Ovarian cancer detection

Abstract

Provided herein are technologies for ovarian cancer screening, particularly, but not limited to, methods, compositions, and related uses for detecting the presence of ovarian cancer and subtypes of ovarian cancer (e.g., clear cell ovarian cancer, endometrioid ovarian cancer, mucinous ovarian cancer, serous ovarian cancer). As described herein, the technology provides multiple methylated DNA markers and subsets thereof (e.g., sets of two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight markers) that are highly discriminatory between ovarian cancer overall and various types of ovarian cancer (e.g., clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC).

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001] [Technical field] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 928,888, filed October 31, 2019, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 065,081, filed August 13, 2020, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0002] Provided herein are technologies for ovarian cancer screening, particularly but not limited to, methods, compositions, and related uses for detecting the presence of ovarian cancer and subtypes of ovarian cancer (e.g., clear cell ovarian cancer, endometrioid ovarian cancer, mucinous ovarian cancer, serous ovarian cancer). [Background technology] Ovarian cancer is one of the deadliest gynecological malignancies in developed countries. In the United States, approximately 23,000 women are diagnosed with the disease each year, and nearly 14,000 women die from it. There are three major types of ovarian cancer: epithelial, germ cell, and sex cord-stromal. Approximately 90% of ovarian cancers arise from the epithelial tissue, the outer lining of the ovaries. These types of ovarian cancer are divided into serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, transitional, and anaplastic subtypes. The risk of epithelial ovarian cancer increases with age, especially after age 50. Germ cell tumors account for approximately 5% of ovarian cancers. They originate in the cells that give rise to eggs. This type of ovarian cancer can occur in women of any age, but approximately 80% occur in women under 30 years of age. The main subtypes are teratomas, dysgerminomas, endodermal sinus tumors, and choriocarcinomas. Sex cord-stromal tumors, which account for about 5% of ovarian cancers, grow in the connective tissue that connects the ovaries and produces estrogen and progesterone. They are most common in older women.

[0003] Despite advances in cancer therapy, mortality rates from ovarian cancer have remained virtually unchanged over the past 20 years. Given the steep slope of survival rates depending on the stage at which the disease is diagnosed, early detection remains the most important factor in improving long-term survival for ovarian cancer patients.

[0004] There is a need for improved methods for detecting ovarian cancer and various subtypes of ovarian cancer (eg, clear cell ovarian cancer, endometrioid ovarian cancer, mucinous ovarian cancer, and serous ovarian cancer).

[0005] The present invention addresses these needs. [Summary of the Invention] As mentioned above, ovarian cancer (OC) is the leading cause of death from gynecological cancer and one of the most common causes of fatal malignancies overall in women (see Ozor RF, et al., Epithelial ovarian cancer. In: Hoskin W.J., Perez C.A., Young R.C., editors. Principles and Practice of Gynecologic Oncology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Philadelphia, PA, USA: 2000. pp. 981-1057). Because symptoms are often nonspecific and early detection is difficult, the majority of patients present with advanced-stage disease.

[0006] In recent years, findings from histopathological, molecular, and genetic studies have characterized several subtypes of OC. The major histotypes are epithelial in origin and include serous ovarian cancer (serous OC), clear cell carcinoma (clear cell OC), endometrioid carcinoma (endometrioid OC), and mucinous carcinoma (mucinous OC). Serous OC is the most common form of ovarian cancer, accounting for up to 70% of all cases. Clear cell OC is the second most common histotype, accounting for approximately 10–13% of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Endometrioid OC is the third most common histotype of ovarian cancer and, like clear cell carcinoma, is thought to arise from endometriosis. Mucinous OC accounts for 4% of ovarian cancers and is generally diagnosed at a lower stage.

[0007] Effective screening approaches are urgently needed to reduce the significant toll of OC and its various subtypes (e.g., clear cell OC, serous OC, endometrioid OC, and mucinous OC). Innovations that provide accurate, affordable, and safe screening tools for presymptomatic detection of early cancers and advanced precancers are essential.

[0008] The present invention addresses such a need. Indeed, the present invention provides novel methylated DNA markers that distinguish between cases of OC and its various subtypes (e.g., clear cell OC, serous OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC).

[0009] Methylated DNA has been investigated as a potential class of biomarker in tissues of most tumor types. DNA methyltransferases often add methyl groups to DNA at cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) island sites as an epigenetic control of gene expression. In a biologically intriguing mechanism, acquired methylation events in the promoter regions of tumor suppressor genes are thought to silence their expression, thereby contributing to carcinogenesis. DNA methylation may be a more chemically and biologically robust diagnostic tool than RNA or protein expression (Laird (2010) Nat Rev Genet 11:191-203). Furthermore, in other cancers, such as sporadic colon cancer, methylation markers offer superior specificity and are more informative and sensitive than individual DNA mutations (Zou et al. (2007) Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16:2686-96).

[0010] Analysis of CpG islands has provided important insights when applied to animal models and human cell lines. For example, Zhang and colleagues found that amplicons from different parts of the same CpG island can have different levels of methylation (Zhang et al. (2009) PLoS Genet 5:e1000438). Furthermore, methylation levels were bimodally distributed between highly methylated and unmethylated sequences, further supporting a binary switch-like pattern of DNA methyltransferase activity (Zhang et al. (2009) PLoS Genet 5:e1000438). Analysis of mouse tissues in vivo and cell lines in vitro demonstrated that only approximately 0.3% of high-CpG-density promoters (HCPs, defined as having more than 7% CpG sequences within a 300-base pair region) were methylated, whereas low-CpG-density regions (LCPs, defined as having less than 5% CpG sequences within a 300-base pair region) tended to be frequently methylated in dynamic tissue-specific patterns (Meissner et al. (2008) Nature 454:766-70). HCPs include promoters for ubiquitous housekeeping genes and highly regulated developmental genes. Among the HCP sites that were more than 50% methylated, several established markers were present, such as Wnt2, NDRG2, SFRP2, and BMP3 (Meissner et al. (2008) Nature 454:766-70).

[0011] Epigenetic methylation of DNA at cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) island sites by DNA methyltransferases has been investigated as a potential class of biomarker in tissues of most tumor types. In a biologically intriguing mechanism, acquired methylation events in the promoter regions of tumor suppressor genes are thought to silence their expression and contribute to carcinogenesis. DNA methylation may be a more chemically and biologically robust diagnostic tool than RNA or protein expression. Furthermore, in other cancers, such as sporadic colon cancer, aberrant methylation markers are more informative, more sensitive, and offer superior specificity than individual DNA mutations.

[0012] Several methods are available for discovering novel methylation markers. Microarray-based interrogation of CpG methylation is a rational, high-throughput approach, but this strategy is biased toward known regions of interest, primarily established tumor suppressor promoters. Alternative methods for genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation have been developed over the past decade. Three basic approaches exist. The first uses digestion of DNA with restriction enzymes that recognize specific methylation sites, followed by several possible analytical techniques that provide methylation data limited to the enzyme recognition site or primers used to amplify the DNA in a quantification step (e.g., methylation-specific PCR (MSP)). The second approach uses antibodies directed against methyl-cytosine or other methylation-specific binding domains to enrich the methylated fraction of genomic DNA, followed by microarray analysis or sequencing to map the fragment to a reference genome. This approach does not provide single-nucleotide resolution of all methylation sites within a fragment. The third approach begins with bisulfite treatment of DNA to convert all unmethylated cytosines to uracil, followed by restriction enzyme digestion and full sequencing of all fragments after ligation to adaptor ligands. The choice of restriction enzyme allows for enrichment of fragments in CpG-dense regions, reducing the number of redundant sequences that may map to multiple gene locations during analysis.

[0013] At moderate to high read coverage, RRBS provides CpG methylation status data at single-nucleotide resolution for 80-90% of all CpG islands and most tumor suppressor promoters. In cancer case-control studies, analysis of these reads identifies differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Previous RRBS analysis of pancreatic cancer specimens revealed hundreds of DMRs, many of which were not associated with carcinogenesis at all, and many of which were not annotated. Further validation studies on an independent set of tissue samples confirmed marker CpGs that were 100% sensitive and specific in terms of performance.

[0014] Provided herein are techniques for screening for OC and various OC subtypes (e.g., clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC), particularly, but not limited to, methods, compositions, and related uses for detecting the presence of OC and various OC subtypes (e.g., clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC).

[0015] Indeed, as described in Examples I and II, experiments conducted during the course of developing embodiments of the present invention identified novel sets of variably methylated regions (DMRs) for distinguishing 1) DNA from ovarian cancer and non-neoplastic control DNA, 2) DNA from clear cell OC tissue and non-neoplastic control DNA, 3) DNA from endometrioid OC tissue and non-neoplastic control DNA, 4) DNA from mucinous OC tissue and non-neoplastic control DNA, and 5) DNA from serous OC tissue and non-neoplastic control DNA.

[0016] Such experiments have revealed differences between OC tissue and benign tissue (Table 1A, Table 1B, Table 3, Table 4A, Table 6A, and Table 8A; see Examples I and II), clear cell OC tissue and benign tissue (Table 1A, Table 1B, Table 2A, Table 4B, Table 5B, Table 6A, and Table 8B; see Examples I and II), endometrioid OC tissue and benign tissue (Table 1A, Table 1B, Table 2B, Table 4C, Table 5C, Table 6A, and Table 8C; see Examples I and II), mucinous OC tissue and benign tissue (Table 1A, Table 1B, Table 2B, Table 4C, Table 5C, Table 6A, and Table 8C; see Examples I and II), and ovarian OC tissue and benign tissue (Table 1A, Table 1B, Table 2C, Table 4D, Table 5E, Table 6D, and Table 8E; see Examples I and II). Five hundred sixty novel DNA methylation markers are listed and described that distinguish between serous and benign OC tissues (Table 1A, Table 1B, Table 2D, Table 4E, Table 5A, Table 6A, and Table 8E; see Examples I and II), serous and benign OC tissues (Table 1A, Table 1B, Table 2D, Table 4E, Table 5A, Table 6A, and Table 8E; see Examples I and II), and detect OC (e.g., OC, clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC) in blood samples (Table 9; see Example III).

[0017] From these 560 novel DNA methylation markers, further experiments identified the following markers and / or panels of markers that can distinguish between ovarian cancer tissue and benign tissue: ·AGRN_A、ATP10A_A、ATP10A_B、ATP10A_C、ATP10A_D、BCAT1、CCND2_D、CMTM3_A、ELMO1_A、ELMO1_B、ELMO1_C、EMX1、EPS8L2_A、EP S8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D, FAIM2_A, FLJ34208_A, GPRIN1, GYPC_A, INA_A, ITGA4_B, KCNA3_A, KCNA3_C, LBH, LIME1_A, LIME1_ B LOC646278 LRRC4 LRRC41_A MAX.chr1.110626771-110626832 MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381 MAX.chr1.161591532-16 1591608. MAX.chr15.28351937-28352173. MAX.chr15.28352203-28352671. MAX.chr15.29131258-29131734 95-8860062, MAX.chr5.42952182-42952292, MDFI, NCOR2, NKX2-6, OPLAH_A, PARP15, PDE10A, PPP1R16B, RASSF1_B, SEPTIN9, SK I, SLC12A8, SRC_A, SSBP4_B, ST8SIA1, TACC2_A, TSHZ3, UBTF, VI M, VIPR2_A, ZBED4, ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZNF382_A, ZNF4 69_B, ATP6V1B1_A, BZRAP1, GDF6, IFFO1_A, IFFO1_B, KCNAB2, LIMD2, MAML3_B, MAX.chr14.102172350-102172770, MAX.chr16.8 5482307-85482494 MAX.chr17.76254728-76254841 MAX.chr5 .42993898-42994179 AND RASAL3(FILE1A, FIGURE1B, FIGURE 6A; · MAX.chr16.85482307-85482494, GDF6, IFFO_A, MAX.chr5.42993898-42994179, MAX.chr17.76254728-76254841, MAX.chr14.102172350-102172770, RASAL3, BZRAP1, and LIMD2 (Table 3; see Example I); PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAML3_A, SKI, DNMT3A_A, and C2CD4D (Table 4A; see Example I); and BCAT1_6015, SKI, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, CDO1_A, and DSCR6 (Table 8A; see Example II).

[0018] From these 560 novel DNA methylation markers, further experiments identified the following markers and / or panels of markers for detecting ovarian cancer (e.g., OC, clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC) in blood samples (e.g., plasma samples, whole blood samples, white blood cell samples, serum samples): GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), SRC (e.g., SRC_A, SRC_B), SIM2 (e.g., SIM2_A, SIM2_B), AGRN (e.g., AGRN_A, AGRN_B, AGRN_C, AGRN_8794), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CELF2 (e.g., CELF2_A, CELF2_B), DSCR6, GYPC (e.g., GYPC_A, GYPC_B, GYPC_C), CAPN2 (e.g., CAPN2_A, CAPN2_B), and BCAT1 (Table 9; see Example III); and ATP10A (e.g., ATP10A_A, ATP10A_B, ATP10A_C, ATP10A_D, ATP10A_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_A, EPS8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D), C1QL3 (e.g., C1QL3_A, C1QL3_B), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CAPN2_B, LBH, CMTM3 (e.g., CMTM3_A, CMTM3_B), ZMIZ1 (e.g., ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZMIZ1_D), GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, G PRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), GP5, DSCR6, SKI, SIM2_A, AGRN_8794, BCAT1_6015, KCNA3_7518, KCNA3_7320, LOC10013136, GYPC_C, SRC (e.g., SRC_A, SRC_B), NR2F6, TSHZ3, CELF2 (e.g., CELF2_A, CELF2_B), TACC2 (e.g., TACC2_A, TACC2_B), VIPR2 (e.g., VIPR2_A, VIPR2_B), and SPOCK2_74333 (see Table 10, Example III).

[0019] From these 560 novel DNA methylation markers, further experiments identified the following markers and / or panels of markers for detecting ovarian cancer (e.g., OC, clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC) in blood samples in combination with elevated levels of cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) in blood samples (e.g., plasma samples, whole blood samples, leukocyte samples, serum samples): CA-125 and ATP10A (e.g., ATP10A_A, ATP10A_B, ATP10A_C, ATP10A_D, ATP10A_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_A, EPS8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D), C1QL3 (e.g., C1QL3_A, C1QL3_B), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CAPN2_B, LB H, CMTM3 (e.g., CMTM3_A, CMTM3_B), ZMIZ1 (e.g., ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZMIZ1_D), GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), GP5, DSCR6, SKI, and SIM2_A (see Tables 11, 12, and 13, Example III).

[0020] From these 560 novel DNA methylation markers, further experiments identified the following markers and / or panels of markers that can distinguish clear cell OC tissue from ovarian tissue: · TACC2_A, LRRC41_A, EPS8L2, LBH, LIME1_B, MDFI, FAIM2_A, GYPC_A, AGRN_B, and ZBED4 (Table 2A; see Example I); ·MT1A_A, CELF2_A, KCNA3_A, MDFI, PALLD, PRDM14, PARP15, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790 381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, AGRN_B, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, DSCR6, MAML 3_A, MAX.chr14.105512178-105512224, EPS8L2_E, SKI, GPRIN1_A, MAX.chr8.142215938-142216298, CDO1_A, DNMT3A_A, SIM2_A, SKI, MT1A_B, GYPC_A, BCL2L11, PISD, and C2CD4D (Table 4B; see Example I); NCOR2, MT1A_B, CELF2_A, PALLD, PRDM14, PARP15, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, AGRN_B, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, DSCR6, MAML3_A, SKI, GPRIN1_A, CDO1_A, SIM2_A, IFFO1_A, MT1A_B, GYPC_A, BCL2L11, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 5B; see Example I); and AGRN_8794, BHLHE23_8339, EPS8L2_F, RASSF1_8293, MDFI_6321, SKI, GYPC_C, NKX2-6_4159, LOC100131366, FAIM2_B, GPRIN1_B, LRRC41_B, TACC2_B, LBH, SIM2_B, CDO1_A, and DSCR6 (Table 8B; see Example II).

[0021] From these 560 novel DNA methylation markers, further experiments identified the following markers and / or panels of markers that can distinguish endometrioid OC tissue from benign tissue: ·PARP15, GPRIN1_A, GYPC1_A, FLJ34208, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, FAIM2_A, SH2B3, KCNQ5, IRF4, and BCAT1 (Table 2B; see Example I); · NCOR2, CELF2_A, PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, MAML3_A, SKI, GPRIN1_A, SKI, BCL2L11, and C2CD4D (Table 4C; see Example I); NCOR2, PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, DSCR6, GPRIN1_A, CDO1_A, SIM2_A, IFFO1_A, and C2CD4D (Table 5C; see Example I); and BCAT1_6015, EPS8L2_F, SKI, NKX2-6_4159, C1QL3_B, GPRIN1_B, PARP15, OXT_C, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, and CELF2_A (Table 8C; see Example II).

[0022] From these 560 novel DNA methylation markers, further experiments identified the following markers and / or panels of markers that can distinguish mucinous OC tissue from benign tissue: · CMTM3_A, ATP10A_C, TSHZ3, ZMIZ1_B, ATP10A_B, ELMO1_B, TACC2_A, LRRC4, VIM, and ZNF382_A (Table 2C; see Example I); · NCOR2, MT1A_A, KCNA3_A, ZMIZ1_C, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, AGRN_B, SKI, SLC12A8, ZMIZ1_B, BCL2L11, and GATA2 (Table 4D; see Example I); NCOR2, PALLD, TACC2_A, BCAT1, AGRN_B, SKI, SLC12A8, ZMIZ1_B, and BCL2L11 (Table 5D; see Example I); and BCAT1_6015, ELMO1_9100, KCNA3_7518, KCNA3_7320, MDFI_6321, SKI, VIPR_B, ZNF382_B, ATP10A_E, CMTM3_B, ZMIZ1_D, SRC_B, HDGFRP3, TACC2_B, TSHZ3, LBH, DNMT3A_A (Table 8D; see Example II).

[0023] From these 560 novel DNA methylation markers, further experiments identified the following markers and / or panels of markers that can distinguish between serous OC tissue and benign tissue: · MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAML3, NR2F6, DNMT3A_A, SKI, SOBP, UBTF, AGRN_C, MAX.chr12.30975740-30975780, and CAPN2_A (Table 2D; see Example I); · PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, CAPN2_A, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, SKI, NR2F6, IFFO1_A, MT1A_B, IFFO1_B, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 4E; see Example I); NCOR2, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, IFFO1_A, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 5A; see Example I); and SKI, PEAR1_B, CAPN2_B, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, CDO1_A, and NR2F6 (Table 8E; see Example II).

[0024] As described herein, the present technology provides a number of methylated DNA markers and subsets thereof (e.g., sets of two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight markers) that are highly discriminative of ovarian cancer overall and various types of ovarian cancer (e.g., clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC). Experiments applied selection filters to candidate markers to identify markers that provide high signal-to-noise ratios and low background levels to provide high specificity for ovarian cancer screening or diagnosis purposes.

[0025] In some embodiments, the technology relates to assessing the presence and methylation status of one or more of the markers identified herein in a biological sample (e.g., ovarian tissue, plasma sample). These markers include one or more variably methylated regions (DMRs) discussed herein, e.g., as shown in Table 1A and Table 6A. The methylation status is assessed in embodiments of the technology. Thus, the technology provided herein is not limited in the way in which the methylation status of a gene is measured. For example, in some embodiments, the methylation status is measured by a genome scanning method. For example, one method includes restriction landmark genome scanning (Kawai et al. (1994) Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:7421-7427), and another example includes methylation-sensitive arbitrarily primed PCR (Gonzalgo et al. (1997) Cancer Res. 57:594-599). In some embodiments, changes in methylation patterns at specific CpG sites are monitored by digestion of genomic DNA with methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes followed by Southern analysis of the region of interest (digestion-Southern). In some embodiments, analyzing changes in methylation patterns involves a PCR-based process involving digestion of genomic DNA with methylation-sensitive or methylation-dependent restriction enzymes prior to PCR amplification (Singer-Sam et al. (1990) Nucl. Acids Res. 18:687). Additionally, other techniques have been reported that utilize bisulfite treatment of DNA as a starting point for methylation analysis. These include methylation-specific PCR (MSP) (Herman et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:9821-9826) and restriction enzyme digestion of PCR products amplified from bisulfite-converted DNA (Sadri and Hornsby (1996) Nucl. Acids Res. 24:5058-5059, and Xiong and Laird (1997) Nucl. Acids Res. 25:2532-2534).PCR techniques have been developed for the detection of genetic mutations (Kuppuswamy et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1143-1147) and quantification of allele-specific expression (Szabo and Mann (1995) Genes Dev. 9:3097-3108, and Singer-Sam et al. (1992) PCR Methods Appl. 1:160-163). Such techniques use an internal primer that anneals to a PCR-generated template and terminates immediately 5' to the single nucleotide being assayed. A method using the "quantitative Ms-SNuPE assay" described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,037,650 is used in some embodiments.

[0026] When assessing methylation status, the methylation status is often expressed as the proportion or percentage of individual DNA strands that are methylated at a specific site (e.g., at a single nucleotide, at a specific region or locus, or in a relatively long sequence of interest, e.g., up to about 100 bp, 200 bp, 500 bp, 1000 bp of DNA or more) compared to the DNA population in a sample that contains that specific site. Traditionally, the amount of unmethylated nucleic acid is determined by PCR using a calibrator. A known amount of DNA is then bisulfite-treated, and the resulting methylation-specific sequence is determined using real-time PCR or other exponential amplification, such as the QuARTS assay (e.g., those provided by U.S. Patent No. 8,361,720 and U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2012 / 0122088 and 2012 / 0122106, which are incorporated herein by reference).

[0027] For example, in some embodiments, the method includes generating a standard curve for an unmethylated target by using an external standard. The standard curve is composed of at least two points and relates the real-time Ct values ​​of unmethylated DNA to the known quantitative standard. A second standard curve for a methylated target is then generated from at least two points and the external standard. This second standard curve relates the Ct of methylated DNA to the known quantitative standard. Ct values ​​of test samples are then determined for the methylated and unmethylated populations, and the genome equivalents of DNA are calculated from the standard curves generated by the first two steps. The percentage of methylation at the site of interest is calculated from the amount of methylated DNA relative to the total amount of DNA in the population, e.g., (number of methylated DNA) / (number of methylated DNA+number of unmethylated DNA)×100.

[0028] Also provided herein are compositions and kits for carrying out the methods. For example, in some embodiments, reagents (e.g., primers, probes) specific to one or more markers are provided, either singly or in sets (e.g., sets of primer pairs for amplifying multiple markers). Additional reagents for carrying out detection assays (e.g., enzymes, buffers, positive and negative controls for carrying out QuARTS, PCR, sequencing, bisulfite, or other assays) may also be provided. In some embodiments, the kit contains reagents capable of modifying DNA in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, methylation-dependent restriction enzymes, and bisulfite reagents). In some embodiments, kits are provided that contain one or more reagents necessary, sufficient, or useful for carrying out the methods. Reaction mixtures containing the reagents are also provided. Also provided are master mix reagent sets containing multiple reagents that can be added to each other and / or to a test sample to complete a reaction mixture.

[0029] In some embodiments, the technology described herein relates to a programmable machine designed to perform a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations provided by the methods described herein. For example, some embodiments of the technology relate to (e.g., are implemented in) computer software and / or computer hardware. In one aspect, the technology relates to a computer that includes a form of memory, elements for performing arithmetic and logical operations, and a processing element (e.g., a microprocessor) for executing a sequence of instructions (e.g., the methods provided herein) for reading, manipulating, and storing data. In some embodiments, the microprocessor is part of a system for determining the methylation status (e.g., of one or more DMRs, e.g., DMRs 1-560 as shown in Tables 1A and 6A); comparing methylation status (e.g., of one or more DMRs, e.g., DMRs 1-560 as shown in Tables 1A and 6A); generating a standard curve; determining Ct values; calculating the methylation rate, frequency, or percentage (e.g., of one or more DMRs, e.g., DMRs 1-560 as shown in Tables 1A and 6A); identifying CpG islands; determining the specificity and / or sensitivity of an assay or marker; calculating ROC curves and associated AUCs; and sequence analysis; all as described herein or known in the art.

[0030] In some embodiments, the microprocessor or computer uses the methylation status data in an algorithm to predict the site of cancer.

[0031] In some embodiments, the software or hardware component receives the results of the multiple assays and determines and reports to a user a single value result indicative of cancer risk based on the results of the multiple assays (e.g., determining the methylation status of multiple DMRs (e.g., as shown in Table 1A and Table 6A)). Related embodiments calculate a risk factor based on a mathematical combination (e.g., weighted combination, linear combination) of results from multiple assays, e.g., determining the methylation status of multiple markers (e.g., multiple DMRs as shown in Table 1A and Table 6A). In some embodiments, the methylation status of the DMRs defines a dimension and can have values ​​in a multidimensional space, and the coordinate defined by the methylation status of the multiple DMRs is a result, e.g., related to cancer risk, for reporting to a user, e.g.,

[0032] Some embodiments include storage media and memory components. The memory components (e.g., volatile and / or non-volatile memory) are used to store instructions (e.g., embodiments of the processes provided herein) and / or data (e.g., workpieces such as methylation measurements, sequences, and their associated statistical descriptions). Some embodiments also relate to systems that include one or more of a CPU, a graphics card, and a user interface (e.g., including an output device such as a display and an input device such as a keyboard).

[0033] Programmable machines relevant to the present technology include conventional existing technologies as well as technologies under development or yet to be developed (eg, quantum computers, chemical computers, DNA computers, optical computers, spintronics-based computers, etc.).

[0034] In some embodiments, the technology involves wired (e.g., metal cable, fiber optic) or wireless transmission media for transmitting data. For example, some embodiments relate to data transmission over a network (e.g., a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), an ad-hoc network, the Internet, etc.). In some embodiments, the programmable machines reside on the network, such as peers, and in some embodiments, the programmable machines have a client / server relationship.

[0035] In some embodiments, the data is stored on a computer-readable storage medium such as a hard disk, flash memory, optical media, or floppy disk.

[0036] In some embodiments, the technology provided herein relates to multiple programmable devices that operate together to perform the methods described herein. For example, in some embodiments, multiple computers (e.g., connected by a network) can operate in parallel to collect and process data, e.g., in an implementation of cluster computing or grid computing or some other distributed computer architecture that relies on complete computers (with on-board CPUs, storage, power supplies, network interfaces, etc.) connected to a network (private, public, or the Internet) by traditional network interfaces such as Ethernet, fiber optics, etc., or by wireless networking technology.

[0037] For example, some embodiments provide a computer including a computer-readable medium. Embodiments include a random access memory (RAM) coupled to a processor. The processor executes computer-executable program instructions stored in the memory. Such a processor may include a microprocessor, an ASIC, a state machine, or other processor, and may be any of a number of computer processors, such as processors from Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, California, and Motorola Corporation of Schaumburg, Illinois. Such a processor may include or be in communication with a medium, e.g., a computer-readable medium, that stores instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform the steps described herein.

[0038] Embodiments of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, electronic, optical, magnetic, or other storage or transmission devices capable of providing computer-readable instructions to a processor. Other examples of suitable media include, but are not limited to, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, DVDs, magnetic disks, memory chips, ROMs, RAMs, ASICs, configured processors, all optical media, all magnetic tapes or other magnetic media, or any other medium from which a computer processor can read instructions. Additionally, various other forms of computer-readable media can transmit or convey instructions to a computer, including both wired and wireless routers, private or public networks, or other transmission devices or channels. The instructions may include code from any suitable computer programming language, including, for example, C, C++, C#, Visual Basic, Java, Python, Perl, and JavaScript.

[0039] In some embodiments, the computer is connected to a network. The computer may also include several external or internal devices, such as a mouse, CD-ROM, DVD, keyboard, display, or other input or output devices. Examples of computers are personal computers, digital assistants, personal digital assistants, cellular phones, mobile phones, smartphones, pagers, digital tablets, laptop computers, Internet appliances, and other processor-based devices. Generally, computers relevant to aspects of the technology provided herein may be any type of processor-based platform running any operating system capable of supporting one or more programs, including the technology provided herein, such as Microsoft Windows, Linux, UNIX, Mac OS X, etc. Some embodiments include personal computers running other application programs (e.g., applications). Applications may be stored in memory and may include, for example, word processing applications, spreadsheet applications, email applications, instant messenger applications, presentation applications, Internet browser applications, calendar / organizer applications, and any other applications executable by a client device.

[0040] All such components, computers, and systems described herein as relating to the present technology may be logical or virtual.

[0041] Thus, provided herein are techniques relating to methods for screening for ovarian cancer and / or various forms of ovarian cancer (e.g., clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC) in a sample obtained from a subject, the methods comprising assaying the methylation status of a marker in a sample (e.g., ovarian tissue) (e.g., a plasma sample) obtained from the subject, and identifying the subject as having OC and / or a particular form of OC (e.g., clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC) if the methylation status of the marker differs from the methylation status of the marker assayed in a subject without such cancer, wherein the marker comprises a base in a variably methylated region (DMR) selected from the group consisting of DMRs 1-560 as set forth in Table 1A and Table 6A.

[0042] In some embodiments, the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without ovarian cancer, indicating that the subject has ovarian cancer: AGRN_A, ATP10A_A, ATP10A_B, ATP10A_C, ATP10A_D, BCAT1, CCND2_D, CMTM3_A, ELMO1_A, ELMO1_B, ELMO1_C, EMX1, EPS8L2_A, EPS8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2 _D, FAIM2_A, FLJ34208_A, GPRIN1, GYPC_A, INA_A, ITGA4_B, KCNA3_A, KCNA3_C, LBH, LIME1_A, LIME1_B, LOC646278, LRRC4, LRRC41_A, MAX.chr1. 110626771-110626832, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr1.161591532-161591608, MAX.chr15.28351937-28352173, MAX.chr15.2835 2203-28352671, MAX.chr15.29131258-29131734, MAX.chr4.8859995-8860062, MAX.chr5.42952182-42952292, MDFI, NCOR2, NKX2-6, OPLAH_A, PARP15, PDE10A, PPP1R16B, RASSF1_B, SEPTIN9, SKI, SLC12A8, SRC_A, SSBP4_B, ST8SIA1, TACC2_A, TSHZ3, UBTF, VIM, VIPR2_A, ZBED4, ZMIZ1_A, Z MIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZNF382_A, ZNF469_B, ATP6V1B1_A, BZRAP1, GDF6, IFFO1_A, IFFO1_B, KCNAB2, LIMD2, MAML3_B, MAX.chr14.102172350-102172770, MAX.chr16.85482307-85482494, MAX.chr17.76254728-76254841, MAX.chr5.42993898-42994179, and RASAL3 (Table 1A, Table 1B, Table 6A; see Example I).

[0043] In some embodiments, where the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject who does not have ovarian cancer, this indicates that the subject has ovarian cancer: MAX.chr16.85482307-85482494, GDF6, IFFO_A, MAX.chr5.42993898-42994179, MAX.chr17.76254728-76254841, MAX.chr14.102172350-102172770, RASAL3, BZRAP1, and LIMD2 (Table 3; see Example I).

[0044] In some embodiments, where the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject who does not have ovarian cancer, this indicates that the subject has ovarian cancer: PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAML3_A, SKI, DNMT3A_A, and C2CD4D (Table 4A; see Example I).

[0045] In some embodiments, where the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without ovarian cancer, this indicates that the subject has ovarian cancer: BCAT1_6015, SKI, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, CDO1_A, and DSCR6 (Table 8A; see Example II).

[0046] In some embodiments, where the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without ovarian cancer, this indicates that the subject has clear cell ovarian cancer: TACC2_A, LRRC41_A, EPS8L2, LBH, LIME1_B, MDFI, FAIM2_A, GYPC_A, AGRN_B, and ZBED4 (Table 2A; see Example I).

[0047] In some embodiments, the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without ovarian cancer, indicating that the subject has clear cell ovarian cancer: MT1A_A, CELF2_A, KCNA3_A, MDFI, PALLD, PRDM14, PARP15, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926 602-14926671, AGRN_B, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, DSCR6, MAML3_A, MAX.chr14.105512178-105512224, EPS8L2_E, SKI, GPRIN1_A, MAX.chr8.142215938-142216298, CDO1_A, DNMT3A_A, SIM2_A, SKI, MT1A_B, GYPC_A, BCL2L11, PISD, and C2CD4D (Table 4B; see Example I).

[0048] In some embodiments, the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without ovarian cancer, indicating that the subject has clear cell ovarian cancer: NCOR2, MT1A_B, CELF2_A, PALLD, PRDM14, PARP15, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.14779035 8-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, AGRN_B, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, DSCR6, MAML3_A, SKI, GPRIN1_A, CDO1_A, SIM2_A, IFFO1_A, MT1A_B, GYPC_A, BCL2L11, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 5B; see Example I).

[0049] In some embodiments, where the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without ovarian cancer, this indicates that the subject has clear cell ovarian cancer: AGRN_8794, BHLHE23_8339, EPS8L2_F, RASSF1_8293, MDFI_6321, SKI, GYPC_C, NKX2-6_4159, LOC100131366, FAIM2_B, GPRIN1_B, LRRC41_B, TACC2_B, LBH, SIM2_B, CDO1_A, and DSCR6 (Table 8B; see Example II).

[0050] In some embodiments, where the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without ovarian cancer, this indicates that the subject has endometrioid ovarian cancer: PARP15, GPRIN1_A, GYPC1_A, FLJ34208, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, FAIM2_A, SH2B3, KCNQ5, IRF4, and BCAT1 (Table 2B; see Example I).

[0051] In some embodiments, where the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without ovarian cancer, this indicates that the subject has endometrioid ovarian cancer: NCOR2, CELF2_A, PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, MAML3_A, SKI, GPRIN1_A, SKI, BCL2L11, and C2CD4D (Table 4C; see Example I).

[0052] In some embodiments, where the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without ovarian cancer, this indicates that the subject has endometrioid ovarian cancer: NCOR2, PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, DSCR6, GPRIN1_A, CDO1_A, SIM2_A, IFFO1_A, and C2CD4D (Table 5C; see Example I).

[0053] In some embodiments, where the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without ovarian cancer, this indicates that the subject has endometrioid ovarian cancer: BCAT1_6015, EPS8L2_F, SKI, NKX2-6_4159, C1QL3_B, GPRIN1_B, PARP15, OXT_C, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, and CELF2_A (Table 8C; see Example II).

[0054] In some embodiments, where the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without ovarian cancer, this indicates that the subject has mucinous ovarian cancer: CMTM3_A, ATP10A_C, TSHZ3, ZMIZ1_B, ATP10A_B, ELMO1_B, TACC2_A, LRRC4, VIM, and ZNF382_A (Table 2C; see Example I).

[0055] In some embodiments, where the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without ovarian cancer, this indicates that the subject has mucinous ovarian cancer: NCOR2, MT1A_A, KCNA3_A, ZMIZ1_C, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, AGRN_B, SKI, SLC12A8, ZMIZ1_B, BCL2L11, and GATA2 (Table 4D; see Example I).

[0056] In some embodiments, where the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without ovarian cancer, this indicates that the subject has mucinous ovarian cancer: NCOR2, PALLD, TACC2_A, BCAT1, AGRN_B, SKI, SLC12A8, ZMIZ1_B, and BCL2L11 (Table 5D; see Example I).

[0057] In some embodiments, where the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without ovarian cancer, this indicates that the subject has mucinous ovarian cancer: BCAT1_6015, ELMO1_9100, KCNA3_7518, KCNA3_7320, MDFI_6321, SKI, VIPR_B, ZNF382_B, ATP10A_E, CMTM3_B, ZMIZ1_D, SRC_B, HDGFRP3, TACC2_B, TSHZ3, LBH, DNMT3A_A (Table 8D; see Example II).

[0058] In some embodiments, where the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without ovarian cancer, this indicates that the subject has serous ovarian cancer: MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAML3, NR2F6, DNMT3A_A, SKI, SOBP, UBTF, AGRN_C, MAX.chr12.30975740-30975780, and CAPN2_A (Table 2D; see Example I).

[0059] In some embodiments, where the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without ovarian cancer, this indicates that the subject has serous ovarian cancer: PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, CAPN2_A, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, SKI, NR2F6, IFFO1_A, MT1A_B, IFFO1_B, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 4E; see Example I).

[0060] In some embodiments, where the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without ovarian cancer, this indicates that the subject has serous ovarian cancer: NCOR2, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, IFFO1_A, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 5A; see Example I).

[0061] In some embodiments, where the sample obtained from the subject is ovarian tissue, and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without ovarian cancer, this indicates that the subject has serous ovarian cancer: SKI, PEAR1_B, CAPN2_B, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, CDO1_A, and NR2F6 (Table 8E; see Example II).

[0062] In some embodiments, the sample obtained from the subject is a blood sample (e.g., a plasma sample, a whole blood sample, a white blood cell sample, a serum sample), and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without OC, indicating that the subject has OC: GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), SRC (e.g., SRC_A, SRC_B). , SIM2 (e.g., SIM2_A, SIM2_B), AGRN (e.g., AGRN_A, AGRN_B, AGRN_C, AGRN_8794), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CELF2 (e.g., CELF2_A, CELF2_B), DSCR6, GYPC (e.g., GYPC_A, GYPC_B, GYPC_C), CAPN2 (e.g., CAPN2_A, CAPN2_B), and BCAT1 (Table 9; see Example III).

[0063] In some embodiments, the sample obtained from the subject is a blood sample (e.g., plasma sample, whole blood sample, white blood cell sample, serum sample), and the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without OC, indicating that the subject has OC: ATP10A (e.g., ATP10A_A, ATP10A_B, ATP10A_C, ATP10A_D, ATP10A_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_A, EPS8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D), C1QL3 (e.g., C1QL3_A, C1QL3_B), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CAPN2_B, LBH, CMTM3 (e.g., CMTM3_A, CMTM3_B), CMTM3_C, CMTM3_D, CMTM3_E, CMTM3_F, CMTM3_G, CMTM3_H, CMTM3_I ... B), ZMIZ1 (e.g., ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZMIZ1_D), GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), GP5, DSCR6, SKI, SIM2_A, AGRN_8794, BCAT1_6015, KCNA3_7518, KCNA3_7320, L OC10013136, GYPC_C, SRC (e.g., SRC_A, SRC_B), NR2F6, TSHZ3, CELF2 (e.g., CELF2_A, CELF2_B), TACC2 (e.g., TACC2_A, TACC2_B), VIPR2 (e.g., VIPR2_A, VIPR2_B), and SPOCK2_74333 (see Table 10, Example III).

[0064] In some embodiments, the sample obtained from the subject is a blood sample (e.g., plasma sample, whole blood sample, white blood cell sample, serum sample), and 1) an elevated level of CA-125 is detected, and 2) the methylation state of one or more of the following markers differs from the methylation state of one or more markers assayed in a subject without OC, indicating that the subject has OC: ATP10A (e.g., ATP10A_A, ATP10A_B, ATP10A_C, ATP10A_D, ATP10A_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_A, EPS8L2_B, EPS8L2_C), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_D, EPS8L2_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_A, EPS8L2_B, EPS8L2_C), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_D, EPS8L2_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_C ...E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_E), EPS 2_C, EPS8L2_D), C1QL3 (e.g., C1QL3_A, C1QL3_B), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CAPN2_B, LBH, CMTM3 (e.g., CMTM3_A, CMTM3_B), ZMIZ1 (e.g., ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZMIZ1_D), GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), GP5, DSCR6, SKI, and SIM2_A (see Tables 11-13, Example III).

[0065] The present technology relates to the identification and differentiation of ovarian cancer and / or various forms of ovarian cancer (e.g., clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC). Some embodiments involve methods that involve assaying multiple markers, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 2-11, 100, 120, 375, or 560 (e.g., 1-4, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-13, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-17, 1-18, 1-19, 1-20, 1-25, 1-50, 1-75, 1-100, 1-200, 1-300, 1-400, etc.). , 1-500, 1-560) (e.g., 2-4, 2-6, 2-7, 2-8, 2-9, 2-10, 2-11, 2-12, 2-13, 2-14, 2-15, 2-16, 2-17, 2-18, 2-19, 2-20, 2-25, 2-50, 2-75, 2-100, 2-200, 2-300, 2-400, 2-500, 2-560) (e.g., 3-4, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-9, 3-10, 3-11, 3-12, 3 ~13, 3-14, 3-15, 3-16, 3-17, 3-18, 3-19, 3-20, 3-25, 3-50, 3-75, 3-100, 3-200, 3-300, 3-400, 3-500, 3-560) (e.g., 4-5, 4-6, 4-7, 4-8, 4-9, 4-10, 4-11, 4-12, 4-13, 4-14, 4-15, 4-16, 4-17, 4-18, 4-19, 4-20, 4-25, 4-50, 4-75) 5-100, 5-200, 5-300, 5-400, 5-500, 5-560) (e.g., 5-6, 5-7, 5-8, 5-9, 5-10, 5-11, 5-12, 5-13, 5-14, 5-15, 5-16, 5-17, 5-18, 5-19, 5-20, 5-25, 5-50, 5-75, 5-100, 5-200, 5-300, 5-400, 5-500, 5-560) markers.

[0066] The technology is not limited to the methylation state assessed. In some embodiments, assessing the methylation state of a marker in a sample includes determining the methylation state of a single base. In some embodiments, assaying the methylation state of a marker in a sample includes determining the degree of methylation at multiple bases. Further, in some embodiments, the methylation state of a marker includes increased methylation of the marker compared to the marker's normal methylation state. In some embodiments, the methylation state of a marker includes decreased methylation of the marker compared to the marker's normal methylation state. In some embodiments, the methylation state of a marker includes a different pattern of methylation of the marker compared to the marker's normal methylation state.

[0067] Further, in some embodiments, the marker is a region of 100 bases or less, or the marker is a region of 500 bases or less, or the marker is a region of 1000 bases or less, or the marker is a region of 5000 bases or less, or in some embodiments, the marker is 1 base. In some embodiments, the marker is in a high CpG density promoter.

[0068] The present technology is not limited by the type of sample. For example, in some embodiments, the sample is a fecal sample, a tissue sample (e.g., an ovarian tissue sample), a blood sample (e.g., plasma, serum, whole blood), a stool sample, or a urine sample.

[0069] Furthermore, the present technology is not limited to the method used to determine the methylation status. In some embodiments, the assaying includes using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, nucleic acid sequencing, mass spectrometry, methylation-specific nucleases, mass-based separation, or target capture. In some embodiments, the assaying includes the use of methylation-specific oligonucleotides. In some embodiments, the present technology determines the methylation status using massively parallel sequencing (e.g., next-generation sequencing), such as sequencing-by-synthesis, real-time (e.g., single-molecule) sequencing, bead emulsion sequencing, nanopore sequencing, etc.

[0070] The present technology provides reagents for detecting DMRs, for example, in some embodiments, a set of oligonucleotides is provided that includes the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 283 (see Table 1C and Table 6B). In some embodiments, oligonucleotides are provided that include a sequence complementary to a chromosomal region that has a base in a DMR, for example, oligonucleotides that are highly sensitive to the methylation status of the DMR.

[0071] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers are AGRN_A, ATP10A_A, ATP10A_B, ATP10A_C, ATP10A_D, BCAT1, CCND2_D, CMTM3_A, ELMO1_A, ELMO1_B, ELMO1_C, EMX1, EPS8L2_A, EPS8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D, FAIM2_A, FLJ34208_A, GPRIN1, GYPC_A, INA_A, ITGA4_A, and / or EGFR_A. _B, KCNA3_A, KCNA3_C, LBH, LIME1_A, LIME1_B, LOC646278, LRRC4, LRRC41_A, MAX.chr1.110626771-110626832, MAX.chr1.147790358-1477 90381, MAX.chr1.161591532-161591608, MAX.chr15.28351937-28352173, MAX.chr15.28352203-28352671, MAX.chr15.29131258-2913173 4, MAX.chr4.8859995-8860062, MAX.chr5.42952182-42952292, MDFI, NCOR2, NKX2-6, OPLAH_A, PARP15, PDE10A, PPP1R16B, RASSF1_B, SEPT IN9, SKI, SLC12A8, SRC_A, SSBP4_B, ST8SIA1, TACC2_A, TSHZ3, UBTF, VIM, VIPR2_A, ZBED4, ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZNF382_A, ZNF469_B, The chromosomal regions with annotations include ATP6V1B1_A, BZRAP1, GDF6, IFFO1_A, IFFO1_B, KCNAB2, LIMD2, MAML3_B, MAX.chr14.102172350-102172770, MAX.chr16.85482307-85482494, MAX.chr17.76254728-76254841, MAX.chr5.42993898-42994179, and RASAL3 (Table 1A, Table 1B, Table 6A, Table 6B; see Example I).

[0072] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include chromosomal regions annotated as follows: MAX.chr16.85482307-85482494, GDF6, IFFO_A, MAX.chr5.42993898-42994179, MAX.chr17.76254728-76254841, MAX.chr14.102172350-102172770, RASAL3, BZRAP1, and LIMD2 (Table 3; see Example I).

[0073] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include chromosomal regions annotated as PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAML3_A, SKI, DNMT3A_A, and C2CD4D (Table 4A; see Example I).

[0074] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include chromosomal regions annotated as BCAT1_6015, SKI, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, CDO1_A, and DSCR6 (Table 8A; see Example II).

[0075] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify clear cell ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include chromosomal regions annotated as TACC2_A, LRRC41_A, EPS8L2, LBH, LIME1_B, MDFI, FAIM2_A, GYPC_A, AGRN_B, and ZBED4 (Table 2A; see Example I).

[0076] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify clear cell ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers are MT1A_A, CELF2_A, KCNA3_A, MDFI, PALLD, PRDM14, PARP15, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, AGRN_B, MAX.chr6.10382190- The chromosomal regions with the following annotations are included: 10382225, DSCR6, MAML3_A, MAX.chr14.105512178-105512224, EPS8L2_E, SKI, GPRIN1_A, MAX.chr8.142215938-142216298, CDO1_A, DNMT3A_A, SIM2_A, SKI, MT1A_B, GYPC_A, BCL2L11, PISD, and C2CD4D (Table 4B; see Example I).

[0077] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify clear cell ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include chromosomal regions annotated as NCOR2, MT1A_B, CELF2_A, PALLD, PRDM14, PARP15, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, AGRN_B, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, DSCR6, MAML3_A, SKI, GPRIN1_A, CDO1_A, SIM2_A, IFFO1_A, MT1A_B, GYPC_A, BCL2L11, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 5B; see Example I).

[0078] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify clear cell ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include chromosomal regions annotated as AGRN_8794, BHLHE23_8339, EPS8L2_F, RASSF1_8293, MDFI_6321, SKI, GYPC_C, NKX2-6_4159, LOC100131366, FAIM2_B, GPRIN1_B, LRRC41_B, TACC2_B, LBH, SIM2_B, CDO1_A, and DSCR6 (Table 8B; see Example II).

[0079] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify endometrioid ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include chromosomal regions annotated as PARP15, GPRIN1_A, GYPC1_A, FLJ34208, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, FAIM2_A, SH2B3, KCNQ5, IRF4, and BCAT1 (Table 2B; see Example I).

[0080] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify endometrioid ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include chromosomal regions annotated as NCOR2, CELF2_A, PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, MAML3_A, SKI, GPRIN1_A, SKI, BCL2L11, and C2CD4D (Table 4C; see Example I).

[0081] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify endometrioid ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include chromosomal regions annotated as NCOR2, PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, DSCR6, GPRIN1_A, CDO1_A, SIM2_A, IFFO1_A, and C2CD4D (Table 5C; see Example I).

[0082] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify endometrioid ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include chromosomal regions annotated as BCAT1_6015, EPS8L2_F, SKI, NKX2-6_4159, C1QL3_B, GPRIN1_B, PARP15, OXT_C, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, and CELF2_A (Table 8C; see Example II).

[0083] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify mucinous ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include chromosomal regions annotated as CMTM3_A, ATP10A_C, TSHZ3, ZMIZ1_B, ATP10A_B, ELMO1_B, TACC2_A, LRRC4, VIM, and ZNF382_A (Table 2C; see Example I).

[0084] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify mucinous ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include chromosomal regions annotated as NCOR2, MT1A_A, KCNA3_A, ZMIZ1_C, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, AGRN_B, SKI, SLC12A8, ZMIZ1_B, BCL2L11, and GATA2 (Table 4D; see Example I).

[0085] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify mucinous ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include chromosomal regions annotated as NCOR2, PALLD, TACC2_A, BCAT1, AGRN_B, SKI, SLC12A8, ZMIZ1_B, and BCL2L11 (Table 5D; see Example I).

[0086] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify mucinous ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include chromosomal regions annotated as follows: BCAT1_6015, ELMO1_9100, KCNA3_7518, KCNA3_7320, MDFI_6321, SKI, VIPR_B, ZNF382_B, ATP10A_E, CMTM3_B, ZMIZ1_D, SRC_B, HDGFRP3, TACC2_B, TSHZ3, LBH, DNMT3A_A (Table 8D; see Example II).

[0087] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify serous ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include chromosomal regions annotated as follows: MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAML3, NR2F6, DNMT3A_A, SKI, SOBP, UBTF, AGRN_C, MAX.chr12.30975740-30975780, and CAPN2_A (Table 2D; see Example I).

[0088] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify serous ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include chromosomal regions annotated as PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, CAPN2_A, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, SKI, NR2F6, IFFO1_A, MT1A_B, IFFO1_B, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 4E; see Example I).

[0089] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify serous ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include chromosomal regions annotated as NCOR2, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, IFFO1_A, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 5A; see Example I).

[0090] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify serous ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include chromosomal regions annotated as SKI, PEAR1_B, CAPN2_B, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, CDO1_A, and NR2F6 (Table 8E; see Example II).

[0091] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify ovarian cancer; for example, in some embodiments, the markers include chromosomal regions annotated as GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), SRC (e.g., SRC_A, SRC_B), SIM2 (e.g., SIM2_A, SIM2_B), AGRN (e.g., AGRN_A, AGRN_B, AGRN_C, AGRN_8794), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CELF2 (e.g., CELF2_A, CELF2_B), DSCR6, GYPC (e.g., GYPC_A, GYPC_B, GYPC_C), CAPN2 (e.g., CAPN2_A, CAPN2_B), and BCAT1 (Table 9; see Example III).

[0092] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include ATP10A (e.g., ATP10A_A, ATP10A_B, ATP10A_C, ATP10A_D, ATP10A_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_A, EPS8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D), C1QL3 (e.g., C1QL3_A, C1QL3_B), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CAPN2_B, LBH, CMTM3 (e.g., CMTM3_A, CMTM3_B), ZMIZ1 (e.g., ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZMIZ1_D), GPR, and the like. The chromosomal regions include those with the following annotations: IN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), GP5, DSCR6, SKI, SIM2_A, AGRN_8794, BCAT1_6015, KCNA3_7518, KCNA3_7320, LOC10013136, GYPC_C, SRC (e.g., SRC_A, SRC_B), NR2F6, TSHZ3, CELF2 (e.g., CELF2_A, CELF2_B), TACC2 (e.g., TACC2_A, TACC2_B), VIPR2 (e.g., VIPR2_A, VIPR2_B), and SPOCK2_74333 (see Table 10, Example III).

[0093] The present technology provides a panel of various markers used to identify ovarian cancer, for example, in some embodiments, the markers include ATP10A (e.g., ATP10A_A, ATP10A_B, ATP10A_C, ATP10A_D, ATP10A_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_A, EPS8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D), C1QL3 (e.g., C1QL3_A, C1QL3_B), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CAPN2_B, LBH, CMTM3 (e.g., CMTM3_A, CMTM3_B), ZMIZ1 (e.g., ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZMIZ1_D), GPR, and the like. The chromosomal regions include those with the following annotations: IN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), GP5, DSCR6, SKI, SIM2_A, AGRN_8794, BCAT1_6015, KCNA3_7518, KCNA3_7320, LOC10013136, GYPC_C, SRC (e.g., SRC_A, SRC_B), NR2F6, TSHZ3, CELF2 (e.g., CELF2_A, CELF2_B), TACC2 (e.g., TACC2_A, TACC2_B), VIPR2 (e.g., VIPR2_A, VIPR2_B), and SPOCK2_74333 (see Table 10, Example III).

[0094] Kit embodiments are provided, for example, kits that include a reagent (e.g., a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme, and a bisulfite reagent) that can modify DNA in a methylation-specific manner and a control nucleic acid that includes a sequence of a DMR selected from the group consisting of DMRs 1-560 (in Tables 1A and 6A) and has a methylation status associated with a subject without ovarian cancer or a subtype of ovarian cancer (e.g., clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC). In some embodiments, the kit includes a bisulfite reagent and an oligonucleotide described herein. In some embodiments, the kit includes a reagent (e.g., a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme, and a bisulfite reagent) that can modify DNA in a methylation-specific manner and a control nucleic acid that includes a sequence of a DMR selected from the group consisting of DMRs 1-560 (in Tables 1A and 6A) and has a methylation status associated with a subject with ovarian cancer or a subtype of ovarian cancer (e.g., clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC). Some kit embodiments include a sample collector for obtaining a sample from a subject (e.g., a fecal sample, an ovarian tissue sample, a plasma sample, a serum sample, a whole blood sample), reagents capable of modifying DNA in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, methylation-dependent restriction enzymes, and bisulfite reagents), and oligonucleotides described herein.

[0095] The present technology relates to embodiments of compositions (e.g., reaction mixtures). In some embodiments, compositions are provided that include a nucleic acid containing a DMR and a reagent capable of modifying DNA in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme, and a bisulfite reagent). Some embodiments provide compositions that include a nucleic acid containing a DMR and an oligonucleotide described herein. Some embodiments provide compositions that include a nucleic acid containing a DMR and a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme. Some embodiments provide compositions that include a nucleic acid containing a DMR and a polymerase.

[0096] Additional related method embodiments are provided for screening for ovarian cancer and / or various forms of ovarian cancer (e.g., clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC) in a sample obtained from a subject (e.g., an ovarian tissue sample, a plasma sample, a stool sample), e.g., the method includes determining the methylation status of a marker in a sample that includes a base in a DMR that is one or more of DMRs 1-506 (of Table 1A and Table 6A), comparing the methylation status of the marker in the subject sample with the methylation status of the marker in a normal control sample from a subject without ovarian cancer (e.g., ovarian cancer and / or forms of ovarian cancer: clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC), and determining a confidence interval and / or p-value for the difference in methylation status between the subject sample and the normal control sample. In some embodiments, the confidence interval is 90%, 95%, 97.5%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9% or 99.99% and the p-value is 0.1, 0.05, 0.025, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005, 0.001, or 0.0001. Some embodiments of the method provide for reacting a nucleic acid comprising a DMR with a reagent capable of modifying the nucleic acid in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme, and a bisulfite reagent), e.g., to produce a methylation-specifically modified nucleic acid; sequencing the methylation-specifically modified nucleic acid to obtain a nucleotide sequence of the methylation-specifically modified nucleic acid; comparing the nucleotide sequence of the methylation-specifically modified nucleic acid with a nucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid comprising a DMR from a subject not having ovarian cancer and / or a form of ovarian cancer to identify differences between the two sequences; and, if differences are present, identifying the subject as having ovarian cancer and / or a form of ovarian cancer (e.g., clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC).

[0097] Systems for screening for ovarian cancer in a sample obtained from a subject are provided by the present technology. Exemplary embodiments of the systems include, for example, systems for screening for ovarian cancer and / or types of ovarian cancer (e.g., clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC) in a sample obtained from a subject (e.g., an ovarian tissue sample, a plasma sample, a fecal sample), the systems including an analysis component configured to determine the methylation status of the sample, a software component configured to compare the methylation status of the sample with the methylation status of a control or reference sample recorded in a database, and an alert component configured to alert a user of an ovarian cancer-associated methylation status. The alert, in some embodiments, is determined by a software component that receives results from multiple assays (e.g., determining the methylation status of multiple markers, e.g., DMRs, e.g., as shown in Tables 1A and 6A), calculates a value or result, and reports it based on the multiple results. Some embodiments provide a database of weighting parameters associated with each DMR provided herein for use in calculating a value or result and / or reporting an alert to a user (e.g., a physician, nurse, clinician, etc.). In some embodiments, all of the results from the multiple assays are reported, and in some embodiments, one or more results are used to provide a score, value, or result based on the combined one or more results from the multiple assays that is indicative of cancer risk in a subject.

[0098] In some embodiments of the system, the sample comprises a nucleic acid comprising a DMR. In some embodiments, the system further comprises a component for isolating the nucleic acid, a component for collecting the sample, e.g., a component for collecting a stool sample, etc. In some embodiments, the system comprises a nucleic acid sequence comprising a DMR. In some embodiments, the database comprises nucleic acid sequences from subjects who do not have ovarian cancer and / or a particular type of ovarian cancer (e.g., clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC). Also provided are nucleic acids, e.g., sets of nucleic acids, each nucleic acid having a sequence comprising a DMR. In some embodiments, the set of nucleic acids, each nucleic acid having a sequence from a subject who does not have ovarian cancer and / or a particular type of ovarian cancer. Related system embodiments include a set of nucleic acids as described and a database of nucleic acid sequences associated with the set of nucleic acids. Some embodiments further comprise a reagent capable of modifying DNA in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme, and a bisulfite reagent). Also, some embodiments further comprise a nucleic acid sequencer.

[0099] In certain embodiments, methods are provided for characterizing a sample (e.g., an ovarian tissue sample, a plasma sample, a whole blood sample, a serum sample, or a fecal sample) from a human patient. For example, in some embodiments, such embodiments include obtaining DNA from the human patient sample, assaying the methylation status of DNA methylation markers comprising bases in a variably methylated region (DMR) selected from the group consisting of DMRs 1-560 of Table 1A and Table 6A, and comparing the assayed methylation status of the one or more DNA methylation markers to reference methylation levels of the one or more DNA methylation markers from human patients without ovarian cancer and / or a particular type of ovarian cancer (e.g., clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC).

[0100] Such methods are not limited to a particular type of sample from a human patient. In some embodiments, the sample is an ovarian tissue sample. In some embodiments, the sample is a plasma sample. In some embodiments, the sample is a fecal sample, a tissue sample, an ovarian tissue sample, a blood sample (e.g., a plasma sample, a whole blood sample, a serum sample), or a urine sample.

[0101] In some embodiments, such methods involve the use of multiple (e.g., 1-4, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-13, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-17, 1-18, 1-19, 1-20, 1-25, 1-50, 1-75, 1-100, 1-200, 1-300, 1-400, 1-500, 1-560) (e.g., 2-4, 2-6, 2-7, 2-8, 2-9, 3-40, 3-50, 3-60, 3-70, 3-80, 3-90, 3-100, 3-110, 3-120, 3-130, 3-140, 3-150, 3-160, 3-170, 3-180, 3-190, 3-200, 3-25 ... ~9, 2-10, 2-11, 2-12, 2-13, 2-14, 2-15, 2-16, 2-17, 2-18, 2-19, 2-20, 2-25, 2-50, 2-75, 2-100, 2-200, 2-300, 2-400, 2-500, 2-560) (e.g., 3-4, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-9, 3-10, 3-11, 3-12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-15, 3-16, 3-17) , 3-18, 3-19, 3-20, 3-25, 3-50, 3-75, 3-100, 3-200, 3-300, 3-400, 3-500, 3-560) (e.g., 4-5, 4-6, 4-7, 4-8, 4-9, 4-10, 4-11, 4-12, 4-13, 4-14, 4-15, 4-16, 4-17, 4-18, 4-19, 4-20, 4-25, 4-50, 4-75, 4-100, 4-200 In some embodiments, such methods comprise assaying 2 to 11 DNA methylation markers. In some embodiments, such methods comprise assaying 12 to 120 DNA methylation markers. In some embodiments, such methods comprise assaying between 2 and 375 DNA methylation markers.In some embodiments, such methods include assaying the methylation state of one or more DNA methylation markers in a sample, and determining the methylation state of a single base. In some embodiments, such methods include assaying the methylation state of one or more DNA methylation markers in a sample, and determining the degree of methylation at multiple bases. In some embodiments, such methods include assaying the methylation state of the forward strand or assaying the methylation state of the reverse strand.

[0102] In some embodiments, the DNA methylation marker is a region of 100 bases or less. In some embodiments, the DNA methylation marker is a region of 500 bases or less. In some embodiments, the DNA methylation marker is a region of 1000 bases or less. In some embodiments, the DNA methylation marker is a region of 5000 bases or less. In some embodiments, the DNA methylation marker is a single base. In some embodiments, the DNA methylation marker is in a high CpG density promoter.

[0103] In some embodiments, the assaying comprises using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, nucleic acid sequencing, mass spectrometry, methylation-specific nucleases, mass-based separation, or target capture.

[0104] In some embodiments, the assaying comprises the use of a methylation-specific oligonucleotide, in some embodiments, the methylation-specific oligonucleotide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-283 (Table 1C, Table 6B).

[0105] In some embodiments, AGRN_A, ATP10A_A, ATP10A_B, ATP10A_C, ATP10A_D, BCAT1, CCND2_D, CMTM3_A, ELMO1_A, ELMO1_B, ELMO1_C, EMX1, EPS8L2_ A, EPS8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D, FAIM2_A, FLJ34208_A, GPRIN1, GYPC_A, INA_A, ITGA4_B, KCNA3_A, KCNA3_C, LBH, LIME1_A, LIME1_B, L OC646278, LRRC4, LRRC41_A, MAX.chr1.110626771-110626832, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr1.161591532-161591608, MA X.chr15.28351937-28352173, MAX.chr15.28352203-28352671, MAX.chr15.29131258-29131734, MAX.chr4.8859995-8860062, MAX.chr 5.42952182-42952292, MDFI, NCOR2, NKX2-6, OPLAH_A, PARP15, PDE10A, PPP1R16B, RASSF1_B, SEPTIN9, SKI, SLC12A8, SRC_A, SSBP4_B, S T8SIA1, TACC2_A, TSHZ3, UBTF, VIM, VIPR2_A, ZBED4, ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZNF382_A, ZNF469_B, ATP6V1B1_A, BZRAP1, GDF6, IFFO1 _A, IFFO1_B, KCNAB2, LIMD2, MAML3_B, MAX.chr14.102172350-102172770, MAX.chr16.85482307-85482494, MAX.chr17.76254728-76254841, MAX.chr5.42993898-42994179, and RASAL3 (Table 1A, Table 1B, Table 6A, Table 6B; see Example I) contain DNA methylation markers.

[0106] In some embodiments, a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of MAX.chr16.85482307-85482494, GDF6, IFFO_A, MAX.chr5.42993898-42994179, MAX.chr17.76254728-76254841, MAX.chr14.102172350-102172770, RASAL3, BZRAP1, and LIMD2 (Table 3; see Example I) comprises a DNA methylation marker.

[0107] In some embodiments, a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAML3_A, SKI, DNMT3A_A, and C2CD4D (Table 4A; see Example I) comprises a DNA methylation marker.

[0108] In some embodiments, a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of BCAT1_6015, SKI, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, CDO1_A, and DSCR6 (Table 8A; see Example II) comprises a DNA methylation marker.

[0109] In some embodiments, a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of TACC2_A, LRRC41_A, EPS8L2, LBH, LIME1_B, MDFI, FAIM2_A, GYPC_A, AGRN_B, and ZBED4 (Table 2A; see Example I) comprises a DNA methylation marker.

[0110] In some embodiments, MT1A_A, CELF2_A, KCNA3_A, MDFI, PALLD, PRDM14, PARP15, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, AGRN_B, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, DSCR6, MAML3_A, MAX.chr14.105 Chromosomal regions having annotations selected from the group consisting of 512178-105512224, EPS8L2_E, SKI, GPRIN1_A, MAX.chr8.142215938-142216298, CDO1_A, DNMT3A_A, SIM2_A, SKI, MT1A_B, GYPC_A, BCL2L11, PISD, and C2CD4D (Table 4B; see Example I) contain DNA methylation markers.

[0111] In some embodiments, a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of NCOR2, MT1A_B, CELF2_A, PALLD, PRDM14, PARP15, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, AGRN_B, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, DSCR6, MAML3_A, SKI, GPRIN1_A, CDO1_A, SIM2_A, IFFO1_A, MT1A_B, GYPC_A, BCL2L11, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 5B; see Example I) comprises a DNA methylation marker.

[0112] In some embodiments, a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of AGRN_8794, BHLHE23_8339, EPS8L2_F, RASSF1_8293, MDFI_6321, SKI, GYPC_C, NKX2-6_4159, LOC100131366, FAIM2_B, GPRIN1_B, LRRC41_B, TACC2_B, LBH, SIM2_B, CDO1_A, and DSCR6 (Table 8B; see Example II) comprises a DNA methylation marker.

[0113] In some embodiments, a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of PARP15, GPRIN1_A, GYPC1_A, FLJ34208, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, FAIM2_A, SH2B3, KCNQ5, IRF4, and BCAT1 (Table 2B; see Example I) comprises a DNA methylation marker.

[0114] In some embodiments, a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of NCOR2, CELF2_A, PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, MAML3_A, SKI, GPRIN1_A, SKI, BCL2L11, and C2CD4D (Table 4C; see Example I) comprises a DNA methylation marker.

[0115] In some embodiments, a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of NCOR2, PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, DSCR6, GPRIN1_A, CDO1_A, SIM2_A, IFFO1_A, and C2CD4D (Table 5C; see Example I) comprises a DNA methylation marker.

[0116] In some embodiments, a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of BCAT1_6015, EPS8L2_F, SKI, NKX2-6_4159, C1QL3_B, GPRIN1_B, PARP15, OXT_C, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, and CELF2_A (Table 8C; see Example II) comprises a DNA methylation marker.

[0117] In some embodiments, a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of CMTM3_A, ATP10A_C, TSHZ3, ZMIZ1_B, ATP10A_B, ELMO1_B, TACC2_A, LRRC4, VIM, and ZNF382_A (Table 2C; see Example I) comprises a DNA methylation marker.

[0118] In some embodiments, a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of NCOR2, MT1A_A, KCNA3_A, ZMIZ1_C, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, AGRN_B, SKI, SLC12A8, ZMIZ1_B, BCL2L11, and GATA2 (Table 4D; see Example I) comprises a DNA methylation marker.

[0119] In some embodiments, a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of NCOR2, PALLD, TACC2_A, BCAT1, AGRN_B, SKI, SLC12A8, ZMIZ1_B, and BCL2L11 (Table 5D; see Example I) comprises a DNA methylation marker.

[0120] In some embodiments, a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of BCAT1_6015, ELMO1_9100, KCNA3_7518, KCNA3_7320, MDFI_6321, SKI, VIPR_B, ZNF382_B, ATP10A_E, CMTM3_B, ZMIZ1_D, SRC_B, HDGFRP3, TACC2_B, TSHZ3, LBH, DNMT3A_A (Table 8D; see Example II) comprises a DNA methylation marker.

[0121] In some embodiments, a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAML3, NR2F6, DNMT3A_A, SKI, SOBP, UBTF, AGRN_C, MAX.chr12.30975740-30975780, and CAPN2_A (Table 2D; see Example I) comprises a DNA methylation marker.

[0122] In some embodiments, a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, CAPN2_A, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, SKI, NR2F6, IFFO1_A, MT1A_B, IFFO1_B, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 4E; see Example I) comprises a DNA methylation marker.

[0123] In some embodiments, a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of NCOR2, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, IFFO1_A, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 5A; see Example I) comprises a DNA methylation marker.

[0124] In some embodiments, a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of SKI, PEAR1_B, CAPN2_B, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, CDO1_A, and NR2F6 (Table 8E; see Example II) comprises a DNA methylation marker.

[0125] In some embodiments, a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), SRC (e.g., SRC_A, SRC_B), SIM2 (e.g., SIM2_A, SIM2_B), AGRN (e.g., AGRN_A, AGRN_B, AGRN_C, AGRN_8794), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CELF2 (e.g., CELF2_A, CELF2_B), DSCR6, GYPC (e.g., GYPC_A, GYPC_B, GYPC_C), CAPN2 (e.g., CAPN2_A, CAPN2_B), and BCAT1 (Table 9; see Example III) comprises a DNA methylation marker.

[0126] In some embodiments, ATP10A (e.g., ATP10A_A, ATP10A_B, ATP10A_C, ATP10A_D, ATP10A_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_A, EPS8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D), C1QL3 (e.g., C1QL3_A, C1QL3_B), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CAPN2_B, LBH, CMTM3 (e.g., CMTM3_A, CMTM3_B), ZMIZ1 (e.g., ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZMIZ1_D), GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., , CDO1_A, CDO1_B), GP5, DSCR6, SKI, SIM2_A, AGRN_8794, BCAT1_6015, KCNA3_7518, KCNA3_7320, LOC10013136, GYPC_C, SRC (e.g., SRC_A, SRC_B), NR2F6, TSHZ3, CELF2 (e.g., CELF2_A, CELF2_B), TACC2 (e.g., TACC2_A, TACC2_B), VIPR2 (e.g., VIPR2_A, VIPR2_B), and SPOCK2_74333 (see Table 10, Example III) comprise DNA methylation markers.

[0127] In some embodiments, such methods comprise determining the methylation status of two DNA methylation markers, hi some embodiments, such methods comprise determining the methylation status of a pair of DNA methylation markers set forth in Table 1A and / or Table 6A.

[0128] In certain embodiments, the present technology provides methods for characterizing a sample obtained from a human patient (e.g., an ovarian tissue sample, a plasma sample, a whole blood sample, a serum sample, or a fecal sample). In some embodiments, such methods include determining the methylation status of a DNA methylation marker in a sample that includes a base in a DMR selected from the group consisting of DMRs 1-560 of Table 1A and Table 6A, comparing the methylation status of the DNA methylation marker in the patient sample with the methylation status of the DNA methylation marker in a normal control sample from a human subject without ovarian cancer and / or a particular form of ovarian cancer (e.g., clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC), and determining a confidence interval and / or p-value for the difference in methylation status between the human patient and normal control sample. In some embodiments, the confidence interval is 90%, 95%, 97.5%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9% or 99.99% and the p-value is 0.1, 0.05, 0.025, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005, 0.001, or 0.0001.

[0129] In certain embodiments, the technology provides methods for characterizing a sample obtained from a human subject (e.g., an ovarian tissue sample, a plasma sample, a whole blood sample, a serum sample, a fecal sample), the methods comprising reacting a nucleic acid comprising a DMR with a reagent capable of modifying DNA in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme, and a bisulfite reagent) to produce a methylation-specifically modified nucleic acid; sequencing the methylation-specifically modified nucleic acid to obtain a nucleotide sequence of the methylation-specifically modified nucleic acid; and comparing the nucleotide sequence of the methylation-specifically modified nucleic acid to the nucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid comprising a DMR from a subject without ovarian cancer to identify differences between the two sequences.

[0130] In certain embodiments, the present technology provides a system for characterizing a sample (e.g., an ovarian tissue sample, a plasma sample, a fecal sample) obtained from a human subject, the system including: an analytical component configured to determine the methylation state of the sample; a software component configured to compare the methylation state of the sample with the methylation states of control or reference samples recorded in a database; and an alert component configured to determine a single value based on a combination of the methylation states and alert a user of an ovarian cancer-associated methylation state. In some embodiments, the sample includes a nucleic acid comprising a DMR.

[0131] In some embodiments, such systems further comprise a component for isolating nucleic acids, hi some embodiments, such systems further comprise a component for collecting a sample.

[0132] In some embodiments, the sample is a fecal sample, a tissue sample, an ovarian tissue sample, a blood sample (eg, a plasma sample, a whole blood sample, a serum sample), or a urine sample.

[0133] In some embodiments, the database comprises nucleic acid sequences that comprise DMRs. In some embodiments, the database comprises nucleic acid sequences from subjects that do not have ovarian cancer.

[0134] Further embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant arts based on the teachings contained herein. [Brief description of the drawing] [Figure 1] Information on the marker chromosomal regions and associated primers and probes used for various methylated DNA markers listed in Table 1A and Table 6A. The naturally occurring sequence (WT) and bisulfite-modified sequence (BST) of the PCR target region are shown.

[0135] definition To facilitate understanding of the present technology, several terms and phrases are defined below. Additional definitions are set forth throughout the detailed description.

[0136] Throughout this specification and claims, the following terms have the meanings explicitly associated therewith, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The phrase "in one embodiment," as used herein, may, but does not necessarily, refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the phrase "in another embodiment," as used herein, may, but does not necessarily refer to different embodiments. Thus, as described below, various embodiments of the invention can be readily combined without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.

[0137] Additionally, as used herein, the term "or" is an inclusive "or" operator and is equivalent to the term "and / or" unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term "based on" is not exclusive and allows for based on additional unlisted factors unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Additionally, throughout this specification, the meanings of "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents. The meaning of "in" includes "in" and "on."

[0138] The transitional phrase "consisting essentially of," when used in the claims of this application, limits the scope of the claim to certain substances or steps "and which do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s)" of the claimed invention, as stated in In re Herz, 537 F.2d 549,551-52,190 USPQ 461,463 (CCPA 1976). For example, a composition "consisting essentially of" recited elements may contain unrecited contaminants at levels that, although present, do not alter the function of the recited composition when compared to a pure composition, i.e., a composition "consisting of" the recited ingredients.

[0139] As used herein, "nucleic acid" or "nucleic acid molecule" generally refers to any ribonucleic acid or deoxyribonucleic acid, which may be unmodified or modified DNA or RNA. "Nucleic acid" includes, but is not limited to, single-stranded and double-stranded nucleic acids. As used herein, the term "nucleic acid" also includes DNA, as described above, containing one or more modified bases. Thus, DNA with a backbone modified for stability or other reasons is a "nucleic acid." As used herein, the term "nucleic acid" encompasses such chemically, enzymatically, or metabolically modified forms of nucleic acids, as well as chemical forms of DNA characteristic of viruses and cells (including, for example, simple and complex cells).

[0140] The terms "oligonucleotide" or "polynucleotide" or "nucleotide" or "nucleic acid" refer to a molecule having two or more deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides, preferably more than three, and usually more than ten. The exact size will depend on many factors, which in turn depend on the ultimate function or use of the oligonucleotide. Oligonucleotides can be produced by any technique, including chemical synthesis, DNA replication, reverse transcription, or a combination thereof. Typical deoxyribonucleotides of DNA are thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine. Typical ribonucleotides of RNA are uracil, adenine, cytosine, and guanine.

[0141] As used herein, the term "locus" or "region" of a nucleic acid refers to a small region of nucleic acid, e.g., a gene on a chromosome, a single nucleotide, a CpG island, and the like.

[0142] The terms "complementary" and "complementarity" refer to nucleotides (e.g., a single nucleotide) or polynucleotides (e.g., a sequence of nucleotides) related by the base-pairing rules. For example, the sequence 5'-AGT-3' is complementary to the sequence 3'-TCA-5'. Complementarity can be "partial," in which only a portion of the nucleic acid bases match according to the base-pairing rules. Alternatively, there can be "complete" or "total" complementarity between nucleic acids. The degree of complementarity between nucleic acid strands determines the efficiency and strength of hybridization between nucleic acid strands. This is particularly important in amplification reactions and detection methods that rely on binding between nucleic acids.

[0143] The term "gene" refers to a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) sequence that comprises coding sequences necessary for the production of RNA, or of a polypeptide or its precursor. A functional polypeptide can be encoded by a full-length coding sequence or by any portion of the coding sequence, so long as the desired activity or functional property of the polypeptide (e.g., enzymatic activity, ligand binding, signal transduction, etc.) is retained. The term "portion," when used in reference to a gene, refers to a fragment of that gene. Fragments can range in size from a few nucleotides to the entire gene sequence minus one nucleotide. Thus, "nucleotides comprising at least a portion of a gene" can include a fragment of a gene or the entire gene.

[0144] The term "gene" also encompasses the coding region of a structural gene and includes sequences located adjacent to the coding region at both the 5' and 3' ends, e.g., by a distance of about 1 kb on either end, such that a gene corresponds in length to the full-length mRNA (e.g., including coding, regulatory, structural, and other sequences). Sequences located 5' of the coding region and present on the mRNA are referred to as 5' non-translated or 5' untranslated sequences. Sequences located 3' or downstream of the coding region and present on the mRNA are referred to as 3' non-translated or 3' untranslated sequences. The term "gene" encompasses both cDNA and genomic forms of a gene. In some organisms (e.g., eukaryotes), genomic forms or clones of a gene contain coding regions interrupted by non-coding sequences called "introns" or "intervening regions" or "intervening sequences." Introns are segments of a gene that are transcribed into nuclear RNA (hnRNA), and may contain regulatory elements such as enhancers. Introns are removed or "spliced ​​out" from the nuclear or primary transcript, and therefore are absent in the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript. mRNA functions during translation to specify the sequence or order of amino acids in a nascent polypeptide.

[0145] In addition to containing introns, genomic forms of a gene may also contain sequences located on both the 5' and 3' end of the sequences present on the RNA transcript. These sequences are referred to as "flanking" sequences or regions (these flanking sequences are located 5' or 3' to the untranslated sequences present on the mRNA transcript). The 5' flanking region may contain regulatory sequences such as promoters and enhancers that control or influence the transcription of the gene. The 3' flanking region may contain sequences that direct the termination of transcription, post-transcriptional cleavage, and polyadenylation.

[0146] The term "wild-type," when used in reference to a gene, refers to a gene that has the characteristics of a gene isolated from a naturally occurring source. The term "wild-type," when used in reference to a gene product, refers to a gene product that has the characteristics of a gene product isolated from a naturally occurring source. The term "naturally occurring," when used in reference to an object, refers to the fact that the object can be found in nature. For example, a polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence that can be isolated from a natural source and is present in an organism (including a virus) that has not been intentionally modified by man in a laboratory is naturally occurring. A wild-type gene is often that gene or allele that is most frequently observed in a population and is therefore arbitrarily referred to as the "normal" or "wild-type" form of the gene. In contrast, the terms "modified" or "mutant," when used in reference to a gene or gene product, refer to a gene or gene product, respectively, that exhibits modifications (e.g., altered characteristics) in sequence and / or functional properties when compared to the wild-type gene or gene product. Note that naturally occurring mutants can be isolated and are identified by the fact that they have altered characteristics when compared to the wild-type gene or gene product.

[0147] The term "allele" refers to genetic variation, including, but not limited to, variants and mutations, polymorphic loci, and single nucleotide polymorphism loci, frameshifts, and splice mutations. Alleles may occur naturally in a population or may arise during the lifespan of any particular individual in a population.

[0148] Thus, the terms "variant" and "mutant," when used in reference to a nucleotide sequence, refer to a nucleic acid sequence that differs by one or more nucleotides from another, usually related, nucleotide sequence. "Diversity" is the difference between two different nucleotide sequences, usually one of which is a reference sequence.

[0149] "Amplification" is a special case of nucleic acid replication that involves template specificity. This is in contrast to non-specific template replication (e.g., replication that is template-dependent but not dependent on a specific template). Template specificity is distinguished herein from fidelity of replication (e.g., synthesis of the appropriate polynucleotide sequence) and nucleotide (ribonucleotide or deoxyribonucleotide) specificity. Template specificity is often described in terms of "target" specificity. Target sequences are "targets" in the sense that they are sought to be separated from other nucleic acids. Amplification techniques are primarily designed for this separation.

[0150] The term "amplifying" or "amplification" in the context of nucleic acids refers to the production of multiple copies of a polynucleotide, or portion of a polynucleotide, usually starting from a small amount of polynucleotide (e.g., a single polynucleotide molecule), where the amplification product or amplicon is generally detectable. Amplification of polynucleotides encompasses a variety of chemical and enzymatic processes. The production of multiple DNA copies from one or a few copies of a target or template DNA molecule in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or a ligase chain reaction (LCR; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,494,810, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) is a form of amplification. Additional types of amplification include allele-specific PCR (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,611, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), assembly PCR (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,408, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), helicase-dependent amplification (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,662,594, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), hot-start PCR (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,773,258 and 5,338,671, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), inter-sequence-specific PCR, inverse PCR (see, e.g., Triglia, et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res., 16:8186, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), ligation-mediated PCR (see, e.g., Guilfoyle, R. et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 16:8186, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), and ligation-mediated PCR (see, e.g., Guilfoyle, R. et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 16:8186, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Research, 25:1854-1858 (1997); U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,169, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), methylation-specific PCR (see, e.g., Herman, et al., (1996) PNAS 93(13)9821-9826, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), miniprimer PCR, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (see, e.g., Schouten, et al., (2002) Nucleic Acids Research 30(12):e57, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), multiplex PCR (see, e.g., Chamberlain, et al., (1988) Nucleic Acids Research 16(23)11141-11156; Ballabio, et al., (1990) Human Genetics 84(6)571-573; Hayden, et al., (2008) BMC Genetics 9:80, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), nested PCR, overlap extension PCR (see, e.g., Higuchi, et al., (1988) Nucleic Acids Research 16(15)7351-7367, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), real-time PCR (see, e.g., Higuchi, et al., (1988) Nucleic Acids Research 16(15)7351-7367, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), and the like. al., (1992) Biotechnology 10:413-417; Higuchi, et al., (1993) Biotechnology 11:1026-1030, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), reverse transcription PCR (see, e.g., Bustin, SA (2000) J. Molecular Endocrinology 25:169-193, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), solid-phase PCR, thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR, and touchdown PCR (see, e.g., Don, et al., Nucleic Acids Research (1991) 19(14) 4008; Roux, K. (1994) Biotechniques 16(5) 812-814; Hecker, et al., (1996) Biotechniques 20(3)478-485, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Polynucleotide amplification can also be performed using digital PCR (see, e.g., Kalinina, et al., Nucleic Acids Research.25;1999-2004, (1997); Vogelstein and Kinzler, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96;9236-41, (1999); International Patent Publication No. WO05023091A2; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20070202525, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0151] The term "polymerase chain reaction" ("PCR") refers to the method of K.B. Mullis, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195, 4,683,202, and 4,965,188, which describes a method for increasing the concentration of a segment of a target sequence in a mixture of genomic or other DNA or RNA without cloning or purification. This process for amplifying a target sequence involves introducing a large excess of two oligonucleotide primers into a DNA mixture containing the desired target sequence, followed by thermal cycling in the presence of a DNA polymerase in a precise order. The two primers are complementary to their respective strands of the double-stranded target sequence. To effect amplification, the mixture is denatured, and the primers are then annealed to their complementary sequences within the target molecule. After annealing, the primers are extended with a polymerase to form new pairs of complementary strands. The steps of denaturation, primer annealing, and polymerase extension can be repeated multiple times (i.e., denaturation, annealing, and extension constitute one "cycle," and there can be many "cycles") to obtain a highly concentrated amplified segment of the desired target sequence. The length of the amplified segment of the desired target sequence is determined by the relative positions of the primers with respect to one another, and therefore, this length is a controllable parameter. Due to the repetitive aspect of the process, this method is referred to as "polymerase chain reaction" ("PCR"). Because the desired amplified segments of the target sequence become the predominant sequences (in terms of concentration) in the mixture, they are said to be "PCR amplified," and they are "PCR products" or "amplicons." Those skilled in the art will understand that the term "PCR" encompasses many variations of the originally described method, using, for example, real-time PCR, nested PCR, reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), single-primer and arbitrarily primed PCR, etc.

[0152] Template specificity is achieved in most amplification techniques by the choice of enzyme. Amplification enzymes are enzymes that, under the conditions in which they are used, process only specific sequences of nucleic acid in a heterogeneous mixture of nucleic acids. For example, in the case of Q-beta replicase, MDV-1 RNA is the specific template for the replicase (Kacian et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 69:3038

[1972] ). Other nucleic acids are not replicated by this amplification enzyme. Similarly, in the case of T7 RNA polymerase, this amplification enzyme has stringent specificity for its own promoter (Chamberlin et al., Nature, 228:227

[1970] ). In the case of T4 DNA ligase, the enzyme will not ligate two oligonucleotides or polynucleotides if there is a mismatch between the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide substrate and the template at the ligation junction (Wu and Wallace (1989) Genomics 4:560). Finally, thermostable template-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g., Taq and Pfu DNA polymerases) have been found to exhibit a high degree of specificity for the sequences to which primers bind and are thereby defined by the primers due to their ability to function at high temperatures, which create thermodynamic conditions that favor primer hybridization with the target sequence but not with non-target sequences (H.A. Erlich (ed.), PCR Technology, Stockton Press

[1989] ).

[0153] As used herein, the term "nucleic acid detection assay" refers to any method for determining the nucleotide composition of a nucleic acid of interest. Nucleic acid detection assays include DNA sequencing, probe hybridization, structure-specific cleavage assays (e.g., INVADER assay (Hologic, Inc.)), and methods described in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,846,717, 5,985,557, 5,994,069, 6,001,567, 6,090,543, and 6,872,816; Lyamichev et al., Nat. Biotech., 17:292 (1999); Hall et al., PNAS, USA, 97:8272 (2000), and U.S. Pat. No. 9,096,893, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes); enzymatic mismatch cleavage methods (e.g., Variagenics, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,110,684, 5,958,692, and 5,851,770, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety); the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) described above; branched hybridization methods (e.g., Chiron, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,849,481, 5,710,264, 5,124,246, and 5,624,802, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety); rolling circle replication (e.g., Nos. 6,210,884, 6,183,960, and 6,235,502, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety; NASBA (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,409,818, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety); molecular beacon technology (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,097, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety); E-sensor technology (Motorola, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,248,229, 6,221,583, 6,013,170, and 6,063,573, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety); cycling probe technology (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,403,711, 5,011,769, and 5,660,988, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety); Dade Examples of suitable hybridization methods include, but are not limited to, the Behring signal amplification method (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,121,001, 6,110,677, 5,914,230, 5,882,867, and 5,792,614, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties); the ligase chain reaction (e.g., Baranay Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88,189-93 (1991)); and sandwich hybridization (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,288,609, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

[0154] The term "amplifiable nucleic acid" refers to a nucleic acid that can be amplified by any amplification method. "Amplifiable nucleic acid" is generally intended to include a "sample template."

[0155] The term "sample template" refers to nucleic acid derived from a sample being analyzed for the presence of a "target" (defined below). In contrast, "background template" is used in reference to nucleic acid other than the sample template that may or may not be present in the sample. Background template is most often inadvertent. Background template can be the result of carryover, or it can be due to the presence of nucleic acid contaminants sought to be purified away from the sample. For example, nucleic acids from organisms other than those being detected may be present as background in a test sample.

[0156] The term "primer" refers to an oligonucleotide, either naturally occurring, for example, as a nucleic acid fragment from a restriction digest, or synthetically produced, which can serve as a point of initiation of synthesis when placed under conditions that induce synthesis of a primer extension product complementary to a nucleic acid template strand (e.g., in the presence of nucleotides and an inducing agent such as DNA polymerase, and at a suitable temperature and pH). Primers are preferably single-stranded to maximize amplification efficiency, but may alternatively be double-stranded. If double-stranded, the primer is first treated to separate its strands and then used to prepare extension products. Preferably, the primer is an oligodeoxyribonucleotide. The primer must be sufficiently long to prime the synthesis of extension products in the presence of the inducing agent. The exact length of the primer will depend on numerous factors, including temperature, source of primer, and the use of the method.

[0157] The term "probe" refers to an oligonucleotide (e.g., a sequence of nucleotides), either naturally occurring, as in a purified restriction digest, or produced synthetically, recombinantly, or by PCR amplification, which can hybridize to another oligonucleotide of interest. Probes can be single-stranded or double-stranded. Probes are useful for the detection, identification, and isolation of specific gene sequences (e.g., "capture probes"). It is contemplated that any probe used in the present invention can, in some embodiments, be labeled with any "reporter molecule" such that it is detectable by any detection system, including, but not limited to, enzymatic (e.g., ELISA and enzyme-based histochemical assays), fluorescent, radioactive, and luminescent systems. It is not intended that the present invention be limited to any particular detection system or label.

[0158] The term "target," as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid that is sought to be sorted out from other nucleic acids, e.g., by probe binding, amplification, isolation, capture, etc. For example, when used in reference to the polymerase chain reaction, "target" refers to the region of nucleic acid bound by the primers used in the polymerase chain reaction, whereas when used in assays in which the target DNA is not amplified, e.g., in some embodiments of an invasion-cleavage assay, the target includes the site where the probe and the invading oligonucleotide (e.g., an INVADER oligonucleotide) bind to form an invasion-cleavage structure, thereby allowing the presence of the target nucleic acid to be detected. A "segment" is defined as a region of nucleic acid within the target sequence.

[0159] As used herein, "methylation" refers to cytosine methylation at the C5 or N4 position of cytosine, the N6 position of adenine, or other types of nucleic acid methylation. In vitro amplified DNA is typically unmethylated because typical in vitro DNA amplification methods do not preserve the methylation pattern of the amplified template. However, "unmethylated DNA" or "methylated DNA" can also refer to amplified DNA in which the original template was unmethylated or amplified DNA in which the original template was methylated, respectively.

[0160] Therefore, as used herein, "methylated nucleotide" or "methylated nucleotide base" refers to the presence of a methyl moiety on a nucleotide base, which is not present in recognized typical nucleotide bases.For example, cytosine does not contain a methyl moiety on its pyrimidine ring, but 5-methylcytosine contains a methyl moiety at the 5th position of its pyrimidine ring.Therefore, cytosine is not a methylated nucleotide, but 5-methylcytosine is a methylated nucleotide.In another example, thymine contains a methyl moiety at the 5th position of its pyrimidine ring, but because thymine is a typical nucleotide base of DNA, for the purposes of this specification, thymine is not considered to be a methylated nucleotide when present in DNA.

[0161] As used herein, a "methylated nucleic acid molecule" refers to a nucleic acid molecule that contains one or more methylated nucleotides.

[0162] As used herein, the "methylation state," "methylation profile," and "methylation status" of a nucleic acid molecule refer to the presence or absence of one or more methylated nucleotide bases in a nucleic acid molecule. For example, a nucleic acid molecule containing a methylated cytosine is considered to be methylated (e.g., the methylation state of the nucleic acid molecule is methylated). A nucleic acid molecule that does not contain any methylated nucleotides is considered to be unmethylated.

[0163] The methylation state of a particular nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a genetic marker or DNA region described herein) may indicate the methylation state of all bases in the sequence, or may indicate the methylation state of a subset of bases within the sequence (e.g., of one or more cytosines), or may indicate information about the local methylation density within the sequence, with or without providing information about the precise location within the sequence where methylation occurs.

[0164] The methylation state of a nucleotide locus in a nucleic acid molecule refers to the presence or absence of a methylated nucleotide at a particular locus in a nucleic acid molecule.For example, the methylation state of the cytosine at the seventh nucleotide in a nucleic acid molecule is methylated if the nucleotide at the seventh nucleotide in the nucleic acid molecule is 5-methylcytosine.Similarly, the methylation state of the cytosine at the seventh nucleotide in a nucleic acid molecule is unmethylated if the nucleotide at the seventh nucleotide in the nucleic acid molecule is cytosine (and not 5-methylcytosine).

[0165] The methylation status can optionally be expressed or indicated by a "methylation value" (e.g., representing a methylation frequency, rate, ratio, percent, etc.). Methylation values ​​can be generated, for example, by quantifying the amount of intact nucleic acid present after restriction digestion with a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme, or by comparing amplification profiles after a bisulfite reaction, or by comparing the sequences of bisulfite-treated and untreated nucleic acid. Thus, a value, e.g., a methylation value, represents the methylation status and can thereby be used as a quantitative indicator of methylation status across multiple copies of a locus. This is of particular application when it is desirable to compare the methylation status of sequences in a sample to a threshold or reference value.

[0166] As used herein, "methylation frequency" or "percent (%) methylation" refers to the number of instances where a molecule or locus is methylated compared to the number of instances where the molecule or locus is unmethylated.

[0167] Thus, a methylation state refers to the methylation state of a nucleic acid (e.g., a genomic sequence). Furthermore, a methylation state refers to characteristics of a nucleic acid segment at a particular genomic locus related to methylation. Such characteristics include, but are not limited to, whether any cytosine (C) residues within the DNA sequence are methylated, the location of the methylated C residue(s), the frequency or percentage of methylated C residues across any particular region of the nucleic acid, and allelic differences in methylation due to, for example, differences in allelic origin. The terms "methylation state," "methylation profile," and "methylation status" also refer to the relative concentration, absolute concentration, or pattern of methylated or unmethylated C residues across any particular region of a nucleic acid in a biological sample. For example, if a cytosine (C) residue(s) within a nucleic acid sequence are methylated, it may be referred to as having "hypermethylation" or "increased methylation," whereas if a cytosine (C) residue(s) within a DNA sequence are unmethylated, it may be referred to as having "hypomethylation" or "decreased methylation." Similarly, if a cytosine (C) residue(s) within a nucleic acid sequence are methylated compared to another nucleic acid sequence (e.g., from a different region or from a different individual), the sequence is considered to have hypermethylation or increased methylation compared to the other nucleic acid sequence. Alternatively, if a cytosine (C) residue(s) within a DNA sequence are unmethylated compared to another nucleic acid sequence (e.g., from a different region or from a different individual), the sequence is considered to have hypomethylation or decreased methylation compared to the other nucleic acid sequence. Furthermore, as used herein, the term "methylation pattern" refers to the collection of methylated and unmethylated nucleotides across a region of a nucleic acid. Two nucleic acids can have the same or similar methylation frequency or percent methylation, but different methylation patterns, if the number of methylated and unmethylated nucleotides is the same or similar across the region but the positions of the methylated and unmethylated nucleotides are different.Sequences are said to be "variably methylated," or to have "differential methylation," or to have "differential methylation states" if they differ in the degree, frequency, or pattern of methylation (e.g., one has increased or decreased methylation compared to the other). The term "variable methylation" refers to the difference in the level or pattern of nucleic acid methylation in a cancer-positive sample compared to the level or pattern of nucleic acid methylation in a cancer-negative sample. It can also refer to the difference in the level or pattern between patients whose cancer recurs after surgery and those whose cancer does not recur. Variable methylation and specific levels or patterns of DNA methylation are prognostic and predictive biomarkers, for example, once precise cutoffs or predictive characteristics are defined.

[0168] Methylation state frequencies can be used to describe a population of individuals or a sample derived from a single individual. For example, a nucleotide locus with a 50% methylation state frequency is methylated in 50% of cases and unmethylated in 50% of cases. Such frequencies can be used, for example, to describe the degree to which a nucleotide locus or nucleic acid region is methylated in a population of individuals or a collection of nucleic acids. Thus, if the methylation in a first population or pool of nucleic acid molecules is different from the methylation in a second population or pool of nucleic acid molecules, the methylation state frequency of the first population or pool will be different from the methylation state frequency of the second population or pool. Such frequencies can also be used, for example, to describe the degree to which a nucleotide locus or nucleic acid region is methylated in a single individual. For example, such frequencies can be used to describe the degree to which a group of cells from a tissue sample is methylated or unmethylated at a nucleotide locus or nucleic acid region.

[0169] As used herein, "nucleotide locus" refers to the position of a nucleotide in a nucleic acid molecule. The nucleotide locus of a methylated nucleotide refers to the position of the methylated nucleotide in a nucleic acid molecule.

[0170] Typically, methylation of human DNA occurs on dinucleotide sequences containing adjacent guanines and cytosines, where the cytosine is located 5' to the guanine (also called CpG dinucleotide sequences). While many cytosines within CpG dinucleotides are methylated in the human genome, some remain unmethylated in specific CpG dinucleotide-rich genomic regions known as CpG islands (see, e.g., Antequera et al. (1990) Cell 62:503-514).

[0171] As used herein, "CpG island" refers to a G:C-rich region of genomic DNA that contains an increased number of CpG dinucleotides compared to the total genomic DNA.CpG islands can be at least 100, 200, or more base pairs in length, where the G:C content of the region is at least 50% and the ratio of observed CpG frequency to expected frequency is 0.6; in some cases, CpG islands can be at least 500 base pairs in length, where the G:C content of the region is at least 55% and the ratio of observed CpG frequency to expected frequency is 0.65.The observed CpG frequency to expected frequency can be calculated according to the method provided in Gardiner-Garden et al. (1987) J.Mol.Biol.196:261-281. For example, the observed CpG frequency relative to the expected frequency can be calculated according to the formula R = (A x B) / (C x D), where R is the ratio of the observed CpG frequency to the expected frequency, A is the number of CpG dinucleotides in the analyzed sequence, B is the total number of nucleotides in the analyzed sequence, C is the total number of C nucleotides in the analyzed sequence, and D is the total number of G nucleotides in the analyzed sequence. Methylation status is usually determined in CpG islands, for example, in promoter regions. However, it will be understood that other sequences in the human genome are prone to DNA methylation, such as CpA and CpT (see Ramsahoye (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:5237-5242; Salmon and Kaye (1970) Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 204:340-351; Grafstrom (1985) Nucleic Acids Res. 13:2827-2842; Nyce (1986) Nucleic Acids Res. 14:4353-4367; Woodcock (1987) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 145:888-894).

[0172] As used herein, a "methylation-specific reagent" refers to a reagent that modifies the nucleotides of a nucleic acid molecule depending on the methylation state of the nucleic acid molecule, or a methylation-specific reagent refers to a compound or composition or other agent that can change the nucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid molecule in a manner that reflects the methylation state of the nucleic acid molecule. Methods of treating nucleic acid molecules with such reagents can include contacting the nucleic acid molecule with the reagent, optionally followed by additional steps, to achieve the desired change in nucleotide sequence. Such methods can be applied in a manner that unmethylated nucleotides (e.g., each unmethylated cytosine) are modified to a different nucleotide. For example, in some embodiments, such reagents can deaminate unmethylated cytosine nucleotides to generate deoxyuracil residues. Examples of such reagents include, but are not limited to, methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, methylation-dependent restriction enzymes, and bisulfite reagents.

[0173] Alteration of a nucleic acid nucleotide sequence with a methylation-specific reagent can also result in a nucleic acid molecule in which each methylated nucleotide is modified to a different nucleotide.

[0174] The term "methylation assay" refers to any assay for determining the methylation status of one or more CpG dinucleotide sequences within a nucleic acid sequence.

[0175] The term "MS AP-PCR" (methylation-sensitive arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction) refers to an art-recognized technique that uses CG-rich primers to scan the entire genome and focus on regions most likely to contain CpG dinucleotides, and is described by Gonzalgo et al. (1997) Cancer Research 57:594-599.

[0176] The term "MethyLight™" refers to the art-recognized fluorescence-based real-time PCR technology described by Eads et al. (1999) Cancer Res. 59:2302-2306.

[0177] The term "HeavyMethyl™" refers to an assay in which methylation-specific blocking probes (also referred to herein as blockers) covering CpG positions between or covered by amplification primers allow methylation-specific selective amplification of a nucleic acid sample.

[0178] The term "HeavyMethyl™ MethyLight™" assay refers to the HeavyMethyl™ MethyLight™ assay, which is a variation of the MethyLight™ assay in which the MethyLight™ assay is combined with a methylation-specific blocking probe that covers the CpG positions between the amplification primers.

[0179] The term "Ms-SNuPE" (methylation-sensitive single nucleotide primer extension) refers to the art-recognized assay described by Gonzalgo & Jones (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:2529-2531.

[0180] The term "MSP" (methylation-specific PCR) refers to the art-recognized methylation assay described by Herman et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:9821-9826 and by U.S. Pat. No. 5,786,146.

[0181] The term "COBRA" (Combined Bisulfite Restriction Analysis) refers to the art-recognized methylation assay described by Xiong & Laird (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:2532-2534.

[0182] The term "MCA" (methylated CpG island amplification) refers to the methylation assay described by Toyota et al. (1999) Cancer Res. 59:2307-12 and in WO00 / 26401A1.

[0183] As used herein, a "selected nucleotide" refers to one of the four nucleotides normally occurring in nucleic acid molecules (C, G, T, and A for DNA; C, G, U, and A for RNA) and can include methylated derivatives of normally occurring nucleotides (e.g., if C is a selected nucleotide, then both methylated and unmethylated C are included in the meaning of the selected nucleotide), while a methylated selected nucleotide specifically refers to a methylated normally occurring nucleotide and an unmethylated selected nucleotide specifically refers to an unmethylated normally occurring nucleotide.

[0184] The term "methylation-specific restriction enzyme" refers to a restriction enzyme that selectively digests nucleic acids depending on the methylation state of its recognition site. For restriction enzymes that specifically cleave when their recognition site is unmethylated or hemimethylated (methylation-sensitive enzymes), cleavage will not occur (or will occur with significantly reduced efficiency) if the recognition site is methylated on one or both strands. For restriction enzymes that specifically cleave only when their recognition site is methylated (methylation-dependent enzymes), cleavage will not occur (or will occur with significantly reduced efficiency) if the recognition site is unmethylated. Methylation-specific restriction enzymes are preferred, and their recognition sequences contain a CG dinucleotide (e.g., a recognition sequence such as CGCG or CCCGGG). More preferred in some embodiments are restriction enzymes that do not cleave when the cytosine in this dinucleotide is methylated at the C5 carbon atom.

[0185] As used herein, a "different nucleotide" refers to a nucleotide that is chemically different from the selected nucleotide; typically, the different nucleotide has different Watson-Crick base pairing properties than the selected nucleotide, so that the commonly occurring nucleotide complementary to the selected nucleotide is not the same as the commonly occurring nucleotide complementary to the different nucleotide. For example, if C is the selected nucleotide, U or T can be the different nucleotide, as exemplified by the complementarity of C to G and U or T to A. As used herein, a nucleotide complementary to a selected nucleotide or a different nucleotide refers to a nucleotide that base pairs with the selected nucleotide or the different nucleotide under high stringency conditions with a higher affinity than the base pairing of a complementary nucleotide with three of the four commonly occurring nucleotides. One example of complementarity is Watson-Crick base pairing of DNA (e.g., AT and CG) and RNA (e.g., AU and CG). Thus, for example, G base pairs with C under high stringency conditions with a higher affinity than G base pairs with G, A, or T, and thus, when C is the selected nucleotide, G is the complementary nucleotide to the selected nucleotide.

[0186] As used herein, the "sensitivity" of a given marker (or a set of markers used together) refers to the percentage of samples reporting DNA methylation values ​​above a threshold that distinguishes between neoplastic and non-neoplastic samples. In some embodiments, a positive result is defined as a histologically confirmed neoplasia reporting a DNA methylation value above the threshold (e.g., in the disease-associated range), and a false negative result is defined as a histologically confirmed neoplasia reporting a DNA methylation value below the threshold (e.g., in the non-disease-associated range). Thus, the sensitivity value reflects the probability that a DNA methylation measurement value for a given marker obtained from a known diseased sample will fall within the range of disease-associated measurements. As defined herein, the clinical relevance of a calculated sensitivity value represents an estimate of the probability that a given marker will detect the presence of a clinical condition when applied to subjects with that condition.

[0187] As used herein, the "specificity" of a given marker (or a set of markers used together) refers to the percentage of non-neoplastic samples reporting DNA methylation values ​​below a threshold that distinguishes between neoplastic and non-neoplastic samples. In some embodiments, a negative is defined as a histologically confirmed non-neoplastic sample reporting a DNA methylation value below the threshold (e.g., in a range not associated with disease), and a false positive is defined as a histologically confirmed non-neoplastic sample reporting a DNA methylation value above the threshold (e.g., in a range associated with disease). Thus, the specificity value reflects the probability that a DNA methylation measurement value of a given marker obtained from a known non-neoplastic sample will fall within the range of non-disease-associated measurements. As defined herein, the clinical relevance of a calculated specificity value represents an estimate of the probability that a given marker will detect the absence of a clinical condition when applied to patients who do not have that condition.

[0188] The term "AUC" as used herein is an abbreviation for "area under the curve." In particular, AUC refers to the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. An ROC curve is a plot of the true positive rate against the false positive rate for various possible cut points of a diagnostic test. The ROC curve shows the trade-off between sensitivity and specificity depending on the cut point selected (any increase in sensitivity will be accompanied by a decrease in specificity). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) is a measure of the accuracy of a diagnostic test (the larger the area, the better, with 1 being optimal, and a random test has a ROC curve located on the diagonal, with an area of ​​0.5. See: J.P. Egan. (1975) Signal Detection Theory and ROC Analysis, Academic Press, New York).

[0189] The term "neoplasm," as used herein, refers to any new abnormal growth of tissue. Thus, a neoplasm can be a premalignant neoplasm or a malignant neoplasm.

[0190] The term "neoplasm-specific marker," as used herein, refers to any biological substance or element that can be used to indicate the presence of a neoplasm. Examples of biological substances include, but are not limited to, nucleic acids, polypeptides, carbohydrates, fatty acids, cellular components (e.g., cell membranes and mitochondria), and whole cells. In some cases, a marker is a specific nucleic acid region (e.g., a gene, an intragenic region, a specific genetic locus, etc.). A region of a nucleic acid that is a marker may be referred to, for example, as a "marker gene," "marker region," "marker sequence," "marker locus," etc.

[0191] As used herein, the term "adenoma" refers to a benign tumor of glandular origin. These growths are benign, although over time they can progress to become malignant.

[0192] The terms "precancerous" or "preneoplastic" and their equivalents refer to any cell proliferative disorder that is undergoing malignant transformation.

[0193] The "site" of a neoplasm, adenoma, cancer, etc. is the tissue, organ, cell type, anatomical region, body part, etc. in a subject's body in which the neoplasm, adenoma, cancer, etc. is located.

[0194] As used herein, applications of a "diagnostic" test include detecting or identifying a disease state or condition in a subject, determining the likelihood that a subject will suffer from a given disease or condition, determining the likelihood that a subject with a disease or condition will respond to a therapy, determining the prognosis (or likelihood of progression or regression) of a subject with a disease or condition, and determining the effectiveness of a treatment for a subject with a disease or condition. For example, diagnostics can be used to detect the presence or likelihood of a subject suffering from a neoplasm, or the likelihood that such a subject will respond favorably to a compound (e.g., a pharmaceutical, e.g., a drug) or other treatment.

[0195] The term "isolated," when used with reference to a nucleic acid, such as in "isolated oligonucleotide," refers to a nucleic acid sequence that is identified and separated from at least one contaminant nucleic acid with which it is normally associated in its natural source. An isolated nucleic acid exists in a form or setting that is different from that in which it is found in nature. In contrast, non-isolated nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are found in the state in which they occur in nature. Examples of non-isolated nucleic acids include a given DNA sequence (e.g., a gene) found on a host cell chromosome adjacent to adjacent genes, an RNA sequence, such as a particular mRNA sequence encoding a particular protein, found in a cell as a mixture with many other mRNAs that encode many proteins, and the like. However, an isolated nucleic acid encoding a particular protein also includes, by way of example, such a nucleic acid in a cell that normally expresses that protein, where the nucleic acid is at a chromosomal location different from that of the natural cell or is otherwise adjacent to a nucleic acid sequence different from that found in nature. An isolated nucleic acid or oligonucleotide can exist in single-stranded or double-stranded form. When an isolated nucleic acid or oligonucleotide is used to express a protein, the oligonucleotide will minimally contain a sense or coding strand (i.e., the oligonucleotide may be single-stranded), but may also contain both a sense and an antisense strand (i.e., the oligonucleotide may be double-stranded). An isolated nucleic acid may be combined with other nucleic acids or molecules after isolation from its natural or normal environment. For example, an isolated nucleic acid may be present in a host cell, into which it is placed, e.g., for heterologous expression.

[0196] The term "purified" refers to a molecule, either a nucleic acid or an amino acid sequence, that has been removed, isolated, or separated from its natural environment. Thus, an "isolated nucleic acid sequence" can be a purified nucleic acid sequence. "Substantially purified" molecules are at least 60% free, preferably at least 75% free, and more preferably at least 90% free from other components with which they are naturally associated. As used herein, the terms "purified" or "to purify" also refer to the removal of contaminants from a sample. Removal of contaminating proteins increases the percentage of the polypeptide or nucleic acid of interest in a sample. In another example, a recombinant polypeptide is expressed in a plant, bacterial, yeast, or mammalian host cell, and the polypeptide is purified by removal of host cell proteins, thereby increasing the percentage of recombinant polypeptide in the sample.

[0197] The term "composition comprising" a given polynucleotide sequence or polypeptide refers broadly to any composition containing the given polynucleotide sequence or polypeptide. Compositions can include aqueous solutions containing salts (e.g., NaCl), detergents (e.g., SDS), and other components (e.g., Denhardt's solution, milk powder, salmon sperm DNA, etc.).

[0198] The term "sample" is used in its broadest sense. In one sense, a sample can refer to animal cells or tissues. In another sense, a sample refers to a specimen or culture obtained from any source, as well as biological and environmental samples. Biological samples can be obtained from plants or animals (including humans) and encompass fluids, solids, tissues, and gases. Environmental samples include environmental materials such as surface matter, soil, water, and industrial samples. These examples should not be construed as limiting the types of samples applicable to the present invention.

[0199] As used herein, the term "remote sample" refers to a sample that is indirectly collected from a site that is not the source of the cells, tissues, or organs of the sample, as used in some contexts. For example, if sample material from the pancreas is evaluated in a stool sample (e.g., not a sample taken directly from the ovary), the sample is a remote sample.

[0200] As used herein, the term "patient" or "subject" refers to an organism subjected to various tests provided by the present technology. The term "subject" includes animals, preferably mammals, including humans. In preferred embodiments, the subject is a primate. In even more preferred embodiments, the subject is a human. Furthermore, with respect to diagnostic methods, preferred subjects are vertebrate subjects. Preferred vertebrates are warm-blooded, and preferred warm-blooded vertebrates are mammals. Preferred mammals are most preferably humans. As used herein, the term "subject" includes both human and animal subjects. Thus, veterinary therapeutic uses are provided herein. Thus, the present technology enables the diagnosis of mammals, such as humans, as well as mammals of importance because they are endangered, such as Amur tigers, mammals of economic importance, such as animals raised on farms for human consumption, and / or animals of social importance to humans, such as animals kept as pets or in zoos. Examples of such animals include, but are not limited to, carnivores such as cats and dogs; swine, including pigs, boars, and wild boars; ruminants and / or ungulates, such as cows, bulls, sheep, giraffes, deer, goats, bison, and camels; pinnipeds; and horses. Thus, diagnosis and treatment of livestock, including but not limited to domesticated pigs, ruminants, ungulates, horses (including racehorses), and the like, are further provided. The subject matter disclosed herein further includes a system for diagnosing lung cancer in a subject. This system can be provided, for example, as a commercially available kit that can be used to screen for lung cancer risk or diagnose lung cancer in a subject from whom a biological sample has been collected. An exemplary system provided in accordance with the present technology comprises assessing the methylation status of the markers described herein.

[0201] As used herein, the term "kit" refers to any delivery system for delivering materials. In the context of a reaction assay, such a delivery system includes a system that allows for the storage, transport, or delivery of reaction reagents (e.g., oligonucleotides, enzymes, etc. in appropriate containers) and / or supporting materials (e.g., buffers, written instructions for conducting the assay, etc.) from one location to another. For example, a kit may include one or more enclosed containers (e.g., boxes) containing the relevant reaction reagents and / or supporting materials. As used herein, the term "fragmented kit" refers to a delivery system that includes two or more separate containers, each containing a small portion of the total components of the kit. The containers may be delivered to the intended recipient together or separately. For example, a first container may contain an enzyme for use in an assay, while a second container contains an oligonucleotide. The term "fragmented kit" is intended to encompass, but is not limited to, kits containing analyte-specific reagents (ASRs) regulated under Section 520(e) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Indeed, any delivery system that includes two or more separate containers, each containing a small portion of all the components of the kit, is included within the term "fragmented kit." In contrast, a "combined kit" refers to a delivery system that contains all the components of a reaction assay in a single container (e.g., in a single box that houses each of the desired components). The term "kit" includes both fragmented and composite kits.

[0202] As used herein, the term "ovarian cancer" refers to any cancerous growth originating in the ovaries, including, but not limited to, conventionally diagnosed ovarian cancer, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancer. In some embodiments, ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the ovaries. In other embodiments, ovarian cancer is either ovarian epithelial cancer (cancer that begins in the cells on the surface of the ovaries) or malignant germ cell tumor (cancer that begins in egg cells).

[0203] As used herein, the term "information" refers to any collection of facts or data. With respect to information stored or processed using computer system(s), including but not limited to the Internet, the term refers to any data stored in any format (e.g., analog, digital, optical, etc.). As used herein, the term "information related to a subject" refers to facts or data about a subject (e.g., a human, plant, or animal). The term "genomic information" refers to information about a genome, including, but not limited to, nucleic acid sequences, genes, methylation percentages, allele frequencies, RNA expression levels, protein expression, phenotypes associated with genotypes, etc. "Allele frequency information" refers to facts or data about allele frequencies, including, but not limited to, allele identity information, statistical correlations between the presence of alleles and characteristics of a subject (e.g., a human subject), the presence or absence of alleles in an individual or population, the percentage likelihood of an allele being present in an individual with one or more particular characteristics, etc. [Mode for Carrying Out the Invention] In this detailed description of various embodiments, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosed embodiments. However, those skilled in the art will understand that these various embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, structures and mechanisms are shown in block diagram form. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the specific order in which the methods are presented and performed is illustrative, and that the order can be changed and still be within the spirit and scope of the various embodiments disclosed herein.

[0204] Provided herein are technologies for ovarian cancer screening, particularly, but not limited to, methods, compositions, and related uses for detecting the presence of ovarian cancer and / or specific forms of ovarian cancer (e.g., clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC). When the technology is described herein, the section headings used are for organizational purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the subject matter in any way.

[0205] Indeed, as described in Examples I, II, and III, experiments conducted during the course of identifying embodiments of the present invention identified a novel set of 560 variably methylated regions (DMRs) for distinguishing DNA from ovarian cancer and non-neoplastic control DNA. From these 560 novel DNA methylation markers, further experiments identified markers that can distinguish various types of ovarian cancer from normal tissue and plasma samples. For example, distinct sets of DMRs were identified that can distinguish 1) clear cell ovarian cancer tissue from normal tissue, 2) endometrioid ovarian cancer tissue from normal tissue, 3) mucinous ovarian cancer tissue from normal tissue, 4) serous ovarian cancer tissue from normal tissue, and 5) ovarian cancer in blood samples.

[0206] Although the disclosure herein refers to certain illustrated embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are presented by way of example and not by way of limitation.

[0207] In certain aspects, the present technology provides compositions and methods for identifying, determining, and / or classifying cancers, such as ovarian cancer and / or ovarian cancer subtypes (e.g., clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC). The methods include determining the methylation status of at least one methylation marker in a biological sample (e.g., a stool sample, an ovarian tissue sample, a plasma sample) isolated from a subject, where changes in the methylation status of the marker indicate the presence, class, or location of ovarian cancer and / or its subtypes. Certain embodiments relate to markers containing variably methylated regions (DMRs, e.g., DMRs 1-560; see Tables 1A and 6A) used in the diagnosis (e.g., screening) of ovarian cancer and various types of ovarian cancer (e.g., clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC).

[0208] In addition to the embodiments provided herein in which methylation analysis of at least one marker, region of a marker, or marker base comprising a DMR (e.g., a DMR, e.g., DMRs 1-560) set forth in Table 1A and Table 6A is analyzed, the present technology also provides panels of markers comprising at least one marker, region of a marker, or marker base comprising a DMR useful for detecting cancer, particularly ovarian cancer.

[0209] Some embodiments of the technology are based on the analysis of the CpG methylation status of at least one marker, region of a marker, or base of a marker that comprises a DMR.

[0210] In some embodiments, the present technology utilizes reagents that modify DNA in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, methylation-dependent restriction enzymes, and bisulfite reagents) in combination with one or more methylation assays to determine the methylation status of CpG dinucleotide sequences within at least one marker comprising a DMR (e.g., DMRs 1-560, see Tables 1A and 6A). Genomic CpG dinucleotides can be methylated or unmethylated (alternatively known as up-methylated and down-methylated, respectively). However, the methods of the present invention are suitable for analyzing biological samples of heterogeneous nature, such as low concentrations of tumor cells or biological material therefrom, within the background of distant samples (e.g., blood, organ waste, or feces). Thus, when analyzing the methylation status of CpG positions within such samples, quantitative assays can be used to determine the level (e.g., percent, proportion, ratio, rate, or degree) of methylation at a particular CpG position.

[0211] According to this technology, determining the methylation status of CpG dinucleotide sequences in markers containing DMRs is useful for both diagnosing and characterizing cancers such as ovarian cancer.

[0212] Marker Combinations In some embodiments, the technology relates to assessing the methylation status of a combination of markers that include the DMRs of Table 1A and Table 6A (e.g., DMR numbers 1-560). In some embodiments, assessing the methylation status of multiple markers improves the specificity and / or sensitivity of screening or diagnostics for identifying neoplasms (e.g., ovarian cancer) in a subject.

[0213] Different cancers are predicted by different combinations of markers, for example, as identified by statistical techniques for the specificity and sensitivity of the prediction. The present technology provides methods for identifying predictive combinations and validated predictive combinations for several cancers.

[0214] Methods for assaying methylation status In certain embodiments, methods for analyzing nucleic acids for the presence of 5-methylcytosine include treating DNA with reagents that modify DNA in a methylation-specific manner, examples of such reagents include, but are not limited to, methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, methylation-dependent restriction enzymes, and bisulfite reagents.

[0215] A frequently used method for analyzing nucleic acids for the presence of 5-methylcytosine is based on the bisulfite method described by Frommer et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:1827-31, expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes, for the detection of 5-methylcytosine or its variations in DNA. The bisulfite method for mapping 5-methylcytosine is based on the finding that cytosine, but not 5-methylcytosine, reacts with bisulfite ions (also known as bisulfite). The reaction is typically carried out according to the following steps: first, cytosine reacts with bisulfite to form sulfonated cytosine; second, spontaneous deamination of the sulfonated intermediate generates sulfonated uracil; and finally, the sulfonated uracil is desulfonated under alkaline conditions to form uracil. Detection is possible because uracil base pairs with adenine (and therefore behaves like thymine), whereas 5-methylcytosine base pairs with guanine (and therefore behaves like cytosine). This allows for the discrimination of methylated from unmethylated cytosines, for example, by bisulfite genomic sequencing (Grigg G, & Clark S, Bioessays (1994) 16:431-36; Grigg G, DNA Seq. (1996) 6:189-98), methylation-specific PCR (MSP), e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,786,146, or by using assays involving sequence-specific probe cleavage, e.g., the QuARTS flap endonuclease assay (see, e.g., Zou et al. (2010) "Sensitive quantification of methylated markers with a novel methylation-specific technology" Clin Chem 56:A199, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,361,720, 8,715,937, 8,916,344, and 9,212,392).

[0216] Some prior art techniques involve encapsulating the DNA to be analyzed in an agarose matrix, thereby preventing DNA diffusion and renaturation (bisulfite reacts only with single-stranded DNA), and replacing the precipitation and purification steps with rapid dialysis (Olek A, et al. (1996) "A modified and improved method for bisulfite-based cytosine methylation analysis" Nucleic Acids Res. 24:5064-6). Thus, it is possible to analyze individual cells for methylation status, demonstrating the usefulness and sensitivity of the method. An overview of prior art methods for detecting 5-methylcytosine is provided by Rein, T., et al. (1998) Nucleic Acids Res. 26:2255.

[0217] Bisulfite technology usually involves amplifying a short specific fragment of a known nucleic acid after bisulfite treatment, and then assaying the product by either sequencing (Olek & Walter (1997) Nat. Genet. 17:275-6) or primer extension reaction (Gonzalgo & Jones (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:2529-31, WO95 / 00669, U.S. Patent No. 6,251,594) to analyze individual cytosine positions. Some methods use enzymatic digestion (Xiong & Laird (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:2532-4). Hybridization detection has also been described in the art (Olek et al., WO99 / 28498). Additionally, the use of bisulfite technology for methylation detection of individual genes has been described (Grigg & Clark (1994) Bioessays 16:431-6; Zeschnigk et al. (1997) Hum Mol Genet. 6:387-95; Feil et al. (1994) Nucleic Acids Res. 22:695; Martin et al. (1995) Gene 157:261-4; WO9746705; WO9515373).

[0218] Various methylation assay procedures can be used in conjunction with bisulfite treatment according to the present technology. These assays can determine the methylation status of one or more CpG dinucleotides (e.g., CpG islands) within a nucleic acid sequence. Such assays include, among other techniques, sequencing of bisulfite-treated nucleic acids, PCR (for sequence-specific amplification), Southern blot analysis, and the use of methylation-specific restriction enzymes, such as methylation-sensitive or methylation-dependent enzymes.

[0219] For example, genome sequencing has been simplified for the analysis of methylation patterns and 5-methylcytosine distribution by using bisulfite treatment (Frommer et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:1827-1831). Furthermore, restriction enzyme digestion of PCR products amplified from bisulfite-converted DNA is used to assess methylation status, for example, as described by Sadri & Hornsby (1997) Nucl. Acids Res. 24:5058-5059 or as embodied in a method known as COBRA (combined bisulfite restriction analysis) (Xiong & Laird (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:2532-2534).

[0220] The COBRA™ analysis is a quantitative methylation assay useful for determining DNA methylation levels at specific loci using small amounts of genomic DNA (Xiong & Laird, Nucleic Acids Res. 25:2532-2534, 1997). Briefly, restriction enzyme digestion is used to reveal methylation-dependent sequence differences in PCR products of sodium bisulfite-treated DNA. Methylation-dependent sequence differences are first introduced into genomic DNA by standard bisulfite treatment according to the procedure described by Frommer et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:1827-1831, 1992). PCR amplification of the bisulfite-converted DNA is then performed using primers specific for the CpG island of interest, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, gel electrophoresis, and detection using a specific labeled hybridization probe. Methylation levels in the original DNA sample are represented by the relative amounts of digested and undigested PCR products, providing a linear method for quantitating DNA methylation levels over a wide range. Furthermore, this technique can be reliably applied to DNA obtained from microdissected, paraffin-embedded tissue samples.

[0221] Typical reagents for COBRA™ analysis (e.g., those that might be found in a typical COBRA™-based kit) can include, but are not limited to, PCR primers for specific loci (e.g., specific genes, markers, DMRs, regions of genes, regions of markers, bisulfite-treated DNA sequences, CpG islands, etc.), restriction enzymes and appropriate buffers, gene hybridization oligonucleotides, control hybridization oligonucleotides, kinase labeling kits for oligonucleotide probes, and labeled nucleotides. Additionally, bisulfite conversion reagents can include DNA denaturing buffers; sulfonation buffers; DNA recovery reagents or kits (e.g., precipitation, ultrafiltration, affinity columns); desulfonation buffers; and DNA recovery components.

[0222] Assays such as "MethyLight™" (fluorescence-based real-time PCR technology) (Eads et al., Cancer Res. 59:2302-2306, 1999), Ms-SNuPE™ (methylation-sensitive single nucleotide primer extension) reaction (Gonzalgo & Jones, Nucleic Acids Res. 25:2529-2531, 1997), methylation-specific PCR ("MSP," Herman et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:9821-9826, 1996; U.S. Patent No. 5,786,146), and methylated CpG island amplification ("MCA," Toyota et al., Cancer Res. 59:2307-12, 1999) are used alone or in combination with one or more of these methods.

[0223] The "HeavyMethyl™" assay technology is a quantitative method for assessing methylation differences based on methylation-specific amplification of bisulfite-treated DNA. Methylation-specific blocking probes ("blockers") covering CpG positions between or covered by the amplification primers enable methylation-specific selective amplification of nucleic acid samples.

[0224] The term "HeavyMethyl™ MethyLight™" assay refers to the HeavyMethyl™ MethyLight™ assay, which is a variation of the MethyLight™ assay in which the MethyLight™ assay is combined with a methylation-specific blocking probe that covers the CpG positions between the amplification primers. The HeavyMethyl™ assay can also be used in combination with methylation-specific amplification primers.

[0225] Typical reagents for HeavyMethyl™ analysis (e.g., those that may be found in a typical MethyLight™-based kit) may include, but are not limited to, PCR primers for a specific locus (e.g., a specific gene, marker, region of a gene, region of a marker, bisulfite-treated DNA sequence, CpG island, or bisulfite-treated DNA sequence or CpG island, etc.); blocking oligonucleotides; optimized PCR buffer and deoxynucleotides; and Taq polymerase.

[0226] MSP (methylation-specific PCR) allows the assessment of the methylation status of virtually any group of CpG sites within a CpG island, independent of the use of methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes (Herman et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:9821-9826, 1996; U.S. Patent No. 5,786,146). Briefly, DNA is modified with sodium bisulfite, which converts unmethylated cytosines to uracil (but not methylated cytosines), and the product is then amplified with primers specific for methylated DNA compared to unmethylated DNA. MSP requires only small amounts of DNA, is sensitive to 0.1% methylated alleles of a given CpG island locus, and can be performed on DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded samples. Typical reagents for MSP analysis (e.g., those that might be found in a typical MSP-based kit) can include, but are not limited to, methylated and unmethylated PCR primers for specific loci (e.g., specific genes, markers, regions of genes, regions of markers, bisulfite-treated DNA sequences, CpG islands, etc.); optimized PCR buffers and deoxynucleotides, and specific probes.

[0227] The MethyLight™ assay is a high-throughput quantitative methylation assay that utilizes fluorescence-based real-time PCR (e.g., TaqMan®) without requiring further manipulation after the PCR step (Eads et al., Cancer Res. 59:2302-2306, 1999). Briefly, the MethyLight™ process begins with a mixed sample of genomic DNA that is converted by standard procedures into a mixed pool of methylation-dependent sequence differences during a sodium bisulfite reaction (the bisulfite process converts unmethylated cytosine residues to uracil). Fluorescence-based PCR is then performed in a "biased" reaction, for example, using PCR primers that overlap known CpG dinucleotides. Sequence discrimination occurs both at the level of the amplification process and the fluorescence detection process.

[0228] The MethyLight™ assay is used as a quantitative test for methylation patterns in nucleic acid, e.g., genomic DNA samples, with sequence discrimination occurring at the level of probe hybridization. In the quantitative version, PCR reactions result in methylation-specific amplification in the presence of fluorescent probes that overlap specific putative methylation sites. An unbiased control for input DNA amount is provided by reactions in which neither the primers nor the probe overlap any CpG dinucleotides. Alternatively, a qualitative test for genomic methylation is performed by probing biased PCR pools with either control oligonucleotides that do not cover known methylation sites (e.g., fluorescent-based versions of HeavyMethyl™ and MSP technology) or oligonucleotides that cover potential methylation sites.

[0229] The MethyLight™ process can be used with any suitable probe (e.g., TaqMan® probe, Lightcycler® probe, etc.). For example, in some applications, double-stranded genomic DNA is treated with sodium bisulfite and subjected to one of two PCR reactions using a TaqMan® probe, e.g., MSP primers and / or HeavyMethyl blocker oligonucleotides and a TaqMan® probe. The TaqMan® probe is dual-labeled with fluorescent "reporter" and "quencher" molecules and is designed to be specific for relatively high GC content regions so that it melts at a temperature approximately 10°C higher than the forward or reverse primer during the PCR cycle. This allows the TaqMan® probe to remain fully hybridized during the PCR annealing / extension step. Taq polymerase will eventually reach the annealed TaqMan® probe to enzymatically synthesize a new strand during PCR. The 5' to 3' endonuclease activity of Taq polymerase then removes the TaqMan® probe by digesting it and releasing the fluorescent reporter molecule for quantitative detection of the now unquenched signal of the fluorescent reporter molecule using a real-time fluorescence detection system.

[0230] Typical reagents for MethyLight™ analysis (e.g., those that may be found in a typical MethyLight™-based kit) may include, but are not limited to, PCR primers for specific loci (e.g., specific genes, markers, regions of genes, regions of markers, bisulfite-treated DNA sequences, CpG islands, etc.); TaqMan™ or Lightcycler™ probes; optimized PCR buffers and deoxynucleotides; and Taq polymerase.

[0231] The QM™ (Quantitative Methylation) Assay is an alternative quantitative test for methylation patterns in genomic DNA samples, in which sequence discrimination is performed at the level of probe hybridization. In this quantitative version, PCR reactions result in unbiased amplification in the presence of fluorescent probes that overlap specific putative methylation sites. An unbiased control for input DNA amount is provided by reactions in which neither the primers nor the probe overlap any CpG dinucleotides. Alternatively, a qualitative test for genomic methylation is performed by probing biased PCR pools with either control oligonucleotides that do not cover known methylation sites (e.g., fluorescent-based versions of HeavyMethyl™ and MSP technology) or oligonucleotides that cover potential methylation sites.

[0232] The QM™ process can be used with any suitable probe, such as a TaqMan® probe or a Lightcycler® probe, in the amplification process. For example, double-stranded genomic DNA is treated with sodium bisulfite and subjected to unbiased primers and a TaqMan® probe. The TaqMan® probe is dual-labeled with fluorescent reporter and quencher molecules and is designed to be specific for relatively high GC content regions so that it melts at a temperature approximately 10°C higher than the forward or reverse primer during PCR cycles. This allows the TaqMan® probe to remain fully hybridized during the PCR annealing / extension step. Taq polymerase will eventually reach the annealed TaqMan® probe to enzymatically synthesize a new strand during PCR. The 5' to 3' endonuclease activity of Taq polymerase then removes the TaqMan® probe by digesting it and releasing the fluorescent reporter molecule for quantitative detection of the now unquenched signal of the fluorescent reporter molecule using a real-time fluorescence detection system. Typical reagents for QM™ analysis (e.g., those that might be found in a typical QM™-based kit) can include, but are not limited to, PCR primers for specific loci (e.g., specific genes, markers, regions of genes, regions of markers, bisulfite-treated DNA sequences, CpG islands, etc.); TaqMan® or Lightcycler® probes; optimized PCR buffers and deoxynucleotides; and Taq polymerase.

[0233] The Ms-SNuPE™ technology is a quantitative method for assessing differences in methylation at specific CpG sites based on bisulfite treatment of DNA followed by single-nucleotide primer extension (Gonzalgo & Jones, Nucleic Acids Res. 25:2529-2531, 1997). Briefly, genomic DNA is reacted with sodium bisulfite to convert unmethylated cytosines to uracil, while leaving 5-methylcytosines unchanged. Amplification of the desired target sequence is then performed using PCR primers specific for the bisulfite-converted DNA, and the resulting product is isolated and used as a template for methylation analysis at the CpG sites of interest. Small amounts of DNA can be analyzed (e.g., microdissected pathology sections), thereby avoiding the use of restriction enzymes to determine the methylation status at CpG sites.

[0234] Typical reagents for Ms-SNuPE™ analysis (e.g., those that may be found in a typical Ms-SNuPE™-based kit) include, but are not limited to, PCR primers for specific loci (e.g., specific genes, markers, regions of genes, regions of markers, bisulfite-treated DNA sequences, CpG islands, etc.); optimized PCR buffers and deoxynucleotides; gel extraction kits; positive control primers; Ms-SNuPE™ primers for specific loci; reaction buffers (for the Ms-SNuPE reaction); and labeled nucleotides. Additionally, bisulfite conversion reagents may include DNA denaturing buffers; sulfonation buffers; DNA recovery reagents or kits (e.g., precipitation, ultrafiltration, affinity columns); desulfonation buffers; and DNA recovery components.

[0235] Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS) begins with bisulfite treatment of nucleic acids to convert all unmethylated cytosines to uracils, followed by restriction enzyme digestion (e.g., with an enzyme that recognizes sites containing CG sequences, such as Mspl) and full sequencing of the fragments after ligation to an adaptor ligand. The choice of restriction enzyme enriches for fragments in CpG-dense regions, reducing the number of redundant sequences that may map to multiple gene locations during analysis. RRBS therefore reduces the complexity of the nucleic acid sample by selecting a subset of restriction fragments for sequencing (e.g., by size selection using preparative gel electrophoresis). In contrast to whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, all fragments generated by restriction enzyme digestion contain DNA methylation information for at least one CpG dinucleotide. RRBS therefore enriches samples for promoters, CpG islands, and other genomic features with frequent restriction enzyme cleavage sites in these regions, thereby providing an assay for assessing the methylation status of one or more genomic loci.

[0236] A typical protocol for RRBS includes the steps of digesting a nucleic acid sample with a restriction enzyme such as MspI, filling in overhangs and A-tailing, adapter ligation, bisulfite conversion, and PCR (see, for example, Meissner et al. (2005) "Genome-scale DNA methylation mapping of clinical samples at single-nucleotide resolution" Nat Methods 7:133-6, Meissner et al. (2005) "Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing for comparative high-resolution DNA methylation analysis" Nucleic Acids Res. 33:5868-77).

[0237] In some embodiments, quantitative allele-specific real-time target and signal amplification (QuARTS) assays are used to assess methylation status. Each QuARTS assay involves three sequential reactions: a primary reaction involving amplification (reaction 1) and target probe cleavage (reaction 2), and a secondary reaction involving FRET cleavage and fluorescent signal generation (reaction 3). When a target nucleic acid is amplified with specific primers, a specific detection probe with a flap sequence loosely binds to the amplicon. The presence of a specific invading oligonucleotide at the target binding site results in a 5' nuclease, e.g., FEN-1 endonuclease, cleaving the gap between the detection probe and the flap sequence, releasing the flap sequence. The flap sequence is complementary to the non-hairpin portion of the corresponding FRET cassette. Thus, the flap sequence functions as an invading oligonucleotide on the FRET cassette, resulting in cleavage between the FRET cassette fluorophore and quencher, generating a fluorescent signal. The cleavage reaction can cleave multiple probes per target, thereby releasing multiple fluorophores per flap, resulting in exponential signal amplification. QuARTS can detect multiple targets in a single reaction well by using FRET cassettes with different dyes. See, e.g., Zou et al. (2010) "Sensitive quantification of methylated markers with a novel methylation-specific technology" Clin Chem 56:A199, and U.S. Patent Nos. 8,361,720, 8,715,937, 8,916,344, and 9,212,392, each of which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.

[0238] The term "bisulfite reagent" refers to a reagent containing bisulfite, disulfite, hydrogen sulfite, or a combination thereof, which, as disclosed herein, is useful for distinguishing between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotide sequences. Methods for this treatment are known in the art (e.g., PCT / EP2004 / 011715 and WO2013 / 116375, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). In some embodiments, the bisulfite treatment is carried out in the presence of a denaturing solvent, such as, but not limited to, n-alkylene glycol or diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DME), or in the presence of dioxane or a dioxane derivative. In some embodiments, the denaturing solvent is used at a concentration of 1% to 35% (v / v). In some embodiments, the bisulfite reaction is carried out in the presence of a scavenger, such as, but not limited to, a chroman derivative, such as 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman 2-carboxylic acid or trihydroxybenzoic acid and its derivatives, such as gallic acid (see PCT / EP2004 / 011715, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety). In certain preferred embodiments, the bisulfite reaction involves treatment with ammonium bisulfite, for example, as described in WO2013 / 116375.

[0239] In some embodiments, fragments of the treated DNA are amplified using a set of primer oligonucleotides according to the invention (see, for example, Tables 1C and 6B) and an amplification enzyme. Amplification of several DNA segments can be carried out simultaneously in one and the same reaction vessel. Typically, amplification is carried out using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplicons are usually 100 to 2000 base pairs in length.

[0240] In another embodiment of this method, the methylation status of CpG positions within or near markers containing DMRs (e.g., DMRs 1-560, Tables 1A and 6A) can be detected using methylation-specific primer oligonucleotides. This technique (MSP) is described in U.S. Patent No. 6,265,171 to Herman. The use of methylation-status-specific primers for the amplification of bisulfite-treated DNA allows for the distinction between methylated and unmethylated nucleic acids. An MSP primer pair contains at least one primer that hybridizes to a bisulfite-treated CpG dinucleotide. Thus, the sequence of the primer contains at least one CpG dinucleotide. MSP primers specific for unmethylated DNA contain a "T" at the C position in the CpG.

[0241] The fragments obtained by amplification can carry directly or indirectly detectable labels.In some embodiments, the label is a fluorescent label, a radionuclide, or a detachable molecular fragment with a typical mass that can be detected by mass spectrometer.When the label is a mass label, in some embodiments, the labeled amplicon has a single positive or negative net charge, thereby enabling good detectability in mass spectrometer.Detection can be carried out and visualized, for example, by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) or by using electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI).

[0242] Methods for isolating DNA suitable for these assay techniques are known in the art. In particular, some embodiments involve the isolation of nucleic acids as described in U.S. Patent Application No. 13 / 470,251 ("Isolation of Nucleic Acids"), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0243] In some embodiments, the markers described herein are used in a QUARTS assay performed on a fecal sample. In some embodiments, methods are provided for generating DNA samples, particularly DNA samples that contain small volumes (e.g., less than 100 microliters, less than 60 microliters) of highly purified, low-abundance nucleic acids and that are substantially and / or effectively free of substances that inhibit assays used to test the DNA sample (e.g., PCR, INVADER, QuARTS assays, etc.). Such DNA samples are used in diagnostic assays that qualitatively detect the presence or quantitatively measure the activity, expression, or amount of genes, genetic variants (e.g., alleles), or genetic modifications (e.g., methylation) present in a sample obtained from a patient. For example, some cancers are correlated with the presence of specific mutant alleles or specific methylation states, and therefore, detection and / or quantification of such mutant alleles or methylation states has predictive value in cancer diagnosis and treatment.

[0244] Many useful genetic markers exist in extremely small amounts in samples, and the events that produce such markers are often rare.As a result, even highly sensitive detection methods such as PCR require a large amount of DNA to provide enough low-abundance targets to meet or invalidate the detection threshold of the assay.Furthermore, the presence of even a small amount of inhibitors impairs the accuracy and precision of these assays that are intended to detect such low-abundance targets.Therefore, the present specification provides a method for producing such DNA samples, providing the necessary volume and concentration control.

[0245] In some embodiments, the sample comprises blood, serum, white blood cells, plasma, or saliva. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. Such samples can be obtained by any number of means known in the art, including those that will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Acellular or substantially acellular samples can be obtained by subjecting the sample to various techniques known to those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, centrifugation and filtration. While obtaining samples using non-invasive techniques is generally preferred, obtaining samples such as tissue homogenates, tissue sections, and biopsy specimens may still be preferred. The techniques are not limited to the methods used to prepare the sample and provide nucleic acids for testing. For example, in some embodiments, DNA is isolated from a stool sample, blood sample, or plasma sample using direct gene capture, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,808,990 and 9,169,511 and WO 2012 / 155072, or related methods.

[0246] Marker analysis can be performed separately or simultaneously with additional markers within a single test sample. For example, several markers can be combined into one test to efficiently process multiple samples and potentially provide greater accuracy in diagnosis and / or prognosis. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize the value of testing multiple samples from the same subject (e.g., at successive time points). Such testing of a series of samples allows for the identification of changes in the methylation status of markers over time. In addition to changes in methylation status, the lack of changes in methylation status can provide useful information regarding disease status, including, but not limited to, identifying the approximate time from the onset of an event, the presence and amount of recoverable tissue, the appropriateness of drug therapy, the effectiveness of various therapies, and the subject's outcome, including the risk of future events.

[0247] Biomarker analysis can be performed in a variety of physical formats. For example, the use of microtiter plates or automation can be used to facilitate the processing of large numbers of test samples. Alternatively, single sample formats can be developed to facilitate immediate treatment and diagnosis in a timely manner, for example, in an outpatient or emergency room setting.

[0248] It is contemplated that embodiments of the present technology may be provided in the form of a kit. The kit includes embodiments of the compositions, devices, apparatus, etc. described herein, as well as instructions for using the kit. Such instructions will describe a suitable method for preparing an analyte from a sample, e.g., a method for collecting a sample and preparing nucleic acid from the sample. Individual components of the kit are packaged in suitable containers and packaging (e.g., vials, boxes, blister packs, ampoules, jars, bottles, tubes, etc.), and the components are packaged together in a suitable container (e.g., box(es)) for convenient storage, transportation, and / or use by the user of the kit. It is understood that liquid components (e.g., buffers) may be provided in lyophilized form to be reconstituted by the user. The kit may include a control or reference for assessing, validating, and / or ensuring the performance of the kit. For example, a kit for assaying the amount of nucleic acid present in a sample may include a control containing a known concentration of the same or another nucleic acid for comparison, and in some embodiments, may include a detection reagent (e.g., primers) specific for the control nucleic acid. The kit is suitable for use in a clinical setting and, in some embodiments, for use in the user's home. The components of the kit, in some embodiments, provide the functionality of a system for preparing a nucleic acid solution from a sample. In some embodiments, certain components of the system are provided by the user.

[0249] method In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) contacting nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker that includes a DMR (e.g., DMRs 1-560, as shown in Tables 1A and 6A); and 2) detecting ovarian cancer, clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, or serous OC (e.g., with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0250] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) Nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) is subjected to PCR amplification of AGRN_A, ATP10A_A, ATP10A_B, ATP10A_C, ATP10A_D, BCAT1, CCND2_D, CMTM3_A, ELMO1_A, ELMO1_B, ELMO1_C, EMX1, EPS8L2_A, EPS8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D, FAIM2_A, FLJ34208_A, GPRIN1, GYPC_A, INA_A, ITGA4_B, KCNA3_A, KCNA3_B, KCNA3_C, KCNA3_D, KCNA3_C, KCNA3_D, KCNA3_D, KCNA3_E, KCNA3_F, KCNA3_G, KCNA3_H, KCNA3_I ... C, LBH, LIME1_A, LIME1_B, LOC646278, LRRC4, LRRC41_A, MAX.chr1.110626771-110626832, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr1.161591532-1 61591608, MAX.chr15.28351937-28352173, MAX.chr15.28352203-28352671, MAX.chr15.29131258-29131734, MAX.chr4.8859995-8860062, MAX.chr 5.42952182-42952292, MDFI, NCOR2, NKX2-6, OPLAH_A, PARP15, PDE10A, PPP1R16B, RASSF1_B, SEPTIN9, SKI, SLC12A8, SRC_A, SSBP4_B, ST8SIA1, TACC 2_A, TSHZ3, UBTF, VIM, VIPR2_A, ZBED4, ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZNF382_A, ZNF469_B, ATP6V1B1_A, BZRAP1, GDF6, IFFO1_A, IFFO1_B, KCNAB2, LIMD with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of MAX.chr1.2, MAML3_B, MAX.chr14.102172350-102172770, MAX.chr16.85482307-85482494, MAX.chr17.76254728-76254841, MAX.chr5.42993898-42994179, and RASAL3; and 2) detecting ovarian cancer (eg, with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0251] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) Nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) is subjected to PCR amplification using a gene encoding GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), SRC (e.g., SRC_A, SRC_B), SIM2 (e.g., SIM2_A, SIM2_B), AGRN (e.g., AGRN_A, AGRN_B, AGRN_C, AGRN_8794), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), or a gene encoding FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B). with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of: CELF2 (e.g., CELF2_A, CELF2_B), DSCR6, GYPC (e.g., GYPC_A, GYPC_B, GYPC_C), CAPN2 (e.g., CAPN2_A, CAPN2_B), and BCAT1; and 2) detecting ovarian cancer (eg, with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0252] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) Nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) is subjected to PCR amplification using ATP10A (e.g., ATP10A_A, ATP10A_B, ATP10A_C, ATP10A_D, ATP10A_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_A, EPS8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D), C1QL3 (e.g., For example, C1QL3_A, C1QL3_B), FAIM2 (for example, FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CAPN2_B, LBH, CMTM3 (for example, CMTM3_A, CMTM3_B), ZMIZ1 (for example, ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZMIZ1_D), GPRIN1 (for example, GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (for example, CDO with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of: GLUT2_1_A, GLUT2_1_B), GP5, DSCR6, SKI, SIM2_A, AGRN_8794, BCAT1_6015, KCNA3_7518, KCNA3_7320, LOC10013136, GYPC_C, SRC (e.g., SRC_A, SRC_B), NR2F6, TSHZ3, CELF2 (e.g., CELF2_A, CELF2_B), TACC2 (e.g., TACC2_A, TACC2_B), VIPR2 (e.g., VIPR2_A, VIPR2_B), and SPOCK2_74333; and 2) detecting ovarian cancer (eg, with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0253] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) measuring the level of CA-125 in a blood sample (e.g., a plasma sample, a whole blood sample, a white blood cell sample, a serum sample) obtained from the subject; 2) Nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a blood sample (e.g., plasma sample, whole blood sample, white blood cell sample, serum sample)) is analyzed for ATP10A (e.g., ATP10A_A, ATP10A_B, ATP10A_C, ATP10A_D, ATP10A_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_A, EPS8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D), C1QL3 (e.g., C1QL3_A, C1QL3_B), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CAPN2_B, LBH, CMTM3 (e.g., CMT with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of: ZMIZ1 (e.g., ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZMIZ1_D), GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), GP5, DSCR6, SKI, and SIM2_A; and 3) detecting ovarian cancer (eg, with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater).

[0254] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) contacting nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of MAX.chr16.85482307-85482494, GDF6, IFFO_A, MAX.chr5.42993898-42994179, MAX.chr17.76254728-76254841, MAX.chr14.102172350-102172770, RASAL3, BZRAP1, and LIMD2; and 2) detecting ovarian cancer (eg, with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0255] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) contacting nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAML3_A, SKI, DNMT3A_A, and C2CD4D; and 2) detecting ovarian cancer (eg, with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0256] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) contacting nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of TACC2_A, LRRC41_A, EPS8L2, LBH, LIME1_B, MDFI, FAIM2_A, GYPC_A, AGRN_B, and ZBED4; and 2) detecting clear cell ovarian cancer (e.g., with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0257] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) Nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) is subjected to PCR amplification using a PCR product selected from the group consisting of MT1A_A, CELF2_A, KCNA3_A, MDFI, PALLD, PRDM14, PARP15, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, AGRN_B, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, DSCR6, MAML3_A, MAX.chr14.10551217 with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of: 8-105512224, EPS8L2_E, SKI, GPRIN1_A, MAX.chr8.142215938-142216298, CDO1_A, DNMT3A_A, SIM2_A, SKI, MT1A_B, GYPC_A, BCL2L11, PISD, and C2CD4D; 2) detecting clear cell ovarian cancer (e.g., with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0258] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) Nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) is subjected to PCR amplification using a PCR product selected from the group consisting of NCOR2, MT1A_B, CELF2_A, PALLD, PRDM14, PARP15, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, AGRN_B, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225 with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of: DSCR6, MAML3_A, SKI, GPRIN1_A, CDO1_A, SIM2_A, IFFO1_A, MT1A_B, GYPC_A, BCL2L11, GDF6, and C2CD4D; and 2) detecting clear cell ovarian cancer (e.g., with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0259] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) contacting nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of AGRN_8794, BHLHE23_8339, EPS8L2_F, RASSF1_8293, MDFI_6321, SKI, GYPC_C, NKX2-6_4159, LOC100131366, FAIM2_B, GPRIN1_B, LRRC41_B, TACC2_B, LBH, SIM2_B, CDO1_A, and DSCR6; and 2) detecting clear cell ovarian cancer (e.g., with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0260] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) contacting nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of PARP15, GPRIN1_A, GYPC1_A, FLJ34208, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, FAIM2_A, SH2B3, KCNQ5, IRF4, and BCAT1; and 2) detecting endometrioid ovarian cancer (eg, with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0261] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) contacting nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of NCOR2, CELF2_A, PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, MAML3_A, SKI, GPRIN1_A, SKI, BCL2L11, and C2CD4D; and 2) detecting endometrioid ovarian cancer (eg, with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0262] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) contacting nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of NCOR2, PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, DSCR6, GPRIN1_A, CDO1_A, SIM2_A, IFFO1_A, and C2CD4D; and 2) detecting endometrioid ovarian cancer (eg, with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0263] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) contacting nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of BCAT1_6015, EPS8L2_F, SKI, NKX2-6_4159, C1QL3_B, GPRIN1_B, PARP15, OXT_C, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, and CELF2_A; and 2) detecting endometrioid ovarian cancer (eg, with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0264] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) contacting nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of CMTM3_A, ATP10A_C, TSHZ3, ZMIZ1_B, ATP10A_B, ELMO1_B, TACC2_A, LRRC4, VIM, and ZNF382_A; and 2) detecting mucinous ovarian cancer (e.g., with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0265] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) contacting nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of NCOR2, MT1A_A, KCNA3_A, ZMIZ1_C, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, AGRN_B, SKI, SLC12A8, ZMIZ1_B, BCL2L11, and GATA2; and 2) detecting mucinous ovarian cancer (e.g., with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0266] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) contacting nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of NCOR2, PALLD, TACC2_A, BCAT1, AGRN_B, SKI, SLC12A8, ZMIZ1_B, and BCL2L11; and 2) detecting mucinous ovarian cancer (e.g., with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0267] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) contacting nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of BCAT1_6015, ELMO1_9100, KCNA3_7518, KCNA3_7320, MDFI_6321, SKI, VIPR_B, ZNF382_B, ATP10A_E, CMTM3_B, ZMIZ1_D, SRC_B, HDGFRP3, TACC2_B, TSHZ3, LBH, DNMT3A_A; and 2) detecting mucinous ovarian cancer (e.g., with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0268] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) contacting nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAML3, NR2F6, DNMT3A_A, SKI, SOBP, UBTF, AGRN_C, MAX.chr12.30975740-30975780, and CAPN2_A; and 2) detecting serous ovarian cancer (e.g., with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0269] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) contacting nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, CAPN2_A, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, SKI, NR2F6, IFFO1_A, MT1A_B, IFFO1_B, GDF6, and C2CD4D; and 2) detecting serous ovarian cancer (e.g., with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0270] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) contacting nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of NCOR2, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, IFFO1_A, GDF6, and C2CD4D; and 2) detecting serous ovarian cancer (e.g., with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0271] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) contacting nucleic acid obtained from a subject (e.g., genomic DNA isolated from a body fluid such as blood or plasma or ovarian tissue) with at least one reagent or set of reagents that distinguish between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker selected from a chromosomal region having an annotation selected from the group consisting of SKI, PEAR1_B, CAPN2_B, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, CDO1_A, and NR2F6; and 2) detecting serous ovarian cancer (e.g., with a sensitivity of 80% or greater and a specificity of 80% or greater);

[0272] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) measuring the methylation level of one or more genes in a biological sample of a human individual by treating genomic DNA in the biological sample with a reagent that modifies DNA in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., where the reagent is a bisulfite reagent, a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, or a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme), wherein the one or more genes are selected from one of the following groups: ·AGRN_A、ATP10A_A、ATP10A_B、ATP10A_C、ATP10A_D、BCAT1、CCND2_D、CMTM3_A、ELMO1_A、ELMO1_B、ELMO1_C、EMX1、EPS8L2_A、EP S8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D, FAIM2_A, FLJ34208_A, GPRIN1, GYPC_A, INA_A, ITGA4_B, KCNA3_A, KCNA3_C, LBH, LIME1_A, LIME1_B LOC646278, LRRC4, LRRC41_A, MAX.chr1.110626771-110626832, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr1.161591532-161 591608. MAX.chr15.28351937-28352173. MAX.chr15.28352203-28352671. MAX.chr15.29131258-29131734 -8860062, MAX.chr5.42952182-42952292, MDFI, NCOR2, NKX2-6, OPLAH_A, PARP15, PDE10A, PPP1R16B, RASSF1_B, SEPTIN9, SKI. SLC12A8, SRC_A, SSBP4_B, ST8SIA1, TACC2_A, TSHZ3, UBTF, VIM, VIPR2_A, ZBED4, ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZNF382_A, ZNF469_ B, ATP6V1B1_A, BZRAP1, GDF6, IFFO1_A, IFFO1_B, KCNAB2, LIMD2, MAML3_B, MAX.chr14.102172350-102172770, MAX.chr16.8548 2307-85482494 MAX.chr17.76254728-76254841 MAX.chr5.42 993898-42994179 and RASAL3(Page 1A, Plot 1B, Plot 6A, Plot 6B; · MAX.chr16.85482307-85482494, GDF6, IFFO_A, MAX.chr5.42993898-42994179, MAX.chr17.76254728-76254841, MAX.chr14.102172350-102172770, RASAL3, BZRAP1, and LIMD2 (Table 3; see Example I); PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAML3_A, SKI, DNMT3A_A, and C2CD4D (Table 4A; see Example I); and · BCAT1_6015, SKI, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, CDO1_A, and DSCR6 (Table 8A; see Example II); 2) amplifying the treated genomic DNA using a set of primers for one or more selected genes; and 3) determining the methylation level of one or more genes by polymerase chain reaction, nucleic acid sequencing, mass spectrometry, methylation-specific nucleases, mass-based separation, and target capture.

[0273] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) measuring the methylation level of one or more genes in a biological sample (e.g., a blood sample, a plasma sample) of a human individual by treating genomic DNA in the biological sample with a reagent that modifies DNA in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., where the reagent is a bisulfite reagent, a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, or a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme), wherein the one or more genes are GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), S selected from RC (e.g., SRC_A, SRC_B), SIM2 (e.g., SIM2_A, SIM2_B), AGRN (e.g., AGRN_A, AGRN_B, AGRN_C, AGRN_8794), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CELF2 (e.g., CELF2_A, CELF2_B), DSCR6, GYPC (e.g., GYPC_A, GYPC_B, GYPC_C), CAPN2 (e.g., CAPN2_A, CAPN2_B), and BCAT1; 2) amplifying the treated genomic DNA using a set of primers for one or more selected genes; and 3) determining the methylation level of one or more genes by polymerase chain reaction, nucleic acid sequencing, mass spectrometry, methylation-specific nucleases, mass-based separation, and target capture.

[0274] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) measuring the methylation level of one or more genes in a biological sample (e.g., a blood sample, a plasma sample) from a human individual by treating genomic DNA in the biological sample with a reagent that modifies DNA in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., the reagent is a bisulfite reagent, a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, or a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme), wherein the one or more genes are ATP10A (e.g., ATP10A_A, ATP10A_B, ATP10A_C, ATP10A_D, ATP10A_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_A, EPS8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D), C1QL3 (e.g., C1QL3_A, C1QL3_B), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CAPN2_B, LBH, CMTM 3 (e.g., CMTM3_A, CMTM3_B), ZMIZ1 (e.g., ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZMIZ1_D), GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), GP5, DSCR6, SKI, SIM2_A, AGRN_8794, BCAT1_6015, KCNA3_751 8, selected from KCNA3_7320, LOC10013136, GYPC_C, SRC (e.g., SRC_A, SRC_B), NR2F6, TSHZ3, CELF2 (e.g., CELF2_A, CELF2_B), TACC2 (e.g., TACC2_A, TACC2_B), VIPR2 (e.g., VIPR2_A, VIPR2_B), and SPOCK2_74333; 2) amplifying the treated genomic DNA using a set of primers for one or more selected genes; and 3) determining the methylation level of one or more genes by polymerase chain reaction, nucleic acid sequencing, mass spectrometry, methylation-specific nucleases, mass-based separation, and target capture.

[0275] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) measuring the level of CA-125 in a blood sample (e.g., a plasma sample, a whole blood sample, a white blood cell sample, a serum sample) obtained from a human individual; 2) measuring the methylation level of one or more genes in a blood sample (e.g., a plasma sample, a whole blood sample, a white blood cell sample, a serum sample) of a human individual by treating genomic DNA in the biological sample with a reagent that modifies DNA in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., where the reagent is a bisulfite reagent, a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, or a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme), wherein the one or more genes are ATP10A_A, ATP10A_B, ATP10A_C, ATP10A_D, ATP10A_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_A, EPS8L2_B), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_C), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_D), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_F), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_G), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_H), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_I ... L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D), C1QL3 (e.g., C1QL3_A, C1QL3_B), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CAPN2_B, LBH, CMTM3 (e.g., CMTM3_A, CMTM3_B), ZMIZ1 (e.g., ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZMIZ1_D), GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), GP5, DSCR6, SKI, and SIM2_A; 3) amplifying the treated genomic DNA using a set of primers for one or more selected genes; and 4) determining the methylation level of one or more genes by polymerase chain reaction, nucleic acid sequencing, mass spectrometry, methylation-specific nucleases, mass-based separation, and target capture.

[0276] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) measuring the amount of at least one methylation marker gene in DNA from a sample, wherein the one or more genes are selected from one of the following groups: ·AGRN_A、ATP10A_A、ATP10A_B、ATP10A_C、ATP10A_D、BCAT1、CCND2_D、CMTM3_A、ELMO1_A、ELMO1_B、ELMO1_C、EMX1、EPS8L2_A、EP S8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D, FAIM2_A, FLJ34208_A, GPRIN1, GYPC_A, INA_A, ITGA4_B, KCNA3_A, KCNA3_C, LBH, LIME1_A, LIME1_B LOC646278, LRRC4, LRRC41_A, MAX.chr1.110626771-110626832, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr1.161591532-161 591608. MAX.chr15.28351937-28352173. MAX.chr15.28352203-28352671. MAX.chr15.29131258-29131734 -8860062, MAX.chr5.42952182-42952292, MDFI, NCOR2, NKX2-6, OPLAH_A, PARP15, PDE10A, PPP1R16B, RASSF1_B, SEPTIN9, SKI. SLC12A8, SRC_A, SSBP4_B, ST8SIA1, TACC2_A, TSHZ3, UBTF, VIM, VIPR2_A, ZBED4, ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZNF382_A, ZNF469_ B, ATP6V1B1_A, BZRAP1, GDF6, IFFO1_A, IFFO1_B, KCNAB2, LIMD2, MAML3_B, MAX.chr14.102172350-102172770, MAX.chr16.8548 2307-85482494 MAX.chr17.76254728-76254841 MAX.chr5.42 993898-42994179 and RASAL3(Page 1A, Plot 1B, Plot 6A, Plot 6B; · MAX.chr16.85482307-85482494, GDF6, IFFO_A, MAX.chr5.42993898-42994179, MAX.chr17.76254728-76254841, MAX.chr14.102172350-102172770, RASAL3, BZRAP1, and LIMD2 (Table 3; see Example I); GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), SRC (e.g., SRC_A, SRC_B), SIM2 (e.g., SIM2_A, SIM2_B), AGRN (e.g., AGRN_A, AGRN_B, AGRN_C, AGRN_8794), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CELF2 (e.g., CELF2_A, CELF2_B), DSCR6, GYPC (e.g., GYPC_A, GYPC_B, GYPC_C), CAPN2 (e.g., CAPN2_A, CAPN2_B), and BCAT1 (Table 9; see Example III); ATP10A (e.g., ATP10A_A, ATP10A_B, ATP10A_C, ATP10A_D, ATP10A_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_A, EPS8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D), C1QL3 (e.g., C1QL3_A, C1QL3_B), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CAPN2_B, LBH, CMTM3 (e.g., CMTM3_A, CMTM3_B), ZMIZ1 (e.g., ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZMIZ1_D), GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, G PRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), GP5, DSCR6, SKI, SIM2_A, AGRN_8794, BCAT1_6015, KCNA3_7518, KCNA3_7320, LOC10013136, GYPC_C, SRC (e.g., SRC_A, SRC_B), NR2F6, TSHZ3, CELF2 (e.g., CELF2_A, CELF2_B), TACC2 (e.g., TACC2_A, TACC2_B), VIPR2 (e.g., VIPR2_A, VIPR2_B), and SPOCK2_74333 (see Table 10, Example III); PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAML3_A, SKI, DNMT3A_A, and C2CD4D (Table 4A; see Example I); and · BCAT1_6015, SKI, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, CDO1_A, and DSCR6 (Table 8A; see Example II); 2) measuring the amount of at least one reference marker in the DNA; and 3) calculating a value for the amount of at least one methylation marker gene measured in the DNA as a percentage of the amount of a reference marker gene measured in the DNA, said value representing the amount of at least one methylation marker DNA measured in the sample.

[0277] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) measuring the methylation level of CpG sites of one or more genes in a biological sample from a human individual by treating the genomic DNA in the biological sample with bisulfite, a reagent that can modify DNA in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme, and a bisulfite reagent); 2) amplifying the modified genomic DNA using a set of primers for one or more selected genes; and 3) determining the methylation level of the CpG sites by methylation-specific PCR, quantitative methylation-specific PCR, methylation-sensitive DNA restriction enzyme analysis, quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing, or bisulfite genomic sequencing PCR; The one or more genes are selected from one of the following groups: ·AGRN_A、ATP10A_A、ATP10A_B、ATP10A_C、ATP10A_D、BCAT1、CCND2_D、CMTM3_A、ELMO1_A、ELMO1_B、ELMO1_C、EMX1、EPS8L2_A、EP S8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D, FAIM2_A, FLJ34208_A, GPRIN1, GYPC_A, INA_A, ITGA4_B, KCNA3_A, KCNA3_C, LBH, LIME1_A, LIME1_B LOC646278, LRRC4, LRRC41_A, MAX.chr1.110626771-110626832, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr1.161591532-161 591608. MAX.chr15.28351937-28352173. MAX.chr15.28352203-28352671. MAX.chr15.29131258-29131734 -8860062, MAX.chr5.42952182-42952292, MDFI, NCOR2, NKX2-6, OPLAH_A, PARP15, PDE10A, PPP1R16B, RASSF1_B, SEPTIN9, SKI. SLC12A8, SRC_A, SSBP4_B, ST8SIA1, TACC2_A, TSHZ3, UBTF, VIM, VIPR2_A, ZBED4, ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZNF382_A, ZNF469_ B, ATP6V1B1_A, BZRAP1, GDF6, IFFO1_A, IFFO1_B, KCNAB2, LIMD2, MAML3_B, MAX.chr14.102172350-102172770, MAX.chr16.8548 2307-85482494 MAX.chr17.76254728-76254841 MAX.chr5.42 993898-42994179 and RASAL3(Page 1A, Plot 1B, Plot 6A, Plot 6B; GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), SRC (e.g., SRC_A, SRC_B), SIM2 (e.g., SIM2_A, SIM2_B), AGRN (e.g., AGRN_A, AGRN_B, AGRN_C, AGRN_8794), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CELF2 (e.g., CELF2_A, CELF2_B), DSCR6, GYPC (e.g., GYPC_A, GYPC_B, GYPC_C), CAPN2 (e.g., CAPN2_A, CAPN2_B), and BCAT1 (Table 9; see Example III); ATP10A (e.g., ATP10A_A, ATP10A_B, ATP10A_C, ATP10A_D, ATP10A_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_A, EPS8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D), C1QL3 (e.g., C1QL3_A, C1QL3_B), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CAPN2_B, LBH, CMTM3 (e.g., CMTM3_A, CMTM3_B), ZMIZ1 (e.g., ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZMIZ1_D), GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, G PRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), GP5, DSCR6, SKI, SIM2_A, AGRN_8794, BCAT1_6015, KCNA3_7518, KCNA3_7320, LOC10013136, GYPC_C, SRC (e.g., SRC_A, SRC_B), NR2F6, TSHZ3, CELF2 (e.g., CELF2_A, CELF2_B), TACC2 (e.g., TACC2_A, TACC2_B), VIPR2 (e.g., VIPR2_A, VIPR2_B), and SPOCK2_74333 (see Table 10, Example III); · MAX.chr16.85482307-85482494, GDF6, IFFO_A, MAX.chr5.42993898-42994179, MAX.chr17.76254728-76254841, MAX.chr14.102172350-102172770, RASAL3, BZRAP1, and LIMD2 (Table 3; see Example I); PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAML3_A, SKI, DNMT3A_A, and C2CD4D (Table 4A; see Example I); and BCAT1_6015, SKI, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, CDO1_A, and DSCR6 (Table 8A; see Example II).

[0278] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) measuring the methylation level of one or more genes in a biological sample of a human individual by treating genomic DNA in the biological sample with a reagent that modifies DNA in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., where the reagent is a bisulfite reagent, a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, or a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme), wherein the one or more genes are selected from one of the following groups: · TACC2_A, LRRC41_A, EPS8L2, LBH, LIME1_B, MDFI, FAIM2_A, GYPC_A, AGRN_B, and ZBED4 (Table 2A; see Example I); ·MT1A_A, CELF2_A, KCNA3_A, MDFI, PALLD, PRDM14, PARP15, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790 381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, AGRN_B, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, DSCR6, MAML 3_A, MAX.chr14.105512178-105512224, EPS8L2_E, SKI, GPRIN1_A, MAX.chr8.142215938-142216298, CDO1_A, DNMT3A_A, SIM2_A, SKI, MT1A_B, GYPC_A, BCL2L11, PISD, and C2CD4D (Table 4B; see Example I); NCOR2, MT1A_B, CELF2_A, PALLD, PRDM14, PARP15, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, AGRN_B, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, DSCR6, MAML3_A, SKI, GPRIN1_A, CDO1_A, SIM2_A, IFFO1_A, MT1A_B, GYPC_A, BCL2L11, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 5B; see Example I); and AGRN_8794, BHLHE23_8339, EPS8L2_F, RASSF1_8293, MDFI_6321, SKI, GYPC_C, NKX2-6_4159, LOC100131366, FAIM2_B, GPRIN1_B, LRRC41_B, TACC2_B, LBH, SIM2_B, CDO1_A, and DSCR6 (Table 8B; see Example II); 2) amplifying the treated genomic DNA using a set of primers for one or more selected genes; and 3) determining the methylation level of one or more genes by polymerase chain reaction, nucleic acid sequencing, mass spectrometry, methylation-specific nucleases, mass-based separation, and target capture.

[0279] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) measuring the amount of at least one methylation marker gene in DNA from a sample, wherein the one or more genes are selected from one of the following groups: · TACC2_A, LRRC41_A, EPS8L2, LBH, LIME1_B, MDFI, FAIM2_A, GYPC_A, AGRN_B, and ZBED4 (Table 2A; see Example I); ·MT1A_A, CELF2_A, KCNA3_A, MDFI, PALLD, PRDM14, PARP15, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790 381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, AGRN_B, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, DSCR6, MAML 3_A, MAX.chr14.105512178-105512224, EPS8L2_E, SKI, GPRIN1_A, MAX.chr8.142215938-142216298, CDO1_A, DNMT3A_A, SIM2_A, SKI, MT1A_B, GYPC_A, BCL2L11, PISD, and C2CD4D (Table 4B; see Example I); NCOR2, MT1A_B, CELF2_A, PALLD, PRDM14, PARP15, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, AGRN_B, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, DSCR6, MAML3_A, SKI, GPRIN1_A, CDO1_A, SIM2_A, IFFO1_A, MT1A_B, GYPC_A, BCL2L11, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 5B; see Example I); and AGRN_8794, BHLHE23_8339, EPS8L2_F, RASSF1_8293, MDFI_6321, SKI, GYPC_C, NKX2-6_4159, LOC100131366, FAIM2_B, GPRIN1_B, LRRC41_B, TACC2_B, LBH, SIM2_B, CDO1_A, and DSCR6 (Table 8B; see Example II); 2) measuring the amount of at least one reference marker in the DNA; and 3) calculating a value for the amount of at least one methylation marker gene measured in the DNA as a percentage of the amount of a reference marker gene measured in the DNA, said value representing the amount of at least one methylation marker DNA measured in the sample.

[0280] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) measuring the methylation level of CpG sites of one or more genes in a biological sample from a human individual by treating the genomic DNA in the biological sample with bisulfite, a reagent that can modify DNA in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme, and a bisulfite reagent); 2) amplifying the modified genomic DNA using a set of primers for one or more selected genes; and 3) determining the methylation level of the CpG sites by methylation-specific PCR, quantitative methylation-specific PCR, methylation-sensitive DNA restriction enzyme analysis, quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing, or bisulfite genomic sequencing PCR; The one or more genes are selected from one of the following groups: · TACC2_A, LRRC41_A, EPS8L2, LBH, LIME1_B, MDFI, FAIM2_A, GYPC_A, AGRN_B, and ZBED4 (Table 2A; see Example I); ·MT1A_A, CELF2_A, KCNA3_A, MDFI, PALLD, PRDM14, PARP15, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790 381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, AGRN_B, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, DSCR6, MAML 3_A, MAX.chr14.105512178-105512224, EPS8L2_E, SKI, GPRIN1_A, MAX.chr8.142215938-142216298, CDO1_A, DNMT3A_A, SIM2_A, SKI, MT1A_B, GYPC_A, BCL2L11, PISD, and C2CD4D (Table 4B; see Example I); NCOR2, MT1A_B, CELF2_A, PALLD, PRDM14, PARP15, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, AGRN_B, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, DSCR6, MAML3_A, SKI, GPRIN1_A, CDO1_A, SIM2_A, IFFO1_A, MT1A_B, GYPC_A, BCL2L11, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 5B; see Example I); and AGRN_8794, BHLHE23_8339, EPS8L2_F, RASSF1_8293, MDFI_6321, SKI, GYPC_C, NKX2-6_4159, LOC100131366, FAIM2_B, GPRIN1_B, LRRC41_B, TACC2_B, LBH, SIM2_B, CDO1_A, and DSCR6 (Table 8B; see Example II).

[0281] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) measuring the methylation level of one or more genes in a biological sample of a human individual by treating genomic DNA in the biological sample with a reagent that modifies DNA in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., where the reagent is a bisulfite reagent, a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, or a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme), wherein the one or more genes are selected from one of the following groups: ·PARP15, GPRIN1_A, GYPC1_A, FLJ34208, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, FAIM2_A, SH2B3, KCNQ5, IRF4, and BCAT1 (Table 2B; see Example I); · NCOR2, CELF2_A, PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, MAML3_A, SKI, GPRIN1_A, SKI, BCL2L11, and C2CD4D (Table 4C; see Example I); NCOR2, PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, DSCR6, GPRIN1_A, CDO1_A, SIM2_A, IFFO1_A, and C2CD4D (Table 5C; see Example I); and · BCAT1_6015, EPS8L2_F, SKI, NKX2-6_4159, C1QL3_B, GPRIN1_B, PARP15, OXT_C, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, and CELF2_A (Table 8C; see Example II); 2) amplifying the treated genomic DNA using a set of primers for one or more selected genes; and 3) determining the methylation level of one or more genes by polymerase chain reaction, nucleic acid sequencing, mass spectrometry, methylation-specific nucleases, mass-based separation, and target capture.

[0282] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) measuring the amount of at least one methylation marker gene in DNA from a sample, wherein the one or more genes are selected from one of the following groups: ·PARP15, GPRIN1_A, GYPC1_A, FLJ34208, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, FAIM2_A, SH2B3, KCNQ5, IRF4, and BCAT1 (Table 2B; see Example I); · NCOR2, CELF2_A, PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, MAML3_A, SKI, GPRIN1_A, SKI, BCL2L11, and C2CD4D (Table 4C; see Example I); NCOR2, PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, DSCR6, GPRIN1_A, CDO1_A, SIM2_A, IFFO1_A, and C2CD4D (Table 5C; see Example I); and · BCAT1_6015, EPS8L2_F, SKI, NKX2-6_4159, C1QL3_B, GPRIN1_B, PARP15, OXT_C, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, and CELF2_A (Table 8C; see Example II); 2) measuring the amount of at least one reference marker in the DNA; and 3) calculating a value for the amount of at least one methylation marker gene measured in the DNA as a percentage of the amount of a reference marker gene measured in the DNA, said value representing the amount of at least one methylation marker DNA measured in the sample.

[0283] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) measuring the methylation level of CpG sites of one or more genes in a biological sample from a human individual by treating the genomic DNA in the biological sample with bisulfite, a reagent that can modify DNA in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme, and a bisulfite reagent); 2) amplifying the modified genomic DNA using a set of primers for one or more selected genes; and 3) determining the methylation level of the CpG sites by methylation-specific PCR, quantitative methylation-specific PCR, methylation-sensitive DNA restriction enzyme analysis, quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing, or bisulfite genomic sequencing PCR; The one or more genes are selected from one of the following groups: ·PARP15, GPRIN1_A, GYPC1_A, FLJ34208, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, FAIM2_A, SH2B3, KCNQ5, IRF4, and BCAT1 (Table 2B; see Example I); · NCOR2, CELF2_A, PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, MAML3_A, SKI, GPRIN1_A, SKI, BCL2L11, and C2CD4D (Table 4C; see Example I); NCOR2, PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr11.14926602-14926671, DSCR6, GPRIN1_A, CDO1_A, SIM2_A, IFFO1_A, and C2CD4D (Table 5C; see Example I); and BCAT1_6015, EPS8L2_F, SKI, NKX2-6_4159, C1QL3_B, GPRIN1_B, PARP15, OXT_C, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, and CELF2_A (Table 8C; see Example II).

[0284] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) measuring the methylation level of one or more genes in a biological sample of a human individual by treating genomic DNA in the biological sample with a reagent that modifies DNA in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., where the reagent is a bisulfite reagent, a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, or a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme), wherein the one or more genes are selected from one of the following groups: · CMTM3_A, ATP10A_C, TSHZ3, ZMIZ1_B, ATP10A_B, ELMO1_B, TACC2_A, LRRC4, VIM, and ZNF382_A (Table 2C; see Example I); · NCOR2, MT1A_A, KCNA3_A, ZMIZ1_C, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, AGRN_B, SKI, SLC12A8, ZMIZ1_B, BCL2L11, and GATA2 (Table 4D; see Example I); NCOR2, PALLD, TACC2_A, BCAT1, AGRN_B, SKI, SLC12A8, ZMIZ1_B, and BCL2L11 (Table 5D; see Example I); and · BCAT1_6015, ELMO1_9100, KCNA3_7518, KCNA3_7320, MDFI_6321, SKI, VIPR_B, ZNF382_B, ATP10A_E, CMTM3_B, ZMIZ1_D, SRC_B, HDGFRP3, TACC2_B, TSHZ3, LBH, DNMT3A_A (Table 8D; see Example II); 2) amplifying the treated genomic DNA using a set of primers for one or more selected genes; and 3) determining the methylation level of one or more genes by polymerase chain reaction, nucleic acid sequencing, mass spectrometry, methylation-specific nucleases, mass-based separation, and target capture.

[0285] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) measuring the amount of at least one methylation marker gene in DNA from a sample, wherein the one or more genes are selected from one of the following groups: · CMTM3_A, ATP10A_C, TSHZ3, ZMIZ1_B, ATP10A_B, ELMO1_B, TACC2_A, LRRC4, VIM, and ZNF382_A (Table 2C; see Example I); · NCOR2, MT1A_A, KCNA3_A, ZMIZ1_C, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, AGRN_B, SKI, SLC12A8, ZMIZ1_B, BCL2L11, and GATA2 (Table 4D; see Example I); NCOR2, PALLD, TACC2_A, BCAT1, AGRN_B, SKI, SLC12A8, ZMIZ1_B, and BCL2L11 (Table 5D; see Example I); and · BCAT1_6015, ELMO1_9100, KCNA3_7518, KCNA3_7320, MDFI_6321, SKI, VIPR_B, ZNF382_B, ATP10A_E, CMTM3_B, ZMIZ1_D, SRC_B, HDGFRP3, TACC2_B, TSHZ3, LBH, DNMT3A_A (Table 8D; see Example II); 2) measuring the amount of at least one reference marker in the DNA; and 3) calculating a value for the amount of at least one methylation marker gene measured in the DNA as a percentage of the amount of a reference marker gene measured in the DNA, said value representing the amount of at least one methylation marker DNA measured in the sample.

[0286] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) measuring the methylation level of CpG sites of one or more genes in a biological sample from a human individual by treating the genomic DNA in the biological sample with bisulfite, a reagent that can modify DNA in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme, and a bisulfite reagent); 2) amplifying the modified genomic DNA using a set of primers for one or more selected genes; and 3) determining the methylation level of the CpG sites by methylation-specific PCR, quantitative methylation-specific PCR, methylation-sensitive DNA restriction enzyme analysis, quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing, or bisulfite genomic sequencing PCR; The one or more genes are selected from one of the following groups: · CMTM3_A, ATP10A_C, TSHZ3, ZMIZ1_B, ATP10A_B, ELMO1_B, TACC2_A, LRRC4, VIM, and ZNF382_A (Table 2C; see Example I); · NCOR2, MT1A_A, KCNA3_A, ZMIZ1_C, TACC2_A, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, BCAT1, AGRN_B, SKI, SLC12A8, ZMIZ1_B, BCL2L11, and GATA2 (Table 4D; see Example I); NCOR2, PALLD, TACC2_A, BCAT1, AGRN_B, SKI, SLC12A8, ZMIZ1_B, and BCL2L11 (Table 5D; see Example I); and BCAT1_6015, ELMO1_9100, KCNA3_7518, KCNA3_7320, MDFI_6321, SKI, VIPR_B, ZNF382_B, ATP10A_E, CMTM3_B, ZMIZ1_D, SRC_B, HDGFRP3, TACC2_B, TSHZ3, LBH, DNMT3A_A (Table 8D; see Example II).

[0287] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) measuring the methylation level of one or more genes in a biological sample of a human individual by treating genomic DNA in the biological sample with a reagent that modifies DNA in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., where the reagent is a bisulfite reagent, a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, or a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme), wherein the one or more genes are selected from one of the following groups: · MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAML3, NR2F6, DNMT3A_A, SKI, SOBP, UBTF, AGRN_C, MAX.chr12.30975740-30975780, and CAPN2_A (Table 2D; see Example I); · PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, CAPN2_A, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, SKI, NR2F6, IFFO1_A, MT1A_B, IFFO1_B, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 4E; see Example I); NCOR2, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, IFFO1_A, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 5A; see Example I); and · SKI, PEAR1_B, CAPN2_B, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, CDO1_A, and NR2F6 (Table 8E; see Example II); 2) amplifying the treated genomic DNA using a set of primers for one or more selected genes; and 3) determining the methylation level of one or more genes by polymerase chain reaction, nucleic acid sequencing, mass spectrometry, methylation-specific nucleases, mass-based separation, and target capture.

[0288] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) measuring the amount of at least one methylation marker gene in DNA from a sample, wherein the one or more genes are selected from one of the following groups: · MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAML3, NR2F6, DNMT3A_A, SKI, SOBP, UBTF, AGRN_C, MAX.chr12.30975740-30975780, and CAPN2_A (Table 2D; see Example I); · PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, CAPN2_A, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, SKI, NR2F6, IFFO1_A, MT1A_B, IFFO1_B, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 4E; see Example I); NCOR2, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, IFFO1_A, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 5A; see Example I); and · SKI, PEAR1_B, CAPN2_B, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, CDO1_A, and NR2F6 (Table 8E; see Example II); 2) measuring the amount of at least one reference marker in the DNA; and 3) calculating a value for the amount of at least one methylation marker gene measured in the DNA as a percentage of the amount of a reference marker gene measured in the DNA, said value representing the amount of at least one methylation marker DNA measured in the sample.

[0289] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method is provided that includes the following steps: 1) measuring the methylation level of CpG sites of one or more genes in a biological sample from a human individual by treating the genomic DNA in the biological sample with bisulfite, a reagent that can modify DNA in a methylation-specific manner (e.g., a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, a methylation-dependent restriction enzyme, and a bisulfite reagent); 2) amplifying the modified genomic DNA using a set of primers for one or more selected genes; and 3) determining the methylation level of the CpG sites by methylation-specific PCR, quantitative methylation-specific PCR, methylation-sensitive DNA restriction enzyme analysis, quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing, or bisulfite genomic sequencing PCR; The one or more genes are selected from one of the following groups: · MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAML3, NR2F6, DNMT3A_A, SKI, SOBP, UBTF, AGRN_C, MAX.chr12.30975740-30975780, and CAPN2_A (Table 2D; see Example I); · PALLD, PRDM14, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, CAPN2_A, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, SKI, NR2F6, IFFO1_A, MT1A_B, IFFO1_B, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 4E; see Example I); NCOR2, MAX.chr1.147790358-147790381, MAX.chr6.10382190-10382225, IFFO1_A, GDF6, and C2CD4D (Table 5A; see Example I); and SKI, PEAR1_B, CAPN2_B, SIM2_B, DNMT3A_A, CDO1_A, and NR2F6 (Table 8E; see Example II).

[0290] In any of such methods, determining the methylation level of any of such markers is carried out using the primers listed in Table 1C or Table 6B.

[0291] Preferably, the sensitivity of such a method is about 70% to about 100%, or about 80% to about 90%, or about 80% to about 85%. Preferably, the specificity is about 70% to about 100%, or about 80% to about 90%, or about 80% to about 85%.

[0292] Genomic DNA can be isolated by any means, including the use of commercially available kits. Briefly, if the DNA of interest is encapsulated in a cell membrane, the biological sample must be disrupted and dissolved by enzymatic, chemical, or mechanical means. Proteins and other contaminants can then be removed from the DNA solution, for example, by digestion with proteinase K. The genomic DNA is then recovered from the solution. This can be accomplished by a variety of methods, including salting out, organic extraction, or binding of the DNA to a solid support. The choice of method is influenced by several factors, including time, cost, and the amount of DNA required. All clinical sample types containing neoplastic or pre-neoplastic material are suitable for use in this method, including cell lines, histological slides, biopsies, paraffin-embedded tissues, body fluids, feces, ovarian tissue, colonic effluent, urine, plasma, serum, whole blood, isolated blood cells, cells isolated from blood, and combinations thereof.

[0293] The present technology is not limited to the method used to prepare samples and provide nucleic acids for testing.For example, in some embodiments, DNA is isolated from fecal samples, blood samples, or plasma samples by direct gene capture, such as that described in U.S. Patent Application No. 61 / 485386, or related methods.

[0294] The genomic DNA sample is then treated with at least one reagent, or a series of reagents, that distinguishes between methylated and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within at least one marker that comprises a DMR (e.g., DMRs 1-560, as shown in Tables 1A and 6A).

[0295] In some embodiments, the reagent converts unmethylated cytosine bases at the 5' position to uracil, thymine, or another base that differs from cytosine in terms of hybridization behavior, although in some embodiments the reagent may be a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme.

[0296] In some embodiments, the genomic DNA sample is treated to convert 5'-unmethylated cytosine bases to uracil, thymine, or another base that differs from cytosine in terms of hybridization behavior. In some embodiments, this treatment is carried out by bisulfite (hydrogen sulfite, disulfite) followed by alkaline hydrolysis.

[0297] The processed nucleic acid is then analyzed to determine the methylation status of the target gene sequence (at least one gene, genomic sequence, or nucleotide from a marker comprising a DMR, e.g., at least one DMR selected from DMRs 1-560 as set forth in Tables 1A and 6A). Methods of analysis can be selected from those known in the art, including those set forth herein, e.g., QuARTS and MSP as described herein.

[0298] Aberrant methylation, more specifically hypermethylation of markers that include DMRs (eg, DMRs 1-560, as shown in Tables 1A and 6A), is associated with ovarian cancer.

[0299] The present technology relates to the analysis of any sample related to ovarian cancer. For example, in some embodiments, the sample includes tissue and / or bodily fluids obtained from a patient. In some embodiments, the sample includes secretions. In some embodiments, the sample includes blood, serum, plasma, gastric secretions, pancreatic juice, gastrointestinal biopsy samples, microdissected cells from ovarian tissue biopsies, and / or cells recovered from feces. In some embodiments, the sample includes ovarian tissue. In some embodiments, the subject is human. The sample may include cells, secretions, or tissue from the ovaries, breast, liver, bile duct, pancreas, stomach, colon, rectum, esophagus, small intestine, appendix, duodenum, polyps, gallbladder, anus, and / or peritoneum. In some embodiments, the sample includes cellular fluid, ascites, urine, feces, pancreatic juice, fluid obtained during endoscopy, blood, mucus, or saliva. In some embodiments, the sample is a fecal sample.

[0300] Such samples can be obtained by any number of means known in the art, including those that will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, urine and fecal samples are readily available, while blood, ascites, serum, or pancreatic juice samples can be obtained parenterally, for example, by using a needle and syringe. Cell-free or substantially cell-free samples can be obtained by subjecting the sample to various techniques known to those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, centrifugation and filtration. While it is generally preferred to obtain samples using non-invasive techniques, it may still be preferable to obtain samples such as tissue homogenates, tissue sections, and biopsy specimens.

[0301] In some embodiments, the technology relates to a method of treating a patient (e.g., a patient with ovarian cancer) (e.g., a patient with one or more of clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, or serous OC), the method comprising determining the methylation status of one or more DMRs provided herein and administering a treatment to the patient based on the results of determining the methylation status. The treatment can be administering a pharmaceutical compound, administering a vaccine, performing surgery, imaging the patient, or performing another test. Preferably, the use is in methods of clinical screening, prognosis evaluation, monitoring the outcome of therapy, identifying patients most likely to respond to a particular therapeutic treatment, imaging patients or subjects, and drug screening and development.

[0302] In some embodiments of the present technology, a method for diagnosing ovarian cancer in a subject is provided. The terms "diagnose" and "diagnosis" as used herein refer to a method that enables a person skilled in the art to estimate and even determine whether a subject suffers from a given disease or condition, or whether the subject may develop a given disease or condition in the future. A person skilled in the art often makes a diagnosis based on one or more diagnostic indicators, such as biomarkers (e.g., DMRs disclosed herein), and the methylation status indicates the presence, severity, or absence of the condition.

[0303] In addition to diagnosis, clinical cancer prognosis involves determining the aggressiveness of cancer and the likelihood of tumor recurrence, and planning the most effective therapy.If a more accurate prognosis can be made, or even the potential risk of developing cancer can be assessed, appropriate therapy, and in some cases, a less harsh therapy for the patient, can be selected.Evaluating cancer biomarkers (e.g., determining methylation status) is useful for distinguishing between subjects with a good prognosis and / or a low risk of developing cancer, who do not require therapy or who require limited therapy, and subjects who are more likely to develop cancer or have cancer recurrence and may benefit from more intensive treatment.

[0304] Thus, "making a diagnosis" or "diagnosing," as used herein, further includes determining the risk of developing cancer or determining a prognosis, which may enable one to predict a clinical outcome (with or without medical treatment), select an appropriate treatment (or whether a treatment is effective), or monitor a current treatment and possibly modify the treatment based on a measure of a diagnostic biomarker (e.g., DMR) disclosed herein. Furthermore, in some embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter, multiple determinations of biomarkers over time can be made to facilitate diagnosis and / or prognosis. Temporal changes in biomarkers can be used to predict clinical outcomes, monitor the progression of ovarian cancer, and / or monitor the effectiveness of appropriate cancer-directed therapies. In such embodiments, it may be expected to ascertain, for example, changes in the methylation status of one or more biomarkers (e.g., DMRs) disclosed herein (and optionally one or more additional biomarker(s), if monitored) in biological samples over time during the course of an effective therapy.

[0305] The presently disclosed subject matter further provides, in some embodiments, a method for determining whether to initiate or continue cancer prevention or treatment in a subject. In some embodiments, the method includes obtaining a series of biological samples from a subject over a period of time, analyzing the series of biological samples, determining the methylation status of at least one biomarker disclosed herein in each of the biological samples, and comparing any measurable changes in the methylation status of one or more of the biomarkers in each of the biological samples. Any changes in the methylation status of the biomarkers over a period of time can be used to predict the risk of developing cancer, predict clinical outcome, determine whether to initiate or continue cancer prevention or therapy, and determine whether current therapy is effectively treating the cancer. For example, a first time point can be selected before the start of treatment, and a second time point can be selected at a time after the start of treatment. The methylation status can be measured in each of the samples collected at different time points, and qualitative and / or quantitative differences can be recorded. Changes in the methylation status of biomarker levels from the different samples can be correlated with ovarian cancer risk, prognosis, determining treatment effectiveness, and / or cancer progression in the subject.

[0306] In preferred embodiments, the methods and compositions of the present invention are for the treatment or diagnosis of disease at an early stage, e.g., before symptoms of the disease appear, hi some embodiments, the methods and compositions of the present invention are for the treatment or diagnosis of disease at a clinical stage.

[0307] As previously mentioned, in some embodiments, multiple determinations of one or more diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers can be performed, and the change in the marker over time can be used to determine a diagnosis or prognosis. For example, a diagnostic marker can be determined a first time and then again a second time. In such embodiments, an increase in a marker from the first time to the second time can be diagnostic of a particular type or severity of cancer, or a given prognosis. Similarly, a decrease in a marker from the first time to the second time can indicate a particular type or severity of cancer, or a given prognosis. Furthermore, the degree of change in one or more markers can be related to the severity of cancer and future adverse events. Those skilled in the art will understand that, in certain embodiments, comparative measurements of the same biomarkers can be performed at multiple time points, but a given biomarker can also be measured at one time point and a second biomarker at a second time point, and comparison of these markers can provide diagnostic information.

[0308] As used herein, the phrase "determine prognosis" refers to a method by which a person skilled in the art can predict the course or outcome of a condition of a subject. The term "prognosis" does not refer to the ability to predict the course or outcome of a condition with 100% accuracy, or even to the ability to predict that a given course or outcome is likely to occur based on the methylation status of a biomarker (e.g., DMR). Instead, those skilled in the art will understand that the term "prognosis" refers to the increased probability that a certain course or outcome will occur, that is, the increased probability that a course or outcome is more likely to occur in a subject who has a given condition compared to those individuals who do not have that condition. For example, an individual who does not have a condition (e.g., has a normal methylation status of one or more DMRs) may have an extremely low probability of a given outcome (e.g., suffering from ovarian cancer).

[0309] In some embodiments, statistical analysis correlates prognostic indicators with predisposition to adverse outcomes. For example, in some embodiments, a methylation status that differs from that in a normal control sample obtained from a patient without cancer, as determined by the level of statistical significance, may indicate that the subject is more likely to suffer from cancer than a subject having a methylation status more similar to that in the control sample. Furthermore, the change in methylation status from the baseline (e.g., "normal") level may reflect the subject's prognosis, and the degree of change in methylation status may be related to the severity of an adverse event. Statistical significance is often determined by comparing two or more populations and determining a confidence interval and / or p-value. See, e.g., Dowdy and Wearden, *Statistics for Research*, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Exemplary confidence intervals of the present subject matter are 90%, 95%, 97.5%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, and 99.99%, while exemplary p-values ​​are 0.1, 0.05, 0.025, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005, 0.001, and 0.0001.

[0310] In other embodiments, a threshold degree of change in the methylation status of a prognostic or diagnostic biomarker (e.g., DMR) disclosed herein can be established, and the degree of change in the methylation status of the biomarker in a biological sample is simply compared to the threshold degree of change in methylation status. Preferred threshold changes in the methylation status of the biomarkers provided herein are about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 50%, about 75%, about 100%, and about 150%. In yet other embodiments, a "nomogram" can be established, whereby the methylation status of a prognostic or diagnostic indicator (biomarker or combination of biomarkers) is directly related to the predisposition associated with a given outcome. Because reference is made to individual sample measurements rather than population averages, those skilled in the art are familiar with using such nomograms to relate the two numerical values, with the understanding that the uncertainty in this measurement is the same as the uncertainty in the marker concentration.

[0311] In some embodiments, a control sample is analyzed simultaneously with the biological sample, thereby allowing results obtained from the biological sample to be compared with those obtained from the control sample. It is further contemplated that a standard curve can be provided and assay results of the biological sample can be compared to the standard curve. Such a standard curve displays the methylation status of the biomarkers according to assay units, e.g., fluorescent signal intensity if a fluorescent label is used. Using samples from multiple donors, standard curves can be obtained for control methylation status of one or more biomarkers in normal tissue and for "at-risk" levels of one or more biomarkers in tissue from donors with dysplasia or from donors with ovarian cancer. In certain embodiments of the method, a subject is identified as having dysplasia upon identification of an aberrant methylation status of one or more DMRs provided herein in a biological sample obtained from the subject. In other embodiments of the method, detection of an aberrant methylation status of one or more of such biomarkers in a biological sample obtained from the subject identifies the subject as having cancer.

[0312] Marker analysis can be performed separately or simultaneously with additional markers within a single test sample. For example, several markers can be combined into one test to efficiently process multiple samples and potentially provide greater accuracy in diagnosis and / or prognosis. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize the value of testing multiple samples from the same subject (e.g., at successive time points). Such testing of a series of samples allows for the identification of changes in the methylation status of markers over time. In addition to changes in methylation status, the lack of changes in methylation status can provide useful information regarding disease status, including, but not limited to, identifying the approximate time from the onset of an event, the presence and amount of recoverable tissue, the appropriateness of drug therapy, the effectiveness of various therapies, and the subject's outcome, including the risk of future events.

[0313] Biomarker analysis can be performed in a variety of physical formats. For example, the use of microtiter plates or automation can be used to facilitate the processing of large numbers of test samples. Alternatively, single sample formats can be developed to facilitate immediate treatment and diagnosis in a timely manner, for example, in an outpatient or emergency room setting.

[0314] In some embodiments, a subject is diagnosed with ovarian cancer if there is a measurable difference in the methylation status of at least one biomarker in the sample compared to the control methylation status. Conversely, if no change in the methylation status is identified in the biological sample, the subject may be identified as not having ovarian cancer, not at risk of cancer, or at low risk of cancer. In this regard, subjects with cancer or at risk may be distinguished from subjects with cancer or at low risk to subjects who are substantially free of cancer. Those subjects at risk of developing ovarian cancer may be placed on a more intensive and / or regular screening schedule, including endoscopic surveillance. On the other hand, subjects at low risk to those at substantially no risk may be prevented from undergoing additional tests for ovarian cancer (e.g., invasive procedures) until future screening, e.g., screening performed according to the present technology, indicates that the subject is at risk for ovarian cancer.

[0315] As mentioned above, depending on the embodiment of the method of the present technology, detecting a change in the methylation state of one or more biomarkers can be a qualitative or quantitative determination. Thus, diagnosing a subject as having or at risk of developing ovarian cancer involves a certain threshold measurement, e.g., indicating that the methylation state of one or more biomarkers in a biological sample is different from a predetermined control methylation state. In some embodiments of the method, the control methylation state is any detectable methylation state of a biomarker. In other embodiments of the method, in which a control sample is tested simultaneously with the biological sample, the predetermined methylation state is the methylation state in the control sample. In other embodiments of the method, the predetermined methylation state is based on and / or identified by a standard curve. In other embodiments of the method, the predetermined methylation state is a specific state or range of states. Thus, the predetermined methylation state can be selected, within acceptable limits that will be apparent to those skilled in the art, based in part on the embodiment of the method being performed and the desired specificity, etc.

[0316] Furthermore, with respect to the diagnostic method, the preferred subject is a vertebrate subject. The preferred vertebrate is warm-blooded, and the preferred warm-blooded vertebrate is a mammal. The preferred mammal is most preferably a human. As used herein, the term "subject" includes both human and animal subjects. Thus, veterinary therapeutic uses are provided herein. Thus, the present technology enables the diagnosis of mammals such as humans, as well as mammals of importance due to being endangered, such as the Amur tiger, mammals of economic importance, such as animals raised on farms for human consumption, and / or animals of social importance to humans, such as animals kept as pets or in zoos. Examples of such animals include, but are not limited to, carnivores, such as cats and dogs; swine, including pigs, boars, and wild boars; ruminants and / or ungulates, such as cows, oxen, sheep, giraffes, deer, goats, bison, and camels; and horses. Thus, further provided is the diagnosis and treatment of livestock, including but not limited to domesticated pigs, ruminants, ungulates, horses (including racehorses), and the like.

[0317] The presently disclosed subject matter further includes a system for diagnosing ovarian cancer and / or specific forms of ovarian cancer (e.g., clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, serous OC) in a subject. The system may be provided, for example, as a commercially available kit that can be used to screen for ovarian cancer risk or to diagnose ovarian cancer in a subject from whom a biological sample has been collected. An exemplary system provided in accordance with the present technology includes assessing the methylation status of DMRs as set forth in Table 1A and Table 6A. [Example]

[0318] Example I. Tissues and blood were obtained from the Mayo Clinic Biospecimen Repository under institutional IRB oversight. Samples were selected in strict compliance with the study approval and inclusion / exclusion criteria. Cancer subtypes included 1) serous OC, 2) clear cell OC, 3) mucinous OC, and 4) endometrioid OC. Controls included non-neoplastic fallopian tube tissue and leukocytes from whole blood. Tissues were macrodissected, and an expert gynecological pathologist reviewed the histology. Samples were age-matched, randomized, and blinded. DNA from 77 frozen tissues (18 serous OC, 15 clear cell OC, 6 mucinous OC, 18 endometrioid OC, 6 benign fallopian tube, and 14 benign fallopian tube brush samples) and 19 buffy coat samples from women without cancer was purified using the QIAamp DNA Tissue Mini Kit and QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), respectively. DNA was repurified with AMPure XP beads (Beckman-Coulter, Brea, CA) and quantified with PicoGreen (Thermo-Fisher, Waltham, MA). DNA integrity was assessed using qPCR. Four ovarian cancer cell lines were also sequenced (TOV21G, SKOV3, OVCAR3, and CAOV3).

[0319] RRBS sequencing libraries were prepared according to a modified Meissner protocol (Gu et al. Nature Protocols 2011 Apr;6(4):468-81). Samples were aligned to a 4-plex format and sequenced by the Mayo Genomics Facility on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 instrument (Illumina, San Diego, CA). Reads were processed using Illumina pipeline modules for image analysis and base calling. Secondary analysis was performed using SAAP-RRBS, a bioinformatics suite developed by Mayo. Briefly, reads were cleaned using Trim-Galore and aligned to the GRCh37 / hg19 reference genome constructed with BSMAP. For CpGs with ≥10x coverage and a base quality score of ≥20, methylation rates were determined by calculating C / (C+T) or, conversely, G / (G+A) for reads mapping to the opposite strand.

[0320] Individual CpGs were ranked by their hypermethylation ratio, i.e., the number of methylated cytosines relative to the total number of cytosines at that location in a given locus. For cases, the ratio had to be ≥ 0.20 (20%); for tissue controls, ≤ 0.05 (5%); and for buffy coat controls, ≤ 0.01 (1%). CpGs that did not meet these criteria were discarded. Candidate CpGs were then binned by genomic location into DMRs (variably methylated regions) ranging from approximately 60 to 200 bp, with a minimum cutoff of 5 CpGs per region. To avoid GC-related amplification issues during the validation phase, DMRs with excessively high CpG density (> 30%) were excluded. For each candidate region, a 2D matrix was created comparing individual CpGs for each sample in both cases and controls. Analysis was performed across OC, all benign ovarian tissues and / or non-cancerous buffy coats, as well as subtype comparisons. These CpG matrices were then compared to the reference sequence to assess whether genomically contiguous methylated sites were discarded during the initial filtering. From this subset of regions, final selection required coordinated and contiguous (in cases) hypermethylation of individual CpGs across the DMR sequence at the sample-by-sample level. Conversely, control samples were required to be at least one-tenth as methylated as cases, with a more random and less coordinated CpG pattern. At least 10% of cancer samples within the subtype cohort were required to have at least 50% hypermethylation at all CpG sites within the DMR.

[0321] In a separate analysis, we utilized a proprietary DMR identification pipeline and regression package to derive DMRs based on the mean CpG methylation values. Differences in mean methylation percentages were compared between OC cases, tissue controls, and buffy coat controls. Tiling reading frames within 100 base pairs of each mapped CpG was used to identify DMRs with <5% methylation in controls. DMRs were analyzed only if the total coverage depth was an average of 10 reads per subject and the variance between subgroups exceeded zero. Assuming a biologically relevant increase in odds ratio of >3 and a coverage depth of 10 reads, ≥18 samples per group were required to achieve 80% power at a 5% significance level with a binomial variance inflation factor of 1.

[0322] After regression, DMRs were ranked by the difference in p-value, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and fold change between cases and all controls. No adjustment for false positives was performed at this stage, as independent validation was planned in advance.

[0323] Using a proprietary methodology of sample preparation, sequencing, analytical pipeline, and filters, we identified variably methylated regions (DMRs) and narrowed down the DMRs to those that accurately pinpoint these gynecological cancers and excel in a clinical trial setting. Tissue-specific analysis identified 471 hypermethylated ovarian cancer (OC) DMRs (Tables 1A and 1B). These included OC-specific regions, OC subtype-specific regions, and regions targeting a more common range of cancers. The top subtype-ranked DMRs are listed in Tables 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D. Analysis of tissue versus white blood cell (buffy coat) yielded 55 hypermethylated ovarian tissue DMRs with less than 1% noise in WBCs (DMRs 472–525 shown in Tables 1A and 1B). The overall top buffy DMRs are listed in Table 3. From the tissue and buffy coat marker sets, 68 candidates were selected for initial pilot testing. Methylation-specific PCR assays were developed and tested on two sets of tissue samples: one sequenced (frozen) and one from a larger, independent cohort (FFPE). Short amplicon primers (<150 bp) were designed to target the most discriminant CpGs within the DMR and were tested in controls to ensure robust linear amplification of well-methylated fragments and absence of unmethylated and / or unconverted fragments. The primer sequences for 136 assays are listed in Table 1C. Ultimately, 54 assays proceeded (14 assays did not reach QC and were discontinued).

[0324] The results of the first validation round were analyzed logistically to determine the AUC and fold change. Previous studies have recognized that the epigenetics of cancer subtypes within an organ differ, and the best panel would be derived from a combination of subtype markers. Analysis of tissue and buffy coat controls was performed separately. The results are presented in Tables 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, and 4E. Many assays achieved 100% discrimination between buffy coat samples and OC, and nearly 100% discrimination between OC and benign fallopian tubes.

[0325] These results provided a rich source of high-performance candidates for inclusion in independent sample testing. Of the original 54 assays, 33 were selected. Most were in the AUC range of 0.90–1.00, but others showed very high FC numbers (very low background) and / or complementarity with other methylated DNA markers (MDMS). All MDM assays demonstrated high analytical performance, i.e., linearity, potency, sequence specificity (assessed using melting curve analysis), and robust amplification.

[0326] In the second validation step, we performed the same experiment, but with both the entire sample and the marker set in a single batch. Approximately 10 ng of FFPE-derived sample DNA was run for each marker (350 in total). The results for individual MDM OC subtypes versus normal tissue and buffy coat are shown in Tables 5A, 5B, 5C, and 5D. Multiple MDMs showed significant methylation fold changes (10 to over 1000) relative to controls across all OC tissue structures.

[0327] Data were plotted in a heat matrix format to allow visualization of complementarity. A cross-validated 2-MDM panel was obtained from rPART modeling (C2CD4D, NCOR2) that distinguished whole OC from benign fallopian tube tissue with 99% sensitivity and 97% specificity. Subtype rPART and random forest modeling yielded perfect discrimination of all tissue structures (AUC = 1).

[0328] Through methylome-wide sequencing, stringent filtering criteria, and biological validation, we obtained excellent candidate MDMs for ovarian cancer. Some MDMs distinguish all OC tissue structures from controls with relatively high sensitivity, while others accurately distinguish between tissue structures. Given their high discrimination ability and ease of assay, these MDMs merit further investigation for clinical application as early detection markers.

[0329] Table 1A shows DMR information, including the chromosome number, gene annotation, and DMR start / end position of such markers. Table 1B shows the p-value, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and fold change difference between OC cases and all controls. Table 1C shows primer sequence information for various markers shown in Tables 1A and 1B.

[0330] [Table 1]

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[0343] Table 2

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[0356] Table 3

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[0362] A subset of DMRs was selected for further expansion. Criteria were primarily logistic-derived area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) measure, which provides a performance assessment of the region's discriminatory potential. AUC 0.85 was selected as the cutoff. Additionally, methylation fold change (mean cancer hypermethylation rate / mean control hypermethylation rate) was calculated, with a lower limit of 10 for tissue-to-tissue comparisons and 20 for tissue-to-buffy coat comparisons. P values ​​were required to be less than 0.01. DMRs had to be included in both the average and individual CpG selection processes. Quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP) primers were designed for candidate regions using MethPrimer (Li LC and Dahiya R. Bioinformatics 2002 Nov;18(11):1427-31), and 20 ng (6250 equivalents) of positive and negative genomic methylation controls were QC-tested. Multiple annealing temperatures were tested for optimal discrimination. Validation was performed with qMSP in two stages. The first stage consisted of retesting sequenced DNA samples to verify that the DMRs were indeed highly discriminatory and not the result of overfitting on extremely large next-generation datasets. The second stage utilized a relatively large set of independent samples (36 serous OC samples, 21 clear cell OC samples, 14 mucinous OC samples, 23 endometrioid OC samples, 29 control benign fallopian tube samples, and 28 control buffy coat samples).

[0363] Tissues were identified as previously by expert clinical and pathological review. DNA purification was performed as previously described. The bisulfite conversion step used the EZ-96 DNA Methylation Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA). 10 ng of converted DNA (per marker) was amplified using SYBR Green detection on a Roche 480 LightCycler (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Serially diluted universally methylated genomic DNA (Zymo Research) was used as a quantification standard. A CpG-independent ACTB (β-actin) assay was used as the input reference and normalization control. Results were expressed as methylated copies (specific marker) / ACTB copies.

[0364] Results were analyzed logistically for the performance of individual MDMs (methylated DNA markers). For marker combinations, two techniques were used. First, rPart technology was applied to the entire MDM set, restricted to combinations of three MDMs, and then rPart-predicted cancer probabilities were calculated. The second approach used random forest regression (rForest) to generate 500 individual rPart models fitted to a bootstrap sample of the original data (approximately two-thirds of the data for training) and used to estimate the cross-validation error for the entire MDM panel (one-third of the data for testing). This was repeated 500 times to avoid spurious splits that would under- or overestimate the true cross-validation measure. Results were then averaged over the 500 iterations.

[0365] Table 2A shows the 10 methylation regions that distinguish clear cell OC tissue from buffy coat control and control fallopian tube tissue (methylation percentages in control buffy coat, control fallopian tube tissue, and clear cell OC tissue) (AUC and p-value between methylation percentages in clear cell tissue and control fallopian tube).

[0366] [Table 4]

[0367] Table 2B shows the 10 methylation regions that distinguish endometrioid OC tissue from buffy coat control and control fallopian tube tissue (methylation percentages in control buffy coat, control fallopian tube tissue, and endometrioid OC tissue) (AUC and p-value between methylation percentages in endometrioid tissue and control fallopian tube).

[0368] [Table 5]

[0369] Table 2C shows the 10 methylation regions that distinguish mucous OC tissue from buffy coat control and control fallopian tube tissue (methylation percentages in control buffy coat, control fallopian tube tissue, and mucous OC tissue) (AUC and p-value between methylation percentages in mucous tissue and control fallopian tube).

[0370] [Table 6]

[0371] Table 2D shows the 10 methylation regions that distinguish serous OC tissue from buffy coat control and control fallopian tube tissue (methylation percentages in control buffy coat, control fallopian tube tissue, and serous OC tissue) (AUC and p-value between methylation percentages in serous tissue and control fallopian tube).

[0372] [Table 7]

[0373] Table 3 shows the 10 methylation regions that distinguish OC tissue from buffy coat controls (showing the difference in methylation percentage between OC and control buffy coat; showing the difference in methylation percentage between OC and control fallopian tube; showing the AUC; showing the difference in fold change; and showing the p-value).

[0374] [Table 8]

[0375] Tables 4A-E show the results of initial tissue validation, in which over 60 of the top DMRs were selected from the sequencing data and used to design the qMSP assay. These DMRs were performed in OC tissue, clear cell OC tissue, endometrioid OC tissue, mucinous OC tissue, serous OC tissue, and control fallopian tube tissue. Next, a larger independent tissue validation was performed, testing new untested cases and controls (see Table 5).

[0376] [Table 9]

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[0378] [Table 10]

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[0380] [Table 11]

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[0382] [Table 12]

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[0384] [Table 13]

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[0386] Table 5A shows the area under the curve for various markers from Table 1 that distinguish serous OC tissue from benign ovarian tissue and buffy coat.

[0387] [Table 14]

[0388] Table 5B shows the area under the curve for various markers from Table 1 that distinguish clear cell OC tissue from benign ovarian tissue and buffy coat.

[0389] [Table 15]

[0390] Table 5C shows the area under the curve for various markers from Table 1 that distinguish endometrioid OC tissue from benign ovarian tissue and buffy coat.

[0391] [Table 16]

[0392] Table 5D shows the area under the curve for various markers from Table 1 that distinguish mucinous OC tissue from benign ovarian tissue and buffy coat.

[0393] [Table 17]

[0394] Example II. This example describes the identification of ovarian cancer tissue markers, clear cell ovarian cancer tissue markers, endometrioid ovarian cancer tissue markers, mucinous ovarian cancer tissue markers, and serous ovarian cancer tissue markers.

[0395] Candidate methylation markers for detecting ovarian cancer, clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, and serous OC were identified by RRBS of ovarian tissue samples, clear cell OC tissue samples, endometrioid OC tissue samples, mucinous OC tissue samples, serous OC tissue samples, and normal ovarian tissue samples. To identify methylated DNA markers, 149 samples per patient group (see Table 7) were subjected to the RRBS process and then aligned to the bisulfite-converted human genome. Using normal ovarian tissue and buffy coat as a reference, CpG regions with high methylation rates in ovarian cancer, clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous OC, and serous OC were selected and mapped to their gene names.

[0396] [Table 18]

[0397] After marker selection by RRBS, a total of 49 methylation markers were identified, and target enrichment long-probe quantitative amplification signal assays were designed and ordered (for general techniques, see, e.g., WO2017 / 075061 and U.S. Patent Application No. 15 / 841,006). Table 6A shows the marker chromosomal regions used for the 49 methylation markers. Table 6B shows the primer and probe information for the markers. Figure 1 further shows the marker chromosomal regions and associated primer and probe information used for the 49 methylation markers.

[0398] [Table 19]

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[0400] [Table 20]

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[0409] The sensitivity of each methylation marker was calculated at the 95% cutoff for each subtype and is shown in Table 8A (ovarian cancer), Table 8B (clear cell OC), Table 8C (endometrioid OC), Table 8D (mucinous OC), and Table 8E (serous OC). Tables 8A-E show the ovarian cancer and subtype tissue sensitivity at 95% specificity of the markers shown in Table 6A for OC, clear cell OC, endometrioid OC, mucinous, and serous OC.

[0410] [Table 21]

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[0412] [Table 22]

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[0414] [Table 23]

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[0416] [Table 24]

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[0418] [Table 25]

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[0420] Example III. This example describes the identification of plasma markers for detecting ovarian cancer (OC).

[0421] DNA methylation is an early event in carcinogenesis and can be detected in plasma samples from cancer patients. Experiments (described in Examples I and II) using DNA extracted from tissues first discovered and then validated candidate methylated DNA markers (MDMs) that were highly discriminatory for OC in tissue samples. Subsequent experiments separately tested plasma samples from women with and without OC, identifying and validating methylated DNA markers for plasma detection of OC and demonstrating clinical feasibility.

[0422] For discovery, DNA from 67 frozen tissues (18 high-grade serous (HGS), 18 endometrioid, 15 clear cell (CC), 6 mucinous OC, 10 benign fallopian tube epithelium (FTE), and 19 buffy coats from women without cancer) was subjected to reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) to identify MDMs associated with OC. Selection of candidate MDMs was based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) discrimination, methylation fold change, and low background methylation among controls. Blinded biological validation was performed using MSP on DNA extracted from independent FFPE tissues of OC (36 HGS, 22 endometrioid, 21 CC, and 14 mucinous) and 29 FTE. Top MDMs in the tissues were tested in independent pretreatment plasma samples from women newly diagnosed with OC and population-sampled healthy women using a long-probe quantitative signal assay. Random forest modeling analysis was performed to generate predicted probabilities of disease. Results were compared in 500-fold cross-validation was performed in silico.

[0423] After RRBS discovery and biological validation, 33 MDMs showed significant methylation fold changes (10-1000+) relative to FTE across all OC histologies. The top 11 MDMs (GPRIN1, CDO1, SRC, SIM2, AGRN, FAIM2, CELF2, DSCR6, GYPC, CAPN2, and BCAT1) were tested in plasma from 91 women with OC (76 HGS [84%]) and 91 women without OC). The cross-validated 11-MDM panel highly discriminated between OC and controls (95% specificity, 79% sensitivity, and AUC 0.91 [0.86-0.96]). Among HGS, the panel correctly identified 83% of cases, including 5 / 6 stage I / II cases and the majority of other subtypes (Table 9).

[0424] Whole methylome sequencing, stringent filtering criteria, and biological validation yielded excellent candidate MDMs for OC, performed in plasma and expected to have high sensitivity and specificity.

[0425] [Table 26]

[0426] Sixty-six plasma samples from patients with OC (e.g., 6 stage I OC, 3 stage II OC, 27 stage III OC, 12 stage IV OC, 18 ND) were used to additionally test the following markers MDM and compared with 237 control plasma samples from patients without OC: ATP10A (e.g., ATP10A_A, ATP10A_B, ATP10A_C, ATP10A_D, ATP10A_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_A, EPS8L2_B, EPS8L2_C, EPS8L2_D), C1QL3 (e.g., C1QL3_A, C1QL3_B), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CAPN2_B, LBH, CMTM3 (e.g., CMTM3_A, CMTM3_B), CMTM3_C, CMTM3_D, CMTM3_D, CMTM3_E, CMTM3_F, CMTM3_G, CMTM3_H, CMTM3_I ... TM3_B), ZMIZ1 (e.g., ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZMIZ1_D), GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), GP5, DSCR6, SKI, SIM2_A, AGRN_8794, BCAT1_6015, KCNA3_7518, K CNA3_7320, LOC10013136, GYPC_C, SRC (e.g., SRC_A, SRC_B), NR2F6, TSHZ3, CELF2 (e.g., CELF2_A, CELF2_B), TACC2 (e.g., TACC2_A, TACC2_B), VIPR2 (e.g., VIPR2_A, VIPR2_B), and SPOCK2_74333. Table 10 shows the percentage of sensitivity and specificity of each marker for detecting OC.

[0427] [Table 27]

[0428] Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the identification of OC is clinically feasible by detecting a combination of 1) elevated cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) levels compared to non-cancerous normal levels and 2) changes in measured methylation levels compared to non-cancerous normal methylation levels for the following markers: ATP10A (e.g., ATP10A_A, ATP10A_B, ATP10A_C, ATP10A_D, ATP10A_E), EPS8L2 (e.g., EPS8L2_A, EPS8L2_B, EPS 8L2_C, EPS8L2_D), C1QL3 (e.g., C1QL3_A, C1QL3_B), FAIM2 (e.g., FAIM2_A, FAIM2_B), CAPN2_B, LBH, CMTM3 (e.g., CMTM3_A, CMTM3_B), ZMIZ1 (e.g., ZMIZ1_A, ZMIZ1_B, ZMIZ1_C, ZMIZ1_D), GPRIN1 (e.g., GPRIN1_A, GPRIN1_B), CDO1 (e.g., CDO1_A, CDO1_B), GP5, DSCR6, SKI, and SIM2_A.

[0429] The marker MDM was tested using 66 plasma samples from patients with OC (e.g., 6 stage I OC, 3 stage II OC, 27 stage III OC, 12 stage IV OC, and 18 ND) and compared with 237 control plasma samples from patients without OC. CA-125 levels were also measured in the 66 plasma samples and the 237 control plasma samples. Table 11 shows the 90% specificity for detecting OC with MDM. Table 12 shows the 90% specificity for detecting OC with CA-125. Table 13 shows the 90% specificity for detecting OC with both MDM and CA-125.

[0430] [Table 28]

[0431] [Table 29]

[0432] [Table 30]

[0433] Incorporation by Reference The entire disclosure of each of the patent documents and scientific articles referred to herein is incorporated by reference for all purposes.

[0434] equivalent The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoing embodiments, therefore, are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not limiting of the invention described herein. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims, rather than the foregoing description, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0435] [Figure 1-1] Information on the marker chromosomal regions and associated primers and probes used for various methylated DNA markers listed in Table 1A and Table 6A. The naturally occurring sequence (WT) and bisulfite-modified sequence (BST) of the PCR target region are shown. [Figure 1-2] Continued from Figure 1-1. [Figure 1-3] Continued from Figure 1-2. [Figure 1-4] Continued from Figure 1-3. [Figure 1-5] Continued from Figure 1-4. [Figure 1-6] Continued from Figure 1-5. [Figure 1-7] Continued from Figure 1-6. [Figure 1-8] Continued from Figure 1-7. [Figure 1-9] Continued from Figure 1-8. [Figure 1-10] Continued from Figure 1-9. [Figure 1-11] Continued from Figure 1-10. [Figure 1-12] Continued from Figure 1-11. [Figure 1-13]Continued from Figure 1-12. [Figure 1-14] Continued from Figure 1-13. [Figure 1-15] Continued from Figure 1-14. [Figure 1-16] Continued from Figure 1-15. [Figure 1-17] Continued from Figure 1-16. [Figure 1-18] Continued from Figure 1-17. [Figure 1-19] Continued from Figure 1-18. [Figure 1-20] Continued from Figure 1-19. [Figure 1-21] Continued from Figure 1-20. [Figure 1-22] Continued from Figure 1-21. [Figure 1-23] Continued from Figure 1-22. [Figure 1-24] Continued from Figure 1-23.

Claims

1. 1. A method for assessing the methylation level of one or more genes in a sample from a subject having or suspected of having ovarian cancer, comprising: treating DNA from said sample with a reagent that modifies DNA in a methylation-specific manner; amplifying the treated DNA using a set of primers for the one or more genes; and determining the methylation level of at least one variably methylated region (DMR) of each of the one or more genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nucleic acid sequencing, mass spectrometry, restriction enzyme analysis, mass-based separation, and / or target capture; Including, The method, wherein the one or more genes include CAPN2 and / or SIM2.

2. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample comprises one or more of a plasma sample, a whole blood sample, a white blood cell sample, a serum sample, and / or an ovarian tissue sample.

3. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring the level of cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) in the sample.

4. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the DNA is treated with a bisulfite reagent to produce bisulfite-treated DNA.

5. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the methylation level of at least one DMR of each of the one or more genes comprises using methylation-specific PCR, quantitative methylation-specific PCR, methylation-specific DNA restriction enzyme analysis, quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing, flap endonuclease assay analysis, PCR-flap assay analysis, and / or bisulfite genomic sequencing PCR.

6. Amplifying the treated DNA comprises using primers specific for CpG sites of CAPN2, the primers comprising a set of primers that specifically bind to at least a portion of a gene region that includes chromosome 1 coordinates 223936858-223937009 or chromosome 1 coordinates 223936868-223937004; and / or 2. The method of claim 1, wherein amplifying the treated DNA comprises using primers specific to CpG sites of SIM2, the primers comprising a set of primers that specifically bind to at least a portion of a gene region comprising chromosome 21 coordinates 38076882-38077036 or chromosome 21 coordinates 38076892-38077026.

7. the set of primers for CAPN2 is capable of binding to an amplicon bounded by a sequence comprising SEQ ID NOs: 53 and 54, or SEQ ID NOs: 209 and 210; and 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of primers for SIM2 is capable of binding to an amplicon bounded by a sequence comprising SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 30, or SEQ ID NOs: 219 and 220.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more genes further include FAIM2.

9. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more genes include SIM2.

10. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more genes include CAPN2.

11. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more genes include SIM2 and CAPN2.

12. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the one or more genes include SIM2, FAIM2, and CAPN2.

13. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the set of primers for FAIM2 is capable of binding to an amplicon bounded by a sequence comprising SEQ ID NOs: 35 and 36, or SEQ ID NOs: 189 and 190.

14. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the methylation level of at least one DMR of the one or more genes comprises measuring the methylation level of a CpG site.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the CpG site is present in a coding region or a regulatory region.

16. A kit for assessing the methylation level of CAPN2 and / or SIM2 in a sample from a subject having or suspected of having ovarian cancer, comprising: A kit comprising a bisulfite reagent and a set of primers for variably methylated regions of CAPN2 and / or SIM2.

17. The kit comprises: A set of primers against CAPN2 capable of binding to an amplicon bounded by a sequence comprising SEQ ID NOs: 53 and 54, or SEQ ID NOs: 209 and 210; and 17. The kit of claim 16, comprising a set of primers for SIM2 capable of binding to an amplicon bounded by sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 30, or SEQ ID NOs: 219 and 220.

18. 17. The kit of claim 16, wherein the kit further comprises a sample collector for obtaining a sample from the subject.

19. 17. The kit of claim 16, wherein the kit further comprises reagents for isolating nucleic acids from the sample.

20. 17. The kit of claim 16, further comprising a set of primers for a variably methylated region of FAIM2, wherein the set of primers is capable of binding to an amplicon bounded by a sequence comprising SEQ ID NOs: 35 and 36, or SEQ ID NOs: 189 and 190.

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