Integrating protein colocalization devices (PCDs) onto microfluidic devices

Abstract

Provided herein are structures and methods for detecting the presence of one or more analyte molecules in a sample. In some embodiments, the one or more analyte molecules are detected using one or more supramolecular structures. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structures are bistable, and the supramolecular structures transition from an unstable state to a stable state upon interaction with one or more analyte molecules from a sample. In some embodiments, the stable state supramolecular structures are configured to provide a signal for detection and quantification of the analyte molecules.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to the incorporation of a protein co-localization device (PCD) onto a microfluidic device. (CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application claims priority to and benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 168,837, filed March 31, 2021, entitled "INTEGRATION OF A PROTEIN COLOCALIZATION DEVICE (PCD) ONTO A MICROFLUIDIC DEVICE," the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. [Background technology]

[0002] The current state of personalized medicine is overwhelmingly genomic-centric, focusing mostly on quantifying the genes present within an individual. While such approaches have proven extremely powerful, they do not provide clinicians with a complete picture of an individual's health status. This is because genes are an individual's "blueprint" and merely indicate the likelihood of developing disease. These "blueprints" for an individual must first be transcribed into RNA and then translated into various protein molecules—the actual "actors"—in the cell in order to have any impact on the individual's health.

[0003] Protein concentrations, protein-protein interactions (protein-protein interactions or PPIs), and interactions between proteins and small molecules are intricately linked to the health of various organs, homeostatic regulatory mechanisms, and the interactions of these systems with the external environment. Therefore, quantitative information about proteins and PPIs is essential not only for creating a complete picture of an individual's health at a given time, but also for predicting emerging health problems. For example, the amount of stress experienced by the myocardium (e.g., during a heart attack) can be inferred by measuring the concentrations of troponin I / II and myosin light chain present in peripheral blood. Similar protein biomarkers have also been identified, validated, and deployed for a wide variety of organ dysfunctions (e.g., liver disease and thyroid disease), specific cancers (e.g., colon or prostate cancer), and infectious diseases (e.g., HIV and Zika). Interactions between these proteins are also important for drug development and are increasingly becoming highly sought-after datasets. The ability to detect and quantify proteins and other molecules within a given sample of bodily fluid is an essential component of such healthcare development. Summary of the Invention

[0004] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure relates generally to systems, structures, and methods for the detection and quantification of analyte molecules in a sample.

[0005] Provided herein, in some embodiments, is a method for detecting an analyte molecule present in a sample, the method comprising: a) providing a supramolecular structure comprising: i) a core structure comprising a plurality of core molecules; ii) a capture molecule bound to the core structure at a first location; and iii) a detector molecule bound to the core structure at a second location, wherein the supramolecular structure is in an unstable state such that the detector molecule is configured to dissociate from the core structure upon cleavage of a bond between them at the second location; b) contacting a sample with the supramolecular structure, thereby transitioning the supramolecular structure from the unstable state to a stable state, wherein the detector molecule and the capture molecule bind to the analyte molecule through their bond to form a bond between the detector molecule and the capture molecule; c) providing a trigger to cleave the bond between the detector molecule and the core structure at the second location, wherein the detector molecule remains bound to the core structure via its bond with the capture molecule; and d) detecting the analyte molecule based on a signal provided by the supramolecular structure that has transitioned to the stable state.

[0006] Provided herein, in some embodiments, is a method for detecting one or more analyte molecules present in a sample, the method comprising: a) providing a plurality of supramolecular structures, each comprising: i) a core structure comprising a plurality of core molecules; ii) a capture molecule bound to the core structure at a first location; and iii) a detector molecule bound to the core structure at a second location, wherein the supramolecular structure is in an unstable state such that the detector molecules dissociate from the core structure upon cleavage of a bond between them at the second location; and b) contacting a sample with the plurality of supramolecular structures, whereby at least one supramolecular structure transitions from the unstable state to a stable state, wherein a corresponding a) contacting a detector molecule and a capture molecule of the one or more analyte molecules through binding to one analyte molecule, thereby forming a bond between the corresponding detector molecule and the capture molecule; b) providing a trigger to cleave the bond between each detector molecule and the corresponding core structure at a second location of the plurality of supramolecular structures, wherein the detector molecule of at least one supramolecular structure that has transitioned to a stable state remains bound to the corresponding core structure through binding to the corresponding capture molecule; and c) detecting each analyte molecule of the one or more analyte molecules based on a signal provided by each supramolecular structure of the at least one supramolecular structure that has transitioned to a stable state. In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating the plurality of supramolecular structures from any detector molecule dissociated from any supramolecular structure that has not transitioned to a stable state.

[0007] In some embodiments, any method disclosed herein further comprises quantifying the concentration of the analyte molecule in the sample. In some embodiments, any method disclosed herein further comprises identifying the detected analyte molecule. In some embodiments, any method disclosed herein further comprises detecting the analyte molecule based on the signal if the analyte molecule is present in the sample at a count of single molecules or greater. In some embodiments, for any method disclosed herein, the sample comprises a complex biological sample, and the method provides single-molecule sensitivity, thereby increasing the dynamic range and quantitative capture of a range of molecular concentrations in the complex biological sample. In some embodiments, for any method disclosed herein, the analyte molecule comprises a protein, peptide, peptide fragment, lipid, DNA, RNA, organic molecule, inorganic molecule, complex thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, for any method disclosed herein, each supramolecular structure is a nanostructure.

[0008] In some embodiments, for any method disclosed herein, each core structure is a nanostructure. In some embodiments, for any method disclosed herein, the multiple core molecules per core structure are arranged in a predetermined shape and / or have a predetermined molecular weight. In some embodiments, the predetermined shape is configured to limit or prevent cross-reactivity with other supramolecular structures. In some embodiments, for any method disclosed herein, the multiple core molecules per core structure comprise one or more nucleic acid strands, one or more branched nucleic acids, one or more peptides, one or more small molecules, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, for any method disclosed herein, each core structure independently comprises a scaffolded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) origami, a scaffolded ribonucleic acid (RNA) origami, a scaffolded hybrid DNA:RNA origami, a single-stranded DNA tiling structure, a multi-stranded DNA tiling structure, a single-stranded RNA origami, a multi-stranded RNA tiling structure, a hierarchically organized DNA or RNA origami with multiple scaffolds, a peptide structure, or a combination thereof.

[0009] In some embodiments, for any method disclosed herein, the trigger comprises a deconstructor molecule, a trigger signal, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the deconstructor molecule comprises DNA, RNA, a peptide, a small organic molecule, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the trigger signal comprises an optical signal, an electrical signal, or both. In some embodiments, the trigger optical signal comprises a microwave signal, ultraviolet illumination, visible illumination, near-infrared illumination, or a combination thereof.

[0010] In some embodiments, for any method disclosed herein, each analyte molecule is 1) bound to a capture molecule of each supramolecular structure via a chemical bond, and / or 2) bound to a detector molecule of each supramolecular structure via a chemical bond. In some embodiments, for any method disclosed herein, the capture molecule and detector molecule for each supramolecular structure independently comprise a protein, peptide, antibody, aptamer (RNA and DNA), fluorophore, DARPin, catalyst, polymerization initiator, PEG-like polymer, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, for any of the methods disclosed herein, for each supramolecular structure, a) the capture molecule is attached to the core structure via a capture barcode, the capture barcode comprising a first capture linker, a second capture linker, and a capture bridge disposed between the first and second capture linkers, the first capture linker being attached to the first core linker at a first position on the core structure, and the capture molecule and the second capture linker being linked by a bond to the third capture linker; and b) the detector molecule is attached to the core structure via a detector barcode, the detector barcode comprising a first detector linker, a second detector linker, and a detector bridge disposed between the first and second detector linkers, the first detector linker being attached to the second core linker at a second position on the core structure, and the detector molecule and the second detector linker being linked by a bond to the third detector linker. In some embodiments, the capture bridge and the detector bridge independently comprise a polymer core. In some embodiments, the polymer core of the capture bridge and the polymer core of the detector bridge independently comprise a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of a specific sequence or a PEG-like polymer. In some embodiments, the first core linker, the second core linker, the first capture linker, the second capture linker, the third capture linker, the first detector linker, the second detector linker, and the third detector linker independently comprise a reactive molecule or a DNA sequence domain.In some embodiments, each reactive molecule independently comprises an amine, a thiol, DBCO, a maleimide, a biotin, an azide, an acrydite, an NHS ester, a single-stranded nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) of a specific sequence, one or more polymers such as PEG or a polymerization initiator, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the bond between the capture barcode and 1) the first core linker and / or 2) the third capture linker comprises a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the chemical bond comprises a covalent bond. In some embodiments, the bond between the detector barcode and 1) the second core linker and / or 2) the third detector linker comprises a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the chemical bond comprises a covalent bond. In some embodiments, the trigger cleaves the bond between 1) the first detector linker and the second core linker and / or 2) the bond between the first capture linker and the first core linker. In some embodiments, for any method disclosed herein, the capture molecule is attached to the third capture linker via a chemical bond, and / or the detector molecule is attached to the third detector linker via a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the capture molecule is covalently attached to a third capture linker and / or the detector molecule is covalently attached to a third detector linker.

[0011] In some embodiments, for any method disclosed herein, each supramolecular structure in the unstable state comprises a capture molecule and a detector molecule, and the capture molecules and detector molecules are separated by a predetermined distance to reduce or prevent cross-reaction between the capture molecule and / or detector molecule of the first supramolecular structure and the corresponding capture molecule and / or detector molecule of the second supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, for any method disclosed herein, the predetermined distance is from about 3 nm to about 40 nm.

[0012] In some embodiments, for any method disclosed herein, each supramolecular structure further comprises an anchor molecule attached to the core structure. In some embodiments, the anchor molecule is attached to the core structure via an anchor barcode, the anchor barcode comprising a first anchor linker, a second anchor linker, and an anchor crosslinker disposed between the first anchor linker and the second anchor linker, the first anchor linker being attached to a third core linker attached to a third position on the core structure, and the anchor molecule being attached to the second anchor linker. In some embodiments, the anchor molecule comprises an amine, a thiol, DBCO, maleimide, biotin, an azide, an acrydite, an NHS ester, a single-stranded nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) of a specific sequence, one or more PEG-like or polymerization initiator-like polymers, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the anchor crosslinker comprises a polymer core. In some embodiments, the polymer core of the anchor crosslinker comprises a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of a specific sequence or a PEG-like polymer. In some embodiments, the third core linker, the first anchor linker, the second anchor linker, and the anchor molecule independently comprise an anchor-reactive molecule or a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, each anchor reactive molecule independently comprises an amine, a thiol, DBCO, a maleimide, a biotin, an azide, an acrydite, an NHS ester, a single-stranded nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) of a specific sequence, one or more polymers such as PEG or a polymerization initiator, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the anchor molecule is attached to the second anchor linker via a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the anchor molecule is covalently attached to the second anchor linker. In some embodiments, the trigger further cleaves 1) the second anchor linker from the anchor molecule, 2) the first anchor linker from the third core linker, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the first position and the second position are located on a first side of the core structure, and the third position is located on a second side of the core structure.

[0013] In some embodiments, for any method disclosed herein, the signal comprises a detector barcode, a capture barcode, or a combination thereof, corresponding to the supramolecular structure transitioned to a stable state. In some embodiments, any method disclosed herein further comprises separating each detector barcode from a corresponding detector molecule of at least one supramolecular structure transitioned to a stable state, such that the corresponding signal comprises a respective detector barcode for detection of an analyte molecule bound to the respective capture molecule and detector molecule. In some embodiments, each separated detector barcode provides a DNA signal corresponding to the analyte molecule bound to the respective detector molecule. In some embodiments, at least one separated detector barcode is analyzed using genotyping, qPCR, sequencing, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, multiple analyte molecules in a sample are simultaneously detected by multiplexing via one or more supramolecular structures transitioned to a stable state. In some embodiments, for any method disclosed herein, the capture molecule and detector molecule for each supramolecular structure are configured to bind to one or more specific types of analyte molecules.

[0014] In some embodiments, for any method comprising using a plurality of supramolecular structures disclosed herein, each core structure of the plurality of supramolecular structures is identical to one another. In some embodiments, each supramolecular structure comprises a predetermined shape, size, molecular weight, or a combination thereof to reduce or eliminate cross-reactivity between the plurality of supramolecular structures. In some embodiments, each supramolecular structure comprises a plurality of capture molecules and detector molecules. In some embodiments, each supramolecular structure comprises a predetermined stoichiometry of the capture molecules and detector molecules to reduce or eliminate cross-reactivity between the plurality of supramolecular structures.

[0015] In some embodiments, for any method involving the use of a plurality of supramolecular structures disclosed herein, each supramolecular structure in the unstable state further comprises a capture molecule and a detector molecule, and the capture molecule and detector molecule are separated by a predetermined distance to reduce or prevent cross-reaction between the capture molecule and / or detector molecule of the first supramolecular structure and the second supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, the predetermined distance is about 3 nm to about 40 nm. In some embodiments, the average distance between any two supramolecular structures is greater than the predetermined distance between the capture molecule and the detector molecule of each supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, the plurality of supramolecular structures are attached to one or more widgets, one or more solid supports, one or more polymer matrices, one or more solid substrates, one or more molecular condensates, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the average distance between any two supramolecular structures is greater than the predetermined distance between the capture molecule and the detector molecule of each supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, each polymer matrix of the one or more polymer matrices comprises a hydrogel bead. In some embodiments, the one or more supramolecular substrates are attached to the hydrogel beads. In some embodiments, each supramolecular structure is copolymerized with a hydrogel bead via a corresponding anchor molecule bound to each core structure of the corresponding supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, one or more supramolecular structures are embedded within a hydrogel bead. In some embodiments, each hydrogel bead is in contact with a single cell in a sample for detection of an intercellular analyte molecule at single-cell resolution. In some embodiments, each solid substrate of the one or more solid substrates comprises a microparticle. In some embodiments, the one or more supramolecular substrates are attached to the solid surface of the microparticle. In some embodiments, the microparticles comprise polystyrene particles, silica particles, magnetic particles, or paramagnetic particles. In some embodiments, each solid substrate is in contact with a single cell in a sample for detection of an intercellular analyte molecule at single-cell resolution. In some embodiments, each solid substrate of the one or more solid substrates comprises a planar substrate.In some embodiments, the plurality of supramolecular structures are disposed on a planar substrate, the planar substrate comprising a plurality of binding sites, each binding site configured to bind to a corresponding supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, the plurality of supramolecular structures are configured to detect the same analyte molecule. In some embodiments, for any method involving the use of a planar substrate, the method further comprises providing a plurality of signaling elements configured to bind to a detector molecule of at least one supramolecular structure that has transitioned to a stable state. In some embodiments, each signaling element comprises a fluorescent molecule or microbead, a fluorescent polymer, a highly charged nanoparticle, or a polymer. In some embodiments, at least one supramolecular structure of the plurality of supramolecular structures is configured to detect a different analyte molecule from the other supramolecular structures. In some embodiments, for any method involving the use of a planar substrate, the method further comprises barcoding each supramolecular structure to identify its position on the planar substrate. In some embodiments, for any method involving the use of a planar substrate, the method further comprises providing a plurality of signaling elements configured to bind to a detector molecule of at least one supramolecular structure that has transitioned to a stable state. In some embodiments, each signaling element comprises a fluorescent molecule or microbead, a fluorescent polymer, a highly charged nanoparticle, or a polymer.

[0016] In some embodiments, for any method disclosed herein, the sample comprises a biological particle or biological molecule. In some embodiments, for any method disclosed herein, the sample comprises an aqueous solution containing a protein, peptide, peptide fragment, lipid, DNA, RNA, organic molecule, viral particle, exosome, organelle, or any complex thereof. In some embodiments, for any method disclosed herein, the sample comprises a biopsy, blood, plasma, urine, saliva, tears, cerebrospinal fluid, extracellular fluid, cultured cells, media, discarded tissue, plant material, synthetic protein, bacterial and / or viral sample or fungal tissue, or a combination thereof.

[0017] In some embodiments, a substrate for detecting one or more analyte molecules in a sample is provided, the substrate comprising a plurality of supramolecular structures, each supramolecular structure comprising: a) a core structure comprising a plurality of core molecules; b) a capture molecule bound to the supramolecular core at a first position; and c) a detector molecule bound to the supramolecular core at a second position, wherein the supramolecular structure is in an unstable state and the detector molecule is configured to dissociate from the core structure by cleavage of the bond between them at the second position, and each supramolecular structure is configured to transition from the unstable state to a stable state by interaction between the detector molecule, the capture molecule, and a respective analyte molecule among the one or more analyte molecules, and upon interaction with a trigger, each supramolecular structure transitioned to a stable state provides a signal for detecting the respective analyte molecule.

[0018] In some embodiments, upon interaction with the trigger, each detector molecule bound to the supramolecular structure in the unstable state dissociates from the supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, each core structure of the multiple supramolecular structures is identical to one another. In some embodiments, the average distance between any two supramolecular structures is greater than a predetermined distance between the capture molecule and the detector molecule of each supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, the substrate comprises a solid support, a solid substrate, a polymer matrix, or a molecular condensate. In some embodiments, the sample comprises a complex biological sample, and the method provides single-molecule sensitivity, thereby increasing the dynamic range and quantitative capture of a range of molecular concentrations in the complex biological sample. In some embodiments, the one or more analyte molecules comprise proteins, peptides, peptide fragments, lipids, DNA, RNA, organic molecules, inorganic molecules, complexes thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, each supramolecular structure is a nanostructure. In some embodiments, each core structure is a nanostructure. In some embodiments, the multiple core molecules per core structure are arranged in a predetermined shape and / or have a predetermined molecular weight. In some embodiments, the predetermined shape is configured to limit or prevent cross-reactivity with other supramolecular structures. In some embodiments, the multiple core molecules per core structure comprise one or more nucleic acid strands, one or more branched nucleic acids, one or more peptides, one or more small molecules, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, each core structure independently comprises a scaffolded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) origami, a scaffolded ribonucleic acid (RNA) origami, a scaffolded hybrid DNA:RNA origami, a single-stranded DNA tiling structure, a multi-stranded DNA tiling structure, a single-stranded RNA origami, a multi-stranded RNA tiling structure, a hierarchically organized DNA or RNA origami with multiple scaffolds, a peptide structure, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the trigger comprises a deconstructor molecule, a trigger signal, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the deconstructor molecule comprises DNA, RNA, a peptide, a small organic molecule, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the trigger signal comprises an optical signal, an electrical signal, or both.In some embodiments, the trigger optical signal comprises a microwave signal, ultraviolet illumination, visible illumination, near-infrared illumination, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, each analyte molecule is 1) bound to a capture molecule via a chemical bond and / or 2) bound to a detector molecule via a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the capture molecule and detector molecule per supramolecular structure independently comprise a protein, peptide, antibody, aptamer (RNA and DNA), fluorophore, DARPin, catalyst, polymerization initiator, PEG-like polymer, or a combination thereof.

[0019] In some embodiments, for each supramolecular structure on the substrate, a) a capture molecule is attached to the core structure via a capture barcode, the capture barcode comprising a first capture linker, a second capture linker, and a capture bridge disposed between the first and second capture linkers, the first capture linker being attached to the first core linker at a first location on the core structure, and the capture molecule and the second capture linker being linked by a bond to the third capture linker; b) a detector molecule is attached to the core structure via a detector barcode, the detector barcode comprising a first detector linker, a second detector linker, and a detector bridge disposed between the first and second detector linkers, the first detector linker being attached to the second core linker at a second location on the core structure, and the detector molecule and the second detector linker being linked by a bond to the third detector linker. In some embodiments, the capture bridge and the detector bridge independently comprise a polymer core. In some embodiments, the polymer core of the capture bridge and the polymer core of the detector bridge independently comprise a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of a specific sequence or a PEG-like polymer. In some embodiments, the first core linker, the second core linker, the first capture linker, the second capture linker, the third capture linker, the first detector linker, the second detector linker, and the third detector linker independently comprise a reactive molecule or a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, each reactive molecule independently comprises an amine, a thiol, DBCO, a maleimide, a biotin, an azide, an acrydite, an NHS ester, a single-stranded nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) of a specific sequence, one or more polymers such as PEG or a polymerization initiator, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the bond between the capture barcode and 1) the first core linker and / or 2) the third capture linker comprises a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the chemical bond comprises a covalent bond. In some embodiments, the bond between the detector barcode and 1) the second core linker and / or 2) the third detector linker comprises a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the chemical bond comprises a covalent bond.In some embodiments, the trigger cleaves 1) the bond between the first detector linker and the second core linker and / or 2) the bond between the first capture linker and the first core linker. In some embodiments, the capture molecule is bound to the third capture linker via a chemical bond, and / or the detector molecule is bound to the third detector linker via a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the capture molecule is covalently bound to the third capture linker, and / or the detector molecule is covalently bound to the third detector linker. In some embodiments, each supramolecular structure in the unstable state comprises a capture molecule and a detector molecule, respectively, and these capture molecules and detector molecules are separated by a predetermined distance to reduce or prevent cross-reaction between the capture molecule and / or detector molecule of the first supramolecular structure and the corresponding capture molecule and / or detector molecule of the second supramolecular structure. The predetermined distance is about 3 nm to about 40 nm.

[0020] In some embodiments, each supramolecular structure further comprises an anchor molecule attached to the core structure. In some embodiments, the anchor molecule is attached to the core structure via an anchor barcode, the anchor barcode comprising a first anchor linker, a second anchor linker, and an anchor crosslinker disposed between the first anchor linker and the second anchor linker, the first anchor linker being attached to a third core linker attached to a third position on the core structure, and the anchor molecule being attached to the second anchor linker. In some embodiments, the anchor molecule comprises an amine, a thiol, DBCO, maleimide, biotin, an azide, an acrydite, an NHS ester, a single-stranded nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) of a specific sequence, one or more PEG-like or polymerization initiator-like polymers, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the anchor crosslinker comprises a polymer core. In some embodiments, the polymer core of the anchor crosslinker comprises a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of a specific sequence or a PEG-like polymer. In some embodiments, the third core linker, the first anchor linker, the second anchor linker, and the anchor molecule independently comprise an anchor-reactive molecule or a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, each anchor reactive molecule independently comprises an amine, a thiol, DBCO, a maleimide, a biotin, an azide, an acrydite, an NHS ester, a single-stranded nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) of a specific sequence, one or more polymers such as PEG or a polymerization initiator, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the anchor molecule is attached to the second anchor linker via a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the anchor molecule is covalently attached to the second anchor linker. In some embodiments, the trigger further cleaves 1) the second anchor linker from the anchor molecule, 2) the first anchor linker from the third core linker, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the first position and the second position are located on a first side of the core structure, and the third position is located on a second side of the core structure.

[0021] In some embodiments, the signal comprises a detector barcode, a capture barcode, or a combination thereof, corresponding to the supramolecular structure transitioned to a stable state. In some embodiments, each detector barcode from a corresponding detector molecule of at least one supramolecular structure transitioned to a stable state is configured to separate from the corresponding detector molecule such that the corresponding signal comprises a respective detector barcode for detection of an analyte molecule bound to the corresponding detector molecule. In some embodiments, each separated detector barcode provides a DNA signal corresponding to the analyte molecule bound to the respective detector molecule. In some embodiments, at least one separated detector barcode is configured to be analyzed using genotyping, qPCR, sequencing, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, one or more supramolecular structures are configured to multiplex a sample, and multiple analyte molecules in the sample are detected simultaneously. In some embodiments, the capture molecule and detector molecule for each supramolecular structure are configured to bind to one or more specific types of analyte molecules.

[0022] In some embodiments, the core structures of the multiple supramolecular structures are identical to each other. In some embodiments, each supramolecular structure has a predetermined shape, size, molecular weight, or a combination thereof to reduce or eliminate cross-reactions between the multiple supramolecular structures. In some embodiments, each supramolecular structure includes a plurality of capture molecules and detector molecules. In some embodiments, each supramolecular structure has a predetermined stoichiometry of the capture molecules and detector molecules to reduce or eliminate cross-reactions between the multiple supramolecular structures. In some embodiments, each supramolecular structure in an unstable state further includes a capture molecule and a detector molecule, and these capture molecules and detector molecules are separated by a predetermined distance to reduce or prevent cross-reactions between the capture molecules and / or detector molecules of the first supramolecular structure and the second supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, the predetermined distance is about 3 nm to about 40 nm. In some embodiments, the average distance between any two supramolecular structures is greater than the predetermined distance between the capture molecules and detector molecules of each supramolecular structure.

[0023] In some embodiments, each substrate comprises a widget, a solid support, a polymer matrix, a solid substrate, or a molecular condensate. In some embodiments, the average distance between any two supramolecular structures is greater than the predetermined distance between the capture molecule and the detector molecule of each supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, the polymer matrix comprises hydrogel beads. In some embodiments, one or more supramolecular substrates are attached to the hydrogel beads. In some embodiments, each supramolecular structure is copolymerized with the hydrogel beads via a corresponding anchor molecule bound to each core structure of the corresponding supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, one or more supramolecular structures are embedded within the hydrogel beads. In some embodiments, each hydrogel bead is configured to contact a single cell in a sample for detection of an intercellular analyte molecule at single-cell resolution. In some embodiments, the solid substrate comprises a microparticle. In some embodiments, one or more supramolecular substrates are attached to the solid surface of the microparticle. In some embodiments, the microparticle comprises polystyrene particles, silica particles, magnetic particles, or paramagnetic particles. In some embodiments, each solid substrate is configured to contact a single cell in a sample for detection of an intercellular analyte molecule at single-cell resolution. In some embodiments, the solid substrate comprises a planar substrate. In some embodiments, the plurality of supramolecular structures are disposed on the planar substrate, the planar substrate comprising a plurality of binding sites, each binding site configured to bind to a corresponding supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, the plurality of supramolecular structures are configured to detect the same analyte molecule. In some embodiments, the plurality of signaling elements are configured to bind to a detector molecule of at least one supramolecular structure that has transitioned to a stable state. In some embodiments, each signaling element comprises a fluorescent molecule or microbead, a fluorescent polymer, a highly charged nanoparticle or a polymer. In some embodiments, at least one supramolecular structure of the plurality of supramolecular structures is configured to detect a different analyte molecule from the other supramolecular structures.

[0024] In some embodiments, the sample comprises a biological particle or a biological molecule. In some embodiments, the sample comprises an aqueous solution containing a protein, a peptide, a peptide fragment, a lipid, DNA, RNA, an organic molecule, a viral particle, an exosome, an organelle, or any complex thereof. In some embodiments, the sample comprises a biopsy, blood, plasma, urine, saliva, tears, cerebrospinal fluid, extracellular fluid, cultured cells, culture medium, discarded tissue, plant material, synthetic proteins, bacterial and / or viral samples or fungal tissue, or a combination thereof.

[0025] In some embodiments, a supramolecular structure for detecting an analyte molecule in a sample is provided, the supramolecular structure comprising: a) a core structure comprising a plurality of core molecules; b) a capture molecule bound to the supramolecular core at a first position; and c) a detector molecule bound to the supramolecular core at a second position, wherein the supramolecular structure is in an unstable state and the detector molecule is configured to dissociate from the core structure by cleavage of the bond between them at the second position; the supramolecular structure is configured to transition from the unstable state to a stable state by interaction between the detector molecule, the capture molecule, and the analyte molecule; and upon interaction with a trigger, the supramolecular structure transitioned to the stable state provides a signal for detecting the analyte molecule.

[0026] In some embodiments, the sample comprises a complex biological sample, and the method provides single-molecule sensitivity, thereby increasing the dynamic range and quantitative capture of a range of molecular concentrations in the complex biological sample. In some embodiments, the analyte molecule comprises a protein, a peptide, a peptide fragment, a lipid, DNA, RNA, an organic molecule, an inorganic molecule, a complex thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure is a nanostructure. In some embodiments, the core structure is a nanostructure. In some embodiments, the multiple core molecules of the core structure are arranged in a predetermined shape and / or have a predetermined molecular weight. In some embodiments, the predetermined shape is configured to limit or prevent cross-reactivity with another supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, the multiple core molecules per core structure comprise one or more nucleic acid strands, one or more branched nucleic acids, one or more peptides, one or more small molecules, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the core structures independently comprise scaffolded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) origami, scaffolded ribonucleic acid (RNA) origami, scaffolded hybrid DNA:RNA origami, single-stranded DNA tiling structures, multi-stranded DNA tiling structures, single-stranded RNA origami, multi-stranded RNA tiling structures, hierarchically organized DNA or RNA origami with multiple scaffolds, peptide structures, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the trigger comprises a deconstructor molecule, a trigger signal, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the deconstructor molecule comprises DNA, RNA, a peptide, a small organic molecule, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the trigger signal comprises an optical signal, an electrical signal, or both. In some embodiments, the trigger optical signal comprises a microwave signal, ultraviolet illumination, visible illumination, near-infrared illumination, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the analyte molecule 1) binds to a capture molecule via a chemical bond and / or 2) binds to a detector molecule via a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the capture and detector molecules for each supramolecular structure independently comprise proteins, peptides, antibodies, aptamers (RNA and DNA), fluorophores, DARPins, catalysts, polymerization initiators, PEG-like polymers, or combinations thereof.

[0027] In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure includes: a) a capture molecule is attached to the core structure via a capture barcode, the capture barcode comprising a first capture linker, a second capture linker, and a capture bridge disposed between the first and second capture linkers; the first capture linker is attached to the first core linker at a first position on the core structure, and the capture molecule and the second capture linker are linked by a bond to the third capture linker; b) a detector molecule is attached to the core structure via a detector barcode, the detector barcode comprising a first detector linker, a second detector linker, and a detector bridge disposed between the first and second detector linkers; the first detector linker is attached to the second core linker at a second position on the core structure, and the detector molecule and the second detector linker are linked by a bond to the third detector linker. In some embodiments, the capture bridge and the detector bridge independently comprise a polymer core. In some embodiments, the polymer core of the capture bridge and the polymer core of the detector bridge independently comprise a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of a specific sequence, or a PEG-like polymer. In some embodiments, the first core linker, the second core linker, the first capture linker, the second capture linker, the third capture linker, the first detector linker, the second detector linker, and the third detector linker independently comprise a reactive molecule or a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, each reactive molecule independently comprises an amine, a thiol, DBCO, a maleimide, a biotin, an azide, an acrydite, an NHS ester, a single-stranded nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) of a specific sequence, one or more polymers such as PEG or a polymerization initiator, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the bond between the capture barcode and 1) the first core linker and / or 2) the third capture linker comprises a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the chemical bond comprises a covalent bond. In some embodiments, the bond between the detector barcode and 1) the second core linker and / or 2) the third detector linker comprises a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the chemical bond comprises a covalent bond.In some embodiments, the trigger cleaves 1) the bond between the first detector linker and the second core linker and / or 2) the bond between the first capture linker and the first core linker. In some embodiments, the capture molecule is attached to the third capture linker via a chemical bond, and / or the detector molecule is attached to the third detector linker via a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the capture molecule is covalently attached to the third capture linker, and / or the detector molecule is covalently attached to the third detector linker. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure in the unstable state comprises a capture molecule and a detector molecule, respectively, and these capture molecules and detector molecules are separated by a predetermined distance to reduce or prevent cross-reaction between the capture molecule and / or detector molecule of one supramolecular structure and the corresponding capture molecule and / or detector molecule of another supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, the predetermined distance is about 3 nm to about 40 nm.

[0028] In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure further comprises an anchor molecule attached to the core structure. In some embodiments, the anchor molecule is attached to the core structure via an anchor barcode, the anchor barcode comprising a first anchor linker, a second anchor linker, and an anchor crosslinker disposed between the first anchor linker and the second anchor linker, the first anchor linker being attached to a third core linker attached to a third position on the core structure, and the anchor molecule being attached to the second anchor linker. In some embodiments, the anchor molecule comprises an amine, a thiol, DBCO, maleimide, biotin, an azide, an acrydite, an NHS ester, a single-stranded nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) of a specific sequence, one or more PEG-like or polymerization initiator-like polymers, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the anchor crosslinker comprises a polymer core. In some embodiments, the polymer core of the anchor crosslinker comprises a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of a specific sequence or a PEG-like polymer. In some embodiments, the third core linker, the first anchor linker, the second anchor linker, and the anchor molecule independently comprise an anchor-reactive molecule or a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, each anchor reactive molecule independently comprises an amine, a thiol, DBCO, a maleimide, a biotin, an azide, an acrydite, an NHS ester, a single-stranded nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) of a specific sequence, one or more polymers such as PEG or a polymerization initiator, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the anchor molecule is attached to the second anchor linker via a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the anchor molecule is covalently attached to the second anchor linker. In some embodiments, the trigger further cleaves 1) the second anchor linker from the anchor molecule, 2) the first anchor linker from the third core linker, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the first position and the second position are located on a first side of the core structure, and the third position is located on a second side of the core structure.

[0029] In some embodiments, the signal comprises a detector barcode, a capture barcode, or a combination thereof, corresponding to the supramolecular structure that has transitioned to a stable state. In some embodiments, the detector barcodes from the corresponding detector molecules of the supramolecular structure that has transitioned to a stable state are configured to separate from the corresponding detector molecules such that the corresponding signals comprise respective detector barcodes for detection of analyte molecules bound to the corresponding detector molecules. In some embodiments, the separated detector barcodes provide DNA signals corresponding to the analyte molecules bound to the respective detector molecules. In some embodiments, the separated detector barcodes are configured to be analyzed using genotyping, qPCR, sequencing, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the capture molecules and detector molecules of the supramolecular structure are configured to bind to one or more specific types of analyte molecules.

[0030] In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure comprises a predetermined shape, size, molecular weight, or combination thereof to reduce or eliminate cross-reactivity with another supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure comprises a plurality of capture molecules and detector molecules. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure comprises a predetermined stoichiometry of the capture molecules and detector molecules to reduce or eliminate cross-reactivity with another supramolecular structure.

[0031] In some embodiments, the sample comprises a biological particle or a biological molecule. In some embodiments, the sample comprises an aqueous solution containing a protein, a peptide, a peptide fragment, a lipid, DNA, RNA, an organic molecule, a viral particle, an exosome, an organelle, or any complex thereof. In some embodiments, the sample comprises a biopsy, blood, plasma, urine, saliva, tears, cerebrospinal fluid, extracellular fluid, cultured cells, culture medium, discarded tissue, plant material, synthetic proteins, bacterial and / or viral samples or fungal tissue, or a combination thereof.

[0032] Specific embodiments of the disclosed devices, delivery systems, or methods will now be described with reference to the drawings. Nothing in this detailed description is intended to imply that any particular component, feature, or step is essential to the invention. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0033] [Figure 1] 1 shows an exemplary depiction of a supramolecular structure and associated subcomponents. [Figure 2] 1 shows an exemplary depiction of an assembled three-armed nucleic acid junction-based supramolecular structure and associated subcomponents. [Figure 3] 3 shows an exemplary depiction of the individual subcomponents of a three-armed nucleic acid junction-based supramolecular structure according to FIG. 2. [Figure 4] 3 shows an exemplary depiction of a deconstructor molecule corresponding to a subcomponent of a three-armed nucleic acid junction-based supramolecular structure according to FIG. 2. [Figure 5] 1 shows an exemplary depiction of an assembled DNA origami-based supramolecular structure and associated subcomponents. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 shows an exemplary depiction of individual subcomponents of a DNA origami-based supramolecular structure according to FIG. 5. [Figure 7] 6 shows an exemplary depiction of a deconstructor molecule corresponding to a subcomponent of a DNA origami-based supramolecular structure according to FIG. 5. [Figure 8] 1 shows an exemplary depiction of a supramolecular structure in an unstable state before and after being triggered (e.g., interacting with a deconstructor molecule). [Figure 9] 1 shows an exemplary depiction of a supramolecular structure in a stable state before and after being triggered (e.g., interacting with a deconstructor molecule). [Figure 10]An exemplary depiction of the transition of a supramolecular structure from an unstable state to a stable state after interaction with an analyte molecule, as well as the respective configurations before and after being triggered (e.g., interaction with a deconstructor molecule) is provided. [Figure 11] An exemplary depiction of the transition of a supramolecular structure from a stable to an unstable state after interaction with an analyte molecule, as well as the respective configurations before and after being triggered (e.g., interaction with a deconstructor molecule) is provided. [Figure 12] 1 provides an exemplary depiction of a method for detecting and quantifying analyte molecules using multiple supramolecular structures. [Figure 13] 1 provides an exemplary depiction of a method for forming hydrogel beads having a plurality of supramolecular structures attached thereto. [Figure 14] 1 provides an exemplary depiction of a method for forming hydrogel beads having a plurality of supramolecular structures attached thereto using droplet technology. [Figure 15] An exemplary depiction of depositing multiple supramolecular structures (eg, microparticles) onto a solid substrate is provided. [Figure 16] An exemplary depiction of a method for detecting and quantifying analyte molecules using multiple supramolecular structures embedded within hydrogel beads is provided. [Figure 17] We provide an exemplary depiction of the capture of single cells and supramolecular structures embedded within hydrogel beads in droplets as part of a method for detecting and quantifying intracellular analyte molecules. [Figure 18] An exemplary depiction of collecting and processing droplets encapsulating single cells and supramolecular structures embedded within hydrogel beads is provided as part of a method for detecting and quantifying intracellular analyte molecules. [Figure 19] As part of a method for detecting and quantifying intracellular analyte molecules, we provide an exemplary depiction of capturing intercellular analyte molecules in droplets (see Figure 18) and supramolecular structures using barcode beads. [Figure 20]As part of a method for detecting and quantifying intracellular analyte molecules, we provide an exemplary depiction of the collection and processing of droplets encapsulating captured intercellular analyte molecules (see Figure 18) and supramolecular structures using barcode beads. [Figure 21] 1 provides an exemplary depiction of a method for detecting and quantifying analyte molecules using a plurality of supramolecular structures attached to a substrate. [Figure 22] 1 provides a side view depiction of an exemplary microfluidic device, in accordance with aspects of the present technology. [Figure 23] 1 provides a front view depiction of an exemplary microfluidic device, in accordance with aspects of the present technology; [Figure 24] 1 provides a depiction of an example of a substrate having a sample-facing surface provided with one or more types of adapters, in accordance with aspects of the present technique. [Figure 25] 1 provides a depiction of a conjugate structure comprising a barcode element and adjacent adapter (e.g., primer) sequences, according to an aspect of the present technology. [Figure 26] 1 provides a depiction of an example process flow including steps that may be performed to generate analyte capture data using the spatial locations of capture sites, according to aspects of the present technology. [Figure 27] 10 provides a depiction of a further example process flow including steps that may be performed to generate analyte capture data, in accordance with aspects of the present technology. [Figure 28] 1 provides a depiction of an example process flow including steps that may be performed to generate analyte capture data where analyte capture occurs during the solution phase, in accordance with aspects of the present technology. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0034] Disclosed herein are structures and methods for detecting the presence of one or more analyte molecules in a sample. In some embodiments, the one or more analyte molecules are detected using one or more supramolecular structures. In some embodiments, the one or more supramolecular structures are specifically designed to minimize cross-reactivity with each other. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure is bistable, transitioning from an unstable state to a stable state upon interaction with one or more analyte molecules from a sample. In some embodiments, the stable-state supramolecular structure is configured to provide a signal for detection and quantification of the analyte molecules. In some embodiments, the signal is correlated to a DNA signal, whereby detection and quantification of the analyte molecules includes converting the presence of the analyte molecules into a DNA signal.

[0035] sample In some embodiments, the sample comprises proteins, peptides, peptide fragments, lipids, DNA, RNA, organic molecules, inorganic molecules, complexes thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the analyte molecules in the sample comprise proteins, peptides, peptide fragments, lipids, DNA, RNA, organic molecules, inorganic molecules, complexes thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the analyte molecules comprise intact proteins, denatured proteins, partially or fully degraded proteins, peptide fragments, denatured nucleic acids, degraded nucleic acid fragments, complexes thereof, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from tissues, cells, the tissue and / or cellular environment, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sample comprises a biopsy, blood, plasma, urine, saliva, tears, cerebrospinal fluid, extracellular fluid, cultured cells, culture medium, discarded tissue, plant material, synthetic proteins, bacterial, viral samples, fungal tissue, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sample is isolated, with or without purification, from a primary source such as cells, tissues, bodily fluids (e.g., blood), environmental samples, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, cells are lysed using a mechanical process or other cell lysis method (e.g., a lysis buffer). In some embodiments, the sample is filtered using a mechanical process (e.g., centrifugation), microfiltration, a chromatography column, other filtration methods, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sample is treated with one or more enzymes to remove one or more nucleic acids or one or more proteins. In some embodiments, the sample comprises intact proteins, denatured proteins, partially or fully degraded proteins, peptide fragments, denatured nucleic acids, or degraded nucleic acid fragments. In some embodiments, the sample is collected from one or more individuals, one or more animals, one or more plants, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sample is collected from individuals, animals, and / or plants with a disease or disorder, including an infectious disease, an immunodeficiency, cancer, a genetic disease, a degenerative disease, a lifestyle-related disease, an injury, a rare disease, an age-related disease, or a combination thereof.

[0036] supramolecular structure In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure is a programmable structure capable of spatially organizing molecules. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure comprises a plurality of molecules bonded together. In some embodiments, the molecules of the supramolecular structure interact with at least some of each other. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure has a specific shape. In some embodiments, the supramolecular nanostructure has a predetermined molecular weight based on the molecules of the supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure is a nanostructure. In some embodiments, the molecules are bonded together by bonds, chemical bonds, physical attachment, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure comprises large molecular entities of specific shapes and molecular weights, which are formed from a well-defined number of smaller molecules that interact specifically with each other. In some embodiments, the structural, chemical, and physical properties of the supramolecular structure are explicitly designed. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure comprises a plurality of subcomponents spaced apart according to a predetermined distance. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the supramolecular structure is rigid. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the supramolecular structure is semi-rigid. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the supramolecular structure is flexible.

[0037] 1 provides an exemplary embodiment of a supramolecular structure 40 comprising a core structure 13, capture molecules 2, detector molecules 1, and anchor molecules 18. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure comprises one or more capture molecules 2, one or more detector molecules 1, and optionally one or more anchor molecules 18. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure does not comprise an anchor molecule. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure is a polynucleotide structure.

[0038] In some embodiments, core structure 13 comprises one or more core molecules attached thereto. In some embodiments, the one or more core molecules comprise 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, or 500 unique molecules attached thereto. In some embodiments, the one or more core molecules comprise from about 2 unique molecules to about 1000 unique molecules. In some embodiments, the one or more core molecules interact with each other to define a specific shape of the supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, multiple core molecules interact with each other through reversible non-covalent interactions. In some embodiments, the specific shape of the core structure is a three-dimensional (3D) configuration. In some embodiments, the one or more core molecules confer a specific molecular weight. In some embodiments, core structure 13 is a nanostructure. Optionally, the one or more core molecules comprise one or more nucleic acid strands (e.g., DNA, RNA, non-natural nucleic acids), one or more branched nucleic acids, one or more peptides, one or more small molecules, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the core structure comprises a polynucleotide structure. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the core structure is rigid. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the core structure is semi-rigid. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the core structure is flexible. In some embodiments, the core structure comprises a scaffolded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) origami, a scaffolded ribonucleic acid (RNA) origami, a scaffolded hybrid DNA / RNA origami, a single-stranded DNA tiling structure, a multi-stranded DNA tiling structure, a single-stranded DNA origami, a single-stranded RNA origami, a single-stranded RNA tiling structure, a multi-stranded RNA tiling structure, a hierarchically organized DNA and / or RNA origami with multiple scaffolds, a peptide structure, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a DNA origami is a scaffold. In some embodiments, an RNA origami is a scaffold. In some embodiments, a hybrid DNA / RNA origami is a scaffold. In some embodiments, the core structure comprises a DNA origami, an RNA origami, or a hybrid DNA / RNA origami having a predetermined two-dimensional (2D) or 3D shape.

[0039] As shown in FIG. 1 , in some embodiments, core structure 13 is configured to bind capture molecules 2 (e.g., affinity binders such as antibodies, aptamers, or nanobodies), detector molecules 1 (e.g., affinity binders such as antibodies, aptamers, or nanobodies), anchor molecules 18 (e.g., oligomers (e.g., oligonucleotides) such as primers) for grafting complementary fragments onto the surface of a substrate to facilitate binding of supramolecular structure 40 to the surface, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, capture molecules 2, detector molecules 1, and / or anchor molecules 18 are immobilized relative to core nanostructure 13 when bound to the core nanostructure. In some embodiments, any number of the one or more core molecules include one or more core linkers 10, 12, 14 configured to form bonds with capture molecules 2, detector molecules 1, and / or anchor molecules 18. In some embodiments, any number of the one or more core molecules are configured to bind to one or more core linkers 10, 12, 14 configured to form bonds with capture molecules 2, detector molecules 1, and / or anchor molecules 18. In some embodiments, one or more core linkers are attached to one or more core molecules via a chemical bond. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more core linkers comprises a core reactive molecule. In some embodiments, each core reactive molecule independently comprises an amine, a thiol, DBCO, an NHS ester, a maleimide, a biotin, an azide, an acrydite, a single-stranded nucleic acid of a specific sequence (e.g., RNA or DNA), or a polymer (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) or one or more polymerization initiators). In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more core linkers comprises a DNA sequence domain.

[0040] In some embodiments, the core structure 13 binds 1) a capture molecule 2 at a first predetermined location on the core structure, 2) a detector molecule 1 at a second predetermined location on the core structure, and optionally 3) an anchor molecule 18 at a third predetermined location on the core structure. In some embodiments, a specific first core linker 12 is disposed at the first location on the core structure and a specific second core linker 10 is disposed at the second location on the core structure. In some embodiments, one or more core molecules at the first location are modified to form a bond with the first core linker 12. In some embodiments, the first core linker 12 is an extension of the core structure 13. In some embodiments, one or more core molecules at the second location are modified to form a bond with the second core linker 10. In some embodiments, the second core linker 10 is an extension of the core structure 13. In some embodiments, the 3D shape of the core structure 13 and the relative distance between the first and second locations are specified to maximize intermolecular interactions between the capture molecule 2 and the detector molecule 1. In some embodiments, the 3D shape of the core structure 13 and the relative distance between the first and second positions are specified to obtain a desired distance between the capture molecule 2 and the detector molecule 1 so as to maximize the intermolecular interaction between the capture molecule 2 and the detector molecule 1.

[0041] As described herein, in some embodiments, the distance between the capture molecules 2 and the detector molecules 1 is about 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 10 nm, 12 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, or 40 nm. In some embodiments, the distance between the capture molecules 2 and the detector molecules 1 is about 1 nm to about 60 nm. In some embodiments, the distance between the capture molecule 2 and the detector molecule 1 is about 1 nm to about 2 nm, about 1 nm to about 5 nm, about 1 nm to about 10 nm, about 1 nm to about 20 nm, about 1 nm to about 40 nm, about 1 nm to about 60 nm, about 2 nm to about 5 nm, about 2 nm to about 10 nm, about 2 nm to about 20 nm, about 2 nm to about 40 nm, about 2 nm to about 60 nm, about 5 nm to about 10 nm, about 5 nm to about 20 nm, about 5 nm to about 40 nm, about 5 nm to about 60 nm, about 10 nm to about 20 nm, about 10 nm to about 40 nm, about 10 nm to about 60 nm, about 20 nm to about 40 nm, about 20 nm to about 60 nm, or about 40 nm to about 60 nm, including increments therebetween. In some embodiments, the distance between the capture molecules 2 and the detector molecules 1 is about 1 nm, about 2 nm, about 5 nm, about 10 nm, about 20 nm, about 40 nm, or about 60 nm. In some embodiments, the distance between the capture molecules 2 and the detector molecules 1 is at least about 1 nm, about 2 nm, about 5 nm, about 10 nm, about 20 nm, or about 40 nm. In some embodiments, the distance between the capture molecules 2 and the detector molecules 1 is at most about 2 nm, about 5 nm, about 10 nm, about 20 nm, about 40 nm, or about 60 nm.

[0042] In some embodiments, a particular third core linker 14 is located on a third position on the core structure 13. In some embodiments, one or more core molecules at the third position are modified to form a bond with the third core linker 14. In some embodiments, the third core linker 12 is an extension of the core structure 13. In some embodiments, the first and second positions are located on a first side of the core structure 13, and the optional third position is located on a second side of the core structure 13.

[0043] In some embodiments, the capture molecules 2 comprise proteins, peptides, antibodies, aptamers (RNA and DNA), fluorophores, nanobodies, DARPins, catalysts, polymerization initiators, PEG-like polymers, organic molecules, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the detector molecules 1 comprise proteins, peptides, antibodies, aptamers (RNA and DNA), fluorophores, nanobodies, DARPins, catalysts, polymerization initiators, PEG-like polymers, organic molecules, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the anchor molecules comprise reactive molecules. In some embodiments, the anchor molecules 18 comprise reactive molecules. In some embodiments, the anchor molecules 18 comprise DNA strands containing reactive molecules. In some embodiments, the anchor molecules comprise oligomers (e.g., oligonucleotides such as primers) whose complementary fragments are grafted onto the substrate surface to promote binding of the supramolecular structure (e.g., core structure 13) to the surface. In some embodiments, anchor molecules 18 comprise amines, thiols, DBCO, NHS esters, maleimides, biotin, azides, acrydites, single-stranded nucleic acids of specific sequences (e.g., RNA or DNA), or polymers (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) or one or more polymerization initiators). In some embodiments, anchor molecules 18 comprise proteins, peptides, antibodies, aptamers (RNA and DNA), fluorophores, nanobodies, DARPins, catalysts, polymerization initiators, PEG-like polymers, organic molecules, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a single pair of capture molecules 2 and corresponding detector molecules 1 is bound to the core structure 13. In some embodiments, multiple pairs of capture molecules 2 and corresponding detector molecules 1 are bound to the core structure 13. In some embodiments, multiple pairs of capture molecules 2 and corresponding detector molecules 1 are spaced apart from each other to minimize crosstalk, i.e., to minimize interaction of capture molecules and / or detector molecules from a first pair with capture molecules and / or detector molecules from a second pair.

[0044] In some embodiments, each component of a supramolecular structure may be independently modified or tailored. In some embodiments, one or more of the components of a supramolecular structure may be modified to modify the 2D and 3D geometry of the supramolecular structure itself. In some embodiments, one or more of the components of a supramolecular structure may be modified to modify the 2D and 3D geometry of the core structure. In some embodiments, such an ability to independently modify the components of a supramolecular nanostructure allows for precise control of the organization of one or more supramolecular structures on solid surfaces (e.g., planar surfaces or microparticles) and in 3D volumes (e.g., within a hydrogel matrix).

[0045] Barcode capture As shown in FIG. 1 , in some embodiments, capture molecule 2 is bound to core structure 13 via capture barcode 20. In some embodiments, capture barcode 20 forms a bond with capture molecule 2, and capture barcode 20 forms a bond with core structure 13. In some embodiments, capture barcode 20 comprises first capture linker 11, second capture linker 6, and capture crosslinker 7. In some embodiments, first capture linker 11 comprises a reactive molecule. In some embodiments, first capture linker 11 comprises a reactive molecule, which includes an amine, a thiol, DBCO, an NHS ester, a maleimide, an azide, an acrydite, a single-stranded nucleic acid of a specific sequence (e.g., RNA or DNA), or a polymer (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) or one or more polymerization initiators). In some embodiments, first capture linker 11 comprises a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, second capture linker 6 comprises a reactive molecule. In some embodiments, the second capture linker 6 comprises a reactive molecule, which includes an amine, a thiol, DBCO, an NHS ester, biotin, a maleimide, an azide, an acrydite, a single-stranded nucleic acid of a specific sequence (e.g., RNA or DNA), or a polymer (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) or one or more polymerization initiators). In some embodiments, the second capture linker comprises a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the capture crosslinker 7 comprises a polymer. In some embodiments, the capture crosslinker 7 comprises a polymer containing a nucleic acid of a specific sequence (e.g., DNA or RNA). In some embodiments, the capture crosslinker 7 comprises a polymer such as PEG. In some embodiments, the first capture linker 11 is attached to the capture crosslinker 7 at its first end, and the second capture linker 6 is attached to the capture crosslinker 7 at its second end. In some embodiments, the first capture linker 11 is attached to the capture crosslinker 7 via a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the second capture linker 6 is attached to the capture crosslinker 7 via a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the first capture linker 11 is attached to the capture bridge 7 via a physical attachment.In some embodiments, the second capture linker 6 is attached to the capture bridge 7 via a physical attachment.

[0046] In some embodiments, the capture barcode 20 is attached to the core structure 13 by a bond between the first capture linker 11 and the first core linker 12. In some embodiments, the first core linker 12 is disposed at a first position on the core structure 13 as described herein. In some embodiments, the first capture linker 11 and the first core linker 12 are attached by a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the first capture linker 11 and the first core linker 12 are attached by a covalent bond. In some embodiments, the bond between the first capture linker 11 and the first core linker 12 is reversible upon receiving a trigger. In some embodiments, the trigger comprises an interaction with a deconstructor molecule (a "capture deconstructor molecule," e.g., reference numeral 30 in FIGS. 4 and 7) or exposure to a trigger signal. In some embodiments, the capture deconstructor molecule comprises a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), a peptide, a small organic molecule, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the trigger signal comprises an optical signal. In some embodiments, the trigger signal comprises an electrical signal, a microwave signal, ultraviolet illumination, visible illumination, or near-infrared illumination.

[0047] In some embodiments, the capture barcode 20 is attached to the capture molecule 2 via a bond between the second capture linker 6 and a third capture linker 5 attached to the capture molecule 2. In some embodiments, the third capture linker 5 comprises a reactive molecule. In some embodiments, the third capture linker 5 comprises a reactive molecule, which includes an amine, a thiol, DBCO, an NHS ester, a maleimide, a biotin, an azide, an acrydite, a single-stranded nucleic acid of a specific sequence (e.g., RNA or DNA), or a polymer (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) or one or more polymerization initiators). In some embodiments, the third capture linker 5 comprises a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the capture molecule 2 is attached to the third capture linker 5 via a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the capture molecule 2 is attached to the third capture linker 5 via a covalent bond. In some embodiments, the second capture linker 6 and the third capture linker 5 are attached by a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the second capture linker 6 and the third capture linker 5 are attached by a covalent bond. In some embodiments, the bond between the second capture linker 6 and the third capture linker 5 is reversible upon receiving a trigger. In some embodiments, the trigger comprises interaction with a deconstructor molecule (a "capture barcode releasing molecule," e.g., reference number 31 in Figures 4 and 7) or exposure to a trigger signal. In some embodiments, the capture barcode releasing molecule comprises a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), a peptide, a small organic molecule, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the trigger signal comprises an optical signal. In some embodiments, the trigger signal comprises an electrical signal, a microwave signal, ultraviolet illumination, visible illumination, or near-infrared illumination.

[0048] In some embodiments, upon receiving a trigger, only the bond between the first capture linker 11 and the first core linker 12 is cleaved, thereby severing the bond between the capture molecule and the core nanostructure 13 at the first location. In some embodiments, the capture barcode 20 is configured to provide a signal for detecting the analyte molecule upon separation from the core structure 13 and the capture molecule 2. In some embodiments, the signal provided by the capture barcode 20 is a DNA signal.

[0049] With the above in mind, and by characterizing one implementation and use of capture bridger 7 in a real-world context, it can be understood that in practice capture bridger 7 can be, or is, implemented as a DNA library element to which one or more universal adapters (e.g., primers) are conjugated. In such a situation, the DNA library can be barcoded (e.g., capture barcode 20) to a specific affinity binder (e.g., capture molecule 2 such as an antibody, aptamer, or nanobody) to which it is conjugated.

[0050] Detector barcode As shown in FIG. 1 , in some embodiments, detector molecule 1 is attached to core structure 13 via detector barcode 21. In some embodiments, detector barcode 21 forms a bond with detector molecule 1, and detector barcode 21 forms a bond with core structure 13. In some embodiments, the detector barcode comprises a first detector linker 9, a second detector linker 4, and a detector crosslinker 8. In some embodiments, first detector linker 9 comprises a reactive molecule. In some embodiments, first detector linker 9 comprises a reactive molecule, which comprises an amine, a thiol, DBCO, an NHS ester, a maleimide, a biotin, an azide, an acrydite, a single-stranded nucleic acid of a specific sequence (e.g., RNA or DNA), or a polymer (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) or one or more polymerization initiators). In some embodiments, first detector linker 9 comprises a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, second detector linker 4 comprises a reactive molecule. In some embodiments, the second detector linker 4 comprises a reactive molecule, which includes an amine, a thiol, DBCO, an NHS ester, a maleimide, a biotin, an azide, an acrydite, a single-stranded nucleic acid of a specific sequence (e.g., RNA or DNA), or a polymer (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) or one or more polymerization initiators). In some embodiments, the second detector linker 4 comprises a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the detector crosslinker 8 comprises a polymer. In some embodiments, the detector crosslinker 8 comprises a polymer containing a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of a specific sequence. In some embodiments, the detector crosslinker 8 comprises a polymer such as PEG. In some embodiments, the first detector linker 9 is attached to the detector crosslinker 8 at its first end, and the second detector linker 4 is attached to the detector crosslinker 8 at its second end. In some embodiments, the first detector linker 9 is attached to the detector crosslinker 8 via a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the second detector linker 4 is attached to the detector crosslinker 8 via a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the first detector linker 9 is attached to the detector bridge 8 via a physical attachment.In some embodiments, the second detector linker 4 is attached to the detector bridge 8 via a physical attachment.

[0051] In some embodiments, the detector barcode 21 is attached to the core structure 13 by a bond between the first detector linker 9 and the second core linker 10. In some embodiments, the second core linker 10 is disposed at a second position on the core structure 13 as described herein. In some embodiments, the first detector linker 9 and the second core linker 10 are attached by a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the first detector linker 9 and the second core linker 10 are attached by a covalent bond. In some embodiments, the bond between the first detector linker 9 and the second core linker 10 is reversible upon receiving a trigger. In some embodiments, the trigger comprises an interaction with a deconstructor molecule ("detector deconstructor molecule", e.g., reference number 28 in Figures 4 and 7) or exposure to a trigger signal. In some embodiments, the detector deconstructor molecule comprises a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), a peptide, a small organic molecule, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the trigger signal comprises an optical signal. In some embodiments, the trigger signal comprises an electrical signal, a microwave signal, ultraviolet illumination, visible illumination, or near-infrared illumination.

[0052] In some embodiments, the detector barcode 21 is attached to the detector molecule 1 via a bond between the second detector linker 4 and a third detector linker 3 attached to the detector molecule 1. In some embodiments, the third detector linker 3 comprises a reactive molecule. In some embodiments, the third detector linker 3 comprises a reactive molecule, which includes an amine, a thiol, DBCO, an NHS ester, a maleimide, a biotin, an azide, an acrydite, a single-stranded nucleic acid of a specific sequence (e.g., RNA or DNA), or a polymer (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) or one or more polymerization initiators). In some embodiments, the third detector linker 3 comprises a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the detector molecule 1 is attached to the third detector linker 3 via a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the detector molecule 1 is attached to the third detector linker 3 via a covalent bond. In some embodiments, the second detector linker 4 and the third detector linker 3 are attached by a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the second detector linker 4 and the third detector linker 3 are attached by a covalent bond. In some embodiments, the bond between the second detector linker 4 and the third detector linker 3 is reversible upon receiving a trigger. In some embodiments, the trigger comprises interaction with a deconstructor molecule ("detector barcode releasing molecule," e.g., reference number 29 in Figures 4 and 7) or exposure to a trigger signal. In some embodiments, the detector barcode releasing molecule comprises a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), a peptide, a small organic molecule, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the trigger signal comprises an optical signal. In some embodiments, the trigger signal comprises an electrical signal, a microwave signal, ultraviolet illumination, visible illumination, or near-infrared illumination.

[0053] In some embodiments, upon receiving a trigger, only the bond between the first detector linker 9 and the second core linker 10 is cleaved, thereby severing the bond between the detector molecule and the core structure 13 at the second location. In some embodiments, the detector barcode 21 is configured to provide a signal for detecting the analyte molecule upon separation from the core structure 13 and the detector molecule 1. In some embodiments, the signal provided by the detector barcode 21 is a DNA signal.

[0054] With the above in mind, and by characterizing one implementation and use of detector bridge 8 in a real-world context, it can be understood that in practice detector bridge 8 can be, or is, implemented as a DNA library element to which one or more universal adapters (e.g., primers) are conjugated. In such a situation, the DNA library can be a barcode (e.g., detector barcode 21) to a specific affinity binder (e.g., detector molecule 1 such as an antibody or nanobody) to which it is conjugated.

[0055] Anchor Barcode As shown in FIG. 1 , in some embodiments, anchor molecule 18 is attached to core structure 13 via an anchor barcode. In some embodiments, the anchor barcode forms a bond with anchor molecule 18, and the anchor barcode forms a bond with core structure 13. In some embodiments, the anchor barcode comprises a first anchor linker 15, a second anchor linker 17, and an anchor crosslinker 16. In some embodiments, first anchor linker 15 comprises a reactive molecule. In some embodiments, first anchor linker 15 comprises a reactive molecule, which comprises an amine, a thiol, DBCO, an NHS ester, a maleimide, a biotin, an azide, an acrydite, a single-stranded nucleic acid of a specific sequence (e.g., RNA or DNA), or a polymer (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) or one or more polymerization initiators). In some embodiments, first anchor linker 15 comprises a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, second anchor linker 17 comprises a reactive molecule. In some embodiments, the second anchor linker 17 comprises a reactive molecule, such as an amine, a thiol, DBCO, an NHS ester, a maleimide, a biotin, an azide, an acrydite, a single-stranded nucleic acid of a specific sequence (e.g., RNA or DNA), or a polymer (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) or one or more polymerization initiators). In some embodiments, the second anchor linker 17 comprises a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the anchor crosslinker 16 comprises a polymer. In some embodiments, the anchor crosslinker 16 comprises a polymer containing a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of a specific sequence. In some embodiments, the anchor crosslinker 16 comprises a polymer such as PEG. In some embodiments, the first anchor linker 15 is attached to the anchor crosslinker 16 at its first end, and the second anchor linker 17 is attached to the anchor crosslinker 16 at its second end. In some embodiments, the first anchor linker 15 is attached to the anchor crosslinker 16 via a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the second anchor linker 17 is attached to the anchor crosslinker 16 via a physical attachment.In some embodiments, the first anchor linker 15 is attached to the anchor bridge 16 via a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the second anchor linker 17 is attached to the anchor bridge 16 via a physical attachment.

[0056] In some embodiments, the anchor barcode is attached to the core structure 13 by a bond between the first anchor linker 15 and the third core linker 14. In some embodiments, the third core linker 14 is disposed at a third position on the core structure 13 as described herein. In some embodiments, the first anchor linker 15 and the third core linker 14 are attached by a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the first anchor linker 15 and the third core linker 14 are attached by a covalent bond. In some embodiments, the bond between the first anchor linker 15 and the third core linker 14 is reversible upon receiving a trigger. In some embodiments, the trigger comprises an interaction with a deconstructor molecule (an "anchor deconstructor molecule", e.g., reference numeral 32 in Figures 4 and 7) or exposure to a trigger signal. In some embodiments, the anchor deconstructor molecule comprises a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), a peptide, a small organic molecule, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the trigger signal comprises an optical signal. In some embodiments, the trigger signal comprises an electrical signal, a microwave signal, ultraviolet illumination, visible illumination, or near-infrared illumination.

[0057] In some embodiments, the anchor barcode is attached to the anchor molecule 18 via a bond between the second anchor linker 17 and the anchor molecule 18. As disclosed herein, in some embodiments, the anchor molecule comprises a reactive molecule, a reactive molecule, a DNA sequence domain, a DNA sequence domain containing a reactive molecule, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the anchor molecule 18 is attached to the second anchor linker 17 via a chemical bond. In some embodiments, the anchor molecule 18 is attached to the second anchor linker 17 via a covalent bond. In some embodiments, the bond between the second anchor linker 17 and the anchor molecule 18 is reversible upon receiving a trigger. In some embodiments, the trigger comprises interaction with a deconstructor molecule (an "anchor barcode releasing molecule," e.g., reference numeral 33 in Figures 4 and 7) or exposure to a trigger signal. In some embodiments, the anchor barcode releasing molecule comprises a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), a peptide, a small organic molecule, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the trigger signal comprises an optical signal. In some embodiments, the trigger signal comprises an electrical signal, a microwave signal, ultraviolet illumination, visible illumination, or near-infrared illumination.

[0058] In some embodiments, upon receiving a trigger, only the bond between the first anchor linker 15 and the third core linker 14 is cleaved, thereby cleaving the bond between the anchor molecule and the core structure 13 at the third location.

[0059] In some embodiments, the capture deconstructor molecules, capture barcode releasing molecules, detector deconstructor molecules, and detector barcode releasing molecules comprise the same type of molecule. In some embodiments, the capture deconstructor molecules, capture barcode releasing molecules, detector deconstructor molecules, and detector barcode releasing molecules comprise different types of molecules. In some embodiments, the capture deconstructor molecules, capture barcode releasing molecules, detector deconstructor molecules, detector barcode releasing molecules, anchor deconstructor molecules, and anchor barcode releasing molecules comprise the same type of molecule. In some embodiments, the capture deconstructor molecules, capture barcode releasing molecules, detector deconstructor molecules, detector barcode releasing molecules, anchor deconstructor molecules, and anchor barcode releasing molecules comprise different types of molecules. In some embodiments, any combination of the capture deconstructor molecules, capture barcode releasing molecules, detector deconstructor molecules, detector barcode releasing molecules, anchor deconstructor molecules, and anchor barcode releasing molecules comprise the same type of molecule.

[0060] Alternate Barcode Placement It should be understood that while the foregoing description describes the use of barcodes (e.g., barcode sequences) that may be associated with capture molecules 2, detector molecules 1, and anchor molecules 18, respectively, other barcode configurations and / or approaches are also contemplated. By way of example, instead of separate, unique barcodes associated with each of capture molecules 2, detector molecules 1, and anchor molecules 18, some or all of these molecules may in fact be grouped together with respect to each unique barcode, such that a given barcode may associate with an overall supramolecular structure 40 having a known combination of detector molecules, capture molecules, and anchor molecules, respectively. The barcode in this situation may be associated with the supramolecular structure 40 itself, rather than with the association of each detector molecule, capture molecule, or anchor molecule. According to this approach, the presence of a barcode on each supramolecular structure 40 may indicate a given combination of detector molecule and capture molecule, a given combination of detector molecule, capture molecule, and anchor molecule, a given combination of detector molecule and anchor molecule, a given combination of capture molecule and anchor molecule, etc., that is bound to each supramolecular structure 40. In this manner, detection of a given barcode associated with a supramolecular structure 40 can be used to infer the presence or function of a supramolecular structure 40 having a known combination of capture molecules, detector molecules, and / or anchor molecules.

[0061] In such a situation, the binding of capture molecules 2, detector molecules 1, and / or anchor molecules 18 to core structure 13 may be separate from the use of separate barcodes for each of these molecules. That is, the barcode sequence that indicates each capture molecule 2, detector molecule 1, and / or anchor molecule 18 (or combination of these molecules) present on each supramolecular structure 40 may itself be present at one or more separate locations on core structure 13. Thus, the barcode in this situation is not part of the bond holding each capture molecule 2, detector molecule 1, or anchor molecule 18 to core structure 13, but may instead be a separate structure localized on core structure 13. Thus, in this example, the molecular bridges connecting capture molecules 2, detector molecules 1, and / or anchor molecules 18 to core structure 13 may be bonded structures that may still be unique to each molecule to which they are attached, but do not have any identifying or barcode functionality. However, it should be understood that even if separate barcodes are used that do not attach core structure 13 to capture molecules 2, detector molecules 1, and / or anchor molecules 18, the detector barcodes, capture barcodes, and / or anchor barcodes described herein may still be present as part of the respective binding structures in addition thereto to facilitate various operational functions or operations. That is, the use of barcodes separate from the binding structures for purposes as described herein does not preclude the presence or use of other barcodes present as part of the binding structures that hold capture molecules 2, detector molecules 1, and / or anchor molecules 18 to core structure 13.

[0062] As can be appreciated, in the presently described situation where the barcode function is not limited to binding structures, more barcodes can be provided on the supramolecular structure 40 than there are binding structures for the capture molecules 2, detector molecules 1, and / or anchor molecules 18. That is, by associating a barcode function with each binding structure, the number of useful barcodes is correspondingly limited to the number of respective binding structures (and thus the number of detector molecules, capture molecules, and / or anchor molecules). By providing the barcode function separately from the binding function, more barcode sequences can be associated with a given supramolecular structure 40 than there are binding structures on each supramolecular structure 40. By way of example, a given core structure 13 (e.g., a DNA origami core structure) may have hundreds (e.g., 200, 250, 300, 500) of positions suitable for attachment of molecular structures, such as oligomers used as binding structures, but also suitable for attachment of barcode sequences. In situations where a single detector molecule 1, capture molecule 2, and anchor molecule 18 are attached to the core structure 13, only three such sites are used, leaving some or all of the remaining sites available for association with one or more barcode sequences conveying information about the supramolecular structure 40 (e.g., the detector and capture molecules present, the detector, capture, and anchor molecules present, etc.). As described herein, this can provide advantages in terms of increased signal or signal-to-noise compared to situations where the barcode sequence is limited to the bound structure (although, as noted above, such barcode sequences can also be provided as part of the bound structure, if so desired). It should also be understood that more than one type of barcode can be used in this manner to convey information about the supramolecular structure 40. For example, certain embodiments can use barcodes that convey information about the supramolecular structure 40 (e.g., the capture and detector molecules present) in aggregate, and different barcodes can be associated with the core structure 13 to provide information at any desired granularity.For example, separate barcodes can be used to identify each of the detector and capture molecules, yet such separate barcodes can be attached to multiple sites on the core structure 13 to provide an increased signal during processing for a single barcode associated with a binding structure.

[0063] Supramolecular structures based on three-armed nucleic acid junctions Figures 2-3 provide exemplary depictions of a supramolecular structure 40 comprising a three-armed nucleic acid junction and associated subcomponents. Figure 2 provides the complete supramolecular structure, and Figure 3 provides the subcomponents that make up the supramolecular structure from Figure 2. In some embodiments, the subcomponents of the supramolecular structure include five (5) DNA strands (reference numbers 20-24), one (1) DNA strand with a terminal modification 25, and two (2) antibodies (1, 2) modified with single DNA linkers 3, 5. Figure 4 provides exemplary depictions of respective deconstructor molecules configured to cleave each subcomponent from the supramolecular structure 40 in Figure 2. Reference numbers 1-18 in Figures 2-4 correspond to the respective components provided with the same reference numbers in Figure 1.

[0064] As shown in Figures 2-3, in some embodiments of the supramolecular structure, the core structure comprises two chains, a first core chain 23 and a second core chain 24, each of which is designated A and B in Figures 2-4, respectively. Contains partially complementary DNA sequence domains labeled TIFF0007759399000001.tif6164.

[0065] In some embodiments, the first core strand 23 of the core structure comprises a first core linker 12 containing a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the first core strand 23 comprises a DNA sequence domain labeled "A" in Figures 2-4, which is separated from the first core linker 12 by an unstructured DNA region. In some embodiments, the unstructured DNA region comprises a polymer spacer. In some embodiments, the polymer spacer comprises a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of a specific sequence. In some embodiments, the polymer spacer comprises a polymer such as PEG.

[0066] In some embodiments, the first core linker 12 is complementary to the first capture linker 11 on the capture barcode strand 20. In some embodiments, the capture barcode strand 20 comprises a DNA strand containing a first capture linker 11 and a second capture linker 6 at both ends of the capture barcode strand 20. In some embodiments, the first capture linker 11 comprises a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the second capture linker 6 comprises a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the capture barcode strand 20 further comprises a unique capture barcode sequence 7 between the first capture linker 11 and the second capture linker 6. In some embodiments, the unique capture barcode sequence 7 comprises a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of a specific sequence. In some embodiments, the unique capture barcode sequence 7 comprises a polymer such as PEG. In some embodiments, the capture barcode 20 comprises a short domain called a toehold ("TH"). In some embodiments, the capture barcode sequence 7 comprises a toehold ("TH").

[0067] In some embodiments, the second capture linker 6 is complementary to the third capture linker 5. In some embodiments, the third capture linker 5 is a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the capture molecule 2 is attached to the third capture linker 5 at 27. In some embodiments, the capture molecule 2 is covalently attached to the third capture linker 5. In some embodiments, the capture molecule 2 is a capture antibody.

[0068] In some embodiments, the second core strand 24 of the core structure comprises a second core linker 10 containing a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the second core strand 24 is TIFF0007759399000002.tif11164, which is separated from the second core linker 10 by an unstructured DNA region. In some embodiments, the unstructured DNA region comprises a polymer spacer. In some embodiments, the polymer spacer comprises a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of a specific sequence. In some embodiments, the polymer spacer comprises a polymer such as PEG. In some embodiments, the second core strand 24 comprises a sequence domain TIFF0007759399000003.tif11164. In some embodiments, the third core linker 14 comprises a DNA sequence domain.

[0069] In some embodiments, the second core linker 10 is complementary to the first detector linker 9 on the detector barcode strand 21. In some embodiments, the detector barcode strand 21 comprises a DNA strand containing a first detector linker 9 and a second detector linker 4 at either end of the detector barcode section 21. In some embodiments, the first detector linker 9 comprises a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the second detector linker 4 comprises a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the detector barcode strand 21 further comprises a unique detector barcode sequence 8 located between the first detector linker 9 and the second detector linker 4. In some embodiments, the unique detector barcode sequence 8 comprises a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of a specific sequence. In some embodiments, the unique detector barcode sequence 8 comprises a polymer such as PEG. In some embodiments, the detector barcode 21 comprises a short domain called a toehold ("TH"). In some embodiments, the detector barcode sequence 8 comprises a toehold ("TH").

[0070] In some embodiments, second detector linker 4 is complementary to third detector linker 3. In some embodiments, third detector linker 3 is a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, detector molecule 1 is attached to third detector linker 3 at 26. In some embodiments, detector molecule 1 is covalently attached to third capture linker 3. In some embodiments, detector molecule 1 is a detector antibody.

[0071] In some embodiments, the third core linker 14 is complementary to the first anchor linker 15 on the anchor barcode strand 22. In some embodiments, the anchor barcode strand 22 comprises a DNA strand containing a first anchor linker 15 and a second anchor linker 17 at either end of the anchor barcode section 22. In some embodiments, the first anchor linker 15 comprises a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the second anchor linker 17 comprises a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the anchor barcode strand 22 further comprises a unique anchor barcode sequence 16 between the first anchor linker 15 and the second anchor linker 17. In some embodiments, the unique anchor barcode sequence 16 comprises a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of a specific sequence. In some embodiments, the unique anchor barcode sequence 16 comprises a polymer such as PEG. In some embodiments, the anchor barcode 22 comprises a short domain called a toehold ("TH"). In some embodiments, the anchor barcode sequence 16 comprises a toehold ("TH").

[0072] In some embodiments, second anchor linker 17 is complementary to anchor molecule 18. In some embodiments, anchor molecule 18 comprises a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, anchor molecule 18 is attached at 25 to terminal modification 34. In some embodiments, terminal modification 34 comprises a reactive molecule. In some embodiments, terminal modification 34 comprises a reactive molecule. In some embodiments, terminal modification 34 comprises a reactive molecule, which comprises an amine, a thiol, DBCO, an NHS ester, maleimide, biotin, an azide, an acrydite, a single-stranded nucleic acid of a specific sequence (e.g., RNA or DNA), or a polymer (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) or one or more polymerization initiators).

[0073] 4 provides exemplary embodiments of deconstructor molecules that can be used to trigger different reactions on the supramolecular structure 40. In some embodiments, the detector deconstructor molecule 28 is composed of a TH′ domain, the sequence of which is complementary to a TH domain on the detector barcode 21 and to a second core linker 10 (e.g., a DNA sequence domain) on the second core strand 24. In some embodiments, the detector deconstructor molecule 28 is configured to cleave the bond between the detector barcode 21 and the core structure (e.g., the second core strand 24). In some embodiments, the detector barcode releasing molecule 29 is composed of a TH′ domain, the sequence of which is complementary to a TH domain on the detector barcode 21 and to a third detector linker 3 (e.g., a DNA sequence domain). In some embodiments, the detector barcode releasing molecule 28 is configured to cleave the bond between the detector barcode 21 and the detector molecule 1.

[0074] In some embodiments, the capture deconstructor molecule 30 comprises a TH′ domain, the sequence of which is complementary to the TH domain on the capture barcode 20 and to the first core linker 12 (e.g., a DNA sequence domain) on the first core strand 23. In some embodiments, the capture deconstructor molecule 30 is configured to cleave the bond between the capture barcode 20 and the core structure (e.g., the first core strand 23). In some embodiments, the capture barcode releasing molecule 31 comprises a TH′ domain, the sequence of which is complementary to the TH domain on the capture barcode 20 and to the third capture linker 5 (e.g., a DNA sequence domain). In some embodiments, the capture barcode releasing molecule 31 is configured to cleave the bond between the capture barcode 20 and the capture molecule 2.

[0075] In some embodiments, the anchor deconstructor molecule 32 comprises a TH' domain, the sequence of which is complementary to a TH domain on the anchor barcode 22 and to a third core linker 14 (e.g., a DNA sequence domain) on the second core strand. In some embodiments, the anchor deconstructor molecule 32 is configured to cleave the bond between the anchor barcode 22 and the core structure (e.g., the second core strand 24). In some embodiments, the anchor barcode releasing molecule 33 comprises a "TH'" domain, the sequence of which is complementary to a "TH" domain on the anchor barcode 22 and to the anchor molecule 18 (e.g., a DNA sequence domain). In some embodiments, the anchor barcode releasing molecule 33 is configured to cleave the bond between the anchor barcode 22 and the anchor molecule 18.

[0076] In some embodiments, different DNA domain sequences (reference numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, A, TIFF0007759399000004.tif6164, TH, capture barcode 20, detector barcode 21, and anchor barcode 22) each independently comprise a nucleic acid sequence of about 2 nucleotides to about 80 nucleotides.

[0077] Supramolecular structures based on DNA origami Figures 5-6 provide exemplary depictions of a supramolecular structure 40 comprising DNA origami and associated subcomponents. Figure 5 provides the complete supramolecular structure, and Figure 6 provides the subcomponents that make up the supramolecular structure from Figure 5. In some embodiments, the subcomponents of the supramolecular structure include three (3) DNA strands (reference numbers 20-22), one (1) DNA strand with a terminal modification 25, and two (2) antibodies (1, 2) modified with single DNA linkers 3, 5. Figure 6 provides exemplary depictions of respective deconstructor molecules configured to cleave each subcomponent from the supramolecular structure 40 in Figure 5. Reference numbers 1-18 in Figures 5-7 correspond to the respective components provided with the same reference numbers in Figure 1.

[0078] In some embodiments, the core structure 13 comprises a scaffold DNA origami, in which a circular ssDNA molecule, called the "scaffold" strand, folds into a predetermined 2D or 3D shape by interacting with two or more short ssDNA strands, called "staple" strands, which interact with specific subsections of the ssDNA "scaffold" strand.

[0079] As shown in FIGS. 5-6 , in some embodiments of the supramolecular structure, the core structure 13 comprises a DNA origami. In some embodiments, the core structure 13 comprises a first core linker 12 containing a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the first core linker 12 is complementary to the first capture linker 11 on the capture barcode strand 20. In some embodiments, the capture barcode strand 20 comprises a DNA strand containing a first capture linker 11 and a second capture linker 6 at both ends of the capture barcode strand 20. In some embodiments, the first capture linker 11 comprises a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the second capture linker 6 comprises a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the capture barcode strand 20 further comprises a unique capture barcode sequence 7 between the first capture linker 11 and the second capture linker 6. In some embodiments, the unique capture barcode sequence 7 comprises a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of a specific sequence. In some embodiments, the unique capture barcode sequence 7 comprises a polymer such as PEG. In some embodiments, the capture barcode 20 comprises a short domain called a toehold (“TH”). In some embodiments, the capture barcode sequence 7 comprises a toehold ("TH").

[0080] In some embodiments, the second capture linker 6 is complementary to the third capture linker 5. In some embodiments, the third capture linker 5 is a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the capture molecule 2 is attached to the third capture linker 5 at 27. In some embodiments, the capture molecule 2 is covalently attached to the third capture linker 5. In some embodiments, the capture molecule 2 is a capture antibody.

[0081] In some embodiments, core structure 13 includes second core linker 10 containing a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, second core linker 10 is complementary to first detector linker 9 on detector barcode strand 21. In some embodiments, detector barcode strand 21 includes a DNA strand containing first detector linker 9 and second detector linker 4 at either end of detector barcode section 21. In some embodiments, first detector linker 9 includes a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, second detector linker 4 includes a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, detector barcode strand 21 further includes a unique detector barcode sequence 8 located between first detector linker 9 and second detector linker 4. In some embodiments, unique detector barcode sequence 8 includes a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of a specific sequence. In some embodiments, unique detector barcode sequence 8 includes a polymer such as PEG. In some embodiments, detector barcode 21 includes a short domain called a toehold ("TH"). In some embodiments, unique detector barcode sequence 8 includes a toehold ("TH").

[0082] In some embodiments, second detector linker 4 is complementary to third detector linker 3. In some embodiments, third detector linker 3 is a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, detector molecule 1 is attached to third detector linker 3 at 26. In some embodiments, detector molecule 1 is covalently attached to third capture linker 3. In some embodiments, detector molecule 1 is a detector antibody.

[0083] In some embodiments, the core structure 13 includes a third core linker 14 that contains a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the third core linker 14 is complementary to a first anchor linker 15 on the anchor barcode strand 22. In some embodiments, the anchor barcode strand 22 includes a DNA strand that includes a first anchor linker 15 and a second anchor linker 17 at either end of the anchor barcode section 22. In some embodiments, the first anchor linker 15 includes a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the second anchor linker 17 includes a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, the anchor barcode strand 22 further includes a unique anchor barcode sequence 16 between the first anchor linker 15 and the second anchor linker 17. In some embodiments, the unique detector barcode sequence 16 includes a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of a specific sequence. In some embodiments, the unique detector barcode sequence 16 includes a polymer such as PEG. In some embodiments, the anchor barcode 22 includes a short domain called a toehold ("TH"). In some embodiments, the anchor barcode sequence 16 includes a toehold ("TH").

[0084] In some embodiments, second anchor linker 17 is complementary to anchor molecule 18. In some embodiments, anchor molecule 18 comprises a DNA sequence domain. In some embodiments, anchor molecule 18 is attached at 25 to terminal modification 34. In some embodiments, terminal modification 34 comprises a reactive molecule. In some embodiments, terminal modification 34 comprises a reactive molecule, which includes an amine, a thiol, DBCO, an NHS ester, a maleimide, biotin, an azide, an acrydite, a single-stranded nucleic acid of a specific sequence (e.g., RNA or DNA), or a polymer (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) or one or more polymerization initiators).

[0085] 6 provides exemplary embodiments of deconstructor molecules that can be used to trigger different reactions on the supramolecular structure 40. In some embodiments, the detector deconstructor molecule 28 is composed of a TH′ domain, the sequence of which is complementary to a TH domain on the detector barcode 21 and to a second core linker 10 (e.g., a DNA sequence domain) on the core nanostructure 13. In some embodiments, the detector deconstructor molecule 28 is configured to cleave the bond between the detector barcode 21 and the core structure 13. In some embodiments, the detector barcode releasing molecule 29 is composed of a TH′ domain, the sequence of which is complementary to a TH domain on the detector barcode 21 and to a third detector linker 3 (e.g., a DNA sequence domain). In some embodiments, the detector barcode releasing molecule 28 is configured to cleave the bond between the detector barcode 21 and the detector molecule 1.

[0086] In some embodiments, the capture deconstructor molecule 30 comprises a TH′ domain, the sequence of which is complementary to the TH domain on the capture barcode 20 and to the first core linker 12 (e.g., a DNA sequence domain) on the core nanostructure 13. In some embodiments, the capture deconstructor molecule 30 is configured to cleave the bond between the capture barcode 20 and the core structure 13. In some embodiments, the capture barcode releasing molecule 31 comprises a TH′ domain, the sequence of which is complementary to the TH domain on the capture barcode 20 and to the third capture linker 5 (e.g., a DNA sequence domain). In some embodiments, the capture barcode releasing molecule 31 is configured to cleave the bond between the capture barcode 20 and the capture molecule 2.

[0087] In some embodiments, the anchor deconstructor molecule 32 comprises a TH′ domain, the sequence of which is complementary to a TH domain on the anchor barcode 22 and to a third core linker 14 (e.g., a DNA sequence domain) on the core nanostructure 13. In some embodiments, the anchor deconstructor molecule 32 is configured to cleave the bond between the anchor barcode 22 and the core structure 13. In some embodiments, the anchor barcode releasing molecule 33 comprises a TH′ domain, the sequence of which is complementary to a TH domain on the anchor barcode 22 and to the anchor molecule 18 (e.g., a DNA sequence domain). In some embodiments, the anchor barcode releasing molecule 33 is configured to cleave the bond between the anchor barcode 22 and the anchor molecule 18.

[0088] Stable and unstable states of supramolecular structures In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure comprises one or more stable state configurations. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure comprises one or more unstable state configurations. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure comprises a bistable configuration having a stable state configuration and an unstable state configuration. In some embodiments, the two states, stable and unstable, are defined based on the ability of individual supramolecular structures to remain structurally intact upon exposure to a unique molecule (e.g., a deconstructor molecule) and / or a trigger signal. In some embodiments, when the supramolecular structure is in a stable state, all different components that are part of the supramolecular structure remain physically connected to each other even after exposure to a deconstructor molecule and / or a trigger signal. In some embodiments, when the supramolecular structure is in an unstable state, upon exposure to a deconstructor molecule and / or a trigger signal, a defined section of the supramolecular structure (e.g., one or more subcomponents) physically cleaves, i.e., dissociates (separates) from the supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure is configured to transition from the stable state to the unstable state upon interaction with an analyte molecule (as described herein). In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure is configured to transition from an unstable state to a stable state upon interaction with an analyte molecule (as described herein), hi some embodiments, the analyte molecule that triggers the state change of the supramolecular structure comprises a protein, a cluster of proteins, a peptide fragment, a cluster of peptide fragments, DNA, RNA, a DNA nanostructure, an RNA nanostructure, a lipid, an organic molecule, an inorganic molecule, or any combination thereof.

[0089] In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure in the unstable state configuration comprises a physical state in which capture molecule 2 dissociates from core nanostructure 13 when the bond between core structure 13 and capture molecule 2 can be cleaved. In some embodiments, the unstable state configuration comprises a physical state in which detector molecule 1 dissociates from core nanostructure 13 when the bond between core nanostructure 13 and detector molecule 1 can be cleaved. In some embodiments, the unstable state configuration comprises a physical state in which capture molecule 2 and detector molecule 1 dissociate from core nanostructure 13 when the bonds between core nanostructure 13 and capture molecule 2 and between core nanostructure 13 and detector molecule 1 can be cleaved. In some embodiments, upon receiving a trigger (e.g., a deconstructor molecule described herein or a trigger signal described herein), the bond between core nanostructure 13 and 1) capture molecule 2, 2) detector molecule 1, or 3) both, is cleaved. Figure 8 provides an exemplary depiction of supramolecular structure 40 in the unstable state, in which detector molecule 1 is initially bound to core structure 13 via a bond with detector barcode 21. 8, after interaction with the deconstructor molecule 42 (e.g., the detector deconstructor molecule 28), the detector molecule 1 dissociates from the core nanostructure 13 by cleaving the bond between the detector barcode 21 and the core structure 13. In some embodiments, during the unstable state, the capture molecule 2 and the detector molecule 1 on the core nanostructure 13 are free to diffuse relative to each other, constrained only by the physical arrangement of the core nanostructure 13.

[0090] In some embodiments, the steady state configuration comprises a physical state in which capture molecule 2 remains bound to core nanostructure 13 when the bond between core structure 13 and capture molecule 2 is cleaved. In some embodiments, the steady state configuration comprises a physical state in which detector molecule 1 remains bound to core structure 13 when the bond between core structure 13 and detector molecule 1 is cleaved. In some embodiments, the steady state configuration comprises a physical state in which capture molecule 2 and detector molecule 1 are positioned proximal to each other. In some embodiments, detector molecule 1 and capture molecule 2 are positioned proximal to each other with or without an explicit bond formed between them. In some embodiments, detector molecule 1 and capture molecule 2 are bound to each other. In some embodiments, detector molecule 1 and capture molecule 2 are bound to each other by a chemical bond. In some embodiments, detector molecule 1 and capture molecule 2 are bound by binding to another molecule positioned between the capture molecule and the detector molecule (e.g., sandwich formation). In some embodiments, the detector molecule and capture molecule are bound by binding to an analyte molecule 44 from the sample (as described herein). 9 provides an exemplary depiction of supramolecular structure 40 in a stable state in which capture molecule 2 is bound to detector molecule 1 through binding with analyte molecule 44. Continuing to refer to FIG. 9 , interaction with deconstructor molecule 42 cleaves the bond between detector molecule 1 and core structure 13, while detector molecule 1 remains bound to core nanostructure 13 through binding with capture molecule 2. As described further herein, in some embodiments, the capture molecule and / or detector molecule are configured to form bonds with one or more specific types of analyte molecules from a sample. In some embodiments, interaction with the deconstructor molecule and / or trigger signal does not cleave the bond between the capture molecule and detector molecule.

[0091] FIG. 10 provides exemplary embodiments of a supramolecular structure transitioning from an unstable state to a stable state. As described herein, the supramolecular structure 40 in the unstable state configuration separates from the detector molecule 1 (the detector molecule dissociates from the supramolecular structure) upon interaction with a corresponding deconstructor molecule 42 (e.g., detector deconstructor molecule 28) and / or a trigger signal. Continuing with reference to FIG. 10 , in some embodiments, interaction with an analyte molecule 44 from a sample transitions the supramolecular structure 40 from the unstable state to the stable state by binding the capture molecule and the detector molecule together with the analyte molecule located therebetween (e.g., sandwich formation). In some embodiments, the analyte molecule 44 comprises a single molecule. In some embodiments, the analyte molecule alternatively comprises a plurality of analyte molecules. In some embodiments, the analyte molecule alternatively comprises a molecular cluster. In some embodiments, as described herein and shown in FIG. 10, when the supramolecular structure is in a stable state, the bond between the core structure 13 and the detector barcode 21 is cleaved upon interaction with the corresponding deconstructor molecule, and the detector molecule 1 remains bound to the core structure 13 by binding to the capture molecule 2 and the analyte molecule 44.

[0092] FIG. 11 provides an exemplary embodiment of a supramolecular structure 40 transitioning from a stable state to an unstable state. As described herein, the supramolecular structure 40 is in a stable state configuration in which the detector molecule 1 is bound to the capture molecule 2 and therefore remains bound to the core structure 13 upon interaction with a corresponding deconstructor molecule and / or trigger signal. With continued reference to FIG. 11 , in some embodiments, upon interaction with an analyte molecule 44 from a sample, the bond between the capture molecule 2 and the detector molecule 1 is cleaved, causing the supramolecular structure to transition to an unstable state in which the analyte molecule 44 is bound only to the capture molecule 1, and the detector molecule 1 is bound to the core nanostructure 13 solely through its bond to the detector barcode 21. In some embodiments, the analyte molecule 44 comprises a single molecule. In some embodiments, the analyte molecule instead comprises a plurality of analyte molecules. In some embodiments, the analyte molecule instead comprises a molecular cluster. In some embodiments, as described herein and shown in FIG. 11, when the supramolecular structure is in an unstable state, the detector molecule 1 dissociates (separates) from the core structure 13 due to cleavage of the bond between the core structure 13 and the detector barcode 21 upon interaction with the corresponding deconstructor molecule 42.

[0093] In some embodiments, upon interaction with an analyte molecule 44 that cleaves the bond between the capture molecule 2 and the detector molecule 1, the supramolecular structure 40 transitions from a stable state to an unstable state, and the analyte molecule 44 binds to the detector molecule 1. The capture molecule 2 thereby dissociates from the core structure 13 upon interaction with a corresponding destructor molecule 42 (e.g., capture destructor molecule 30).

[0094] Method for detecting analyte molecules As described herein, in some embodiments, one or more supramolecular structures enable the detection of one or more analyte molecules in a sample. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure converts information about the presence of a given analyte molecule in a sample into a DNA signal. In some embodiments, the DNA signal corresponds to a capture barcode or detector barcode located on the supramolecular structure, and the capture molecule and detector molecule are simultaneously bound to the analyte molecule (e.g., sandwich formation). In some embodiments, the capture barcode and / or detector barcode, once located on any unstable supramolecular structure, are dissociated therefrom using a trigger, such as a deconstructor molecule and / or a trigger signal. In some embodiments, the DNA signal is sequenced accordingly to identify and correlate with a specific analyte molecule.

[0095] In some embodiments, detecting the presence of analyte molecules as described herein comprises controllably releasing single or multiple unique diffusible molecules into a solution and using this solution to identify as well as quantify the characteristics of the analyte molecules from the sample that triggered the state change of the supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, the unique nucleic acid molecules are provided by the capture barcode and / or detector barcode of each supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, detecting the presence of analyte molecules as described herein comprises generating and counting an optical or electrical signal related to the state change, which can quantify the concentration of the analyte molecules in the solution.

[0096] In some embodiments, multiple analyte molecules are simultaneously detected in a sample through multiplexing, and the multiple supramolecular structures provide multiple signals (e.g., detector barcodes, capture barcodes) for sequencing and analyte identification. In some embodiments, the methods described herein for detecting analytes in a sample provide high throughput and high multiplexing capabilities by using multiple supramolecular structures. In some embodiments, high throughput and high multiplexing capabilities increase the accuracy of detection and quantification of analyte molecules. In some embodiments, the methods described herein for detecting analytes in a sample are configured to rapidly characterize and / or identify biopolymers, including protein molecules, with high sensitivity and reproducibility. In some embodiments, the multiple supramolecular structures are configured to limit errors associated with cross-reactivity. In some embodiments, such cross-reactivity-related errors include interactions (e.g., intermolecular interactions) between capture and / or detector molecules of one supramolecular structure and capture and / or detector molecules of another supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, each core structure of the multiple supramolecular structures is identical to one another. In some embodiments, the structural, chemical, and physical properties of each supramolecular structure are explicitly designed. In some embodiments, the identical core structures have a predetermined shape, size, molecular weight, a predetermined number of capture molecules and detector molecules, a predetermined distance (described herein) between corresponding capture molecules and detector molecules, a predetermined stoichiometry between corresponding capture molecules and detector molecules, or a combination thereof, to limit cross-reactivity between supramolecular structures. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of each core structure is the same as and precise to the maximum purity of the core molecules. In some embodiments, each core structure comprises at least one capture molecule and at least one corresponding detector molecule.

[0097] In some embodiments, the state change (from unstable to stable) is primarily driven by intermolecular interactions (capture and detector molecules on the same supramolecular structure), and thus the multiple supramolecular structures interact independently with different analyte molecules from a sample. In some embodiments, the multiple supramolecular structures may share structural similarities due to the same specific subcomponents, but the interaction between the analyte molecules from the sample and the supramolecular structures is defined by the corresponding capture and detector molecules. In some embodiments, each pair of detector and capture molecules on a given supramolecular structure may specifically interact with a specific analyte molecule in a sample, and the state of the supramolecular structure may change upon interaction with the specific analyte molecule. In some embodiments, each supramolecular structure contains a unique DNA barcode corresponding to the respective pair of detector and capture molecules. In some embodiments, a pair of detector and capture molecules on a given supramolecular structure is designed to interact with more than one analyte molecule in a sample.

[0098] In some embodiments, each supramolecular structure is configured to ensure the highest possible dynamic range of single molecule sensitivity required to quantitatively capture a wide range of molecular concentrations in a typical complex biological sample. In some embodiments, single molecule sensitivity comprises capture and detector molecules of a given supramolecular structure configured to transition from an unstable state to a stable state (or vice versa) upon binding with a single analyte molecule. In some embodiments, multiple supramolecular structures limit or eliminate the sample manipulation required to reduce non-specific interactions as well as any user-induced errors.

[0099] In some embodiments, the plurality of supramolecular structures is provided in solution. In some embodiments, the plurality of supramolecular structures is attached to one or more substrates. In some embodiments, the plurality of supramolecular structures is attached to one or more widgets. In some embodiments, the plurality of supramolecular structures is attached to one or more solid substrates, one or more polymer matrices, one or more molecular condensates, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more polymer matrices comprise one or more hydrogel particles. In some embodiments, the one or more polymer matrices comprise one or more hydrogel beads. In some embodiments, the one or more solid substrates comprise one or more planar substrates. In some embodiments, the one or more solid substrates comprise one or more microbeads. In some embodiments, the one or more solid substrates comprise one or more microparticles.

[0100] FIG. 12 provides an exemplary method for detecting one or more analyte molecules in a sample using one or more supramolecular structures. In some embodiments, a sample containing one or more analytes (e.g., analyte pool 102) is contacted with one or more supramolecular structures 40 (e.g., supramolecular structure pool 100). In some embodiments, the supramolecular structures are attached to multiple widgets. In some embodiments, as described herein, multiple supramolecular structures are provided attached to one or more solid substrates, one or more polymer matrices, one or more molecular condensates, or combinations thereof. FIGS. 13-14 provide an example of a supramolecular structure attached to a hydrogel bead (e.g., a supramolecular structure embedded within a hydrogel bead). FIG. 15 provides an example of a supramolecular structure attached to a solid substrate, such as a microparticle. In some embodiments, the sample comprises an aqueous solution and is mixed with the supramolecular structure to form a binding solution. In some embodiments, contacting the sample with the supramolecular structure includes incubating the sample with the supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, the sample and the supramolecular structure are incubated in an incubator under predetermined environmental conditions. In some embodiments, the sample is incubated with the supramolecular structure for a period of from about 30 seconds to about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the sample is incubated with the supramolecular structure for a period of from about 30 seconds to about 1 minute, from about 1 minute to about 5 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes, from about 30 minutes to about 1 hour, from about 1 hour to about 5 hours, from about 5 hours to about 12 hours, from about 12 hours to about 24 hours, or from about 24 hours to about 48 hours.

[0101] Continuing with reference to FIG. 12 , in some embodiments, the supramolecular structures are all in an unstable state (as shown at 100). In some embodiments, as described herein, interaction between an analyte molecule and corresponding capture molecule 2 and detector molecule 1 transitions the respective supramolecular structure from the unstable state to a stable state (e.g., sandwich formation of the capture molecule, analyte molecule, and detector molecule, as shown at 104). In some embodiments, a particular type of analyte molecule binds to a particular pair of capture molecule and detector molecule. In some embodiments, a given pair of capture molecule and detector molecule is configured to bind to more than one type of analyte molecule. In some embodiments, the switching of any given supramolecular structure from the unstable state to the stable state depends on the specific capture molecule and detector molecule bound to it and the analyte molecules in the sample. In some embodiments, when the state change of a supramolecular structure is primarily dependent on intermolecular interactions (components located on the supramolecular structure), potential intermolecular interactions between two different supramolecular structures are minimized or eliminated by limiting the net concentration of the supramolecular structures in the binding solution, so that the average distance between any two supramolecular structures is greater than the maximum intermolecular distance between a pair of capture and detector molecules on a given supramolecular structure.

[0102] As can be seen from FIG. 12, reference numeral 104 indicates that after contacting with the sample, at least one supramolecular structure transitioned to a stable state due to interaction with the analyte molecule (e.g., sandwich formation in which the capture molecule, analyte molecule and detector molecule are simultaneously bound), and at least one supramolecular structure remained in an unstable state because the respective capture molecule and detector molecule did not bind or interact with the analyte molecule from the sample.

[0103] After contacting the sample with the supramolecular structure for a predetermined time, the binding solution of the sample and the supramolecular structure is triggered, causing the bond between the detector molecule and the core structure to cleave (reference number 106), as shown in FIG. 12 . In some embodiments, the trigger comprises introducing a solution containing one or more deconstructor molecules (e.g., detector deconstructor molecules, reference number 28 in FIGS. 4 and 7 ) into the binding solution. In some embodiments, the trigger comprises the binding solution receiving a trigger signal. In some embodiments, the trigger comprises a combination of introducing a deconstructor molecule into the binding solution and the binding solution receiving a trigger signal. In some embodiments, as described herein, the deconstructor molecule comprises a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), a peptide, an organic small molecule, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, as described herein, the trigger signal comprises an electrical signal, a microwave signal, ultraviolet illumination, visible illumination, or near-infrared illumination. In some embodiments, the binding solution is triggered at a predetermined time. In some embodiments, the binding solution is incubated with one or more deconstructor molecules for a predetermined time. In some embodiments, the binding solution is incubated with the deconstructor molecule for a period of from about 30 seconds to about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the binding solution is incubated with the deconstructor molecule for a period of from about 30 seconds to about 1 minute, from about 1 minute to about 5 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes, from about 30 minutes to about 1 hour, from about 1 hour to about 5 hours, from about 5 hours to about 12 hours, from about 12 hours to about 24 hours, or from about 24 hours to about 48 hours.

[0104] As shown at reference numeral 106 in FIG. 12 , in some embodiments, the binding solution is triggered to cleave a bond between a detector molecule and a core structure of the supramolecular structure, such as a bond between a detector barcode (e.g., reference numeral 21 in FIG. 1 ) and a core structure 13. In some embodiments, the cleavage is achieved by nucleic acid (DNA / RNA) strand displacement, optical cleavage, chemical cleavage, another technique known in the art, or a combination thereof. For supramolecular structures that transition to a stable state, the detector molecule 1 is shown remaining bound to the core structure 13 via a bond with the corresponding capture molecule 2. For supramolecular structures that remain in an unstable state, the detector molecule is shown dissociating (112) from the respective supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, the dissociated detector molecule 1 remains bound to the respective detector barcode 21.

[0105] In some embodiments, the dissociated detector molecules 1 (and corresponding detector barcodes 21) are further separated from the binding solution. In some embodiments, the dissociated detector molecules are separated from the binding solution by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. In some embodiments, the dissociated detector molecules are separated from the binding solution by binding each core structure in the binding solution to microbeads, solid supports, and / or magnetic beads via corresponding anchor molecules on each core structure, followed by separation of the dissociated detector molecules by centrifugation, micron filtration, chromatography, or a combination thereof.

[0106] In some embodiments, after the dissociated detector molecules are separated from the binding solution, the detector barcodes 21 are cleaved from the corresponding detector molecules bound to their respective capture molecules (e.g., as located on the supramolecular structure that has transitioned to a stable state). In some embodiments, the detector barcodes 21 are cleaved from the corresponding detector molecules by nucleic acid (DNA / RNA) strand displacement, optical cleavage, chemical cleavage, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the detector barcodes are cleaved from the corresponding detector molecules by receiving a trigger. In some embodiments, the trigger comprises a deconstructor molecule, a trigger signal, or a combination thereof, as described herein. In some embodiments, the deconstructor molecule comprises a detector barcode releasing molecule (e.g., reference numeral 29 in FIGS. 4 and 7).

[0107] In some embodiments, the cleaved detector barcodes 21 are isolated from the solution containing the supramolecular structures (reference numeral 108 in FIG. 12). In some embodiments, the cleaved detector barcodes 21 are isolated from the solution by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. In some embodiments, the cleaved detector barcodes are isolated from the solution by binding the core structures in solution to microbeads, solid supports, and / or magnetic beads via corresponding anchor molecules on each core structure, followed by isolating the cleaved detector barcodes 21 by centrifugation, micron filtration, chromatography, or a combination thereof.

[0108] In some embodiments, the cleaved detector barcodes provide a signal that correlates to the respective analyte molecules bound to the respective detector molecules. In some embodiments, the detector barcodes comprise DNA strands, as described herein. In some embodiments, the detector barcodes provide a DNA signal that correlates to the analyte molecules. In some embodiments, the isolated detector barcodes 21 are analyzed to identify and / or quantify the corresponding analyte molecules in the sample, as shown at reference numeral 110 in FIG. 12. In some embodiments, analysis of the isolated detector barcodes includes genotyping, qPCR, sequencing, or a combination thereof.

[0109] In some embodiments, the method for detecting analyte molecules shown in FIG. 12 includes cleaving capture barcodes 20 from corresponding capture molecules that are bound to the respective detector molecules (e.g., as located on a supramolecular structure that has transitioned to a stable state). In some embodiments, the capture barcodes 20 are cleaved from the corresponding detector molecules by nucleic acid (DNA / RNA) strand displacement, optical cleavage, chemical cleavage, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the detector barcodes are cleaved from the corresponding detector molecules by receiving a trigger. In some embodiments, the trigger comprises a deconstructor molecule, a trigger signal, or a combination thereof, as described herein. In some embodiments, the deconstructor molecule comprises a capture barcode release molecule (e.g., reference numeral 31 in FIGS. 4 and 7).

[0110] In some embodiments, the cleaved capture barcodes 20 are isolated from the solution containing the supramolecular structures (reference numeral 108 in FIG. 12 ). In some embodiments, the cleaved capture barcodes 20 are isolated from the solution by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. In some embodiments, the cleaved capture barcodes are isolated from the solution by binding the core structures in solution to microbeads, solid supports, and / or magnetic beads via corresponding anchor molecules on each core structure, followed by isolating the cleaved capture barcodes 20 by centrifugation, micron filtration, chromatography, or a combination thereof.

[0111] In some embodiments, the cleaved capture barcodes provide a signal that correlates to the respective analyte molecules bound to the respective detector molecules. In some embodiments, the capture barcodes comprise DNA strands, as described herein. In some embodiments, the capture barcodes provide a DNA signal that correlates to the analyte molecules. In some embodiments, the isolated capture barcodes 21 are analyzed to identify and / or quantify the corresponding analyte molecules in the sample, as shown at reference numeral 110 in FIG. 12 . In some embodiments, analysis of the isolated capture barcodes includes genotyping, qPCR, sequencing, or a combination thereof.

[0112] The above relates to exemplary embodiments and variations in which the bound detector molecules form the basis for a quantitative and / or qualitative detection process, primarily through isolation and / or removal of the dissociated detector molecules (i.e., detector molecules to which analyte molecule(s) are bound), followed by analysis and isolation. However, under the principle of complementary knowledge storage, those skilled in the art will understand that in such embodiments, as well as in other embodiments discussed herein, corresponding information can alternatively be determined by isolating and / or removing the bound detector molecules and then performing analysis on the dissociated detector molecules. That is, knowledge of the full set of capture and detector molecules utilized allows for correlation of detection of either bound or dissociated detector molecules to a qualitative or quantitative assessment of one or more analytes of interest.

[0113] Supramolecular structures with hydrogel beads or solid substrates As described herein, in some embodiments, one or more supramolecular structures are provided on one or more hydrogel beads and / or one or more solid substrates. In some embodiments, the hydrogel beads include one or more supramolecular structures polymerized into a hydrogel matrix. FIG. 13 provides an exemplary embodiment for forming hydrogel beads 120, in which one or more supramolecular structures 40 are introduced in addition to mixing one or more monomers 122 and one or more crosslinking molecules 124 to form a hydrogel. In some embodiments, the one or more supramolecular structures 40 copolymerize with the hydrogel matrix to form the hydrogel beads 120. In some embodiments, the hydrogel beads 120 include one or more supramolecular structures attached to the hydrogel matrix. In some embodiments, the hydrogel beads 120 include one or more supramolecular structures embedded within the hydrogel matrix. In some embodiments, the anchor molecules 18 of each of the one or more supramolecular structures 40 copolymerize with the hydrogel matrix 120. In some embodiments, the one or more monomers 122 include acrylamide. In some embodiments, the one or more crosslinkers comprise bis-acrylamide. In some embodiments, each hydrogel bead is formed using a microfabrication tool. In some embodiments, each hydrogel bead is formed using emulsion polymerization. FIG. 14 provides an exemplary embodiment for forming a hydrogel bead 120, which includes entrapping 126 one or more monomers, one or more crosslinkers, and one or more supramolecular structures 40 within a droplet. In some embodiments, the droplet is an oil droplet. In some embodiments, the droplet size is specified. In some embodiments, polymerization occurs within the droplet to form one or more hydrogel beads 120. In some embodiments, polymerization occurs through interaction with an initiator and / or catalyst.

[0114] 15 provides an exemplary embodiment in which one or more supramolecular structures 40 are attached to a solid substrate 128. In some embodiments, each anchor molecule 18 of the supramolecular structure 40 binds to a solid surface of the solid substrate 128. In some embodiments, the solid substrate 128 comprises microparticles. In some embodiments, the microparticles comprise polystyrene particles, silica particles, magnetic particles, or paramagnetic particles. In some embodiments, the solid substrate 128 comprises microbeads. In some embodiments, the microbeads comprise polystyrene beads, silica beads, magnetic beads, or paramagnetic beads.

[0115] As described herein, in some embodiments, multiple supramolecular structures embedded within a single hydrogel bead or attached to a solid substrate are separated by a predetermined distance to limit or eliminate cross-reactivity (crosstalk, intermolecular interactions) with other supramolecular structures. In some embodiments, the number, size, and / or stoichiometry of the supramolecular structures attached to each hydrogel bead or solid substrate are specified to achieve a predetermined distance between each supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, the surface and volume densities of the supramolecular structures attached to each hydrogel bead or solid substrate are controlled to reduce the possibility of crosstalk between multiple supramolecular structures by minimizing or eliminating intermolecular interactions. In some embodiments, the distance between any two supramolecular structures on a given hydrogel bead or solid substrate (e.g., microparticle) is greater than the maximum distance between the capture and detector molecules of the supramolecular structure, thereby minimizing intermolecular interactions between molecules from different supramolecular structures.

[0116] FIG. 16 provides an exemplary method for detecting one or more analyte molecules in a sample using one or more supramolecular structures embedded in one or more hydrogel beads or attached to one or more solid substrates (e.g., microparticles). FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary embodiment in which a hydrogel bead pool 200 is provided, with one or more supramolecular structures embedded in one or more hydrogel beads 120. In some embodiments, instead of a hydrogel bead pool, a solid substrate pool is provided, with one or more supramolecular structures attached to one or more solid substrates (e.g., microparticles), as described herein and illustrated in FIG. 15. In some embodiments, a sample (e.g., analyte pool 202) containing one or more analyte molecules is contacted with the supramolecular structures embedded in the hydrogel beads 120. In some embodiments, the sample comprises an aqueous solution and is mixed with the hydrogel bead pool 200 to form a binding solution. In some embodiments, contacting the sample with the supramolecular structures includes incubating the sample with the supramolecular structures. In some embodiments, the sample and supramolecular structures are incubated in an incubator under predetermined environmental conditions. In some embodiments, the sample is incubated with the supramolecular structure for a period of from about 30 seconds to about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the sample is incubated with the supramolecular structure for a period of from about 30 seconds to about 1 minute, from about 1 minute to about 5 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes, from about 30 minutes to about 1 hour, from about 1 hour to about 5 hours, from about 5 hours to about 12 hours, from about 12 hours to about 24 hours, or from about 24 hours to about 48 hours.

[0117] Continuing with reference to FIG. 16 , in some embodiments, the supramolecular structures are all in an unstable state (as shown by exemplary hydrogel bead 120). In some embodiments, as described herein, interaction between an analyte molecule and corresponding capture molecule 2 and detector molecule 1 transitions the respective supramolecular structure from the unstable state to a stable state (e.g., sandwich formation of the capture molecule, analyte molecule, and detector molecule, as shown at 204). In some embodiments, a particular type of analyte molecule binds to a specific pair of capture molecule and detector molecule. In some embodiments, a given pair of capture molecule and detector molecule is configured to bind more than one type of analyte molecule. In some embodiments, the switching of any given supramolecular structure from the unstable state to the stable state depends on the specific capture molecule and detector molecule bound to it and the analyte molecules in the sample. In some embodiments, when the state change of a supramolecular structure is primarily dependent on intermolecular interactions (supramolecular nanostructures), potential intermolecular interactions between two different supramolecular structures are minimized or eliminated by limiting the net concentration of supramolecular structures (as described herein) embedded within hydrogel beads or attached to a solid substrate, such that the average distance between any two supramolecular structures is greater than the maximum intermolecular distance between a pair of capture and detector molecules on a given supramolecular structure.

[0118] In some embodiments, after contacting the sample, at least one supramolecular structure transitions to a stable state (e.g., a sandwich formation in which the capture molecules, analyte molecules, and detector molecules are simultaneously bound), and at least one supramolecular structure remains in an unstable state because the respective capture molecules and detector molecules have not bound or interacted with analyte molecules from the sample.

[0119] Continuing with reference to FIG. 16 , after contacting the sample with the supramolecular structures for a predetermined time, the binding solution of the sample and the supramolecular structures is triggered, thereby cleaving the bond between the detector molecule and the core structure of each supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, the trigger comprises introducing a solution containing one or more deconstructor molecules (e.g., detector deconstructor molecules, reference numeral 28 in FIGS. 4 and 7 ) into the binding solution. In some embodiments, the trigger comprises the binding solution receiving a trigger signal. In some embodiments, the trigger comprises a combination of introducing a deconstructor molecule into the binding solution and the binding solution receiving a trigger signal. In some embodiments, as described herein, the deconstructor molecule comprises a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), a peptide, an organic small molecule, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, as described herein, the trigger signal comprises an electrical signal, a microwave signal, ultraviolet illumination, visible illumination, or near-infrared illumination. In some embodiments, the binding solution is triggered for a predetermined time. In some embodiments, the binding solution is incubated with one or more deconstructor molecules for a predetermined time. In some embodiments, the binding solution is incubated with the deconstructor molecule for a period of from about 30 seconds to about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the binding solution is incubated with the deconstructor molecule for a period of from about 30 seconds to about 1 minute, from about 1 minute to about 5 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes, from about 30 minutes to about 1 hour, from about 1 hour to about 5 hours, from about 5 hours to about 12 hours, from about 12 hours to about 24 hours, or from about 24 hours to about 48 hours.

[0120] As shown by reference numeral 206 in FIG. 16 , in some embodiments, the binding solution is triggered to cleave the bond between the detector molecule and the respective core structure, such as the bond between the detector barcode (e.g., reference numeral 21 in FIG. 1 ) and the core structure 13. In some embodiments, the cleavage is achieved by nucleic acid (DNA / RNA) strand displacement, optical cleavage, chemical cleavage, another technique known in the art, or a combination thereof. For supramolecular structures that transition to a stable state, the detector molecule 1 is shown remaining bound to the core structure 13 via binding with the corresponding capture molecule 2. For supramolecular structures that remain in an unstable state, the detector molecule is shown dissociating from the respective core structure (212). In some embodiments, the dissociated detector molecule separates from the hydrogel bead (or solid substrate) as shown by reference numeral 206. In some embodiments, the dissociated detector molecule 2 remains bound to the respective detector barcode 21.

[0121] In some embodiments, the dissociated detector molecules and corresponding detector barcodes are further separated from the binding solution. In some embodiments, the dissociated detector molecules are separated from the binding solution by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. In some embodiments, the dissociated detector molecules are separated from the binding solution by binding the core structures in the binding solution to microbeads, solid supports, and / or magnetic beads via corresponding anchor molecules on each core structure, followed by separation of the dissociated detector molecules by centrifugation, micron filtration, chromatography, or a combination thereof.

[0122] In some embodiments, after the dissociated detector molecules are separated from the binding solution, the detector barcodes 21 are cleaved from the corresponding detector molecules bound to their respective capture molecules (e.g., as located on the supramolecular structure that has transitioned to a stable state). In some embodiments, the detector barcodes are cleaved from the corresponding detector molecules by nucleic acid (DNA / RNA) strand displacement, optical cleavage, chemical cleavage, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the detector barcodes are cleaved from the corresponding detector molecules by receiving a trigger. In some embodiments, the trigger comprises a deconstructor molecule, a trigger signal, or a combination thereof, as described herein. In some embodiments, the deconstructor molecule comprises a detector barcode releasing molecule (e.g., reference numeral 29 in FIGS. 4 and 7).

[0123] In some embodiments, the cleaved detector barcodes 21 are separated from the corresponding hydrogel beads or solid substrate, as shown by reference numeral 207 in Figure 16. In some embodiments, the cleaved detector barcodes 21 are isolated from the solution containing the supramolecular structures (reference numeral 208 in Figure 16). In some embodiments, the cleaved detector barcodes 21 are isolated from the solution by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. In some embodiments, the cleaved detector barcodes 21 are isolated from the solution by binding the core structures in solution to microbeads, solid supports, and / or magnetic beads via corresponding anchor molecules on each core structure, followed by isolating the cleaved detector barcodes 21 by centrifugation, micron filtration, chromatography, or a combination thereof.

[0124] In some embodiments, the cleaved detector barcodes 21 provide a signal that correlates to the analyte molecule bound to the respective detector molecule. In some embodiments, the detector barcodes comprise DNA strands, as described herein. In some embodiments, the detector barcodes provide a DNA signal that correlates to the analyte molecule. In some embodiments, the isolated detector barcodes 21 are analyzed to identify the corresponding analyte in the sample, as shown at reference numeral 210 in FIG. 16 . In some embodiments, the isolated detector barcodes 21 are analyzed to identify and / or quantify the corresponding analyte molecule in the sample. In some embodiments, analysis of the isolated detector barcodes comprises genotyping, qPCR, sequencing, or a combination thereof.

[0125] Detection of analyte molecules within single cells 17-20 provide exemplary methods for detecting analyte molecules located within single cells. In some embodiments, attachment of supramolecular structures to hydrogel beads or onto solid substrates (e.g., microbeads) enables detection and quantification of intercellular analyte molecules (e.g., proteins, antigens) at single-cell resolution. In some embodiments, intercellular analyte molecules may not be present outside of individual cells. In some embodiments, detection and quantification of intercellular analyte molecules (e.g., proteins, antigens) at single-cell resolution comprises single-cell proteomics assays. FIGS. 17-20 provide exemplary methods for detecting analyte molecules, in which supramolecular structures are provided so as to be embedded within hydrogel beads. In some embodiments, the methods illustrated in FIGS. 17-20 alternatively comprise providing supramolecular structures attached to solid substrates (e.g., microbeads).

[0126] FIG. 17 provides an exemplary first step involving capturing single cells with hydrogel beads having one or more supramolecular structures attached thereto (302) using a microfluidic droplet formation chip, with each formed droplet 304 encapsulating a single cell and a hydrogel bead. In some embodiments, each droplet 304 encapsulates one or more single cells and one or more hydrogel beads. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structures are attached to (e.g., embedded within) the hydrogel beads using methods described herein (e.g., FIGS. 13-14). In some embodiments, the one or more supramolecular structures are configured to interact with specific intercellular analyte molecules (e.g., proteins, antigens). In some embodiments, other methods and / or microfluidic chip designs are used to achieve the capture of single cells with one or more hydrogel beads.

[0127] FIG. 18 provides an exemplary embodiment for collecting droplets 304 containing captured single cells and hydrogel beads in a binding solution and processing the droplets 304. In some embodiments, intracellular analyte molecules (e.g., proteins, antigens) are transferred from each cell onto or around hydrogel beads within the same droplet 304. In some embodiments, transferring the intercellular analyte molecules includes lysing the cells captured within the droplet (reference numeral 306 in FIG. 18 , step 1). In some embodiments, lysis includes mechanical treatment or the introduction of a lysis buffer. As shown in the binding solution, in some embodiments, all supramolecular structures corresponding to the hydrogel beads are unstable. In some embodiments, the contents of the lysate (e.g., analyte molecules 44) are then allowed to interact with the hydrogel beads within the droplet (308) (step 2), allowing specific intercellular analyte molecules (e.g., proteins, antigens) to be captured by the associated supramolecular structures (e.g., capture molecules 2 and detector molecules 1) attached to the hydrogel beads. In some embodiments, the contents of the lysate (e.g., analyte molecules) are allowed to interact with the hydrogel beads for a period of about 30 seconds to about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the contents of the lysate (e.g., analyte molecules) are allowed to interact with the hydrogel beads for a period of about 30 seconds to about 1 minute, about 1 minute to about 5 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 1 hour, about 1 hour to about 5 hours, about 5 hours to about 12 hours, about 12 hours to about 24 hours, or about 24 hours to about 48 hours.

[0128] In some embodiments, as described herein, the interaction between an analyte molecule and a corresponding capture molecule 2 and detector molecule 1 transitions the respective supramolecular structure from an unstable state to a stable state (as shown by reference numeral 309). In some embodiments, a particular type of analyte molecule binds to a particular pair of capture molecule and detector molecule (e.g., a sandwich formation of the capture molecule, analyte molecule, and detector molecule). In some embodiments, a given pair of capture molecule and detector molecule is configured to bind to more than one type of analyte molecule. In some embodiments, the switching of any given supramolecular structure from an unstable state to a stable state depends on the specific capture molecule and detector molecule bound to it and the analyte molecules in the cell.

[0129] After allowing the contents of the lysate to interact with the hydrogel for a predetermined time, in some embodiments, the droplets are subsequently cut and the hydrogel beads are washed. In some embodiments, the hydrogel beads are triggered to cleave the bonds between the detector molecules and the core structure of each supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, the triggering comprises introducing a solution containing one or more deconstructor molecules (e.g., detector deconstructor molecules 28 from FIGS. 4 and 7) into a binding solution containing the hydrogel beads (reference numeral 310). In some embodiments, the triggering comprises the binding solution receiving a trigger signal. In some embodiments, the triggering comprises the binding solution receiving a deconstructor molecule and a trigger signal. In some embodiments, as described herein, the deconstructor molecule comprises a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), a peptide, an organic small molecule, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, as described herein, the trigger signal comprises an electrical signal, a microwave signal, ultraviolet illumination, visible illumination, or near-infrared illumination. In some embodiments, the hydrogel beads are triggered for a predetermined time. In some embodiments, the hydrogel beads are triggered for about 30 seconds to about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the hydrogel beads are triggered for about 30 seconds to about 1 minute, about 1 minute to about 5 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 1 hour, about 1 hour to about 5 hours, about 5 hours to about 12 hours, about 12 hours to about 24 hours, or about 24 hours to about 48 hours.

[0130] In some embodiments, the trigger (e.g., detector deconstructor molecule 28 from Figures 4 and 7) releases all detector molecules from the hydrogel beads that are not bound to corresponding capture molecules (i.e., not involved in the sandwich formation including the capture molecule, detector molecule, and analyte molecule).

[0131] In some embodiments, after the hydrogel beads have been triggered for a predetermined time, the hydrogel beads are washed one or more times to remove any weakly bound analyte molecules (e.g., proteins, antigens) or any detector molecules that have dissociated from their respective supramolecular structures (reference numeral 312, step 4). In some embodiments, after a predetermined number of washes, each hydrogel bead contains an analyte molecule (e.g., protein, antigen) specifically captured from a single cell.

[0132] 19-20 provide an exemplary depiction of a method for analyzing the contents of hydrogel beads obtained from the method shown in FIG. 18. In some embodiments, the contents of hydrogel beads are analyzed independently, and each hydrogel bead is individually barcoded. FIG. 19 provides an exemplary illustration of a microfluidic droplet formation system designed to form droplets 316 that encapsulate (314) 1) a single hydrogel bead carrying one or more analyte molecules (e.g., proteins, antigens) from a single cell within the droplet 316, and 2) a unique barcoded bead 318. In some embodiments, each barcoded bead contains a unique nucleic acid strand 320, which is between 20 and 60 bases in length and is attached to the bead via a cleavable linker 322. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker on the barcoded bead is cleaved using an electromagnetic (light) or chemical signal.

[0133] FIG. 20 provides an exemplary illustration of a method for transferring a unique barcode onto each hydrogel bead, both of which reside within a single droplet 316 (reference numeral 324, step 1). In some embodiments, barcodes 320 are cleaved from barcode beads 318, allowing them to interact with the hydrogel beads within each droplet 316. As described herein, barcodes 320 are cleaved from barcode beads 318 by receiving an electromagnetic signal (e.g., light, UV light, DTT) or a chemical signal. In some embodiments, cleaving barcodes 320 from barcode beads causes barcodes 320 to bind to detector barcodes 21 on supramolecular structures within each droplet 316 (reference numeral 326, step 2). In some embodiments, the droplets are then destroyed. In some embodiments, barcode strands 320 that did not bind to the detector barcodes are separated (reference numeral 328). In some embodiments, the hydrogel beads are washed to remove any remaining barcode strands from the solution (reference numeral 320). In some embodiments, the barcoded detector barcodes 332 are separated from the detector molecules and further analyzed. In some embodiments, the barcoded detector barcodes 332 are cleaved from their corresponding detector molecules by nucleic acid (DNA / RNA) strand displacement, optical cleavage, chemical cleavage, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the detector barcodes are cleaved from their corresponding detector molecules by receiving a trigger. In some embodiments, the trigger comprises a deconstructor molecule, a trigger signal, or a combination thereof, as described herein.

[0134] In some embodiments, each separate barcoded detector barcode 332 has two sections: a first section 320 having a unique barcode 320 that identifies a unique cell, and a second section 21 that provides the identity of the analyte molecule (e.g., protein or antigen). In some embodiments, analysis of the barcoded detector barcodes 332 taken together allows for characterization of the concentration of intercellular analyte molecules (e.g., proteins, antigens) at single-cell resolution. In some embodiments, the barcoded detector barcodes 332 are analyzed to identify and / or quantify the corresponding analyte molecule in the sample. In some embodiments, analysis of the barcoded detector barcodes 332 includes genotyping, qPCR, sequencing, or a combination thereof.

[0135] Detection of analyte molecules using surface assays FIG. 21 provides an exemplary illustration of a method for detecting analyte molecules in a sample using a surface-based assay, in which a supramolecular structure as described herein is used to count single molecules of analyte in the sample (i.e., to detect analyte molecules in the sample with single-molecule resolution). In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure comprises a core structure containing a DNA origami core. In some embodiments, a substrate 400 is provided, which can be of various configurations, including having one or more surfaces that are completely planar, partially planar (e.g., having localized surface features or elements that are planar), completely curved (e.g., being a tube or cylinder), or partially curved (e.g., having localized surface features or elements that are planar). While certain embodiments may provide a uniform or consistent chemical environment across the substrate surface corresponding to the active region, in other embodiments, localized different chemical environments may be provided on the surface of the substrate in either a random or regular arrangement (e.g., different chemical patterning or etching, localized surface and / or chemical features corresponding to different chemical patterning or environments, etc.). Examples of localized surface features that may be associated with different chemical patterning, coatings, or environments include, but are not limited to, trenches, platforms, pedestals, wells, etc. In certain embodiments, the substrate 400 may include (a) fiducial markers 402 that serve as reference coordinates for all features on the substrate 400, (b) a defined set of micropatterned binding sites 406 to which individual core structures (e.g., DNA origami) may be immobilized, and (c) background passivation 404 that minimizes or prevents interactions between the surface of the substrate 400 and the supramolecular structure (including capture and detector molecules, core structure molecules). In some embodiments, the fiducial markers include defined geometric features on the surface that are used as reference features for other features on the substrate. In some embodiments, the fiducial markers 402 are coated with a polymer or self-assembled monolayer that does not interact with the core structure or other molecules (e.g., DNA origami) of the supramolecular structure.In some embodiments, background passivation 404 minimizes or prevents interactions between the surface of substrate 400 and analyte molecules of the sample. In some embodiments, substrate 400 includes optical or electrical devices, such as FETs, ring resonators, photonic crystals, or microelectrodes, that are defined prior to the formation of binding sites 406. In some embodiments, binding sites 406 are micropatterned on substrate 400. In some embodiments, binding sites 406 on the surface are in a periodic pattern. In some embodiments, binding sites 406 on the surface are in a non-periodic pattern (e.g., random). In some embodiments, a minimum distance is specified between any two binding sites 406. In some embodiments, the minimum distance between any two binding sites 406 is at least about 200 nm. In some embodiments, the minimum distance between any two binding sites 406 is at least about 40 nm to about 5000 nm. Based on substrate considerations, in other implementations, the minimum distance between any two binding sites 406 may be in the range of at least about 5 μm to about 100 μm. In some embodiments, the geometric shape of the binding site 406 comprises a circle, a square, a triangle, or other polygonal shape. In some embodiments, the chemical groups used for passivation 404 comprise a neutrally charged molecule such as trimethylsilyl (TMS), an uncharged polymer such as PEG, a zwitterionic polymer, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the chemical groups used to define the binding site 406 comprise a silanol group, a carboxyl group, a thiol, other groups, or a combination thereof.

[0136] In some embodiments, a single supramolecular structure 40 is attached to each binding site 406 (Step 1). Reference numeral 416 provides a depiction of the components of the supramolecular structure 40, individually and assembled and arranged on a substrate (the components are described herein, e.g., in Figures 1, 2-3, and 5-6). In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure 40 includes a core structure 13 containing DNA origami, and the supramolecular structure 40 is attached onto each binding site (Step 1) using a DNA origami placement technique. In some embodiments, the supramolecular structure 40 is assembled before being attached to each binding site 406. In some embodiments, the DNA origami has a unique shape and dimensions to facilitate binding to the binding site using a DNA origami placement technique. In some embodiments, the DNA origami placement includes a directed self-assembly technique to assemble individual DNA origami (e.g., core structures) onto a surface (e.g., a micropatterned surface). In some embodiments, as an alternative to DNA origami placement, the reactive groups of the supramolecular nanostructure 40 are attached to DNA origami that have been pre-assembled onto the binding sites. In some embodiments, both of these methods for attaching supramolecular nanostructures to corresponding binding sites rely on the ability to assemble one or more molecules onto micropatterned binding sites using DNA origami placement techniques. In some embodiments, the substrate can be stored in a clean environment for a significant period of time after this step.

[0137] Continuing with reference to FIG. 21 , in some embodiments, a sample (described herein) containing analyte molecules is contacted with a substrate (Step 2). In some embodiments, the sample is contacted with the substrate using a flow cell. In some embodiments, the sample is incubated on a substrate with supramolecular structures attached to binding sites 406. In some embodiments, the incubation period can be from about 1 second or less to about 48 hours. By way of example, and to provide illustrative but non-limiting example incubation period ranges, in some embodiments, the incubation period can be from about 1 second (or less) to about 1 minute, from about 1 second (or less) to 30 seconds, from about 30 seconds to about 1 minute, from about 1 minute to about 5 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes, from about 30 minutes to about 1 hour, from about 1 hour to about 5 hours, from about 5 hours to about 12 hours, from about 12 hours to about 24 hours, or from about 24 hours to about 48 hours. Furthermore, depending on the sensing or readout mechanism employed, the response time (which may correspond to the incubation period in these situations) may be real-time (e.g., less than one second). For example, the use of field-effect transistors or other electrical readout sensing mechanisms may allow the response to be measured in real time.

[0138] In some embodiments, analyte molecules 44, in a sample, interact with the supramolecular structure 40 on the surface 400. In some embodiments, a single copy of a specific analyte molecule 44 simultaneously binds to both a capture molecule and a detector molecule, switching the particular supramolecular structure from an unstable state to a stable state 418 (as described herein, e.g., in Figures 8-10). In some embodiments, a single copy of a specific analyte may simultaneously interact with a capture molecule and a detector molecule that are already bound to each other, switching the supramolecular structure from a stable state to an unstable state (as described herein, e.g., in Figure 11).

[0139] Continuing with reference to FIG. 21 , in some embodiments, the substrate is then triggered. In some embodiments, the trigger comprises a deconstructor molecule (e.g., detector deconstructor molecule 28 of FIG. 7 ). In some embodiments, the trigger comprises a trigger signal. In some embodiments, as described herein, the deconstructor molecule (e.g., detector deconstructor molecule 28) comprises a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), a peptide, an organic small molecule, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, as described herein, the trigger signal comprises an electrical signal, a microwave signal, ultraviolet illumination, visible illumination, or near-infrared illumination. In some embodiments, the deconstructor molecule, upon association with the supramolecular structure attached to the substrate, is able to interact with the supramolecular structure. In some embodiments, the deconstructor molecule is introduced into a flow cell containing the substrate. In some embodiments, the deconstructor molecule is incubated with the supramolecular structure for about 30 seconds to about 24 hours (step 3). In some embodiments, the incubation period can be from about 30 seconds to about 1 minute, from about 1 minute to about 5 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes, from about 30 minutes to about 1 hour, from about 1 hour to about 5 hours, from about 5 hours to about 12 hours, from about 12 hours to about 24 hours, or from about 24 hours to about 48 hours.

[0140] In some embodiments, interaction with the deconstructor molecule cleaves the detector molecules and detector barcodes of all supramolecular structures in the unstable state, thereby physically cleaving these detector molecules and detector barcodes from the substrate 400. In some embodiments, the physically cleaved detector molecules and detector barcodes are removed during washing with one or more buffers at the end of the incubation step. Although capture of a single analyte molecule has transitioned the supramolecular structure on the substrate to a stable state, in some embodiments, the corresponding detector molecule and detector barcode are still bound to the supramolecular structure 420, thereby forming an analyte-mediated sandwich (i.e., a bond between the capture molecule, analyte molecule, and detector molecule) between the corresponding detector molecule and capture molecule, thereby stably binding to the substrate.

[0141] Continuing with reference to FIG. 21 , in some embodiments, the detector barcode, once located at the supramolecular structure transitioned to a stable state, is used as a binding site 422 for a signaling element 414 (step 4). In some embodiments, the signaling element comprises a fluorescent molecule or microbead, a fluorescent polymer, a highly charged nanoparticle, or a polymer. In some embodiments, one or more signaling elements are allowed to interact with the supramolecular structure on the structure. In some embodiments, the signaling element is introduced into a flow cell containing a substrate. In some embodiments, the detector barcode is used as a polymerization initiator to grow a highly fluorescent polymer in processes such as rolling circle amplification or hybridization chain reaction, cross-linking amplification, or exclusion amplification-based approaches.

[0142] In some embodiments, introducing the signaling element 414 as described in step 4 results in a surface where every individual analyte capture event (i.e., binding between a capture molecule, a detector molecule, and an analyte molecule) results in a signaling element present at the location of each analyte (bound to a capture molecule and a detector molecule). In some embodiments, the signaling element is optically active and can be measured using a microscope or an integrated optical sensor within the substrate 400. In some embodiments, the signaling element is electrically active and can be measured using an integrated electrical sensor. In some embodiments, the signaling element is magnetically active and can be measured using an integrated magnetic sensor. In some embodiments, the concentration of analyte molecules in a sample is quantified by counting the number of locations where a signaling element is present, since each signal event is associated with the capture of the same type of analyte molecule (a single copy of the same type of analyte molecule) as determined by the corresponding detector molecule and capture molecule.

[0143] In some embodiments, the analyte detection method described in FIG. 21 uses a supramolecular core in which the core structure is attached to DNA origami already assembled on the surface of a substrate through its respective anchor moieties.

[0144] In some embodiments, the analyte detection method described in FIG. 21 allows for the detection of a single type of analyte molecule. In some embodiments, the analyte detection method described in FIG. 21 allows for the detection of multiple types of analyte molecules (multiplexed analyte molecule detection). In some embodiments, each supramolecular structure is barcoded to uniquely identify each capture molecule and detector molecule associated with the supramolecular structure, thereby allowing each captured analyte molecule to be identified based on the barcode(s). In some embodiments, each supramolecular structure is barcoded using a respective anchor molecule. As described herein, the capture molecule and detector molecule may be an antibody, nanobody, aptamer, sommer, oligonucleotide, or small molecule with affinity for the analyte under investigation.

[0145] Detection of Analyte Molecules Using Microfluidic Structures - Exemplary Embodiments With the foregoing discussion regarding analyte detection using surface assays in mind, further examples are provided regarding the use of a microfluidic device 500 as a substrate for attachment of a supramolecular structure 40. In these examples, a microfluidic device 500 may be provided that includes a substrate to which the supramolecular structures 40 described herein may be attached, either in a random arrangement or in ordered or patterned locations that are chemically adapted to bind the supramolecular structures 40. In practice, it may be understood that the microfluidic device 500 used herein includes inlet and outlet lanes through which a fluid (e.g., a fluid sample) may flow. With reference to FIGS. 22 and 23, such a device may be formed by a top substrate 504 and a bottom substrate 506 (defining the upper and lower limits of the flow path), and an interposer 508 may separate the top and bottom substrates 504 and 506 and define the sidewalls, as well as the geometry of the microfluidic passage 502 and sample chamber.

[0146] As described herein, the substrate surface of the microfluidic device 500 onto which a fluid sample can be flowed is provided and used as an attachment surface for supramolecular structures 40, or affinity binders (e.g., antibodies, aptamers, nanobodies, etc.) cleaved from such supramolecular structures 40, that can bind to molecules of interest (e.g., DNA, RNA, proteins, peptides, metabolites, or any biologically relevant molecule). As described herein, the binding mechanism of the supramolecular structures 40 for molecules of interest (e.g., analytes 44) can be specific to a particular molecule of interest (e.g., protein) to attach and capture the molecule of interest with specificity. In the simplest scenario, a given microfluidic structure 500 can be configured to include a single probe type (corresponding to a single molecule of interest). In other configurations, a given microfluidic structure 500 can alternatively be configured to include tens, hundreds, thousands, millions, or billions of probe types, each corresponding to a different molecule of interest.

[0147] Referring to FIG. 24 , a two-dimensional (2D) sample-facing surface 520 of a microfluidic sample chamber or channel is shown, according to the present example. In one such embodiment, the sample-facing surface 520 is coated with a hydrogel or other suitable coating 522 that includes one or more universal adapters or attachment mechanisms. By way of example, the surface 520 may be seeded with or chemically attached to corresponding (e.g., complementary or otherwise chemically hybridizable) attachment molecules 526 that can form attachments to anchor molecules 18, as described herein. As can be appreciated, the attachment molecules 526 may be randomly distributed on the surface 520 (whereby the supramolecular structures 40 attach to the surface 520 in a randomized or non-directional manner) or in an ordered or patterned manner (whereby the supramolecular structures 40 attach to the surface 520 in an ordered or otherwise constrained manner). As an illustrative and non-limiting example, the attachment molecule 526 can be a suitable oligomer, such as an oligonucleotide complementary to a portion of the anchor molecule 18 of the supramolecular structure 44, biotin, streptavidin, or the like, such that interaction between the attachment molecule 526 and the complementary anchor molecule 18 binds the supramolecular structure 40 to the surface 520. More generally, the anchor molecule 18 can include a reactive molecule, such that the attachment molecule 526 can include a molecule with which the anchor molecule 18 reacts. In some embodiments, the anchor molecule 18 includes a DNA strand that can interact (e.g., hybridize) with a complementary nucleic acid strand as the attachment molecule 526. In further embodiments, the anchor molecule 18 includes an amine, a thiol, DBCO, an NHS ester, a maleimide, biotin, an azide, an acrydite, a single-stranded nucleic acid of a specific sequence (e.g., RNA or DNA), or a polymer (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) or one or more polymerization initiators) by which the attachment molecule 526 can bind or otherwise form an attachment.In additional embodiments, the anchor molecule 18 comprises a protein, peptide, antibody, aptamer (RNA and DNA), nanobody, DARPin, catalyst, polymerization initiator, PEG-like polymer, organic molecule, or combinations thereof, any or all of which the attachment molecule 526 may be capable of binding to or otherwise forming an attachment to.

[0148] In practice, the concentration, absolute number, and / or location of attachment molecules 526 may be controlled or adjusted to control the density of viable attachment molecules on surface 520. In this manner, a specified number of supramolecular structures 40 may be attached to surface 520 at an optimal or other desired density. As will be described in more detail below, in certain embodiments, this may be combined with precise or targeted location on surface 520 for further utility.

[0149] In the illustrated example, the sample-facing surface 520 may comprise or otherwise include one or more additional types of universal adapter structures 530, which, as used herein, may be understood to include, but are not limited to, primers that facilitate capture and amplification operations (e.g., ILLUMINA® adapters, THERMO FISHER® adapters, etc.). Adapter structures 530 such as these may interact with the supramolecular structure 40 during operation, e.g., with an analyte bound to the supramolecular structure 40. By way of example, adapter structures 530A and 530B may take the form of one or more types of amplification reagents (e.g., polymerization initiators such as primers) that can initiate polymerization in response to individual analyte capture events (i.e., binding between capture molecule 2, detector molecule 1, and analyte molecule 44). Polymerization in response to interaction between the amplification reagents and the analyte binding event may result in a signaling element 414 binding in proximity to the respective analyte (e.g., binding to the capture molecule and detector molecule).

[0150] In some embodiments, the signaling element 414 may be optically active (e.g., fluorescent) and may be measured and / or localized using a microscope or optical sensor external to or provided as part of the substrate. In other embodiments, the signaling element may be electrically active and may be measured and / or localized using an electrical sensor external to or provided as part of the substrate. In further embodiments, the signaling element may be magnetically active and may be measured and / or localized using a magnetic sensor external to or provided as part of the substrate. In certain implementations, analyte molecules in a sample are quantified by counting the number of locations where a signaling element is present, since each signal event is associated with the capture of the same type of analyte molecule (a single copy of the same type of analyte molecule) as determined by the corresponding detector and capture molecules.

[0151] As can be understood with respect to the examples below and as discussed throughout, in certain embodiments, the supramolecular structure 40 can be functionalized with affinity binders (e.g., detector molecule 1 and capture molecule 2), which may be implemented as antibodies, aptamers, nanobodies, or other suitable affinity binders as discussed herein. Correspondingly, as described herein, one or two unique identifiers may be present on each supramolecular structure 40 associated with a respective affinity binder. For example, if used, one unique identifier may be the same barcode sequence for both antibodies (in antibody-based embodiments or examples), and the two antibodies may be the same or different. In embodiments using a single affinity binder (e.g., only capture molecule 2 or detector molecule 1), only one unique identifier is present. In examples where three or more affinity binders (e.g., additional capture molecules or detector molecules) are present, one, two, three, or more unique identifiers may be present, or may be a single identifier used to define a set of affinity binders for a specific supramolecular structure or combination of supramolecular structures.

[0152] As used herein, and as discussed throughout, a unique identifier (e.g., capture bridge 7 or detection bridge 8 in FIG. 1) may be an oligomer (e.g., an oligonucleotide), a polymer, or a complex combination of unique oligomers conjugated to each other. As an example, one possible complex unique identifier that may be comprised of a combination of oligomers is an identifier ready to be integrated into a DNA sequencing-assisted amplification scheme.

[0153] In such an example, the complex set may be a unique DNA sequence (e.g., barcode 540) associated with an identifier of an affinity binder (e.g., capture molecule 2 or detector molecule 1). This unique DNA sequence may be adjacent to (e.g., conjugated to) primers 542A, 542B (e.g., P5 and P7, and thus P5' and P7') that are complementary to primers grafted to a hydrogel matrix on the surface 520 of the substrate, as shown in FIG. 25. In one such example, adapter structures 530A and 530B present on the surface 520 of the substrate may be complementary to primers 542A, 542B (e.g., complementary primers). Thus, as used herein, the conjugate series 544 of primer 542 and barcode sequence 540 comprises a unique identifier (e.g., capture bridge 7 or detector bridge 8 in FIG. 1 ) that may be conjugated to an affinity binder (e.g., capture molecule 2 or detector molecule 1) and integrated with the supramolecular structure 40 described herein.

[0154] 25, when an assay is performed and the analyte of interest is captured by the affinity binders, a subsequent cleavage (e.g., deconstruction) step can be performed that severs the bond between one of the affinity binders and the associated unique identifier from the supramolecular structure 40. In this way, one primer (e.g., primer 542A) remains attached to the supramolecular structure 40 on one side, and the other primer (e.g., primer 542B) is unattached (i.e., free) in solution.

[0155] This allows for a variety of possible options. For example, according to one possible option, unattached (i.e., free) primer 452B can be captured by complementary primer 530B via hybridization onto surface 520 of the substrate. This is then the second point of attachment (e.g., binding) of supramolecular structure 40 to surface 520 via hybridization of primer 542B to surface 520 (first point of attachment is via anchor molecule 118 and attachment molecule 526 that initially bound supramolecular structure 40 to surface 520).

[0156] After this second hybridization binding, the linker between the other primer 542A and the supramolecular structure 40 can be cleaved, and via the bond formed by primer 542B and complementary adapter 530B, the conjugate series 544 (comprising the library element in the form of barcode sequence 540) is bound to the surface 520. The library element can then be read out directly or amplified (e.g., by cross-linking amplification) to form clusters, which can then be read out by sequencing.

[0157] Alternatively, a separate option is to cleave the bond between primer 542A and supramolecular structure 40, leaving the library element (i.e., barcode sequence 540) free in solution. Once in solution, the library element can be recaptured onto surface 520 via hybridization between primer 542A and complementary adapter 530A or between primer 542B and complementary adapter 530B. Once captured on surface 520, the library element may be read out directly or may be amplified to form clusters that may be read out by sequencing.

[0158] Example 1 In view of the above structure and processing options, various illustrative, but non-limiting, examples are provided to facilitate explanation as well as to illustrate the contemplated scope of the present technology. For example, refer to FIG. 26. In this example, one or more configurations or types of supramolecular structures 40 are attached to corresponding attachment structures 526 provided on a surface 520 as described above (i.e., using appropriate attachment and placement methods), as shown in step 550. As previously mentioned, such attachment may be random on the surface 520 or may be in patterned or other ordered locations. As shown in FIG. 26, two additional sets of steps can be performed: an assay operation and a mapping operation. For purposes of explanation, these steps are shown in parallel (i.e., mapping can be performed independently from the assay operation (e.g., by a different entity or person prior to the assay operation)), but they can also be performed sequentially (i.e., the map is generated as a precursor to the assay being performed by an entity or person who also performs the assay). In practice, the mapping step may be performed by the same entity that performs the assay, but may alternatively be performed by a different entity, for example by an entity preparing and providing the substrate for subsequent use during the performance of the assay. It will therefore be understood that the steps shown may be performed in serial or parallel, and that certain steps may be performed by different entities.

[0159] 26, with respect to the mapping operation, once the surface 520 has been seeded with the desired supramolecular structure(s) 40, the barcode sequences 540 associated with the affinity binding agents of the supramolecular structures 40 can be read to generate a decode mapping file 564 (step 562) that identifies the physical spatial location on the surface 520 to which each supramolecular structure is bound. That is, the decode mapping file 564 relates or maps each spatial location on the surface 520 to the identified barcode sequence 540 that corresponds to a library element.

[0160] The mapped surface 520 can then be exposed to one or more samples 552 containing one or more analytes to be detected and / or quantified (step 554). By way of example, the fluid analyte-containing sample 552 can be continuously, periodically, or intermittently flowed over the surface 520 at a predetermined rate, frequency, volume, etc., to bind analytes present in the sample(s) 552 to affinity binding agents of the supramolecular structures 40 attached to the surface 520. In certain embodiments, an incubation or waiting period 556 (e.g., 10 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, etc.) can also be provided to facilitate or optimize the binding event for subsequent detection. Once the sample 552 has been processed in this manner, the analyte-bound supramolecular structures 40 can be examined (step 558) as described herein to identify capture sites 560 corresponding to the sites on the surface 520 where the supramolecular structures 40 capturing the analyte molecules are bound. By way of example, a deconstruction or cleavage operation as described herein can be performed to expose library elements of affinity binders bound to an analyte. An amplification operation can be performed on each exposed library element, with one or more fluorescent signaling elements attached as a result of the amplification step. By way of example, in one embodiment, an amplification process such as rolling circle amplification or hybridization chain reaction can use detector barcodes as polymerization initiators for growing highly fluorescent polymers.

[0161] The position of the fluorescent label relative to the geometry of surface 520 can then be determined (such as using one or more fiducial markers) to generate capture site data. In this manner, or by equivalent techniques, the identified capture sites 560 can be used in conjunction with decoding mapping file 564 (e.g., comparison step 566) to generate quantitative and / or qualitative measurements or assessments of analyte capture (data 570). As can be appreciated, according to this embodiment, readout of the assay results occurs without performing any sequence manipulation (i.e., without sequencing each barcode corresponding to a library element). Instead, the spatial location of the binding event relative to surface 520 is used to identify each library element.

[0162] While this example illustrates a decoding map-based approach, it will be appreciated that equivalent mechanisms can be employed to achieve spatial or position-based readout without amplification. For example, instead of allowing for random distribution of supramolecular structures 40 and then generating a decoding map, supramolecular structures 40 may instead be seeded onto surface 520 in a known or ordered manner (e.g., by selective or targeted placement of attachment molecules, use of topographical and / or chemical features (e.g., nanowells) in the placement, etc., thereby knowing the location of given supramolecular structures 40 (and their corresponding affinity binders and library elements). In such a scenario, readout may be achieved in an equivalent manner (e.g., amplification and attachment of fluorescent signaling elements), and results may be generated using identified spatial capture sites and known placement of affinity binders and library elements. In such a scenario, the decoding map is essentially known based on the targeted or constrained seeding procedure.

[0163] It should also be understood that the workflow illustrated in Figure 26 may be modified to account for and / or utilize variations of the supramolecular structure 40 described herein. By way of example, as described herein, the core structure 13 of the supramolecular structure 40 may have attached thereto multiple copies of one or more barcodes that are not part of the binding structure used to bind affinity binding agent molecules, but that can be used to identify affinity binding agents present on the supramolecular structure 40. That is, the supramolecular structure 40 may include multiple copies of one or more barcodes that can be used to identify affinity binding agents present on the supramolecular structure 40, and that are not part of the binding structure used to attach affinity binding agents to the supramolecular structure 40.

[0164] In such an example, if seeding of the supramolecular structures 40 with affinity binders and barcodes occurs during the manufacture of a substrate having a surface 520, the decode mapping file 564 may be generated at the time of manufacture to facilitate subsequent capture data generation. The decode mapping data 564 for the substrate may be generated with or without amplification of the copies of the barcode(s) seeded on the supramolecular structures 40. In particular, depending on the readout mechanism, multiple copies of the barcode present on the core structure 13 may allow the decode mapping file 564 to be generated without amplification, due to the increased signal associated with using multiple barcodes per supramolecular structure 40. Even in such a situation, some amount of amplification may be performed if determined to be beneficial. In this scenario, where the decode mapping file 564 is pre-generated, the end-user workflow may be faster because the user does not need to perform the decode mapping operation. Instead, in one embodiment, the user simply amplifies the probes (e.g., oligomers) to look for signals and then compares the locations where the signals are observed (i.e., capture sites 560) with the decode mapping file 564 (step 566).

[0165] In a workflow in which a user seeds a core structure 13 to form a supramolecular structure 40, decoding the arrangement of the supramolecular structure 40 may be performed by either sequencing or decoding the barcodes using a deconstruction or cleavage operation as described above. Use of the resulting decoding mapping file 564 may proceed in other ways as described above.

[0166] Example 2 Referring to FIG. 27, a further example is presented. In this example, the readout is not based on spatial location (e.g., a decoding map or nanowell arrangement). As shown in FIG. 27, the initial steps generally correspond to those described with respect to FIG. 26. For example, one or more arrangements or types of supramolecular structures 40 are attached to corresponding attachment structures 526 provided on a surface 520 as described above (i.e., using appropriate attachment and arrangement methods), as shown in step 550. Such attachment may be random on the surface 520 or may be in patterned or other ordered locations. The seeded surface 520 can then be exposed to one or more samples 552 containing one or more analytes to be detected and / or quantified (step 554). By way of example, the fluid analyte-containing sample 552 can be continuously, periodically, or intermittently flowed over the surface 520 at a predetermined rate, frequency, volume, etc., to bind analytes present in the sample(s) 552 to affinity binding agents of the supramolecular structures 40 attached to the surface 520. In certain embodiments, an incubation or waiting period 556 (e.g., 10 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, etc.) can also be provided to facilitate or optimize the binding event for subsequent detection. Once the sample 552 has been processed in this manner, the analyte-bound supramolecular structure 40 can be examined (step 580) to identify which sites on the supramolecular structure 40 captured the analyte molecule and (in a multi-analyte assay) which analyte(s) were captured. In practice, this can be accomplished by reading the barcodes of the affinity binders at the identified capture sites, as discussed herein. For example, in certain embodiments, a sequence-based approach can be used to read the barcodes associated with the analyte capture events. In other embodiments, amplification approaches can be utilized with signaling elements of different properties attached to different barcodes, thereby enabling the use of imaging-based approaches to identify and distinguish capture events associated with different analytes.In this manner, quantitative and / or qualitative measurements or estimates of analyte capture (data 570) can be generated without spatially decoded data.

[0167] Example 3 Referring to FIG. 28, a further example is presented. In this example, analyte binding occurs in the solution phase rather than on a surface 520. As shown in FIG. 28, one or more configurations or types of supramolecular structures 40 are provided in solution. One or more samples 552 containing one or more analytes to be detected and / or quantified can be bound to the supramolecular structures 40 in solution (step 590). As an example, a fluid analyte-containing sample 552 can be mixed with a solution containing the supramolecular structures 40, or vice versa. In certain embodiments, an incubation or waiting period 556 (e.g., 10 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, etc.) can also be provided to facilitate or optimize the binding event for subsequent detection.

[0168] The solution containing the supramolecular structures 40 and analytes can be treated (step 594) to separate those supramolecular structures that have captured the analyte of interest from those that have not. A deconstructor molecule can be exposed to or added to the resulting solution 596 containing the supramolecular structures that have captured the analyte molecules (step 600), acting to cleave each unique identifier(s) (e.g., library elements or barcodes) from the supramolecular structures 40 in the solution, as described herein, thereby releasing the unique identifiers (604). The released unique identifiers 604 can then be separated from the remaining solution (step 608) to yield isolated unique identifiers 612. As can be appreciated, in certain embodiments, the release of the unique identifiers can correspond to the creation of a DNA library, such that the analyte capture event corresponds to the DNA library creation event. In certain circumstances, this essentially converts the protein capture assay into a DNA sequencing library preparation kit.

[0169] Referring back to FIG. 28 , the isolated unique identifiers 612 can then be flowed onto the prepared surface 520 (step 620) and allowed to bind to corresponding (e.g., complementary) adapters seeded onto the surface 520, as discussed herein. The unique identifiers attached to the surface 520 can then be read out (step 624) as described herein (e.g., via amplification to attach signaling elements, sequencing operations, etc.), resulting in the generation of qualitative or quantitative analyte capture data 570. As discussed above, the surface can be seeded with adapters randomly or in an orderly or patterned manner, and the generation of analyte capture data 570 can utilize decoding mapping data, if desired. This approach offers certain advantages over solving 2D capture problems when capture is performed on the surface 520, including the ability to solve three-dimensional (3D) capture problems.

[0170] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It is understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention, and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

Claims

1. 1. A method for generating analyte capture data, comprising: exposing a plurality of supramolecular structures to a sample containing one or more analytes in a solution, each of the supramolecular structures comprising a supramolecular core structure comprising a plurality of core molecules; one or more capture molecules bound to the supramolecular core at a first set of locations; one or more detector molecules bound to the supramolecular core at a second set of locations; and wherein one or both of the capture molecules or the detector molecules selectively bind to the analyte of interest. treating the solution to remove supramolecular structures not bound to the analyte; deconstructing the supramolecular structure and the analyte complex present in the solution to release one or more unique identifiers associated with the binding event between the analyte and each supramolecular structure; isolating the one or more unique identifiers in the solution; and exposing a surface seeded with one or more adapter types to the solution containing the one or more unique identifiers; performing a read operation of the one or more unique identifiers interacted with the one or more adapters to generate qualitative or quantitative analyte capture data; A method comprising:

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising incubating the supramolecular structure and the sample in a solution.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more unique identifiers comprise a barcode sequence.

4. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more adapter types comprise one or more primers, and at least a subset of the one or more primers are complementary to at least a portion of the one or more unique identifiers.

5. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the core structure comprises a DNA origami.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface is a surface of a flow cell.

7. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein one or both of the capture molecule or the detector molecule comprises one or more of a protein, a peptide, an antibody, an aptamer, a fluorophore, a DARPin, a catalyst, a polymerization initiator, a polymer, or a combination thereof.

8. 1. A method for generating analyte capture data, comprising: exposing a plurality of supramolecular structures to a sample containing one or more analytes in a solution, each of the supramolecular structures comprising a supramolecular core structure comprising a plurality of core molecules; one or more capture molecules bound to the supramolecular core at a first set of locations; one or more detector molecules bound to the supramolecular core at a second set of locations; and wherein one or both of the capture molecules or the detector molecules selectively bind to the analyte of interest. treating the solution to remove supramolecular structures bound to the analyte; deconstructing the supramolecular structure that is not bound to the analyte and remains in solution to release one or more unique identifiers that indicate the analyte or analytes for which the remaining supramolecular structure has an affinity; isolating the one or more unique identifiers in the solution; and exposing a surface seeded with one or more adapter types to the solution containing the one or more unique identifiers; performing a read operation of the one or more unique identifiers interacted with the one or more adapters to generate qualitative or quantitative analyte capture data; A method comprising:

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