134a), 1,1,1 -Trifluoroethane (CF3CH3, HFC-143a), 1,1-difluoroethane (CHF2CH3, HFC-152a), fluoroethane (CH3CH2F, HFC-161), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropropane (CF3CF2CHF2, HFC-227ca), 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (CF3CHFCF3, HFC-227ea), 1,1,2,2,3,3,-hexafluoro Perfluoropropane (CHF2CF2CHF2, HFC-236ca), 1,1,1,2,2,3-Hexafluoropropane (CF3CF3CH2F, HFC-236cb), 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane (CF3CHFCHF2, HFC-236ea), 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane (CF3CH2CF3, HFC-236fa), 1,1,2,2,3-Pentafluoropropane (CHF2CF2C H2F, HFC-245ca), 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (CF3CF2CH3, HFC-245cb), 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane (CHF2CHFCHF2, HFC-245ea), 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane (CF3CHFCH2F, HFC-245eb), 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (CF3CH2CHF2, HFC-245fa), 1,2,2,3-Tetrafluoropropane (CH2FCF2CH2F, HFC-254ca), 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoropropane (CHF2CF2CH3, HFC-254cb), 1,1,2,3-Tetrafluoropropane (CHF2CHFCH2F, HFC-254ea), 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoropropane (CF3CHFCH3, HFC-254eb), 1,1,3,3-Tetrafluoropropane (CHF2CH2CHF2, HFC-2 54fa), 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropane (CF3CH2CH2F, HFC-254fb), 1,1,1-trifluoropropane (CF3CH2CH3, HFC-263fb), 2,2-difluoropropane (CH3CF2CH3, HFC-272ca), 1,2-difluoropropane (CH2FCHFCH3, HFC-272ea), 1,3-difluoropropane (CH2FCH2CH2F, HFC-272fa), 1,1-difluoro Fluoropropane (CHF2CH2CH3, HFC-272fb), 2-fluoropropane (CH3CHFCH3, HFC-281ea), 1-fluoropropane (CH2FCH2CH3, HFC-281fa), 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-octafluorobutane (CHF2CF2CF2CHF2, HFC-338pcc), 1,1,1,2,2,4,4,4-octafluorobutane (CF3CH2CF2CF3, HFC-338mf), 1, These include, but are not limited to, 1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane (CF3CH2CHF2, HFC-365mfc), 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane (CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3, HFC-43-10mee), and 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoroheptane (CF3CF2CHFCHFCF2CF2CF3, HFC-63-14mee).

[0114] In another embodiment, the additional compound comprises a hydrocarbon. The hydrocarbon of the present invention includes compounds having only carbon and hydrogen. In particular, compounds having 3 to 7 carbon atoms are useful. Hydrocarbons are commercially available through a number of chemical sources. Representative hydrocarbons include, but are not limited to, propane, n-butane, isobutane, cyclobutane, n-pentane, 2-methylbutane, 2,2-dimethylpropane, cyclopentane, n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, 3-methylpentane, cyclohexane, n-heptane, and cycloheptane.

[0115] In another embodiment, the additional compound comprises a heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon, such as dimethyl ether (DME, CH3OCH3. DME is commercially available.

[0116] In another embodiment, the additional compound includes iodotrifluoromethane (CF3I), which is commercially available from a variety of sources or can be prepared by methods known in the art.

[0117] In another embodiment, the additional compound includes carbon dioxide (CO2), which is commercially available from a variety of sources or can be prepared by methods known in the art.

[0118] In another embodiment, the composition of the present invention is substantially free of additional compounds, in particular substantially free of at least one of dimethyl ether, CF3I, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. In a preferred aspect of this embodiment, the composition is substantially free of CF3I. "Substantially free of additional compounds" means that the composition and inhibitor contain less than about 10%, usually less than about 5%, and in some cases 0% of additional compounds.

[0119] Of particular note are fluoroolefin compositions comprising HFO-1234yf and / or HFO-1234ze with additional compounds including HFO-1225ye and HFC-32; HFO-1225ye and HFC-134a; HFO-1225ye, HFC-134a, and HFC-32; HFO-1225ye and HFO-1234yf; HFO-1225ye, HFC-32; HFO-1225ye, HFO-1225ye, and HFC-125. Further fluoroolefin compositions include blends of HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze with at least one of i) 134a, 32, and 125; ii) 134a; iii) 227ea; iv) 236fa, and v) 134.

[0120] In other embodiments of the invention, the fluoroolefin comprises at least about 99% by weight HFO-1234yf and greater than 0 but less than 1% by weight of at least one member selected from the group consisting of HFC-134a, HFO-1243zf, HFO-1225ye, HFO-1234ze, 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propyne, HCFO-1233xf, HFC-245cb, and combinations thereof.

[0121] In other embodiments of the invention, the fluoroolefin comprises at least about 99% by weight HFO-1234ze and greater than 0 but less than 1% by weight of at least one member selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234yf, HFC-245fa, HFC-236fa, HFO-1234ye, and combinations thereof.

[0122] In another embodiment of the present invention, the fluoroolefin comprises one or more of the aforementioned fluoroolefins blended with at least one hydrofluorocarbon. Examples of suitable hydrofluorocarbons include at least one member selected from the group consisting of HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-152a, 236fa, and HFC-227ea. The amount of hydrofluorocarbon may range from about 25 to about 75, from about 30 to about 60, and in some cases from about 30 to about 50. In a specific embodiment, the aforementioned amount of hydrofluorocarbon is blended with at least one of HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze.

[0123] Optionally, the blended composition may further comprise at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of HCC-40, HCFC-22, CFC-115, HCFC-124, HCFC-1122, and CFC-1113. The amount of the additional component may comprise greater than 0 to about 5% by weight, about 0 to about 2% by weight, and in some cases about 0 to about 0.5% by weight. In a specific embodiment, the aforementioned amount of the additional component is blended with at least one of HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze. In another specific embodiment, the aforementioned amount of the additional component is blended with at least one of HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze, and at least one hydrofluorocarbon selected from the group consisting of HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-152a, 236fa, and HFC-227ea, and optionally combined with carbon dioxide.

[0124] In one embodiment, the aforementioned compositions of the present invention may further comprise at least one lubricant. Lubricants of the present invention include those suitable for use with refrigeration or air conditioning equipment. Among these lubricants are those conventionally used in compression refrigeration equipment utilizing chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants. Such lubricants and their properties are discussed in the 1990 ASHRAE Handbook, Refrigeration Systems and Applications, Chapter 8, entitled "Lubricants in Refrigeration Systems", pages 8.1-8.21, which is incorporated herein by reference. Lubricants of the present invention may include those commonly known in the field of compression refrigeration lubrication as "mineral oils". Mineral oils include paraffins (i.e., saturated hydrocarbons of straight and branched carbon chains), naphthenes (i.e., cyclic or ring structure saturated hydrocarbons, which may be paraffins), and aromatics (i.e., unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more rings characterized by alternating double bonds). Lubricants of the present invention further include those commonly known in the field of compression refrigeration lubrication as "synthetic oils". Synthetic oils include alkylaryls (i.e., linear and branched alkyl alkylbenzenes), synthetic paraffins and naphthenes, silicones, and poly-alpha-olefins. Representative conventional lubricants of the present invention are commercially available BVM 100 N (paraffinic mineral oil sold by BVA Oils), naphthenic mineral oils sold by Crompton Co. under the trade names Suniso® 3GS and Suniso® 5GS, naphthenic mineral oils sold by Pennzoil under the trade name Sontex® 372LT, naphthenic mineral oils sold by Calumet Lubricants under the trade name Calumet® RO-30, linear alkyl benzenes sold by Shrieve Chemicals under the trade names Zerol® 75, Zerol® 150, and Zerol® 500, and branched alkyl benzenes sold by Nippon Oil as HAB22.

[0125] In another embodiment, the lubricants of the present invention include those designed for use with hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants and miscible with the refrigerants of the present invention under the operating conditions of compression refrigeration and air conditioning equipment. Such lubricants and their properties are discussed in "Synthetic Lubricants and High-Performance Fluids", edited by RLShubkin and Marcel Dekker, 1993. Such lubricants include, but are not limited to, polyol esters (POEs) such as Castrol® 100 (Castrol, United Kingdom), polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) such as RL-488A manufactured by Dow (Dow Chemical, Midland, Michigan), and polyvinyl ethers (PVEs).

[0126] The lubricant of the present invention is selected by considering the requirements of a given compressor and the environment to which the lubricant will be exposed. The amount of lubricant can range from about 1 to about 50, from about 1 to about 20, and in some cases from about 1 to about 3. In one specific embodiment, the aforementioned composition is combined with a PAG lubricant for use in an A / C system for a vehicle having an internal combustion engine. In another specific embodiment, the aforementioned composition is combined with a POE lubricant for use in an A / C system for a vehicle having an electric or hybrid electric drivetrain.

[0127] In one embodiment of the present invention, in addition to the inhibitor of the present invention, the composition may desirably include at least one additive that can improve the life of refrigerants and air conditioning systems and compressor durability. In one aspect of the present invention, the aforementioned composition includes at least one component selected from the group consisting of acid scavengers, performance enhancers, and flame suppressants.

[0128] Additives that can improve refrigerant and A / C life and compressor durability are desirable. In one aspect of the present invention, the refrigerant-containing compositions of the present invention are used to introduce lubricants into A / C systems, as well as other additives such as a) acid scavengers, b) performance enhancers, and c) flame suppressants.

[0129] The acid scavenger may include a siloxane, an activated aromatic compound, or a combination of both. Serrano et al. (US 2011 / 0272624 A1, paragraph 38), incorporated herein by reference, disclose that the siloxane can be any molecule with a siloxy functional group. The siloxane may include an alkyl siloxane, an aryl siloxane, or a siloxane containing a mixture of aryl and alkyl substituents. For example, the siloxane may be an alkyl siloxane, including a dialkyl siloxane or a polydialkyl siloxane. Preferred siloxanes include groups having an oxygen atom bonded to two silicon atoms, i.e., the structure: SiOSi. For example, the siloxane may be a siloxane of formula IV: R1[Si(R2R3)4O]nSi(R2R3)R4, where n is 1 or greater. Siloxanes of formula IV preferably have n that is 2 or greater, more preferably 3 or greater (e.g., about 4 or greater). Siloxanes of formula IV preferably have n that is about 30 or less, more preferably about 12 or less, and most preferably about 7 or less. Preferably, the R4 group is an aryl or alkyl group. Preferably, the R2 group is an aryl or alkyl group, or a mixture thereof. Preferably, the R3 group is an aryl or alkyl group, or a mixture thereof. Preferably, the R4 group is an aryl or alkyl group. Preferably, R1, R2, R3, R4, or any combination thereof is not hydrogen. The R2 groups in a molecule may be the same or different. Preferably, the R2 groups in a molecule are the same. The R2 groups in a molecule may be the same or different from the R3 groups. Preferably, the R2 and R3 groups in a molecule are the same. Preferred siloxanes include those of formula IV, in which R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, or any combination thereof, are methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl groups, or any combination thereof.Exemplary siloxanes that may be used include hexamethyldisiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane, polymethylphenylsiloxane, dodecamethylpentasiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, decamethyltetrasiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane, or any combination thereof.

[0130] From paragraph

[0039] of Serrano et al., which is incorporated by reference, it is noted that in one aspect of the invention, the siloxane is an alkyl siloxane containing from about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, e.g., hexamethyldisiloxane. The siloxane may also be a polymer, such as a polydialkylsiloxane, where the alkyl group is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or any combination thereof. Suitable polydialkylsiloxanes have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 10,000. Highly preferred siloxanes include hexamethyldisiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane, and combinations thereof. The siloxane may consist essentially of polydimethylsiloxane, hexamethyldisiloxane, or combinations thereof.

[0131] The activated aromatic compound may be any aromatic molecule, or mixture thereof, that is activated toward a Friedel-Crafts addition reaction. An aromatic molecule activated toward a Friedel-Crafts addition reaction is defined as any aromatic molecule that can undergo an addition reaction with a mineral acid. In particular, any aromatic molecule that can undergo an addition reaction with a mineral acid either in the application environment (AC system) or during the thermal stabilization test of ASHRAE 97:2007 "Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability of Materials for Use within Refrigerant Systems". Such molecules or compounds are typically activated by replacing a hydrogen atom of the aromatic ring with one of the following groups: NH2, NHR, NRz, ADH, AD, NHCOCH3, NHCOR, 4OCH3, OR, CH3, 4C2H5, R, or CH6H5, where R is a hydrocarbon, preferably a hydrocarbon containing from about 1 to about 100 carbon atoms. The activated aromatic molecule may be an alcohol or ether in which an oxygen atom (i.e., an oxygen atom of an alcohol or ether group) is directly bonded to an aromatic group. The activated aromatic molecule may be an amine in which a nitrogen atom (i.e., a nitrogen atom of an amine group) is directly bonded to an aromatic group. For example, the activated aromatic molecule may have the formula ArXRn, where X is O (i.e., oxygen) or N (i.e., nitrogen), where n:1 when X:O and n:2 when x:N, where Ar is an aromatic group (i.e., a CH group), where R may be H or a carbon-containing group, and where n:2, the R groups may be the same or different. For example, R may be H (i.e., hydrogen), Ar, an alkyl group, or any combination thereof. Exemplary activated aromatic molecules that may be used in the refrigerant compositions according to the teachings herein include diphenyl oxide (i.e., diphenyl ether), methyl phenyl ether (e.g., anisole), ethyl phenyl ether, butyl phenyl ether, or any combination thereof. One aromatic molecule that is highly favored for activation toward Friedel-Crafts addition reactions is diphenyl oxide.

[0132] From Serrano et al., paragraph

[0045] , which is incorporated by reference, the acid scavenger (e.g., activated aromatic compound, siloxane, or both) may be present at any concentration that results in a relatively low total acid number, a relatively low total halide concentration, a relatively low total organic acid concentration, or any combination thereof. Preferably, the acid scavenger is present at a concentration of greater than about 0.0050 wt%, more preferably greater than about 0.05 wt%, even more preferably greater than about 0.1 wt% (e.g., greater than about 0.5 wt%) based on the total weight of the refrigerant composition. Preferably, the acid scavenger is present at a concentration of less than about 3 wt%, more preferably less than about 2.5 wt%, and most preferably less than about 2 wt% (e.g., less than about 1.8 wt%) based on the total weight of the refrigerant composition.

[0133] Additional examples of acid scavengers that may be included in, and preferably excluded from, the refrigerant composition include those described by Kaneko (U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 11 / 575,256, published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007 / 0290164, paragraph 42, which is expressly incorporated herein by reference), such as one or more of phenyl glycidyl ethers, alkyl glycidyl ethers, alkylene glycol glycidyl ethers, cyclohexene oxides, otolenoxides, or epoxy compounds such as epoxidized soybean oil, and those described by Singh et al. (U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 11 / 250,219, published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20060116310, paragraphs 34-42, which are expressly incorporated herein by reference).

[0134] Preferred additives include those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,152,926 and 4,755,316, which are incorporated herein by reference. In particular, preferred extreme pressure additives include a mixture of (A) tolyltriazole or a substituted derivative thereof, (B) an amine (e.g., Jeffamine M-600), and (C) a third component that is (i) an ethoxylated phosphate ester (e.g., Antara LP-700 type), or (ii) an alcohol phosphate (e.g., ZELEC 3337 type), or (iii) a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (e.g., Lubrizol 5139, 5604, 5178, or 5186 type), or (iv) a mercaptobenzothiazole, or (v) a 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-tridiazole derivative (e.g., Curvan 826), or a mixture thereof. Additional examples of additives that can be used are described in US Pat. No. 5,976,399 (Schnur, 5:12 to 6:51, incorporated herein by reference).

[0135] Acid number is measured in mgKOH / g according to ASTM D664-01. Total halide, fluoride, and total organic acid concentrations are measured by ion chromatography. Chemical stability of refrigerant systems is measured according to ASHRAE 97:2007 (RA2017) "Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability of Materials for Use within Refrigerant Systems". Viscosity of lubricants is tested at 40°C according to ASTM D-7042.

[0136] Mouli et al. (WO 2008 / 027595 and WO 2009 / 042847) teach the use of alkylsilanes as stabilizers in refrigerant compositions containing fluoroolefins. Phosphates, phosphites, epoxides, and phenolic additives have also been used in certain refrigerant compositions. These are described, for example, by Kaneko (U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 11 / 575,256, published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007 / 0290164) and Singh et al. (U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 11 / 250,219, published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006 / 0116310). All of these aforementioned applications are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

[0137] Preferred flame suppressants include those described in patent application "Compositions containing fluorine substituted olefins" (Canadian Patent No. 2557873(A1)), which is incorporated by reference, along with fluorinated products such as HFC-125 and / or Krytox® lubricants, which are described in patent application "Compositions comprising fluoroolefins and uses thereof" (WO 2009018117(A1)), which is also incorporated by reference.

[0138] The compositions of the present invention can be prepared by any convenient method for combining the desired amounts of the individual components. A preferred method is to measure the desired amounts of the components and then combine the components in a suitable container. Agitation may be used if necessary.

[0139] The present invention further relates to a process for producing cooling comprising condensing a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin and an effective amount of an inhibitor, and then evaporating the composition in the vicinity of the body to be cooled.

[0140] The body to be cooled may be any space, location, or object requiring refrigeration or air conditioning. In stationary applications, the body may reside inside a structure, i.e., a residential or commercial structure, or a storage location for perishable goods such as food or medicine. In portable refrigeration applications, the body may be incorporated into a transportation unit for road, rail, sea, or air. Certain refrigeration systems operate independently for any mobile carrier, and these are known as "intermodal" systems. Such intermodal systems include "containers" (sea / land intermodal) and "swap bodies" (road and rail intermodal).

[0141] The present invention further relates to a process for producing heating comprising condensing a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin and an effective amount of an inhibitor comprising at least one of limonene and alpha-terpinene near a body to be heated, and then evaporating the composition.

[0142] The object to be heated may be any space, location, or object that requires heat. They may be located inside either a residential or commercial structure in a manner similar to the body to be cooled. Additionally, mobile units such as those described for cooling may be similar to those requiring heating. Certain transport units require heating to prevent the material being transported from solidifying within the transport container.

[0143] Another embodiment of the present invention relates to an air conditioning or refrigeration device comprising the aforementioned composition.

[0144] Another embodiment of the present invention relates to storing the aforementioned compositions in the gas and / or liquid phase in a sealed container in which the oxygen and / or water concentration in the gas and / or liquid phase ranges from about 3 ppm to less than about 3,000 ppm by volume, from about 5 ppm to less than about 1,000 ppm by volume, and in some cases from about 5 ppm to less than about 500 ppm by volume at a temperature of about 25° C.

[0145] The container for storing the aforementioned composition can be constructed of any suitable material and design that can seal the composition while maintaining the gas and liquid phases. Examples of suitable containers include pressure-resistant containers such as tanks, filled cylinders, and secondary filled cylinders. The container can be constructed from any suitable material such as carbon steel, manganese steel, chromium-molybdenum steel, especially low alloy steel, stainless steel, and possibly aluminum alloys. The container can be equipped with a perforated top or valve suitable for dispensing flammable materials.

[0146] Any suitable method can be used to stabilize the fluorocarbon-containing composition, examples of such methods include blending the inhibitor with the fluoroolefin composition, purging lines and vessels with a material containing the inhibitor (e.g., an inhibitor comprising a nitrogen carrier, or a stabilized composition of the present invention), among other suitable methods.

[0147] The following examples are provided to illustrate certain embodiments of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims. EXAMPLES

[0148] HFO-1234yf (at least 99.5% by weight purity) * A mixture of 30 g of yf (and no inhibitor) and initiator was heated in a 210 mL shake tube at the temperature and time shown in Table 4. The shake tube was visually inspected for polymer formation and by detecting the yf polymer peak using IR according to conventional methods. Polymer can also be detected by using conventional NMR methods.

[0149] * HFO-1234yf contains 99.7 wt% HFO-1234yf, 1,000 ppm HFO-1234ze, 150 ppm HFO-1225yeZ, 3 ppm trifluoropropyne, and the remainder contains compounds that do not affect the performance of the mixture or initiator.

[0150] [Table 4] EXAMPLES

[0151] Refrigerant blends containing a mixture of HFO-1234yf (30 g having the composition of Example 1), at least one additional compound, and an initiator (and no inhibitor) were heated in a 210 mL shaker tube at the temperatures and times shown in Table 5. Examples 1-6 evaluate inhibitors containing Opteon™ XP-10 refrigerant (R513a) and a commercially available lubricant. Examples 7-12 evaluate inhibitors containing Opteon™ XP-40 refrigerant (R449a) and a commercially available lubricant. Examples 13-18 evaluate inhibitors containing HFO-1234yf and a commercially available lubricant. XP10 refrigerant contains 56% by weight of HFO1234yf and 44% by weight of HFC-134a, and XP40 refrigerant contains 24.3% by weight of R32, 24.7% by weight of R125, 25.3% by weight of 1234yf, and 25.7% by weight of 134a. XP10 and XP40 refrigerants are commercially available from Chemours Company. The shaker tubes were inspected visually for polymer formation and by using IR. Data reported below are ppm by weight.

[0152] [Table 5]

[0153] While certain aspects, embodiments, and principles have been described above, it is understood that this description is made by way of example only and does not limit the scope of the invention or the appended claims. The various aspects, embodiments, and principles described above can be used alone and in combination with each other.

Claims

1. 1. A composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin and an effective amount of at least one liquid inhibitor, wherein said liquid inhibitor inhibits said fluoroolefin from interacting with another compound to form a dimer, oligomer, homopolymer, or polymer product, said composition being substantially free of oligomer, homopolymer, or other polymer products derived from said fluoroolefin, said fluoroolefin comprising at least HFO-1234yf in an amount of at least 99.5% by weight of said composition, said liquid inhibitor comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of d-limonene, alpha-terpinene, and alpha-tocopherol, said liquid inhibitor being present in an amount of 10 to 1,000 ppm.

2. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises less than 0.03% by weight of oligomers, homopolymers, or other polymer products.

3. 10. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of air, oxygen, cumene hydroperoxide, and fluoroolefin polyperoxides, peroxides, hydroperoxides, persulfates, percarbonates, perborates, and hydropersulfates.

4. The composition of claim 3 further comprising at least one lubricant.

5. 10. The composition of claim 1 further comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-152a, 236fa, HFC-227ea, and carbon dioxide.

6. 10. The composition of claim 1 further comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of HFC-134a, HFO-1243zf, HFO-1225ye, HFO-1234ze, 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propyne, HCFO-1233xf, HFC-244bb, and HFC-245cb.

7. 10. The composition of claim 1 further comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of HCC-40, HCFC-22, CFC-115, HCFC-124, HCFC-1122, and CFC-1113.

8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the inhibitor is present in an amount of 30 to 1,000 ppm.

9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the inhibitor is present in an amount of up to 500 ppm.

10. 5. The composition of claim 4, further comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, tertiary butylhydroquinone, gallates, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, 1-(2,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-butanone, phenol, bisphenolmethane derivatives, and 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol).

11. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the inhibitor comprises at least one of limonene and alpha-terpinene.

12. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the inhibitor comprises a liquid at a temperature of from -80 to 180°C.

13. The composition of claim 1 further comprising at least one antioxidant.

14. 10. The composition of claim 1 further comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of HFO-1225yeZ, HFO-1243zf, HFO-1234ze, HFC-236ea, HFC-245fa, and 3,3,3-trifluoropropyne.

15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the components include HFO-1234ze, HFO-1225yeZ, and 3,3,3-trifluoropropyne.

16. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is substantially free of at least one of ammonia and CF3I.

17. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition consists essentially of HFO-1234yf and limonene and contains no ammonia or CF3I.

18. 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the composition consists essentially of HFO-1234yf, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyne, and limonene.

19. 1. A method for reducing the formation of oligomers and homopolymers, comprising contacting a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin, including HFO-1234yf, with at least one member selected from the group consisting of limonene, α-terpinene, and α-tocopherol in an amount effective to reduce the formation of oligomers or homopolymers; The method wherein said HFO-1234yf is present in an amount of at least 99.5% by weight of said composition, and said effective amount is from 10 to 1000 ppm.

20. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the composition is exposed to at least one member selected from the group consisting of air, oxygen, cumene hydroperoxide, and fluoroolefin polyperoxides, peroxides, hydroperoxides, persulfates, percarbonates, perborates, and hydropersulfates prior to said contacting.

21. 20. A method of heating or cooling using the composition of claim 19.

22. A container containing a refrigerant comprising the composition of claim 1.

23. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the liquid inhibitor comprises at least one cyclic monoterpene.

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