Systems, devices, and methods for the treatment of varicocele and related conditions

Abstract

Systems, devices, and methods for the treatment of varicocele and related conditions are described. In some embodiments, the systems, devices, and methods described herein can include forming one or more fluid connections or fistulas between a blood vessel, such as a gonadal vein (e.g., testicular vein, ovarian vein), and a surrounding vein. In some embodiments, the systems, devices, and methods described herein can include occluding one or more blood vessels, such as a gonadal vein (e.g., testicular vein, ovarian vein). In some embodiments, the systems, devices, and methods described herein relate to flow diverters, replacement valves, and the like, for the treatment of, for example, varicocele and related conditions.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 940,595, filed November 26, 2019, entitled "Treatment of Blood Vessel Related Conditions," the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to systems, devices, and methods for the treatment of hormonal disorders related to varicocele, erectile dysfunction, infertility, Nutcracker syndrome, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), bladder cancer, prostate cancer, pelvic congestion, ovarian cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and / or testosterone. [Background technology]

[0003] As shown in Figure 1, the left internal spermatic vein (ISV) joins the left renal vein at a right angle near the superior mesenteric artery, while the right internal spermatic vein tends to join the inferior vena cava at a more acute angle. One-way valves within the ISV prevent the backflow of venous blood draining the testicles. Venous blood from the testicles must flow upward against gravity, which is greatest during standing. Repetitive stress on the one-way valves in the ISV (a result of the bipedal or upright posture in humans) often leads to gradual deterioration and eventual failure of the valves. A defective, non-functioning one-way valve can cause impaired or even reversed flow of venous blood from the testicles. Without a competent one-way valve, the ISV no longer functions properly as a drainage system and instead acts as a hydrostatic blood column, exerting backpressure on the testicular venous drainage system, especially during standing. The hydrostatic pressure exerted by the ISV often exceeds that of the inferior spermatic vein, preventing physiological fluid flow through the ISV. Chronic reduction in blood flow from the testes can lead to the development of a pathophysiological condition called varicocele.

[0004] Decreased testicular blood flow results in persistent hypoxia in the testicular microcirculation, leading to reduced spermatogenesis and insufficient testosterone production. As a result of anatomical differences in vascular length (among other geometric differences), varicoceles are more common in the left ISV than in the right. Consequently, left ISV varicoceles are more easily diagnosed and are widely associated with male infertility in the medical literature. Furthermore, the ISV is composed of a network of small bypasses and retroperitoneal collaterals. Each of these, when vertically oriented, similarly generates pathophysiological hydrostatic pressure in the pumpey's plexus (PP).

[0005] Varicocele can also be caused by compression of the renal vein by the superior mesenteric artery and aorta, also known as the nutcracker phenomenon (NCP) or left renal vein entrapment. Figure 2 shows a normal renal vein (left) alongside a compressed renal vein (right). Varicocele is associated with the left ISV in 95% of cases, and the prevalence of varicocele has been shown to increase with age, reaching over 75% at age 70. Several studies have shown a strong correlation between varicocele and left renal vein compression. Some studies have also shown that disruption of the one-way valve can lead to bilateral vascular disease.

[0006] Figure 3 provides an overview of the progression of varicocele and its associated complications (e.g., diseases and conditions). Recent studies have suggested an association between varicocele and low serum testosterone levels. It has been theorized that varicocele is associated with testosterone levels, and testosterone has been shown to be involved in prostate cancer, but a causal relationship between varicocele and prostate disease has not been established. Paradoxically, relatively low levels of serum testosterone have been found to be detected in patients with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

[0007] Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common medical conditions affecting men, especially older men. It has been reported that more than half of all men have histopathological evidence of BPH by age 60, and approximately 9 in 10 men suffer from the condition by age 85. Furthermore, the incidence and prevalence of BPH are expected to increase as the average age of the global population increases. While BPH is rarely life-threatening, it can cause a number of clinical symptoms, including urinary retention, renal failure, recurrent urinary tract infections, incontinence, hematuria, and bladder stones. It is estimated that by age 80, approximately 25% of the US male population will have received some form of treatment for BPH-related complications. Currently available treatment options for BPH include watchful waiting, medication (both herbal and prescription), surgery, and minimally invasive procedures.

[0008] Recent studies have shown an association between BPH, low systemic testosterone levels, and varicocele. Hypertension has also been associated with the development of BPH, strengthening the theory that renal vein compression may lead to the development of varicocele(s) and ultimately BPH.

[0009] Chronic inflammation has been shown to be a key factor in the development and progression of BPH. Chronic inflammation of the prostate can lead to excessive exposure to high levels of free testosterone. As a result of chronic testicular circulatory insufficiency from varicocele(s), the prostate is exposed to concentrations of bioactive testosterone exceeding 100 times normal serum levels, resulting in accelerated cell proliferation. Abnormally accelerated prostate cell proliferation can lead to DNA replication errors, ultimately leading to the development of prostate cancer. In addition to being associated with BPH and prostate cancer, varicoceles have been shown to cause infertility, and studies have also linked infertility to an increased risk of several types of cancer.

[0010] While varicoceles are generally associated with men, ovarian varicoceles in women are associated with ovarian vein syndrome, pelvic congestion syndrome (PES), chronic pelvic pain, pelvic varicoceles, vulvar varicoceles, and varicose veins. Similar to the progression of varicoceles in men, deterioration of the one-way valves in the ovarian veins in women, clinically referred to as pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS), can lead to impaired ovarian blood flow or backflow of venous blood into the ovarian and uterine venous plexus. Some studies have also shown an association between pelvic varicoceles and polycystic ovary syndrome, suggesting that excessive estrogen secretion may be a potential cause of the development of these disorders. Coil embolization of the ovarian veins in patients with pelvic congestion syndrome or varicocele and demonstrable pelvic varicocele resulted in a reduction in symptom severity in 56%–98% of patients.

[0011] Analysis of the available literature indicates the need for novel and more effective treatments to reduce, eliminate, and / or prevent pathophysiological hydrostatic pressure in the testicular venous drainage system. Existing treatments may be ineffective and have various drawbacks. Summary of the Invention

[0012] Systems, devices, and methods are described for the treatment of varicocele, erectile dysfunction, infertility, Nutcracker syndrome, BPH, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, pelvic congestion, hormonal disorders, or other medical diseases or conditions associated with high blood pressure in the spermatic vein(s) or ovarian vein(s).

[0013] A commonality of several embodiments described herein relates to the association between high blood pressure in the testicular vein(s) or ovarian vein(s) and the development of several prostate, pelvic, and hormonal disorders, which may include varicocele, erectile dysfunction, infertility, nutcracker syndrome, BPH, prostate cancer, pelvic congestion, ovarian cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, hypogonadism, and other disorders. Reducing or eliminating high blood pressure in one or more testicular or ovarian veins can alleviate, in whole or in part, the resulting effects and disorders described above.

[0014] In some embodiments, a method for treating, at least in part, varicocele, erectile dysfunction, infertility, Nutcracker syndrome, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), bladder cancer, prostate cancer, pelvic congestion, and / or hormonal disorders comprises deployment of a device or set of devices that divert venous blood flow from the venous blood drainage system of the testes.

[0015] In some embodiments, a method for treating, at least in part, varicocele, infertility, nutcracker syndrome, benign hyperplasia, bladder cancer, pelvic congestion, ovarian cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and / or hormonal disorders comprises deployment of a device or set of devices that divert venous blood flow from the ovarian venous drainage system.

[0016] In some embodiments, a method for treating, at least in part, varicocele, erectile dysfunction, infertility, Nutcracker syndrome, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), bladder cancer, prostate cancer, and / or hormonal disorders comprises creating a fistula between the testicular vein(s) and another blood vessel.

[0017] In some embodiments, a method for treating, at least in part, varicocele, infertility, nutcracker syndrome, bladder cancer, pelvic congestion, ovarian cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and / or hormonal disorders comprises creating a fistula between an ovarian vein(s) and another blood vessel.

[0018] In some embodiments, methods for the treatment, at least in part, of varicocele, erectile dysfunction, infertility, Nutcracker syndrome, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), bladder cancer, prostate cancer, and / or hormonal disorders comprise ligation of the testicular vein(s).

[0019] In some embodiments, methods for the treatment, at least in part, of varicocele, infertility, bladder cancer, pelvic congestion, ovarian cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and / or hormonal disorders comprise ligation of an ovarian vein(s).

[0020] In some embodiments, a method for treating, at least in part, varicocele, erectile dysfunction, infertility, Nutcracker syndrome, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), bladder cancer, prostate cancer, pelvic congestion, and / or hormonal disorders comprises occluding the testicular vein(s).

[0021] In some embodiments, a method for treating, at least in part, varicocele, erectile dysfunction, infertility, Nutcracker syndrome, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), bladder cancer, prostate cancer, and / or hormonal disorders comprises occluding testicular artery(s).

[0022] In some embodiments, a method for treating, at least in part, varicocele, infertility, bladder cancer, pelvic congestion, ovarian cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and / or hormonal disorders comprises occluding an ovarian artery(s).

[0023] In some embodiments, a system for forming a fluid connection between a first blood vessel and a second blood vessel to treat varicocele and related conditions includes a first catheter defining a first channel terminating in a first opening, the first catheter including a first alignment element, the first catheter configured to be positioned within the first blood vessel; and a second catheter defining a second channel terminating in a second opening, the second catheter including a second alignment element, the second catheter configured to be positioned within the second blood vessel, the first and second alignment elements aligning the first and second catheters when the first and second catheters are positioned within the first and second blood vessels. a second catheter configured to align the first and second openings of the catheter; at least one piercing element configured to penetrate tissue adjacent the first and second openings in the space between the first and second catheters; and a bridging device advanceable through the first channel of the first catheter, through the first and second openings and the adjacent tissue, and into the second channel of the second catheter so that a portion of the bridging device extends through the space between the first and second catheters, the bridging device configured to deploy an implant in the space between the first and second catheters to form a fluid connection between the first and second blood vessels.

[0024] In some embodiments, a method for treating varicocele and related conditions includes advancing a first catheter into a first vein, advancing a second catheter into a second vein, aligning a first opening of the first catheter with a second opening of the second catheter, forming an opening in a wall of the first vein adjacent the first opening and forming an opening in a wall of the second vein adjacent the second opening, advancing a bridging device from the first catheter through the openings and into the second catheter such that a portion of the bridging device extends between the first and second veins, and deploying an implant around the portion of the bridging device extending between the first and second veins.

[0025] In some embodiments, a system for forming a fluid connection between first and second blood vessels to treat varicocele and related conditions includes a bridging element including a piercing end configured to percutaneously penetrate tissue, the bridging element configured to advance through the first vein and into the second vein such that the piercing end forms first and second openings in the first vein and a third opening in the second vein; and a deployment element positionable over the bridging element, the deployment element configured to extend between one of the first and second openings and the third opening, deploy an implant that forms the fluid connection, and place a plug in the other of the first and second openings to prevent bleeding in the first vein.

[0026] In some embodiments, a method for treating varicocele and related conditions includes identifying a target pathway through a patient's anatomy that intersects first and second veins; advancing a bridging element including a perforating end along the pathway such that the bridging element extends through the first vein to the second vein; positioning a deployment element over the bridging element such that a portion of the deployment element is disposed between the first and second veins; deploying an implant between the first and second veins via the deployment element; and deploying a plug into a separate opening in at least one of the first and second veins via the deployment element.

[0027] In some embodiments, a system for forming a fistula between first and second blood vessels to treat varicocele and related conditions includes a first catheter defining a channel terminating in an opening, the first catheter including a first alignment element, the first catheter configured to be positioned within a first vein; a second catheter including a second alignment element, the second catheter configured to be positioned within a second vein, the first and second alignment elements configured to align first and second openings of the first and second catheters when the first and second catheters are positioned within the first and second veins; and an energy delivery element supported by the first catheter, the energy delivery element configured to deliver energy to ablate tissue adjacent the opening between the first and second catheters.

[0028] In some embodiments, a method for treating varicocele and related conditions includes advancing a first catheter into a first vein, advancing a second catheter into a second vein, the second vein being adjacent to the first vein, aligning a first alignment element of the first catheter with a second alignment element of the second catheter, and applying energy to ablate tissue between the first and second catheters using an energy delivery element carried by the first catheter.

[0029] In some embodiments, a method for treating varicocele and related conditions includes advancing a catheter in or near a vein whose valve is damaged and unable to drain blood from the patient's anatomy, placing a vascular closure member in or around the vein, and activating an energy delivery element to ablate a portion of the vein wall to close the vein.

[0030] In some embodiments, a method for treating varicocele and related conditions includes advancing a catheter into a vein whose valve is damaged and unable to drain blood from a patient's anatomy; maintaining a heat-set spring within the catheter at a first temperature below a predetermined threshold temperature, the heat-set spring being in a first configuration at the first temperature; disposing the heat-set spring around the vein such that the heat-set spring is exposed to a second temperature above the predetermined threshold temperature; and deforming the heat-set spring to the second configuration to close the vein in response to the heat-set spring being at the second temperature.

[0031] Other systems, methods, and features will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description, and all such additional systems, methods, and features are intended to be included herein, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0032] Those skilled in the art will understand that the drawings are primarily for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventive subject matter described herein. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, and in some cases, various aspects of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein may be shown exaggerated or enlarged in the drawings to facilitate an understanding of different features. In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to like features (e.g., functionally similar and / or structurally similar elements).

[0033] [Figure 1] 1 illustrates male anatomy showing the testicular veins and nearby structures. [Figure 2] Shows normal renal veins alongside compressed renal veins. [Figure 3] The pathophysiology of varicocele-related diseases and conditions is presented. [Figure 4] 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary device for creating a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels and deploying an implant, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 5]1 is a schematic diagram of a catheter used in an exemplary device for creating a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 6] 1 is a flowchart of a method for creating a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels using an implant, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 7A] 10A-10C illustrate different examples of implants for creating fluid connections implemented as fluid shunts according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 7C] 10A-10C illustrate different examples of implants for creating fluid connections implemented as fluid shunts according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 7E] 10A-10C illustrate different examples of implants for creating fluid connections implemented as fluid shunts according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 7B] 7B shows the exemplary implant depicted in FIG. 7A positioned between two blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 7D] 7D shows the exemplary implant depicted in FIG. 7C positioned between two blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 7F] 7B shows the exemplary implant depicted in FIG. 7E positioned between two blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 8] 1 illustrates a balloon catheter for introduction over a guidewire and deployment of a fluid shunt, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 9] 1 illustrates a bridging device implemented as a bridging guidewire over which a fluid shunt may be placed, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 10A] 1 illustrates a catheter for guiding a bridging device to a deployment site for a fluid shunt, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 10B] 1 illustrates a catheter for guiding a bridging device to a deployment site for a fluid shunt, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 10C]1 illustrates a catheter for guiding a bridging device to a deployment site for a fluid shunt, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 10D] 10D shows a cross-sectional view of the catheter shown in FIG. 10C. [Figure 10E] 10D shows a cross-sectional view of the catheter shown in FIG. 10C. [Figure 11] 1 illustrates two blood vessels located within the human body to which a fluid connection can be established, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 12A] 12 shows an enlarged view of a portion of the two vessels shown in FIG. 11. [Figure 12B] 12 shows an enlarged view of a portion of the two vessels shown in FIG. 11. [Figure 13] 12 illustrates a percutaneous bridging device positioned within the two blood vessels shown in FIG. 11 to form a fluid connection between the two blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 14A] 1 illustrates a percutaneous approach for creating a fluid connection between two blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 14B] 1 illustrates a percutaneous approach for creating a fluid connection between two blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 14C] 1 illustrates a percutaneous approach for creating a fluid connection between two blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 15A] 1 illustrates different types of implants that can be deployed within or between two blood vessels to establish a fluid connection between the vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 15B] 1 illustrates different types of implants that can be deployed within or between two blood vessels to establish a fluid connection between the vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 16] 1 shows an example of an implant implemented as a fluid shunt, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 17] 1 illustrates a delivery system for deploying a fluid shunt including a visualization element according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 18A] 1 illustrates a process for deploying a fluid shunt using a delivery system according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 18B] 1 illustrates a process for deploying a fluid shunt using a delivery system according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 18C] 1 illustrates a process for deploying a fluid shunt using a delivery system according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 18D] 1 illustrates a process for deploying a fluid shunt using a delivery system according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 19] 1 illustrates a laparoscopic and endovascular approach for deploying a fluid shunt between two blood vessels according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 20] Laparoscopic view of the intrascrotal vessels, including the testicular vein, is shown. [Figure 21] 1 illustrates a catheter for creating a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 22] 1 illustrates a catheter for creating a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 23A] 1 illustrates a process for creating a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels using a bridging device and a snare element, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 23B] 1 illustrates a process for creating a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels using a bridging device and a snare element, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 23C] 1 illustrates a process for creating a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels using a bridging device and a snare element, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 24] 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary device for creating a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 25] 1 is a flowchart of a method for creating a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 26] 1 illustrates an exemplary device for creating a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 27A] 1 illustrates a process for creating a fluid connection between two blood vessels according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 27B] 1 illustrates a process for creating a fluid connection between two blood vessels according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 28A] 1 illustrates a process for creating a fluid connection between two blood vessels according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 28B] 1 illustrates a process for creating a fluid connection between two blood vessels according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 29A] 1 illustrates a process for creating a fluid connection between two blood vessels according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 29B] 1 illustrates a process for creating a fluid connection between two blood vessels according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 30A] 1 shows a detailed view of the distal end of an exemplary device for creating a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 30B] 1 shows a detailed view of the distal end of an exemplary device for creating a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 31] 1 illustrates a guidewire that may be used with a device to create a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 32] 32 illustrates a catheter for delivering the guidewire shown in FIG. 31 according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 33] 32 illustrates a catheter for receiving the guidewire shown in FIG. 31 according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 34A] 34 illustrates the catheters shown in FIGS. 32 and 33 used together to form a fluid connection between two blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 34B]34 illustrates the catheters shown in FIGS. 32 and 33 used together to form a fluid connection between two blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 35] 1 illustrates an exemplary device for creating a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 36] 1 illustrates an example of a percutaneous device for creating a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 37] 1 illustrates a process for creating a fluid connection between two blood vessels using a percutaneous device, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 38] 1 illustrates a process for creating a fluid connection between two blood vessels using a percutaneous device, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 39A] 1A-1C illustrate two different configurations of an exemplary device for creating a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 39B] 1A-1C illustrate two different configurations of an exemplary device for creating a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 40A] 1 illustrates a process for creating a fluid connection between two blood vessels using a percutaneous device, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 40B] 1 illustrates a process for creating a fluid connection between two blood vessels using a percutaneous device, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 40C] 1 illustrates a process for creating a fluid connection between two blood vessels using a percutaneous device, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 41] 1 illustrates a device for regulating blood flow in the venous system using an intravascular stent, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 42] 1 illustrates a device for regulating blood flow in the venous system using an intravascular stent, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 43]1 illustrates a device for regulating blood flow in a venous system using a flow diverter, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 44] 1 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary device for occluding or ligating a blood vessel, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 45] 1 is a flowchart of a method for occluding or ligating a blood vessel according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 46] 1 illustrates an exemplary device for inducing embolization of a blood vessel, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 47] 1 illustrates a device for inducing embolization of a blood vessel, positioned within a blood vessel, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 48A] 1 shows a blood vessel after treatment with a device for inducing embolization according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 48B] 1 shows a blood vessel after treatment with a device for inducing embolization according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 49A] 10 illustrates a process for deploying a heat-activated spring for vascular closure according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 49B] 10 illustrates a process for deploying a heat-activated spring for vascular closure according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 49C] 10 illustrates a process for deploying a heat-activated spring for vascular closure according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 49D] 10 illustrates a process for deploying a heat-activated spring for vascular closure according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 50A] 1 illustrates a process for occluding a blood vessel using an endoluminal vessel ligation catheter, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 50B] 1 illustrates a process for occluding a blood vessel using an endoluminal vessel ligation catheter, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 50C] 1 illustrates a process for occluding a blood vessel using an endoluminal vessel ligation catheter, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 51A]1 illustrates a process of closing a blood vessel using a percutaneous vessel sealing device according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 51B] 1 illustrates a process of closing a blood vessel using a percutaneous vessel sealing device according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 51C] 1 illustrates a process of closing a blood vessel using a percutaneous vessel sealing device according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 52A] 1 illustrates a venous one-way valve that can be deployed within a blood vessel to improve venous blood flow, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 52B] 1 illustrates a venous one-way valve that can be deployed within a blood vessel to improve venous blood flow, according to embodiments described herein. [Figure 52C] 1 illustrates a venous one-way valve that can be deployed within a blood vessel to improve venous blood flow, according to embodiments described herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0034] Described herein are systems, devices, and methods for the treatment of varicocele, erectile dysfunction, infertility, Nutcracker syndrome, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), bladder cancer, prostate cancer, pelvic congestion, hormonal disorders, or other medical diseases or conditions associated with high blood pressure in the spermatic vein(s) or ovarian vein(s).

[0035] Options for treating varicocele and its associated complications include microsurgery, laparoscopic ligation, and superselective sclerotherapy of the dysfunctional ISV. These treatments can reduce or eliminate the pressure gradient across the testicular drainage system, preventing backflow of blood from the testes to the prostate. Normal physiological function of the prostate is restored by normal venous pressure, normal arterial blood flow through the prostate, and exposure of the prostate to normal levels of free testosterone.

[0036] The microsurgical procedure involves making an incision to access the spermatic cord. The spermatic cord is opened, and the veins of the pampiniform plexus are carefully separated from the surrounding arteries, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. The veins are then cut and closed. The spermatic cord is sutured, and the incision is closed. Despite being one of the most common procedures for treating varicocele, there are several complications associated with the procedure. The three most serious complications include recurrent or persistent varicocele, the formation of hydrocele (e.g., a collection of fluid around the testicles), and damage to the testicular artery.

[0037] In laparoscopic varicocele ligation, a camera and several small instruments are introduced into the abdomen to cut the veins that make up the varicocele. This procedure has shown a lower long-term success rate compared to other treatments. Furthermore, complications of laparoscopic varicocele ligation can be much more serious than with other approaches. This approach is associated with a higher incidence of postoperative hydrocele.

[0038] Compared with surgical procedures for the treatment of varicocele, interventional radiology procedures have fewer complications and significantly faster recovery rates. The procedure involves advancing a catheter through the renal vein and into the testicular vein. A microcatheter is navigated down the testicular vein to the inguinal canal, where the catheter is used to deliver a sclerosing agent or embolization coil. Contrast is typically injected to confirm the occlusion and visualize collateral vessels. If collateral vessels are observed, additional coils or sclerosing agent are placed to minimize recurrence. Multiple coils are typically placed along the length of the testicular vein to completely occlude it. Hydrocele formation is not frequently observed with interventional radiology procedures for the treatment of varicocele.

[0039] Percutaneous sclerotherapy (or embolization) using interventional radiology techniques is effective in eliminating pathophysiologic hydrostatic pressure from defective, dysfunctional one-way valves in the ISV and / or associated network of retroperitoneal venous bypasses. Both techniques allow for the control and occlusion of the entire network of venous bypasses associated with bilateral ISV dysfunction, which generates high hydrostatic pressure, regardless of venous diameter. Elimination of pathologic hydrostatic pressure through these treatments restores normal arterial oxygenated blood flow and the normal supply of nutrients to the seminiferous tubules, where sperm are produced. Disadvantages of using interventional radiotherapy include a high recurrence rate. Another drawback of interventional radiotherapy-based procedures is their inability to address symptoms associated with nutcracker syndrome. High renal vein pressure may be a major reason for embolization coil dislodgement, coil migration to the lungs, and the high recurrence rate of varicocele and pelvic congestion.

[0040] The systems, devices, and methods described herein provide an option for treating varicocele and its associated complications (e.g., diseases and / or conditions) without the certain drawbacks of existing treatment options. Systems, devices, and methods for creating a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels - Anastomosis-based devices for the treatment of varicocele

[0041] Set forth below are detailed descriptions of various embodiments of medical devices and methods for creating a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels to improve venous blood flow from the testicles, as well as methods for delivering, positioning, and manipulating the medical devices. Establishing a fluid connection between the lower region of the testicular vein and the surrounding blood vessels equalizes blood pressure with the connecting vessels.

[0042] Using fluid connections to treat varicocele has several advantages, including: This approach allows for an alternative route for draining renal venous blood separately from the renal vein, making it suitable for patients with nutcracker syndrome or left renal vein compression; a single connection can usually be performed for the entire testicular vein layer to equalize testicular venous blood pressure, including its collateral circulation, avoiding the need for multiple embolization coils to ensure complete occlusion of the testicular vein; The use of fluid connections also reduces prostate exposure to free testosterone compared to embolization or ligation of the testicular vein(s). The testicular vein is the primary route for draining testicular venous blood. Ligation or occlusion of the testicular vein(s) forces blood to drain into the iliac vein through other smaller vessels. Because testicular venous blood backpressure is reduced after ligation or occlusion of the testicular vein(s), prostate exposure to testosterone-rich venous blood is reduced in patients undergoing this treatment. However, even with ligation or occlusion, the prostate gland is exposed to supraphysiological levels of testosterone. Conversely, according to embodiments described herein, creating a fluid connection allows the majority of testosterone-rich blood to drain directly into larger venous vessels, thereby reducing the prostate gland's exposure to testosterone-rich blood. Although inflammation of the spermatic cord and testicular vein(s) may recur after occlusion or ligation as the testicular vein and its collateral circulation further deteriorate over time, the use of a fluid connection can also lead to immediate and long-term pain relief.

[0043] The systems, devices, and methods described herein configured to create a fluid connection can include those that lead behind an implant (e.g., a fluid shunt) and those that create a fluid connection without an implant. 1. Implant-based approach

[0044] 4 schematically illustrates an exemplary device 100 for forming a fluid connection and deploying an implant (e.g., a fluid shunt). Device 100 can include a bridging device 120. In some embodiments, bridging device 120 can be configured to directly support the implant, for example, in the case of a percutaneous bridging device supporting the implant. In some embodiments, bridging device 120 can be implemented as a guidewire or other guiding device onto or within which a device supporting implant 110 and / or deployment element 130 (e.g., a catheter such as a balloon catheter) can be guided to a target site.

[0045] In one embodiment, the implant 110 may be a fluid shunt. The device 100 may be configured for navigation to and deployment of the implant 110 at the target site. The target site may be a pathway extending between two blood vessels, for example, a testicular or ovarian vein with an obstruction or defective valve to an adjacent vein (e.g., a deep circumferential vein, a femoral vein, an epigastric vein, etc.). The bridging device 120 may be navigated to the target site using an endovascular approach (e.g., via one or more blood vessels), a percutaneous approach, a laparoscopic approach, etc.

[0046] Bridging device 120 may be a catheter, shaft, guidewire, or the like. Bridging device 120 may include a steering mechanism, e.g., a pull wire, compression coil, or the like, for steering the distal tip of device 120 through a passageway defined by the patient's anatomy and / or within a catheter (e.g., a catheter intravascularly placed within an individual's blood vessels). Bridging device 120 may be configured to be flexible enough to navigate suitable anatomy, including anatomy near the subject's testicular and / or ovarian veins. In some embodiments, bridging device 120 may have a preformed shape or a moldable structure to facilitate introduction, navigation, and positioning of bridging device 120.

[0047] The implant 110 can be used to create a fluid connection between two or more blood vessels so that improved blood flow can be achieved. The implant 110 can have a tubular or elongated structure. The implant 110 can have a flexible section (or can be flexible throughout). The implant 110 can optionally include at least one end that includes an anchoring element for anchoring to a vein.

[0048] Device 100 can optionally include a deployment element 130 that can be configured to deploy implant 110. In one embodiment, deployment element 130 can be a balloon or basket that expands to deploy implant 130. Alternatively, deployment element 130 can be a pusher, shaft, or some other structure that can be manipulated to deploy implant 110. In some embodiments, bridging device 120 may not include a deployment element, but implant 110 can automatically release or detach from bridging device 120 in response to, for example, body temperature that causes implant 110 to expand, frictional forces between implant 110 and surrounding anatomical structures (e.g., vein walls), or other factors. In some embodiments, deployment element 130 can be supported on bridging device 120. Alternatively, deployment element 130 can be supported on a separate device (e.g., a deployment device) that can be advanced along and / or positioned around bridging device 120 to deploy implant 110. For example, in one embodiment, the bridging device 120 may be a guidewire, and a deployment device implemented as a balloon catheter may be advanced over the guidewire to the target site so that the implant 110 can be deployed using a deployment element 130 implemented as a balloon.

[0049] As described above, in the treatment of varicocele, creating a fluid connection between the testicular veins can reduce or eliminate hydrostatic pressure, thereby improving venous circulation from the testes. However, the testicular veins cross many of the adjacent veins at an angle. The small size of these vessels and the acute angles they form relative to one another reduce the surface area available at the intersection for creating a fluid connection. Therefore, ensuring accurate positioning of the bridging device is important. In some embodiments, the bridging device 120 can include one or more markers 122 or other elements (e.g., extrusions, ridges, etc.) for visualization of the bridging device 120 during use. In some embodiments, the bridging device 120 can include visualization elements, such as a camera or lens, a light source, etc., for visualizing the position of the bridging device 120 during use.

[0050] In some embodiments, device 100 can optionally include plug 140. Plug 140 can be used to plug or close openings in blood vessels (e.g., veins) or tissues that do not form part of a fluid connection between target vessels. For example, when using a percutaneous approach, bridging device 120 can form openings in one or more blood vessels in addition to the openings that form part of the fluid connection between two blood vessels. Bridging device 120 can be equipped with plugs 140 that bridging device 120 can deploy into additional openings, for example, to prevent complications such as bleeding. In some embodiments, bridging device 120 can include one or more components (e.g., a shaft, a push rod, or a sleeve, etc.) for deploying plug 140. In some embodiments, implant 110 can include a plug (or be configured to function as a plug). Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, device 100 can include mechanisms for delivering energy to prevent bleeding, suturing, delivering a hemostatic agent, etc.

[0051] In some embodiments, bridging device 120 can optionally include a piercing element 124. The piercing element 124 can be a sharp end configured to pierce tissue. For example, when implemented as a percutaneous device, bridging device 120 can include a shaft end configured to penetrate tissue and position a portion of bridging device 120 between two blood vessels (e.g., a testicular vein and an adjacent vein). When implemented as an intravascular device, bridging device 120 can include a sharp end configured to form an opening in the blood vessel (e.g., a testicular vein and an adjacent vein) to form a fluid connection between the blood vessel and the adjacent blood vessel.

[0052] 5 illustrates a system 150 for guiding a bridging device 120 to a target site, for example, to create a bridge or fluid connection between two blood vessels. The system 150 may include a first catheter 170 and a second catheter 160. The first catheter 170 may be positioned within a first blood vessel FV, and the second catheter 160 may be positioned within a second blood vessel SV. In some cases, the first blood vessel FV may be a testicular or ovarian vein, and the second blood vessel SV may be a vein adjacent to the testicular or ovarian vein. However, it may be understood that the first and second blood vessels may be any blood vessels within the human body, and the systems, devices, and methods described herein may be adapted for use with such blood vessels.

[0053] First catheter 170 can include a channel 172, for example, for the introduction of a medical device. In the embodiments described herein, channel 172 of first catheter 170 can be configured to receive a bridging device (e.g., bridging device 120) and can be used to guide or direct the bridging device to a target site (e.g., an intersection between a first and second blood vessel). In some embodiments, channel 172 can also be configured to receive other instruments within the subject's body, such as surgical devices, visualization devices (e.g., for visualizing bridging device 120 and / or the procedure of forming a fluid connection), shafts, or other elongated members for manipulating an implant and / or bridging device (e.g., implant 110 or bridging device 120). In some embodiments, channel 172 can be configured to deliver fluids, such as drugs (e.g., contrast agents), chemicals, therapeutic substances, anesthetics, etc., to a target site.

[0054] Like the first catheter, the second catheter 160 can include a channel 162. The channel 162 can be structurally and / or functionally similar to the first channel 172. For example, the channel 162 can be configured to receive a bridging device (e.g., the bridging device 120) and / or other medical devices. During use, the channels 162, 172 can function together to position a portion of the bridging device between a first blood vessel and a second blood vessel. For example, the bridging device (e.g., the bridging device 120) can be configured to advance along one channel (e.g., the channel 172) until it reaches an intersection between the first blood vessel and the second blood vessel, and then advance from that channel to the other channel (e.g., the channel 162). Thus, the two channels 162, 172 can be used to support and precisely position the bridging device within the patient's anatomy. The bridging device can be configured to deploy an implant (e.g., implant 110) when positioned at an intersection between a first blood vessel and a second blood vessel to form a fluid connection between the first blood vessel and the second blood vessel.

[0055] As described above, when forming a fluid connection to treat a varicocele (and its associated complications and conditions), the fluid connection often needs to extend between two small blood vessels at an acute angle of incidence relative to one another. Therefore, the crossing point between the blood vessels is small, thus necessitating precise positioning of the bridging device and any catheters guiding the bridging device, such as catheters 160 and 170. To enable precise positioning, alignment, and stabilization of catheters 160 and 170, each catheter 160 and 170 can include one or more alignment elements 164 and 174. The alignment elements 164 and 174 can include, for example, magnets or electromagnets (e.g., neodymium magnets) that align openings for extending a bridging device (e.g., bridging device 120) between catheters 160 and 170. Additionally or alternatively, the alignment elements 164 and 174 can include mating structures or interlocking features (e.g., protrusions and / or curved portions) that facilitate alignment between catheters 160 and 170. In use, the catheters 160, 170 are navigated within the first and second blood vessels, respectively, to the intersection between the first and second blood vessels, and can then be aligned using the alignment elements 164, 174 before extending a bridging device (e.g., bridging device 120) between the two catheters 160, 170. The alignment of the two catheters 160, 170 may be automatic and / or may require activation of electrical energy.

[0056] In some embodiments, one or both of the catheters 160, 170 can optionally include a piercing element 168, 178. The piercing element 168, 178 can be configured to pierce tissue (e.g., a blood vessel wall). The opening formed by the piercing element 168, 178 can be for extending a bridging device (e.g., bridging device 120) from one catheter 160, 170 to the other. The piercing element 168, 178 can be implemented as a needle, guidewire, or other structure including a sharp end for piercing tissue.

[0057] In some embodiments, at least one of the catheters 160, 170 can optionally include a visualization element 179. The visualization element 179 can be used to visualize the creation of a fluid connection between the first and second blood vessels. The visualization element 179 can include, for example, a lens, a camera, a light source, a channel for delivering a fluid contrast agent, etc. Although not shown, the first and second catheters 160, 170 can include markers (e.g., radiopaque markers) or other indicia to facilitate confirmation of the placement of the catheters 160, 170 within the patient's anatomy prior to extending a bridging device (e.g., bridging device 120) between the catheters 160, 170.

[0058] In some embodiments, at least one of the catheters 160, 170 optionally includes a snare element 166. For example, the snare element 166 can be disposed on the second catheter 160 and configured to capture or secure a bridging device (e.g., bridging device 120) and retract the bridging device into the second catheter 160. In such a case, the first catheter 170 can be configured to receive the bridging device such that the bridging device can be advanced to the intersection between the first and second blood vessels. The bridging device can then be advanced from the first catheter 170 and captured by the snare element 166. In some embodiments, at least one of the first or second catheters 160, 170 may optionally include a stop element configured to stop the advancement of the bridging device so that the bridging device is not overextended into the second catheter 160 (e.g., a surface or edge on the bridging device that mates with a surface or edge on the bridging device to prevent further advancement, or a structure incorporated into the snare element 166 that prevents the snare element 166 from further advancing the bridging device).

[0059] In some embodiments, at least one of the catheters 160, 170 can optionally include a compression element 176. The compression element 176 can be configured to bring the two catheters 160, 170 closer together, for example, to facilitate bridging of a bridging device across the two catheters.

[0060] One or more of the first and second catheters 160, 170, the bridging device 120, and the implant 110 can be bundled together as a kit. If the catheters are required to navigate a valved vessel, a valvotomy can be provided as part of the kit. In some embodiments, the disposable components (e.g., the first and second catheters 160, 170, the guidewire, etc.) can be bundled together in a single package. Other components of such a package can optionally include one or more of a syringe, a luer lock adapter fitting, an access sheath, instructions for use, wiring or cables necessary for operation and use of the catheters, sterilizing fluids, adhesives, etc.

[0061] FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary method 200 for forming a fluid connection between two blood vessels. In some cases, for example, when forming a fluid connection using an endovascular approach or when using a catheter to guide a bridging device, a first catheter (e.g., first catheter 170) can optionally be placed in a first vein (e.g., a testicular or ovarian vein) at 202. Also, a second catheter (e.g., second catheter 160) can optionally be placed in a second vein adjacent to the first vein at 204. The first and second catheters can be aligned with each other, for example, using alignment elements (e.g., alignment elements 164, 174) at 206. If necessary, alignment of the first and second catheters can be confirmed using visualization, markers, or other suitable methods. In other cases, for example, when forming a fluid connection using a percutaneous approach, a first or second catheter cannot be used, and therefore method 200 does not include steps 202-206.

[0062] At 208, the first and second veins can be punctured (e.g., using puncturing elements 168, 178 on the first and second catheters or using puncturing element 124 on the bridging device). Once punctured, the bridging device (e.g., bridging device 120) can be extended from one of the first and second veins to the other of the first and second veins at 210. If first and second catheters are used to guide the bridging device (e.g., when using an endovascular approach), the bridging device can be advanced through a channel (e.g., channels 162, 172) of one catheter and into a channel (e.g., channels 162, 172) of the other catheter. In some embodiments, the catheter receiving the bridging device can include a snare element (e.g., snare element 166) that can capture the bridging device and guide or retract it into the second catheter. If first and second catheters are not used to guide the bridging device (e.g., when using a percutaneous approach), the bridging device can be advanced from one vein to the other on its own. Throughout the process, one or more visualization elements or markers (e.g., cameras, lenses, light sources, and / or radiopaque markers) can be used to confirm the advancement and alignment of the first and second catheters and to confirm the advancement and alignment of the bridging device.

[0063] When the bridging device is properly positioned, e.g., when the portion of the bridging device supporting the implant (e.g., implant 110) is positioned between the first and second veins, the implant can be deployed at 212. The bridging device can then be removed at 216, and optionally, plugs can be deployed to seal one or more openings in the veins apart from the fluid connections to prevent bleeding, e.g., at 214. Alternatively or additionally, bleeding can be prevented via delivery of an energy source, sutures, a hemostatic agent, or any combination thereof. The first and second catheters (and any other devices used during the procedure) can also be removed at 216.

[0064] In some embodiments, blood flow from the renal vein can be diverted toward the target vessel and / or fluid connection to increase the pressure differential across the implant, for example, at 218. Increasing the pressure differential can improve the success rate of the fluid connection, for example, by reducing the likelihood of unwanted clotting.

[0065] Although the systems, devices, and methods disclosed herein are described with reference to treating varicose veins and related conditions and / or diseases, it will be understood that any such systems, devices, and methods may be applied to forming fluid connections to other blood vessels within the body, including, for example, other blood vessels within the female and / or male reproductive tract, other blood vessels within the urinary system, other blood vessels within the cardiovascular system, other blood vessels within the brain, other blood vessels in the legs, arms, or other locations within a patient's anatomy, etc. 1.1 Intravascular devices: fluid shunts

[0066] In some embodiments, the implant (e.g., implant 110) can be implemented as a fluid shunt. As shown in FIGS. 7A-7F, fluid shunts 710, 710′, 710″ can each be used to redirect venous blood from the testicles to at least one other blood vessel to improve blood flow. In various possible embodiments, the fluid shunt can include several shapes, including, but not limited to, an expandable stent, conduit, hollow tube, or channel. The fluid shunt 710, 710′, 710″ includes an expandable structure that allows for introduction and navigation into the intended blood vessel. The fluid shunt 710, 710′, 710″ can include a fluid shunt body 712, 712′, 712″, which can be composed of any suitable biocompatible material, including metal (such as nitinol and stainless steel), plastic, polymer, fabric, graft, biological tissue, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, such as the fluid shunt 710'', a portion of the fluid shunt body 712'' may incorporate a material covering 713'', which may be composed of any suitable biocompatible material, including, for example, fabric, plastic, polymer, biological tissue, synthetic material, or a combination thereof. The inner diameter of the fluid shunt 710, 710', 710'' may be variable to allow for proper drainage of blood. Furthermore, the variable inner diameter allows for effective fixation of the fluid shunt 710, 710', 710'' between two blood vessels of different diameters. The different fluid shunts 710, 710', 710'' shown in FIGS. 7A, 7C, and 7E have variable ends for connecting to blood vessels based on variable diameters or sizes and / or mechanical properties of the fluid connection.

[0067] In an exemplary embodiment, one end of the fluid shunt 710, 710', 710'' can be positioned near the lateral, lowest portion of the testicular vein, near the inguinal canal ring. The other end of the fluid shunt 710, 710', 710'' can be connected to an adjacent blood vessel in a manner that allows blood flow between the testicular vein and the adjacent blood vessel. The adjacent blood vessel connected to the fluid shunt 710, 710', 710'' can be an iliac vein, a deep iliac vein, or any other suitable blood vessel. The fluid shunt 710, 710', 710'' can be used to create a fluid connection between two or more veins so that improved blood flow from the testicles is achieved. The ends of the fluid shunt 710, 710′, 710″ may have a closed configuration 711, 711′, 711″ or may include a shape that allows the fluid shunt 710, 710′, 710″ to be anchored to at least one blood vessel (see FIGS. 7B, 7D, and 7F). In another embodiment, the fluid shunt 710, 710′, 710″ may include at least one terminal anchor (not shown) connected by a collapsible or flexible member. The terminal anchor(s) may be constructed from any suitable rigid biocompatible material, including, for example, metals (such as nitinol and stainless steel), alloys, plastics, polymers, or combinations thereof. The flexible member may be constructed from another suitable biocompatible material, including plastics, polymers, fabrics, grafts, biological tissue, or combinations thereof. In yet another embodiment, the fluid shunt 710, 710', 710'' may be comprised of sharpened ends 711, 711', 711'' on one or both sides of a flexible member 712, 712', 712'' that pierces and / or anchors the fluid shunt 710, 710', 710'' to the vessel wall and secures two vessels in proximity to each other.

[0068] The fluid shunt (or other implant) can be delivered to the target location using several different mechanisms. In one particular embodiment, the fluid shunt is delivered and expanded via an inflatable balloon on the distal face of a balloon catheter 800 shown in FIG. 8. Balloon catheter 800 can extend from a first vein (e.g., the testicular vein) to a second vein and is an example of a bridging device (e.g., bridging device 120).

[0069] In one embodiment, the balloon catheter 800 comprises a structure with appropriate material properties (e.g., lubricity, flexibility, torque, column strength, bending resistance, etc.) to navigate the labyrinth of the vasculature and reach the lowermost aspect of the testicular vein. In another embodiment, the balloon catheter 800 comprises a structure with varying material properties along the length of the catheter, e.g., exhibiting high stiffness and / or low flexibility proximal to the balloon and high flexibility and / or low stiffness distal to the balloon. The balloon catheter 800 can be advanced over a supporting guidewire or needle. The balloon catheter 800 comprises a hollow lumen to allow for insertion of a guidewire, but can also include a rapid-exchange catheter tip. The balloon catheter 800 can also comprise one or more mechanisms to allow steerability of the catheter in at least one direction. Steerability can be achieved via one or more push-pull members extending from the catheter handle to the distal tip of the catheter. Pushing and pulling the members facilitates deflection of the catheter tip in one or more directions. The steerable balloon catheter 800 may or may not require navigation over a guidewire to reach a target location within the testicular vein. Once the balloon catheter 800 is advanced over the guidewire and properly positioned between two target blood vessels, an inflatable balloon 830 (e.g., a deployment element) at the tip of the catheter is inflated to deploy the fluid shunt 810 and form a fluid connection between the blood vessels.

[0070] FIG. 9 illustrates a bridging guidewire 900, which can also form part of a bridging device or be an exemplary bridging device. The bridging guidewire 900 can be configured to cross from the testicular vein to an adjacent vessel. The bridging guidewire 900 can visualize and navigate the vasculature via several imaging modalities, including, but not limited to, fluoroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, ultrasound, Doppler imaging, optical imaging, or a combination of one or more of these modalities. The bridging guidewire 900 can be constructed from any suitable biocompatible material, including metals, alloys, plastics, polymers, or any combination thereof. The bridging guidewire 900 can include elements for visualizing and / or facilitating the bridging between the two vessels 901 and 902 via the aforementioned imaging modalities, including grooves, radiopaque markers, extrusions, bulges, or any combination thereof. The bridging guidewire 900 can include preformed shapes or suitably moldable materials, including nitinol, to improve introduction, navigation, and positioning within the body.

[0071] There are several methods and devices that can be used to guide a bridging guidewire (e.g., bridging guidewire 900) to create a bridge between two or more blood vessels. In one embodiment shown in Figures 10A-10C, a deployment catheter 1070 (e.g., a first catheter) is introduced into the vasculature, navigated to the testicular vein SV, and aligned with the iliac vein or femoral vein FV. Specifically, the catheter can be advanced through the femoral vein FV and stopped when advanced into the iliac vein.

[0072] A receiving catheter 1060 (e.g., a second catheter) is introduced into the femoral vein FV and placed in line with the deployment catheter 1060. Conversely, the receiving catheter 1060 and the deployment catheter 1070 may be introduced into the spermatic vein and femoral vein, respectively.

[0073] In some embodiments, the bridging guidewire can include one or more features that allow for steerability in at least one direction. Steerability can be achieved via one or more push-pull members (not shown) that extend from the handle of the guidewire to the distal tip of the guidewire (see FIG. 10C).

[0074] The receiving catheter 1060 and / or the deployment catheter 1070 may include mechanisms for indicating, visualizing, verifying, and / or facilitating the correct positioning and alignment of the catheters relative to one another, which may consist of one or more magnets, radiopaque markers, position sensors, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, alignment of the receiving catheter 1060 and the deployment catheter 1070 can be achieved under fluoroscopic guidance via radiopaque markers that indicate where the two catheters should intersect. Once the catheters 1060, 1070 are properly positioned, oriented, and / or aligned with one another, the catheters may include an element(s) to facilitate closer approximation of the catheters. In one embodiment, the element(s) to facilitate alignment of the catheters 1060, 1070 include two or more locking magnets or electromagnets 1064, 1074. The locking magnets 1064, 1074 may include high-strength neodymium magnets and / or interlocking features to secure the deployment catheter 1070 to the receiving catheter 1060. When the catheters are locked or secured together, a piercing member can be advanced through the deployment catheter 1070 to pierce the wall of the surrounding vessel. The piercing member can comprise a guidewire 1020 (e.g., a bridging guidewire), a needle, and / or any other structure having suitable material properties for minimally traumatic advancement of the piercing member through the wall of the vessel to which the fluid connection is being made.

[0075] In one embodiment, the piercing member is advanced through the deployment catheter 1070 and pierces through the testicular vein at the crossing point. Advancement of the piercing member can be achieved by manual force alone or can be further enabled by radiofrequency ablation, plasma, or any other suitable means. The receiving catheter 1060 can include a capture mechanism 1065 (e.g., a snare element) (see FIG. 10C ) for capturing the piercing member (e.g., the bridging guidewire 1020). The receiving catheter 1060 can include a hard stop mechanism (not shown) that prevents the piercing member from advancing too far beyond the receiving catheter.

[0076] In one embodiment, the bridging guidewire 1020 is advanced through the wall of the testicular vein SV and subsequently through the wall of the femoral vein FV and into a receiving feature on the receiving catheter 1060. Following advancement of the bridging guidewire 1020 from the deployment catheter 1070 into the receiving catheter 1060, a balloon catheter (e.g., balloon catheter 800) can be advanced over the bridging guidewire 1020. Once the balloon catheter is properly positioned over the bridging guidewire 1020, an inflatable balloon on the distal side of the catheter is inflated to deploy the fluid shunt (e.g., implant or fluid shunt 710, 710′, 710″) and form a fluid connection between the vessels. The fluid shunt is then positioned, expanded, and secured in place between the femoral and testicular veins, after which the catheters, guidewires, etc. are removed. This process may be repeated on both sides as necessary.

[0077] 10D and 10E show cross-sectional views of the receiving catheter 1060 and the deployment catheter 1070, respectively. As shown, each catheter 1060, 1070 can include multiple lumens or channels for receiving different components of the system. For example, the deployment catheter 1070 can include a first lumen 1070a, 1074 for alignment member placement, a second lumen 1070b for guidewire advancement, and a third lumen 1070c for a bridging guidewire. Similarly, the receiving catheter can include a first lumen 1060a for a second alignment member, a second lumen 1060b for a capture mechanism, and a third lumen 1060c for catheter advancement over a guidewire. 1.2 Percutaneous devices: fluid shunts

[0078] In another exemplary method, introduction, positioning, and implantation of the bridging member is accomplished via a percutaneous approach using imaging guidance. As an illustrative example, percutaneous deployment of the bridging member is summarized by the graphic sequence summarized in Figures 11-15B.

[0079] As shown in Figures 11-15B, an exemplary percutaneous approach for creating a fluid connection between two blood vessels with a fluid shunt (e.g., an implant) can include the following steps.

[0080] First, a target path through the body is determined based on patient-specific anatomical data, as shown in Figures 11-13. The patient's anatomical data can be acquired using, but is not limited to, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, Doppler, optical imaging, fluoroscopy, radiography, or any combination thereof (see Figure 11). The determined path includes, at least in part, a first blood vessel 1208 and a second blood vessel 1209, at least one of which constitutes the testicular vein. There are multiple possible, suitable, and / or clinically relevant paths that the determined path may comprise, e.g., paths 1202, 1203, and 1204. An exemplary trajectory may intersect two target blood vessels while avoiding critical anatomical structures.

[0081] As shown in FIGS. 13 and 14A , a bridging member 1210 (e.g., bridging device 120), which may include any suitable structure, including but not limited to a needle, probe, catheter, or minimally invasive delivery tool, is advanced along the determined path. The bridging member may be equipped with a position sensor that determines the position of the bridging member in three-dimensional space in real time. The advancement of the bridging member may be guided in real time based on the patient's anatomical data and the position of the bridging member in three-dimensional space relative to a reference marker. The reference marker may consist of an anatomical structure, a fiducial marker, a bony structure, or any other suitable marker. The advancement of the bridging member may be performed by a robotic-assisted device or system.

[0082] Once the bridging member is in the desired position, a shunt deployment member (or deployment device) 1211 can be advanced over the bridging member 1210, as shown in Figure 14B. The shunt deployment member 1211 may be constructed from a metal or alloy tube for greater column strength, or may even be constructed from a balloon catheter.

[0083] When the shunt deployment member is in the desired position, the fluid shunt 1214 is deployed to create a fluid connection 1212 between the target vessels, as shown in FIG. 14C. In some embodiments, the shunt deployment member 1211 can include a deployment element (e.g., deployment element 130) for deploying the fluid shunt 1214. As an illustrative example, the deployment element, implemented as a balloon, can be inflated to expand and deploy the shunt in place. The balloon is then deflated and retracted, leaving the shunt fixed in place.

[0084] The bridging member may optionally include a mechanism for preventing bleeding of at least one target vessel prior to complete removal of the bridging member. The mechanism for preventing bleeding may include deployment of a vascular plug 1213 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 15A), delivery of an energy source, suturing, a hemostatic agent, or any combination thereof. Alternatively, at least one of the target vessels can be closed using external pressure or a preformed shunt 1212′ extending through the lumen of the first vessel, as shown in FIG. 15B.

[0085] 1.3 Laparoscopic devices: fluid shunts In another embodiment, the bypass shunt 1600 is used to redirect venous blood from the testicles to at least one other blood vessel to improve blood flow. In one specific embodiment, one end of the bypass shunt 1600 is positioned near the lateral side of the lowest portion of the testicular vein, near the inguinal canal ring. The other end of the fluid shunt 710, 710', 710'' is connected to an adjacent blood vessel in a manner that allows blood flow between the testicular vein and the adjacent blood vessel. The adjacent blood vessel connected to the bypass shunt 1600 may be an iliac vein, a deep iliac vein, or any other suitable blood vessel. The bypass shunt 1600 can be used to create a fluid connection between two or more veins so that improved blood flow from the testicles is achieved. The end of the bypass shunt 1600 may include a shape that allows the device to be secured to at least one blood vessel. The bypass shunt 1600 may include at least one terminal anchor connected by a collapsible or flexible member 1601. The terminal anchor(s) may be constructed from any suitable rigid biocompatible material, including, for example, metals (such as nitinol and stainless steel), alloys, plastics, polymers, or combinations thereof. The flexible member may be constructed from any suitable biocompatible material, including, for example, plastics, polymers, fabrics, grafts, biological tissue, or combinations thereof. In yet another embodiment, the bypass shunt 1600 may include sharpened ends that not only pierce and secure the device to the vessel wall, but also secure two vessels close together.

[0086] In one exemplary embodiment, the bypass shunt 1600 includes two piercing members 1602 and a bypass member 1603. Together, these features allow for bidirectional blood flow through the bypass member 1603. The piercing member 1602 is configured to penetrate the wall of the target vessel with minimal trauma and bleeding. Furthermore, the piercing member is configured to be secured to the vessel after piercing. The diameter of the piercing member can range from about 1 to about 15 mm, but is not limited thereto. The piercing member 1602 can be constructed from any suitable biocompatible material, including, for example, metal, alloy, coated metal, polymer, plastic, coated plastic, or any combination thereof. The piercing member 1602 can be constructed from a hollow tube or portion thereof. The piercing member 1602 can be constructed from a curved surface to remain flush with the vessel wall, or from an appropriately flexible material to conform to the curvature of the surrounding anatomy.

[0087] The bypass member 1603 may be constructed from a flexible, kink-resistant material configured to allow continuous blood flow through the bypass shunt 1600. The bypass member 1603 may be constructed from any suitable biocompatible material with sufficient flexibility, including, but not limited to, fabric, polymer, biological tissue, graft, plastic, metal, or any combination thereof. The bypass shunt 1600 may be placed under direct visualization via laparoscopy, endoscopy, or other minimally invasive approaches. The bypass shunt 1600 can be placed using a shunt delivery system 1605. Alternatively, the bypass shunt can be delivered using the Natural Orifice TransEndoluminal Surgery (NOTES) approach. NOTES uses natural orifices to approach the target area as closely as possible without the need for an incision, then makes an internal incision to access the surgical workspace. After the procedure is completed, the internal incision is closed, allowing for a faster recovery time and minimal scarring.

[0088] The shunt delivery system 1605 may comprise a rigid, trocar-like instrument configured for deployment through a single incision. The shunt delivery system 1605 may be rigid or flexible and may be constructed from any suitable biocompatible material, including, but not limited to, metal, alloy, plastic, polymer, silicone, or any combination thereof. In one specific embodiment, the shunt delivery system 1605 comprises an optical module 1606, an illumination module 1607, a lens cleaning channel 1608 that can be used to create and maintain a pneumoperitoneum and clean the optical module 1606, and a working channel 1609. The working channel 1609 can be used to deliver the bypass shunt 1600. In one specific embodiment, the two piercing members 1602 of the bypass shunt 1600 are connected to a delivery member 1610 of the shunt delivery system 1605. The delivery member 1610 can be advanced and retracted from within the working channel by any suitable means, including, but not limited to, mechanical and electrical actuators, manual advancement, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure, or any combination thereof. The working channel 1609 has an inner diameter sufficient to allow for the introduction, delivery, and placement of the bypass shunt 1600 .

[0089] An exemplary method for deployment and implantation of the bypass shunt 1600 is summarized by the graphic sequence shown in FIGS. 18A-18D and includes the following steps.

[0090] First, one of the piercing members 1602 is advanced into the target vessel. Exemplary target vessels include, but are not limited to, the testicular vein, epigastric vein, iliac vein, ovarian vein, and other veins and arteries. The first piercing member 1602 is advanced through the vessel wall until the piercing member is firmly positioned within the vessel. In one exemplary embodiment, the piercing member 1602 includes an elongated shape having a length greater than its width or diameter. While the elongated shape of the piercing member 1602 functions to resist removal from the vessel after piercing, other bypass shunts 1600 may include other means of resisting removal, including adhesive coatings, externally applied adhesives, and creating a hemostatic bond between the vessel and the bypass shunt via the delivery of radiofrequency energy.

[0091] Second, the first piercing member 1602 is detached from the delivery member of the shunt delivery system 1605, if used.

[0092] Third, a second piercing member 1602 is advanced into another target vessel and secured in the same manner as the first piercing member, and a bypass member 1603 is in fluid communication with the first and second piercing members to allow blood flow between the target vessels. 1.4 Combining laparoscopic and endovascular devices: fluid shunts

[0093] According to another exemplary embodiment, there are several methods and devices that can be used to guide the bridging member 2003 (e.g., a bridging device or a portion of a bridging device) to create a bridge between two or more blood vessels. In the exemplary embodiment shown in Figures 19-23C, a snare deployment catheter 2005 is introduced into a target blood vessel and a bridge deployment catheter 2002 is introduced into another target blood vessel. The bridging member 2003 and snare member 2006 are configured to be deployed through the walls of the at least two target blood vessels to form a fluid connection.

[0094] As shown, a bridge deployment catheter 2002 (e.g., a first catheter) is introduced into a first target vessel. A snare deployment catheter 2005 (e.g., a second catheter) is introduced into a second target vessel and positioned adjacent to the bridge deployment catheter. As an illustrative example, the bridge deployment catheter 2002 and snare deployment catheter 2005 may be introduced into the testicular vein and femoral vein, respectively (or vice versa). The bridge deployment catheter 2002 and snare deployment catheter 2005 may include means for indicating, visualizing, verifying, and / or facilitating correct positioning and alignment of the catheters relative to one another, and may comprise one or more magnets, radiopaque markers, position sensors, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, positioning of the bridge deployment catheter 2002 and snare deployment catheter 2005 can be achieved under fluoroscopic guidance via radiopaque markers indicating the proximity of the two catheters. Once the bridge deployment catheter 2002 and the snare deployment catheter 2005 are properly positioned, oriented, and / or aligned with one another, the catheters may comprise means for facilitating closer approximation of the catheters. In one embodiment, the means for facilitating alignment of the bridge deployment catheter 2002 and the snare deployment catheter 2005 comprises two or more locking magnets or electromagnets. The locking magnets may comprise high strength neodymium magnets and / or interlocking features.

[0095] Once the catheters are properly positioned, the piercing members of both the bridge deployment catheter 2002 and the snare deployment catheter 2005 are advanced through the surrounding vessel wall. The piercing members may comprise guidewires, needles, and / or any other structure having suitable material properties for minimally traumatic advancement of the piercing members through the vessel wall. The piercing members may also comprise a connection to an energy source. Advancement of the piercing members may be achieved by manual force alone or may be further enabled by radiofrequency ablation, plasma, or any other suitable means.

[0096] The snare deployment catheter 2005 includes a capture mechanism in the form of a snare member 2006 configured to "capture" or secure the bridging member 2003, allowing the advancement and placement of the fluid shunt over the bridging member. The snare deployment catheter 2005 may include a hard stop mechanism (e.g., a stop element) that prevents over-advancement of the bridging member. The bridging member 2003 is advanced through the bridge deployment catheter 2002 and into the snare member of the snare deployment catheter. In one embodiment, a balloon catheter is advanced over the bridging member. Once the balloon catheter is properly positioned over the bridging guidewire, an inflatable balloon on the distal side of the catheter is inflated to deploy the fluid shunt and form a fluid connection between the blood vessels. After positioning, expansion, and securing the fluid shunt in place between the target blood vessels, all other devices are removed. This process may be repeated on both sides, if necessary.

[0097] In another embodiment, the bridge member 2003, the bridge deployment catheter 2002, and / or the snare deployment catheter 2005 can also include one or more mechanisms that allow for steerability in at least one direction. Steerability can be achieved via one or more push-pull members that extend from the catheter handle to the distal tip of the catheter.

[0098] An exemplary method for deployment and implantation of a fluid shunt is summarized by the graphic sequence shown in Figures 23A-23C and includes the following steps.

[0099] First, one catheter (e.g., bridge deployment catheter 602 or snare deployment catheter 605) is introduced into the femoral or epigastric vein up to the inguinal ring. Second, another catheter is introduced into the testicular vein up to the Triangle of Doom. Third, the perforating members of both the bridge deployment catheter 602 and the snare deployment catheter 605 are advanced through the wall of the respective vessel in which either catheter resides. Fourth, a snare member and a bridging member are advanced through the bridging deployment catheter 602 and the snare deployment catheter 605. Fifth, the bridging member is threaded through the snare member loop using any suitable means, including, but not limited to, a laparoscopic grasper, magnetic guidance, or any other suitable means. Sixth, the snare member is used to pull the bridging member guidewire within the snare deployment catheter. Seventh, the fluid shunt and its delivery system are advanced over the bridging member across the target vessel, deploying the shunt and creating a fluid connection. Eighth, all instruments are removed and all incisions are closed. 2. Implant-free approach - fistula creation

[0100] In another exemplary method for at least partially treating varicocele, erectile dysfunction, infertility, nutcracker syndrome, BPH, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, pelvic congestion, ovarian cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and / or hormonal disorders, creating a fistula between the testicular vein(s) and another blood vessel can reduce or eliminate hydrostatic pressure, thereby improving venous circulation from the testicles. The testicular vein crosses multiple blood vessels at an angle. Some target blood vessels may include, but are not limited to, the deep circumflex vein, femoral vein, and epigastric vein. These blood vessels are small in size and enter each other at acute angles, limiting the surface area available at the intersection for fistula formation. Therefore, it is important to have a mechanism for aligning and stabilizing the device.

[0101] The access point for these devices can be via a percutaneous puncture or a laparoscopic access port. If via a laparoscopic access port, the device's proximal handle can allow navigation through the peritoneal cavity and into the vasculature. If via a percutaneous access point, the device can be inserted through a skin incision and navigated directly to the vascular access site. Additionally, any catheter-based device may require a guidewire lumen to facilitate navigation, which can be replaced with a rapid-exchange guidewire lumen to maintain space in the distal end assembly.

[0102] As an illustrative example, the fistula formation device comprises at least one catheter introduced into at least one blood vessel. In one specific embodiment, a first fistula formation device, such as a source catheter (e.g., a first catheter), is introduced into a testicular vein, and a second fistula formation device, such as a target catheter (e.g., a second catheter), is introduced into a femoral vein. The at least one fistula formation device may further comprise a recess configured to accommodate at least a portion of the other fistula formation device. The at least one fistula formation device may further comprise at least one alignment member configured for visualization via fluoroscopy, ultrasound, optical imaging, electromagnetic imaging, or any combination thereof. The alignment member(s) may comprise at least one magnet and / or radiopaque marker indicating the location where the first and second fistula formation devices should preferably intersect. Once the first and second fistula formation devices are properly positioned and / or aligned within the target vessel, the first and second fistula formation devices may further comprise a mechanism for securing the positioning and / or alignment of the first and second fistula formation devices relative to one another. Such a mechanism may comprise at least one magnet or any other suitable means.

[0103] After the first and second fistula-forming devices are secured in place, at least one fistula-forming device is positioned within the recess of another fistula-forming device so that at least a portion of the testicular vein is in close contact with at least a portion of the femoral vein. At least one fistula-forming device further comprises a compression element for inducing compression or pinching of the target vessels together. A fistula between the testicular vein and the femoral vein, or a fluid connection between other suitable vessels, is created using any suitable mechanism, including, but not limited to, delivery of an energy source such as radiofrequency energy, plasma, heat, or any combination thereof. The mechanism for creating the fistula may also comprise a mechanical cutting mechanism, such as a circular punch. After creating a fistula between the testicular vein and another vessel (such as the femoral vein), all fistula-forming devices are removed. The above process can be performed with other testicular veins as well.

[0104] FIG. 24 schematically illustrates an exemplary system 350 for forming a fistula between two blood vessels. In some embodiments, the system 350 can include a first catheter 370 (e.g., a source catheter) and a second catheter 360 (e.g., a target catheter) that can be navigated, for example, through the vasculature to the intersection between the two blood vessels. In other embodiments, the system 350 can include a single catheter configured to form a fistula between the two blood vessels, for example, via a percutaneous approach. The first and second catheters 360, 370 can include component(s) that are structurally and / or functionally similar to the first and second catheters 160, 170, including components (e.g., visualization elements) not specifically illustrated in FIG. 24 .

[0105] The first catheter 370 can be positioned or inserted into a first blood vessel FV, e.g., a testicular or ovarian vein, or another blood vessel in the patient's anatomy. The second catheter 360 can be positioned or inserted into a second blood vessel SV, e.g., a vein adjacent to the testicular or ovarian vein, or another blood vessel in the patient's anatomy adjacent to the first blood vessel FV.

[0106] First catheter 370 may optionally include a channel 372 for receiving a medical device. In some embodiments, channel 372 may be configured to receive, for example, a guidewire for guiding first catheter 370 to a target site (e.g., an intersection between a first blood vessel and a second blood vessel). In some embodiments, channel 372 may be configured to receive a fistula-forming device, such as an energy delivery device. The fistula-forming device may be, for example, a guidewire or other flexible shaft having one or more energy delivery components (e.g., electrodes) for delivering ablation to form a fistula between a first and second blood vessel. In some embodiments, channel 372 may also be configured to receive other instruments within the subject's body, such as surgical devices, visualization devices (e.g., for visualizing the distal end of first catheter 370, the target site, and / or the fistula-forming procedure). In some embodiments, channel 372 may be configured to deliver fluids, such as drugs (e.g., contrast agents), chemicals, therapeutic substances, anesthetics, etc., to the target site. In some embodiments, the channel 372 may be an optical channel for delivering energy to the tip or distal end of the first catheter 370, for example, to form a fistula.

[0107] The first catheter can include an energy delivery element 375 or other fistula-forming element. In some embodiments, the energy delivery element 375 can be, for example, one or more electrodes or conductive elements for delivering energy to the surrounding tissue. The energy can include, for example, heat, electricity, radio frequency (RF), direct current (DC), cryogenics, chemical, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the energy delivery element 375 can be a window that allows energy delivered via an optical channel to be applied to the surrounding tissue. In some embodiments, the energy delivery element 375 can be configured to change configuration (e.g., deform, expand, etc.), for example, to increase or decrease the area ablated to form a fistula and / or to target energy to specific tissue regions.

[0108] The first catheter 370 can optionally include a piercing element 378. The piercing element 378 can be configured to penetrate tissue (e.g., a blood vessel wall). The puncturing element 378 can be configured to form an opening in the blood vessel wall that allows an energy delivery device (e.g., a fistula formation device, such as a guidewire, advanced through the first catheter 370) or energy delivery element (e.g., energy delivery element 375) to be positioned through the intersection between the first and second blood vessels. Although not shown, the second catheter 360, described below, can also include a piercing element for penetrating tissue, for example, for deploying a snare element (e.g., snare element 366) and / or for allowing an energy delivery device or element to be received in the second catheter 370.

[0109] In embodiments in which first and second catheters 360, 370 are used together to form a fistula, it may be important to align and stabilize the two catheters 360, 370. As discussed above, the intersection between the testicular vein and an adjacent vein may be at an acute angle and have a small surface area. Therefore, positioning and alignment of the first and second catheters 360, 370 may be important to ensure a fistula is formed between the two blood vessels. To enable precise positioning, alignment, and stabilization of the catheters 360, 370, each catheter 360, 370 may include one or more alignment element(s) 364, 374. The alignment element(s) 364, 374 may include, for example, magnets or electromagnets (e.g., neodymium magnets). Additionally or alternatively, the alignment element(s) 364, 374 may include mating structures or interlocking features (e.g., protrusions and / or curved portions) that facilitate alignment between the catheters 360, 370. In use, catheters 360, 370 are navigated within the first and second blood vessels, respectively, to the intersection between the first and second blood vessels, and can then be aligned using alignment element(s) 364, 374 (e.g., by advancing and / or actuating energy delivery element 375) before forming a fistula.

[0110] In some embodiments, at least one of the catheters 360, 370 can optionally include a compression element 376. The compression element 376 can be configured to bring the two catheters 360, 370 closer together, for example, to facilitate the formation of a fistula between a first blood vessel and a second blood vessel.

[0111] When used with the first catheter 370, the second catheter 360 can be configured to stabilize the first catheter (e.g., using alignment elements 364, 374) and / or to receive a portion of the first catheter 370. For example, the first catheter 370 can include a component (e.g., an energy delivery element 375 or a structure (e.g., a shaft, a platform, etc.) that supports the energy delivery element 375) that is advanced through the intersection between the first blood vessel and the second blood vessel. The second catheter 360 can optionally include a snare element 366 for capturing the portion of the component of the first catheter 370 and / or a receiving chamber 369 for receiving the portion of the component of the first catheter 370. The snare element 366 can be functionally and / or structurally similar to the snare element 166 described with reference to FIG. 5 . The receiving chamber 369 can be an opening and / or a channel that can receive a portion of the first catheter 370 that is advanced through the intersection between the first blood vessel and the second blood vessel. In some embodiments, the structure supporting the energy delivery element 375 (e.g., shaft, spline, guidewire, etc.) can be advanced through the intersection and received in the second catheter 360 before energy is applied to form the fistula. Alternatively, the structure supporting the energy delivery element 375 (e.g., shaft, spline, guidewire, basket, platform) can be advanced through the intersection while delivering energy to the surrounding tissue to form the fistula.

[0112] The first and second catheters 360, 370 can be bundled together as a kit. If the catheters are required to navigate a blood vessel having a valve, a valvulotome can be provided as part of the kit. In some embodiments, disposable components (e.g., the first and second catheters 360, 370, a guidewire, etc.) can be bundled together in a single package. Other components of such a package can optionally include one or more of a syringe, a luer lock adapter fitting, an access sheath, instructions for use, wiring or cables necessary for operation and use of the catheters, sterilizing fluids, adhesives, etc.

[0113] 26 illustrates an exemplary method 400 for forming a fistula between two blood vessels. A first catheter (e.g., first catheter 370) can optionally be placed in a first vein (e.g., a testicular or ovarian vein) at 402. A second catheter (e.g., second catheter 360) can optionally be placed in a second vein adjacent to the first vein at 404. The first and second catheters can be aligned with one another at 406, for example, using alignment elements (e.g., alignment elements 364, 374). Optionally, alignment of the first and second catheters can be confirmed using visualization, markers, or other suitable methods. In some cases, the first and second catheters cannot be advanced or placed through the first and second veins, but rather the fistula formation device (e.g., first catheter 370) can be used to percutaneously access the intersection between the two veins.

[0114] At 408, the first and second veins can be pierced (e.g., using piercing element 368 of the first catheter or using a piercing element advanced through channel 362 of the first catheter). After forming openings through the first and second veins, a fistula formation device (e.g., energy delivery source 375) can be advanced from the first vein to the second vein at 410. In some embodiments, advancement of the fistula formation device can be from the first catheter to the second catheter. For example, a guidewire, shaft, or other structure supporting the fistula formation apparatus can be advanced from the first catheter through the intersection between the two veins and into the second catheter (e.g., into receiving chamber 369 of the second catheter). During and / or after advancing the fistula formation device, the fistula formation device can be actuated to form a fistula via mechanical abrasion and / or energy delivery at 412. For example, the fistula forming device can be rotated or translated to mechanically abrade the surrounding tissue and / or to deliver ablative energy to the surrounding tissue.

[0115] Optionally, a plug can be deployed at 414 to seal one or more openings in the vein separate from the fluid connection, for example, to prevent bleeding. Alternatively or additionally, bleeding can be prevented via delivery of an energy source, sutures, a hemostatic agent, or any combination thereof. The first and second catheters (and any other devices used during the procedure) can also be removed at 416.

[0116] In some embodiments, blood flow from the renal vein can be diverted toward the target vessel and / or fluid connection to increase the pressure differential across the fistula, for example, at 418. Increasing the pressure differential can improve the success rate of the fluid connection, for example, by reducing the likelihood of unwanted clotting.

[0117] FIG. 26 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a device 2600 for forming a fistula. FIGS. 27A and 27B illustrate the use of the device 2600 to form a fistula between two blood vessels 2610 and 2620. As illustrated, a source catheter 2601 (e.g., a first catheter) has a self-guiding member for forming a fistula between two blood vessels at an angle. The self-guiding member comprises an electrode member 2602 (e.g., an energy delivery element such as an electrode made of a metal such as tungsten) coupled to an alignment member 2603 (e.g., an alignment element such as a magnetic material). A layer of insulation can separate the electrode and alignment member. The alignment member and electrode combination extends radially away from the body of the catheter using a deformable element 2604. The deformable element 2604 can be deformed by mechanical force or other mechanisms (e.g., electrical, magnetic, etc.), as represented by arrow 2605 in FIG. 27A. The electrodes can be energized by transmission through energy conduits 2606. Activation of the electrodes allows for the delivery of energy to the surrounding tissue. This energy can be in the form of heat, electricity, RF, DC, cryogenics, chemical, or a combination thereof. Extension of the alignment members allows the tissue to be simultaneously exposed to the mechanical energy required to bridge the two blood vessels, but results in the death of a portion of the tissue surrounding the electrodes.

[0118] In one embodiment, the alignment member may be, for example, a magnet and / or an electromagnet to facilitate self-alignment with the target catheter.

[0119] The target catheter 2621 can include a single alignment member or a combination of alignment members 2622. The alignment members 2622 can be, for example, magnets and / or electromagnets to facilitate self-alignment with the source catheter 2601. The alignment members 2622 can guide the electrode members 2602 as the members are extended through the surrounding tissue to form the fistula.

[0120] 28A and 28B show another exemplary embodiment of a device 2800 for forming a fistula. As shown, a source catheter 2801 (e.g., a first catheter) has a self-guiding member 2802 in the form of a cylinder. An alignment member (e.g., alignment element) 2806 comprises a majority of the cylinder and is surrounded by an insulating layer and an electrode element 2803 (e.g., energy delivery element). The electrode element 2803 is separately connected to an energy source and has a dedicated channel 2804 (e.g., a conductor, flexible circuit, etc.) for transmitting energy from the energy source (external to the patient) to the electrode element 2803. The alignment member 2806 can be composed of a magnet or electromagnet actuated by an external magnetic field or a ferroelectric material. The dielectric layer can be composed of any insulating material that provides thermal, cryogenic, electrical, and / or magnetic insulation.

[0121] The self-guiding member 2802 can be housed within a concave cavity in the source catheter 2801. The orientation of the self-guiding member 2802 can maximize the attractive force toward the target catheter 2820 as the self-guiding member approaches the target catheter 2820. The orientation of the self-guiding member 2802 can also change as the member 2802 moves through the interstitial tissue toward the target catheter 2820. Alternatively, the orientation and position of the self-guiding member 2802 can be changed by connecting a proximally operable (e.g., using a pull wire) element 2805.

[0122] The target catheter 2820 may be structurally and / or functionally similar to the second catheter described with reference to Figure 24. In some embodiments, the target catheter 2820 configured for use with the source catheter shown in Figures 28A and 28B may be the target catheter 2620 shown in Figure 26.

[0123] 29A and 29B show another exemplary embodiment of a device 2900 for forming a fistula. As shown, the mechanism for forming a fistula in a source catheter (e.g., a first catheter) can consist of a deformable member 2901 (e.g., a shaft) that can extend outward from the catheter body through mechanical translation of a linking member 2902, and the deformable member consists of an electrode member 2904 (e.g., an energy delivery element) that presses against the vessel wall. As shown in FIGS. 29A and 29B, the deformable member is in the form of a torsion spring 2901 that can be extended by translating a proximal lead arm 2902. The distal end of the deformable member is fixed to the distal end of the catheter. The deformable member can be composed of materials including, but not limited to, metals, alloys, plastics, polymers, or combinations thereof. The deformable member can serve as a means for transmitting energy to the electrode member. As the deformable member deforms, the electrodes extend outward. The electrode may have a pivot point to allow self-alignment 2903 with the vessel wall when forming the fistula. The electrode member may have radiopaque or additional radiopaque markers for visualization under fluoroscopy or an X-ray field. The electrode member may also have other self-aligning members 2903, including, but not limited to, magnets, electromagnets, or ferroelectrics, to self-orient and align the electrode member and minimize risk. Additionally, another alignment member may be present to indicate the final position of the fully extended member. This may be useful for positioning the source catheter relative to the target catheter to increase the likelihood of technical success of the procedure.

[0124] The target catheter (not shown) may be structurally and / or functionally similar to the second catheter described with reference to Figure 24. In some embodiments, the target catheter configured for use with the source catheter shown in Figures 29A and 29B may be the target catheter shown in Figure 26.

[0125] 30A and 30B show another exemplary embodiment of a device 3000 for forming a fistula. As shown, a source catheter 3001 (e.g., a first catheter) can be comprised of multiple deformable members 3002. FIGS. 30A and 30B show the multiple deformable members 3002 being deformed by mechanical translation of the distal end 3003 of the source catheter relative to the proximal end 3004 of the catheter 3001. Alignment members 3005 can be present to induce mechanical compression of the deformable members 3002. These alignment members 3005 can ensure that the deformable members 3002 are deformed in the desired direction and prevent undesired rotation, torque, or translation. The deformable members 3002 can be comprised of electrode members (e.g., energy delivery elements) incorporated therein or can have electrode elements attached thereto.

[0126] The source catheter shown in Figures 30A and 30B can be used with a target catheter (not shown) that is structurally and / or functionally similar to the second catheter described with reference to Figure 24. In some embodiments, the source catheter can be used with the target catheter shown in Figure 26.

[0127] FIG. 31 illustrates another exemplary embodiment of a device 3100 for forming a fistula. In some embodiments, the source and target catheters (e.g., first and second catheters) serve as hollow channels for translating the device 3100, which is implemented as a custom-shaped guidewire. As shown in FIG. 31, the custom-shaped guidewire is comprised of a distal tapered conductive tip 3101, an inner segment with an embedded electrode 3102 (e.g., an energy delivery element), and a proximal end with a sharpened edge 3103. The diameter of the proximal end of the guidewire can be approximately 0.5-5 mm, and the distal tip of the guidewire can range from approximately 0.1-2 mm. The embedded electrode 3102 can comprise a material capable of delivering thermal, electrical, or chemical energy, or a combination thereof. Energy may be delivered to the electrode 3102 from either the proximal end of the guidewire connected to an external energy source, or from the distal end of the guidewire after the guidewire connects with a mating element in the target catheter, such as the snare element 366 shown in FIG. 24, or a combination of the two.

[0128] The distal tip of the guidewire can include a recessed notch for aligning and mating with a snare or ratchet mechanism (e.g., snare element 366 shown in FIG. 24) in the target catheter. This mechanism can provide stability to the system and can function as an energy transfer or circuit completion mechanism, where the snare is conductive and connected to an external energy source. This mechanism can enable retraction of the guidewire from the source catheter into the target catheter, for example, by connecting the snare or ratchet mechanism to an external retraction mechanism at the proximal end of the target catheter. As the guidewire is retracted into the target catheter, the sharp edges can abrade tissue, creating a fistula equal to or substantially equal to the proximal diameter of the guidewire.

[0129] 32 and 33 illustrate another example of a source catheter 3200 (e.g., a first catheter) and a target catheter 3300 (e.g., a second catheter), respectively, according to embodiments described herein. The target catheter 3300 includes an expandable element (e.g., a balloon and / or cage) that can house magnetic particles. These magnetic particles mate with magnetic elements on the source catheter, as shown in FIGS. 34A and 34B, to help align the two catheters and facilitate crossing of the piercing element. The target catheter expandable element can be relatively flat to allow for vessel extension and facilitate alignment with the source catheter 3200.

[0130] The source catheter 3200 comprises one or more magnetic elements 3201 (e.g., permanent magnets) used as alignment members with the target catheter 3300. The source catheter 3200 may also include a dedicated lumen with a side opening 3202 used to pass a mating element 3203 (e.g., guidewire, needle). The target catheter 3300 is comprised of an expandable member 3301 (e.g., balloon and / or cage) that can house magnetic particles 3302. The target catheter 3300 also has a dedicated opening 3303 for capturing the mating element 3203, and a dedicated retrieval mechanism 3304 (e.g., snare element) embedded in one of its lumens.

[0131] 35 shows another exemplary embodiment of a device 3500 for forming a fistula. As shown, a source catheter 3510 (e.g., a first catheter) is configured with an optical channel 3502 for transmitting electromagnetic radiation from an external source to the tip of the catheter 3510. Such electromagnetic energy can take the form of a laser, optical light, infrared radiation, etc., and can be supplied as shown at 3504. At the tip of the source catheter may be a lens or a system of lenses or prisms 3503 (e.g., energy delivery element) for reflecting energy perpendicular to the axis of the source catheter 3510. An alignment member (not shown) may be present on the source catheter to facilitate orientation and / or fixation of the source catheter relative to the target catheter (e.g., a second catheter).

[0132] In one embodiment, device 3500 can include a fiber optic bundle 3502 (e.g., including one or more light guides), a component used to deflect the light source, such as, for example, a lens assembly 3503, and a light source 3504 configured to generate energy used to ablate the target tissue (e.g., a laser). In some embodiments, the example embodied in device 3500 can include a rapid exchange tip 3501, e.g., for traceability. While not specifically shown with respect to the other devices described herein, any of the other devices for forming fluid connections and / or fistulas can include a rapid exchange tip, such as, for example, rapid exchange tip 3501, e.g., to conserve lumen space. Alternatively, device 3500 can be constructed from a regular guidewire lumen.

[0133] Figures 36 and 39A-39B show other exemplary embodiments of devices 3600, 3900 for forming a fistula. As shown, the formation of the fistula can be achieved via a percutaneous approach using image guidance. As an illustrative example, the percutaneous deployment of devices 3600, 3900 is summarized by the graphic sequences summarized in Figures 37, 38, and 40A-40C, respectively.

[0134] An exemplary percutaneous approach for creating a fistula and creating a fluid connection between two blood vessels, such as blood vessels 3601 and 3602 shown in Figures 37 and 38, or blood vessels 3901 and 3902 shown in Figures 40A to 40C, via a percutaneous approach can include the following steps:

[0135] First, a target path 3604 through the body is determined based on patient-specific anatomical data. The patient's anatomical data can be obtained using, but is not limited to, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, Doppler, optical imaging, fluoroscopy, radiography, or any combination thereof. The determined path includes, at least in part, a first blood vessel 3601 or 3901 and a second blood vessel 3602 or 3902, at least one of which comprises a testicular vein. There are multiple possible, suitable, and / or clinically relevant paths that the determined path may comprise. An exemplary ideal path can intersect two target blood vessels while avoiding any significant anatomical structures.

[0136] A bridging member 3603 or 3903 (e.g., first catheter 370), which may be comprised of any suitable structure, including but not limited to a needle, probe, catheter, or minimally invasive delivery tool, is advanced along the determined path. The bridging member may include a position sensor that determines its position in three-dimensional space in real time. The bridging member may also include a mechanism for ascertaining the characteristics of the surrounding tissue or structure. To distinguish between various structures, there may be multiple such members distributed throughout the body of the device, such as simultaneously determining distal and proximal vessels. This helps determine whether the bridging member is within a vascular space or an interstitial tissue space. In one example, this can be achieved by delivering a bolus of fluid through an orifice 3606 or 3906 located at the distal end of the bridging member. The advancement of the bridging member may be guided in real time based on the patient's anatomical data and the position of the bridging member in three-dimensional space relative to a reference marker. The reference marker may include an anatomical structure, a fiducial marker, a bony structure, or any other suitable marker. Advancement of the bridging member can be performed by a robotic-assisted device or system. In some embodiments, there can be a member located inside the proximal vessel that acts as a hard stop (not shown) for the distal end (or electrode-carrying member) as it approaches the vicinity of the proximal vessel.

[0137] Once the bridging member 3603 or 3903 is positioned in the desired location, the electrode or electrode carrying member 3605 or 3905 (e.g., the component of the first catheter 370 that supports the energy delivery element 375) can be deployed or activated. As shown in FIGS. 36-40B , the electrode carrying member can be attached to the body 3600 or 3900 of the bridging member at multiple points. As shown in FIGS. 36-38 , when the electrode carrying member is connected in three or more locations, the electrode carrying member remains flush with the body of the bridging member 3600. In some embodiments, the electrode carrying member can have a roughened surface to facilitate tissue debridement after tissue treatment. The electrodes and electrode carrying member 3605 or 3905 can be composed of, for example, metals, alloys, plastics, composites, polymers, gels, conductive polymers, conductive gels, or combinations thereof. The electrode carrying member 3605 or 3905 provides mechanical support to the electrode member (e.g., energy delivery element 375) and provides a mechanism for transmitting energy from an external source (e.g., one or more conductive wires). The electrode delivers energy to the surrounding tissue for the formation of a fistula tract, 3607 or 3907.

[0138] 39A and 39B, when the electrode carrying member 3905 is in a desired position, the electrode can be deployed, extending the electrode and the electrode carrying member 3905. This can be accomplished by mechanically translating the distal tip toward the proximal body of the bridging member. Because the electrode carrying member 3905 is connected to the proximal end of the distal tip and the distal end of the proximal body, the electrode carrying member 3905 expands outward as the two attached ends approach each other.

[0139] While the electrodes deliver energy to the surrounding tissue, the electrode carrying member or electrode, 3605 or 3905, can be shaped to facilitate debridement of the treated tissue. One example of achieving this is simultaneous movement of the device with delivery of energy through the electrodes.

[0140] Bridging member 3603 or 3903 may optionally include a mechanism for preventing bleeding of at least one target vessel prior to complete removal of bridging member 3603 or 3903. The mechanism for preventing bleeding may include deployment of a vascular plug (e.g., as shown in FIG. 15A), delivery of an energy source, suturing, a hemostatic agent, or any combination thereof. Alternatively, at least one of the target vessels can be closed using external pressure or a preformed shunt extending through the lumen of the first vessel, as shown in FIG. 15B. 3. Renal vein flow regulation

[0141] Due to the low flow rate in the venous system, foreign body implants, shunts, or fistulas are prone to patency problems due to unwanted clotting. To increase success rates, flow rate can be adjusted by increasing the pressure differential across the implant, shunt, or fistula. The pressure differential can be altered by changing the pressure and / or flow rate at the inlet of the implant or fistula, the outlet of the implant or fistula, or both. From FIG. 41 , it can be seen that flow rate through the fistula or segment 4105 can be increased by increasing flow rate from the gonadal veins 4102 and 4104 through the use of an implantable device 4100 that diverts additional blood from the left renal vein 4101 to the gonadal vein 4102.

[0142] 41 and 42 illustrate an exemplary embodiment in which an intravascular stent 4100 is used to divert blood from the renal vein 4101 toward the gonadal vein 4102 (and therefore the testicular vein). As shown, an intravascular stent can be placed in the left renal vein to effectively reduce the cross-sectional diameter of the left renal vein 4101 between the gonadal vein 4102 and the inferior vena cava 4103. This can be achieved using a tapered covered stent 4100, as shown in FIGS. 41 and 42. As a result of the reduced cross-sectional area, a large amount of venous blood from the left kidney can be directed toward the gonadal vein 4102, as indicated by the arrows. The size of the arrows qualitatively represents the flow rate in FIG. 41.

[0143] In some embodiments, the intravascular device can have a curved or extended portion 4111 that attaches to the gonadal vein. This can prevent the device 4100 from accidentally moving away from the left renal vein. The device 4100 can be, for example, a stent with a body made of a metal, plastic, polymer, alloy, or combinations thereof. The device 4100 can be fully or partially covered with a covering comprising, for example, a plastic, polymer, expanded polymer, nanofiber matrix, gel, tissue, 3D printed material, or combinations thereof.

[0144] 43 shows another example of an intravascular device including a flow diverter 4300 that diverts a portion of the venous blood flow in the left renal vein 4101 to the gonadal vein 4102. The increased cross-section of the flow diverter 4112 compared to the diameter of the gonadal vein 4102 redirects a portion of the renal vein output into the gonadal vein 4102. Part or all of the intravascular device 4300 can be covered to facilitate the flow redirection.

[0145] In some embodiments, the intravascular device 4100, 4300 can have radiopaque markers on the body to facilitate orientation and deployment. In some embodiments, the intravascular device 4100, 4300 can have flared ends to sit flush with the vascular opening. In some embodiments, the intravascular device 4100, 4300 can have hooks or piercing elements, for example, at the portion 4111 that engages the gonadal vein 4102, to prevent migration after deployment.

[0146] The devices 4100, 4300 can be delivered and deployed using percutaneous or laparoscopic delivery devices. Systems, devices, and methods for occlusion or ligation of a target vessel

[0147] Set forth below are detailed descriptions of various embodiments of medical devices and methods relating to the occlusion or ligation of targeted blood vessels to aid in the treatment of varicocele, erectile dysfunction, infertility, nutcracker syndrome, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), bladder cancer, prostate cancer, pelvic congestion, ovarian cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and / or hormonal disorders. Such devices and methods can provide more effective treatments for reducing, eliminating, and / or preventing pathophysiological hydrostatic pressure in the testicular or ovarian venous drainage systems.

[0148] Specifically, the systems, devices, and methods disclosed herein can reduce or eliminate the pressure gradient across the testicular drainage system, preventing backflow of blood from the testes to the prostate. Normal physiological function of the prostate is restored by normal venous pressure, normal arterial blood flow through the prostate, and exposure of the prostate to normal levels of free testosterone.

[0149] The systems, devices, and methods described herein also provide approaches and improvements to ligating and / or occluding testicular or ovarian vein(s) (or other blood vessels) to relieve pathophysiological hydrostatic pressure from defective, malfunctioning one-way valves in the ISV and / or associated network of retroperitoneal venous bypasses. These methods allow for ligation and / or occlusion of the venous bypass network regardless of vessel diameter. Removal or reduction of pathological hydrostatic pressure through these procedures restores normal arterial oxygenated blood flow and the normal supply of nutrients to the seminiferous tubules, the site of sperm production.

[0150] 44 schematically illustrates an exemplary device 500 for ligating and / or occluding a target vessel TV. The device 500 may include a catheter 510 defining a channel 512. The channel 512 may be a working channel that receives and / or accommodates one or more vascular closure element(s) 520. In some embodiments, the channel 512 may be configured to receive other medical components, such as visualization mechanisms (e.g., lenses, light sources, etc.), sensors, etc. In some embodiments, the channel 512 may be configured to deliver fluids, such as drugs (e.g., contrast agents), chemicals, therapeutic substances, anesthetics, etc., to the target vessel.

[0151] The vascular closure element(s) 520 can be configured to cause occlusion and / or ligation of the target vessel TV. In some embodiments, the vascular closure element(s) 520 can optionally include energy delivery element(s) 540, such as, for example, electrode(s) and / or other energy conducting element(s) capable of delivering energy to tissue. The energy can include, for example, heat, electricity, radio frequency (RF), direct current (DC), cryogenics, chemical, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the delivery of energy to the tissue can cause ablation and / or embolization of the tissue, which can lead to closure of the vessel. In some embodiments, the vascular closure element(s) 520 can optionally include one or more mechanical components, such as springs, arms, clamps, shafts, etc. Such mechanical component(s) can be configured to move and / or deform to grip and / or close around the target vessel TV, as exemplified by 522. In some embodiments, the vascular closure element 520 can be formed from a shape memory material capable of returning to a predetermined shape in response to certain conditions. For example, the shape memory vascular closure element 520 can be configured to return to a compressed state to occlude the target vessel TV in response to exposure to body heat.

[0152] In some embodiments, device 500 can include a control device 530 that can control the delivery of energy to components of device 500 (e.g., energy delivery element 540) and / or control the deployment and / or movement of vascular closure element(s) 520. In some embodiments, control device 530 can be a knob or handle that allows a user to mechanically manipulate one or more pull wires to move vascular closure element 520. In some embodiments, control device 530 can be an electronic controller including a processor configured to automatically move vascular closure element 520 and / or activate the delivery of energy to energy delivery element 540.

[0153] FIG. 45 shows an exemplary method 600 for occluding and / or ligating a target blood vessel. At 602, a catheter (e.g., catheter 510) is optionally placed within a patient's anatomy. If an endovascular approach is involved, the catheter can be placed within a target vein (e.g., a testicular or ovarian vein). If a percutaneous approach is involved, the catheter can be inserted into the target vein in tissue. At 604, one or more vascular closure elements (e.g., vascular closure element(s) 520) can be deployed. Optionally, in some cases, the vascular closure element(s) can be deployed such that at least a portion of the vascular closure element(s) is / are positioned outside the target vein. In some embodiments, the vascular closure element(s) can include a perforating and / or puncturing element for penetrating the wall of the target vein. Alternatively, the catheter can include a perforating and / or puncturing element for penetrating the wall of the target vein so that the vascular closure element(s) can extend through the opening and around the target blood vessel.

[0154] Optionally, at 606, the vascular closure element(s) can be mechanically adjusted or manipulated to close around the blood vessel. In some embodiments, the vascular closure element can be formed from a shape-memory material that can return to a predetermined shape in response to certain conditions (e.g., body temperature). Thus, when such a vascular closure element is delivered to the patient's anatomy, it can automatically change shape to close and / or occlude around the target vein. Optionally, at 608, the vascular closure element(s) can include one or more energy delivery element(s) (e.g., energy delivery element 540), which can be activated to deliver energy to surrounding tissue, e.g., causing ablation and / or embolization of such tissue.

[0155] At 610, the catheter, vascular closure element, and other components may be removed after the vessel has been occluded and / or ligated. 1. Internal resection of the vessel to induce embolization

[0156] 46 and 47 show an exemplary catheter 4600 comprising a helical hollow strain (HHS) shaft 4603, which further comprises a shape memory alloy. The ablation catheter shaft 4603 may comprise a flexible, high-torque shaft with a central lumen configured for advancement over a guidewire 4605 and two or more distal, longer, heat-set strains around a bulb-shaped mandrel 4604. The distal strains can be electrically connected (e.g., via motor brushes) to an energy source such as a radio frequency generator. The distal end of the ablation catheter is coupled with an insulating bulb 4604 and is constructed of a high-dielectric-constant material (e.g., ceramic, PET, PEEK, etc.).

[0157] The ablation catheter 4600 can be configured to ablate the inner lining of a target vessel 4607 and induce embolization and closure of the target vessel by activating delivery of energy to the ablation valve while rotating the valve. The ablation catheter 4600 can include a control device, implemented as, for example, a rotation knob 4606 that can be used to move (e.g., translate and / or rotate) the strain and / or isolation valve to facilitate inducing embolization and closure of the target vessel.

[0158] Once the ablation catheter 4600 damages the intimal layer of the target blood vessel 4608, the inflammatory response can ensure the controllable closure 4609 of the damaged blood vessel. 2. Heat-activated springs for vascular closure

[0159] 49A-49D illustrate approaches for occluding a target vessel using different exemplary devices 4900 (e.g., catheters). The device 4900 can be implemented as a spring catheter 4900. The spring catheter 4900 includes a heat-set spring 4901 further comprising a shape memory alloy configured to generate an axial compressive force on the target vessel. Precise heat-set characteristics of the spring are implemented such that the shape of the heat-set spring automatically reforms when the material reaches a predetermined temperature, e.g., about 37°C (body temperature). In some embodiments, the heat-set spring 4901 can be composed of a shape memory alloy having an austenite phase transition temperature of about 34 to about 37°C.

[0160] By nesting the spring in a cooled delivery system 4902 in a straight configuration, as shown in FIG. 49A, the heat-set spring 4901 can be deployed from inside the target vessel to the helical outside of the vessel, for example, at a pitch determined by a deployment channel included in the distal end of the delivery system. The "stretched" spring 4901 surrounding the vessel can return to its heat-set, compressed shape upon exposure to body temperature. The deployed spring 4901 then exerts an axial compressive force on the vessel, causing the target vessel to collapse and close on itself, as shown in FIG. 49D. 3. Intraluminal Vascular Ligation Catheter

[0161] 50A-50C illustrate an approach for sealing and occluding a target vessel using another exemplary device (e.g., a catheter) 5000. The vessel ligation catheter 5000 comprises a multi-lumen catheter shaft 5002, a distal tip 5004 made of a material having a high dielectric constant (e.g., ceramic, PEEK), a central lumen configured for advancement of the vessel ligation catheter over a guidewire, and at least two side openings 5005 configured for advancement of two or more ligating members 5006 (e.g., vessel closure elements).

[0162] The ligating member 5006 resides within the shaft 5002 of the ligating catheter 5000 and is constructed from a shape memory alloy (e.g., nitinol). The ligating member 5006 is configured to penetrate the wall of the target vessel by advancing a wire through a side opening 5005 in the ligating catheter 5000. In one exemplary embodiment, the ligating member is pre-coiled so that it spirals around the vessel after puncture. The ligating member 5006 may include a connection to an energy source, such as, for example, radiofrequency energy, to assist in puncturing the vessel wall.

[0163] By retracting 5007 the ligating member and / or applying torque 5008 to the ligating catheter 5000, the blood vessel can be mechanically twisted or collapsed, thereby reducing or completely eliminating blood flow therethrough. The ligating member 5006 can include a connection to a radiofrequency generator or other energy source. Activation and delivery of radiofrequency energy via the ligating member 5006 ablates and closes the twisted or collapsed blood vessel. In some embodiments, the radiofrequency energy source can include at least one monopolar electrode and a grounding pad placed on the patient's body. In some embodiments, the radiofrequency energy source can include at least two ligating members 5006 configured for bipolar ablation of the blood vessel (thus eliminating the need for a grounding pad placed on the patient's body). 4. Percutaneous vascular sealing devices

[0164] 51A-51C illustrate a process for sealing and closing a target blood vessel to prevent blood flow using another exemplary device 5100 (e.g., a catheter). The blood vessel sealing device 5100 is introduced into the body via a percutaneous or minimally invasive approach. The blood vessel sealing device 5100 may include a distal end 5103 including openings for extending one or more sealing members. The blood vessel sealing device 5100 encompasses a target blood vessel 5107, in this specific example, the testicular vein(s), and includes at least two sealing members 5104 and 5105 (e.g., vascular closure elements) configured to deliver energy to seal the blood vessel and prevent blood flow therethrough.

[0165] The sealing members 5104 and 5105 may have straight or curved shapes and may be reconfigured for deployment from the distal tip of the vascular sealing device 1000. The sealing members 5104, 5105 may be constructed from a shape memory alloy, such as Nitinol.

[0166] An exemplary method for deployment and use of the vessel sealing device 5100 to reduce or eliminate blood flow through a blood vessel (e.g., spermatic (or testicular) vein, spermatic (or testicular) artery, ovarian vein, ovarian artery, differential vein, differential artery, cremaster artery, and / or cremaster vein, etc.) may include the following steps:

[0167] First, a vessel sealing device 5100 (e.g., a catheter) is percutaneously introduced adjacent to a target vessel using any suitable imaging modality, including, but not limited to, ultrasound, fluoroscopy, electromagnetic imaging, or any combination thereof. Once the distal tip of the vessel sealing device is properly positioned, sealing members 5104, 5105 are advanced through the shaft of the vessel sealing device to surround the target vessel 5107.

[0168] The sealing members are then closely approximated to apply a compressive force to the blood vessel, and in certain embodiments, the mechanism for approximating the sealing members 5104 and 5105 may include advancement of the cam member 5102 to press the sealing members together. The target blood vessel 5107 is at least partially occluded by the approximation of the sealing members 5104 and 5105, and the blood vessel is sealed by activation and delivery of an energy source. The energy source may comprise, for example, radiofrequency energy.

[0169] After sealing the target vessel, the vessel sealing device 5100 can be removed. 5. Target vessel embolization method for the treatment of varicocele

[0170] In another exemplary method for treating varicocele, erectile dysfunction, infertility, Nutcracker syndrome, BPH, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, pelvic congestion, ovarian cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, and / or hormonal disorders, certain blood vessels can be ligated or occluded. These blood vessels may include the following vessels and any branching vessels that terminate in the following vessels: testicular (or testicular) vein, testicular (or testicular) artery, ovarian vein, ovarian artery, vena cava, vena cava, cremaster artery, cremaster vein, etc.

[0171] Ligation and / or occlusion of at least one of these vessels, or any combination thereof, can be accomplished using a device that delivers an occluding agent. The device for delivering the occluding agent may be comprised of a catheter (e.g., catheter 510), a microcatheter, a laparoscopic tool, a needle, or any other suitable configuration thereof. The delivery device may include an inflatable balloon to secure the device in place and / or to assist in the delivery of the occluding agent. In one particular embodiment, the delivery device includes a catheter (e.g., catheter 510) with a lumen configured for navigation, advancement, and / or placement over a guidewire. The catheter may further include a lumen therethrough configured for delivery of the occluding agent.

[0172] The occluding agent can include any suitable agent configured for permanent or temporary occlusion of a blood vessel, including, but not limited to, one or more embolic coils, polymers, hydrogels, adhesives, glues, photo- and / or thermosetting materials, cyanoacrylates, fibrin-based polymers, thrombogenic compounds, devices that release thrombogenic compounds, and expandable members. The occluding agent may be comprised of a metal, alloy, plastic, polymer, hydrogel, gelatinous material, microporous material, and / or a material that changes one or more properties in response to heat, temperature, sound, light, radiation, or any combination thereof.

[0173] In an exemplary embodiment, one or more embolic coils are placed in at least one target vessel. The coils induce thrombus formation and clot formation, resulting in at least partial occlusion of the target vessel. While ligation or occlusion of the testicular vein is a common treatment, at least partial occlusion of the testicular artery is another suitable treatment.

[0174] Occlusion or embolization of the prostatic artery is an established procedure with a high success rate. Occlusion of the prostatic artery reduces or completely eliminates the blood and nutrient supply to the prostate, preventing growth and potentially reducing prostatic hyperplasia. Similarly, occlusion of at least one testicular artery causes testicular malnutrition, which in turn leads to venous blood outflow and reflux and reduced testosterone production. Reduced venous blood reflux has been shown to cause a decrease in prostate size. Similarly, exposure of the prostate to testosterone-rich blood has been shown to induce hypertrophy. Some advantages of embolizing or occluding at least one testicular artery (compared to occlusion of either the prostatic artery or the testicular vein) are its larger diameter, which allows for easier vascular access via percutaneous or minimally invasive approaches. Furthermore, occlusion of the testicular artery does not present the same challenges of accessing, visualizing, occluding, and / or ligating collateral vessels that exist to occlude the testicular vein(s). Replacement venous valves

[0175] 52A-52C illustrate an exemplary device 5200 for improving blood flow through the testicular venous drainage system. The device comprises an implantable valve configured to at least partially replicate the function of the one-way valve of the testicular vein. The implantable valve 5200 can be introduced into the body via a variety of methods, including, but not limited to, percutaneous or minimally invasive approaches.

[0176] The implantable valve 5200 is configured to prevent backflow of venous blood in the testicular vein vasculature after being implanted in at least one blood vessel. The implantable valve 5200 comprises an expandable body 5202 configured to securely contact the intima of the blood vessel. The implantable valve 5200 may further comprise one or more foldable flaps 5203 configured to allow fluid flow in only one direction. During fluid flow through the valve, the at least one foldable flap can be deflected in the direction of fluid flow 5205. At least one implantable valve 5200 can be positioned in a target blood vessel, such as a testicular vein, and the implantable valve can be positioned above a native one-way valve, proximal to the native valve, or anywhere along the length of the target blood vessel.

[0177] Multiple units of the implantable valve 5200 can be placed along the length of a target vessel to reduce hydrostatic pressure and / or improve blood flow to the testicles. The implantable valve 5200 can include an outer diameter of at least about 1 millimeter and can be constructed from any suitable biocompatible material, including, but not limited to, metal, plastic, polymer, biological tissue, graft, synthetic fiber, gel, or any combination thereof. The foldable flaps 5203 can be attached to the implantable valve body 5202 and / or to each other using any suitable attachment means 5204, including, but not limited to, sutures, adhesives, hardening gels, hardening polymers, heat-based welding, or any combination thereof.

[0178] Although the use of the embodiments of the present disclosure described herein is described as relating to spermatic vein(s), it can be understood that the use of any embodiment of the present disclosure described herein applies equally to ovarian vein(s). Furthermore, the use of the systems, devices, and methods described herein is applicable bilaterally and is not limited to a single spermatic cord or ovarian vein. It can be understood that the systems, devices, and methods can be adapted to other patient anatomies other than spermatic and ovarian veins, including, for example, other vessels in the urinary system, other vessels in the cardiovascular system, other vessels in the brain, other vessels in the legs, arms, or other locations in the patient anatomy.

[0179] While several embodiments of the present invention have been described and illustrated herein, those skilled in the art will readily envision various other means and / or structures for performing the functions and / or obtaining one or more of the results and / or advantages described herein, and each such variation and / or modification is deemed to be within the scope of the present invention. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are intended to be exemplary, and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and / or configurations will depend on the particular application or applications for which the teachings of the present invention are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Accordingly, the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only, and it should be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, and / or method described herein. Furthermore, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and / or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and / or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the inventive scope of the present disclosure.

[0180] Also, various inventive concepts may be embodied as one or more methods, examples of which are provided. The acts performed as part of a method may be ordered in any suitable manner. Thus, although shown as sequential acts in an exemplary embodiment, embodiments may be constructed in which the acts are performed in a different order than shown, which may include performing some acts simultaneously.

[0181] As used herein, the terms "about" and / or "approximately," when used in conjunction with numerical values ​​and / or ranges, generally refer to those numerical values ​​and / or ranges that are close to the recited numerical values ​​and / or ranges. In some cases, the terms "about" and "approximately" may mean within ±10% of the stated value. For example, in some cases, "about 100 units" may mean within ±10% of 100 (e.g., 90 to 110). The terms "about" and "approximately" may be used interchangeably.

Claims

1. 1. A system for forming a fluid connection between a first blood vessel and a second blood vessel to treat varicocele and related conditions or improve venous blood flow, comprising: a first catheter defining a first channel terminating in a first opening, the first catheter including a first alignment element, the first catheter configured to be positioned within the first blood vessel; a second catheter defining a second channel terminating in a second opening, the second catheter including a second alignment element, the second catheter configured to be positioned within the second blood vessel, the first and second alignment elements configured to align the first and second openings of the first and second catheters when the first and second catheters are positioned within the first and second blood vessels; at least one piercing element configured to penetrate tissue adjacent the first and second openings in the space between the first and second catheters; a balloon catheter advanceable over a guidewire through the first channel of the first catheter, through the first and second openings and the adjacent tissue, and into the second channel of the second catheter, such that a portion of the balloon catheter extends through the space between the first and second catheters, the balloon catheter configured to deploy an implant in the space between the first and second catheters to form the fluid connection between the first and second blood vessels.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first blood vessel is one of a testicular vein or an ovarian vein.

3. The system of claim 1 or 2, wherein the first and second alignment elements comprise magnets.

4. The system of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the first alignment element surrounds the first opening and the second alignment element surrounds the second opening.

5. The system of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein at least one inflatable balloon is disposed at the distal end of the balloon catheter.

6. The system of any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising a stop element configured to prevent the balloon catheter from advancing beyond a predetermined distance into the second channel.

7. The system of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the second catheter includes a snare element configured to capture the balloon catheter and guide the balloon catheter into the second channel.

8. further comprising the implant, The system of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the implant includes at least one of a coating to promote tissue growth or a coating to prevent blockage in the fluid connection.

9. 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising an energy delivery element carried by the first catheter, the energy delivery element configured to deliver energy to ablate tissue adjacent the opening between the first and second catheters.

10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the energy delivery element includes an electrode and the first catheter includes a conductive wire configured to transmit energy from an external energy source to the electrode.

11. 11. The system of claim 9 or 10, wherein the energy delivery element is configured to deliver at least one of thermal, cryogenic, electrical, or electromagnetic energy.

12. a system wherein the energy delivery element is coupled to the first alignment element, a layer of insulating material disposed between the energy delivery element and the first alignment element; and / or The system of any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the energy delivery elements have a cylindrical shape and the energy delivery elements are arranged in layers around the first alignment element.

13. The system of any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the first catheter includes one or more sets of deformable members, and the energy delivery element is disposed on at least one of the sets of deformable members.

14. the energy delivery element is configured to be expanded into the tissue during ablation; 10. A system wherein the first catheter further comprises a shaft configured to actuate the energy delivery element to extend into the tissue, the shaft is a deformable shaft, and / or The system of any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the shaft is configured for mechanical or electrical actuation.

15. the energy delivery element includes a lens assembly configured to direct light to the tissue to ablate the tissue; 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the catheter includes at least one light guide configured to deliver the light from a light source to the lens assembly such that the lens assembly can direct the light toward the tissue.

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