Methods, systems, and related aspects for repelling insects

Abstract

Provided herein are systems for repelling insects that include at least one row of multiple insulated conductor wires (ICWs) disposed substantially parallel to one another. The systems also include an electrical power supply operably connected to the at least one row of multiple ICWs. The electrical power supply is configured to provide electrical power to the at least one row of multiple ICWs such that charged particles move between the neighboring pairs of ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs when the electrical power is provided to the at least one row of multiple ICWs by the electrical power supply. Related methods and other aspects are also provided.

Description

METHODS, SYSTEMS, AND RELATED ASPECTS FOR REPELLING INSECTSCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATONS

[0001] This application claims priority to, and the benefit of, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 63 / 519,181 , filed August 11 , 2024, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.BACKGROUND

[0002] To control and prevent existing and emerging mosquito-borne diseases, insecticides are often our only option. Insecticides reduce mosquito population sizes and / or prevent human-vector contact, but their excessive use raises concerns for our environment, our health, and led to the rapid development and spread of insecticide resistance. As a result, the development of novel technologies for mosquito control is urgently needed.SUMMARY

[0003] The present disclosure relates, in certain aspects, to the use of electrical fields generated by insulated conductor wires (ICWs) to repel insects, including mosquitoes. In some embodiments, electric fields generated through insulated conductor wires can effectively repel over 50% of, for example, host-seeking female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes at electric field strengths of > 3.66 kV / cm. Exemplary advantages to using the insect control tools of the present disclosure, include the affordability and accessibility of ICWs, making the technology suitable for widespread implementation especially in low- middle income countries that are mostly affected by mosquito-borne diseases. Further, the technology disclosed herein reduces human-mosquito contact which is an important factor in mosquito-borne disease transmission. These and other attributes of the present disclosure will be apparent upon a complete review of the present disclosure, including the accompanying figures.

[0004] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a system that includes at least one row of multiple insulated conductor wires (ICWs) disposed substantially parallel to one another. The system also includes an electrical power supply operably connected to the at least one row of multiple ICWs, which electrical power supply is configured toprovide electrical power to the at least one row of multiple ICWs such that charged particles move between the neighboring pairs of ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs when the electrical power is provided to the at least one row of multiple ICWs by the electrical power supply.

[0005] In some embodiments, neighboring pairs of ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have alternating polarity. In some embodiments, the at least one row of multiple ICWs comprises a single row of multiple ICWs. In some embodiments, the at least one row of multiple ICWs comprises more than one row of multiple ICWs. In some embodiments, a given row of multiple ICWs includes ICWs that all have the same polarity (e.g., all positive or all negative). In some embodiments, terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have an identical polarity to one another. In some embodiments, terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a polarity that differs from one another. In some embodiments, at least one member of a given neighboring pair of ICWs is grounded. In some embodiments, the at least one row of multiple ICWs is disposed in or proximal to an opening. In some embodiments, the opening is selected from the group consisting of: a window, a door, a vent, and a chimney. In some embodiments, an article of clothing comprises the system. In some embodiments, a window blind comprises the system. In some embodiments, a distance between centers of a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 1 cm to about 4 cm. In some embodiments, the distance between the centers of the given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 2 cm to about 3 cm. In some embodiments, a distance between outer edges a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 0.5 cm to about 3.5 cm. In some embodiments, the distance between the outer edges of the given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 1 cm to about 3 cm.

[0006] In some embodiments, the terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a positive polarity. In some embodiments, the terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a negative polarity. In some embodiments, circumferences a given neighboring pair of ICWs are identical to one another. In some embodiments, circumferences a given neighboring pair of ICWs differ from one another. In some embodiments, an electric field strength between a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 0.5 kV / cm and about 5.0 kV / cm. In some embodiments, the electric fieldstrength between the given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 1 .0 kV / cm and about 4.0 kV / cm. In some embodiments, the at least one row of multiple ICWs prevents at least 50% of an insect population from passing through the at least one row of multiple ICWs when the electrical power is provided to the at least one row of multiple ICWs by the electrical power supply. In some embodiments, the insect population comprises a mosquito population. In some embodiments, the system lacks a separate electrically conductive material disposed within electrical communication with the at least one row of multiple ICWs. In some embodiments, the at least one row of multiple ICWs comprise electrode conductors. In some embodiments, the at least one row of multiple ICWs is substantially vertically disposed. In some embodiments, the at least one row of multiple ICWs is substantially horizontally disposed. In some embodiments, a kit comprises the system.

[0007] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of preventing at least a portion of an insect population from passing through an opening, the method comprising applying electrical power to a at least one row of multiple insulated conductor wires (ICWs) disposed substantially parallel to one another, and wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs is disposed in or proximal to an opening, thereby preventing at least the portion of the insect population from passing through the opening.

[0008] In some embodiments, neighboring pairs of ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have alternating polarity. In some embodiments, the at least one row of multiple ICWs comprises a single row of multiple ICWs. In some embodiments, the at least one row of multiple ICWs comprises more than one row of multiple ICWs. In some embodiments, terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have an identical polarity to one another. In some embodiments, terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a polarity that differs from one another. In some embodiments, at least one member of a given neighboring pair of ICWs is grounded. In some embodiments, the opening is selected from the group consisting of: a window, a door, a vent, and a chimney. In some embodiments, a window blind comprises the system. In some embodiments, a distance between centers of a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 1 cm to about 4 cm. In some embodiments, the distance between the centers of the given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 2 cm to about 3 cm. Insome embodiments, a distance between outer edges a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 0.5 cm to about 3.5 cm. In some embodiments, the distance between the outer edges of the given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 1 cm to about 3 cm. In some embodiments, the terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a positive polarity. In some embodiments, the terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a negative polarity.

[0009] In some embodiments, circumferences a given neighboring pair of ICWs are identical to one another. In some embodiments, circumferences a given neighboring pair of ICWs differ from one another. In some embodiments, an electric field strength between a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 0.5 kV / cm and about 5.0 kV / cm. In some embodiments, the electric field strength between the given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 1.0 kV / cm and about 4.0 kV / cm. In some embodiments, the at least one row of multiple ICWs prevents at least 50% of the insect population from passing through the at least one row of multiple ICWs when the electrical power is provided to the at least one row of multiple ICWs by the electrical power supply. In some embodiments, the insect population comprises a mosquito population. In some embodiments, the system lacks a separate electrically conductive material disposed within electrical communication with the at least one row of multiple ICWs. In some embodiments, the at least one row of multiple ICWs comprise electrode conductors. In some embodiments, the at least one row of multiple ICWs is substantially vertically disposed. In some embodiments, the at least one row of multiple ICWs is substantially horizontally disposed.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate certain embodiments, and together with the written description, serve to explain certain principles of the methods, kits, and related systems disclosed herein. The description provided herein is better understood when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which are included by way of example and not by way of limitation. It will be understood that like reference numerals identify like components throughout the drawings, unless the context indicates otherwise. It will alsobe understood that some or all of the figures may be schematic representations for purposes of illustration and do not necessarily depict the actual relative sizes or locations of the elements shown.

[0011] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary system suitable for use with certain aspects disclosed herein.

[0012] FIG. 2 schematically depicts a house having a window and a door that each have installed systems for repelling insects according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0013] FIG. 3 schematically depicts an article of clothing having an integrated system for repelling insects according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0014] FIG. 4 is a flow chart that schematically shows an exemplary method step for preventing at least a portion of an insect population from passing through an opening according to some aspects disclosed herein.

[0015] FIGS. 5A-5C. A) Schematic drawing of the top view of our experimental setup, including the position of the PVC Box with EF window and mosquito release point, and images of the front view of the PVC Box with the EF window with ICWs spaced B) 1 .64 cm, and C) 2.64 cm apart.

[0016] FIG. 6. Plot showing voltage-repellency interaction of EFs created with vertically placed ICWs. The x-axis shows the different tested electric field strengths (kV / cm), and the y-axis shows the Abbott-corrected mean percent repellency of Ae. aegypti females. The bars represent the standard error of the means.

[0017] FIGS. 7A and 7B. Plots showing Aedes aegypti repellency using electric fields with (A) different ICW orientations (i.e. vertical (black line) and horizontal (grey line)), and (B) different distances between the ICW (i.e. 1 .64 cm (black line) and 2.64 cm (grey line)). The x-axis shows the different tested electric field strengths (kV / cm), and the y-axis shows the Abbott-corrected mean percent repellency of Ae. aegypti females. The bars represent the standard error of the means.

[0018] FIG. 8. Plot showing time of trap entry of Ae. aegypti during experiment 1 , as described in the Example provided herein. The x-axis shows the time of entry of Ae. aegypti (from their release at 1 1 :00 h until the end of the experiment at 10:00 h the nextday). The y-axis shows the cumulative mean number of Ae. Aegypti females that passed through the EF window and were captured in the BG-pro trap. The bars represent the standard error of the means. The shaded area indicates nighttime. Note that the final number of Ae. aegypti that passed through the EF window does not necessarily correspond to these data, as some mosquitoes were collected inside the PVC box, and not captured in the mosquito trap.DEFINITIONS

[0019] In order for the present disclosure to be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined below. Additional definitions for the following terms and other terms may be set forth throughout the specification. If a definition of a term set forth below is inconsistent with a definition in an application or patent that is incorporated by reference, the definition set forth in this application should be used to understand the meaning of the term.

[0020] As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to “a method” includes one or more methods, and / or steps of the type described herein and / or which will become apparent to those persons skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure and so forth.

[0021] The terms “comprise(s),” “include(s),” “having,” “has,” “can,” “contain(s),” and variants thereof, as used herein, are intended to be open-ended transitional phrases, terms, or words that do not preclude the possibility of additional acts or structures. The present disclosure also contemplates other embodiments “comprising,” “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of,” the embodiments or elements presented herein, whether explicitly set forth or not.

[0022] For the recitation of numeric ranges herein, each intervening number there between with the same degree of precision is explicitly contemplated. For example, for the range of 6-9, the numbers 7 and 8 are contemplated in addition to 6 and 9, and for the range 6.0-7.0, the number 6.0, 6.1 , 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, and 7.0 are explicitly contemplated.

[0023] It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. Further, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains. In describing and claiming the methods, reaction mixtures, devices, kits, and systems, the following terminology, and grammatical variants thereof, will be used in accordance with the definitions set forth below.

[0024] About. As used herein, “about” or “approximately” or “substantially” as applied to one or more values or elements of interest, refers to a value or element that is similar to a stated reference value or element. In certain embodiments, the term “about” or “approximately” or “substantially” refers to a range of values or elements that falls within 25%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 1 1 %, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1 %, or less in either direction (greater than or less than) of the stated reference value or element unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context (except where such number would exceed 100% of a possible value or element).

[0025] Insulated Conductor Wire: As used herein, “insulated conductor wire” or “ICW” refers to an insulated wire or cable is coated with a non-conductive material that is resistant to an electric current, which surrounds and protects the wire or cable inside.

[0026] System: As used herein, "system" in the context of instrumentation refers to a group of objects and / or devices that form a network for performing a desired objective.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] INTRODUCTION

[0028] Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) cause a major threat to global human health. Malaria is one of the deadliest MBDs, accounting for an estimated 249 million cases and 608,000 deaths in 2022 alone, globally. In addition, other MBDs, such as Zika and dengue, have imposed a significant burden to human health. For instance, there were 500,000 suspected cases of Zika in the Americas in 2016. According to the WHO, the reported cases of dengue increased from about half a million in 2000 to 5.2 million in2019.

[0029] Insecticides (used in e.g. bed nets, indoor residual spraying and space spraying) have predominantly been used to control and prevent existing and (re)emerging MBDs. Those interventions are effective as they reduce mosquito population sizes and / or prevent human-vector contact. However, their excessive usage raises concerns for our environment (e.g. non-target organisms) and health and has led to the rapid development and spread of insecticide resistance. As a result, intensified efforts are needed to create novel vector control tools.

[0030] One of the new tools in development is the use of electrical fields (EFs) to control insects. EFs are created by charges, whereby a charged particle moves through space from a positively (or negatively) charged electrode conductor to a grounded electrode conductor. Although there is little known about how EFs exactly affect insects, it has been shown that EFs can repel insects. This is most likely a result of charged particles deflecting the antennae or mechanosensory hairs on an insect’s body, which results in a neural response, but understanding and leveraging the electroreceptive neurobiology of insects remains an important area of future research.

[0031] To-date, the efficacy of EFs in repelling Ae. aegypti mosquitoes has been assessed using two different conductors: copper plates and aluminum blinds. In that setup, a single row of conductors with alternating polarity successfully repelled over 90% of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes at EF strengths of 1 .25 kV / cm (i.e. 2.5 kV applied to positively charged conductors spaced 2 cm from the adjacent grounded conductors) and 1 .5 kV / cm for copper plates and aluminum blinds, respectively. ICWs have also been used in the past to effectively repel Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, whereby all mosquitoes were repelled at an EF strength of 1 .67 kV / cm. However, in their setup, the EF was created between a row of parallel ICWs that were all negatively charged and a single earthed stainless-steel mesh plate that was placed in parallel of the ICWs. In other words, they tested two rows of conductors, which means that a mosquito that approaches the electric field experiences charged particles that move in its direction (i.e. from the negative ICWs to the earthed plate, thus towards the mosquito).

[0032] The technology is currently being integrated into outdoor aluminumwindow blinds, a product that will be marketed to high-end consumers due to its price. To make the technology more accessible (e.g. across socioeconomic status, in low-middle income countries and / or underserved communities that are typically hit hardest by MBDs) and wider implementable (protecting a wide range of mosquito-accessible spaces), the repellency effect of EFs that are created by other, low cost, types of conductors such as insulated conductor wires (or ICWs) need to be evaluated. The additional benefit of using ICWs is that it is easier to replicate experiments by other researchers, allowing for reproducibility and comparability of results. Accordingly, in some aspects, the present disclosure provides systems, methods, and related aspects that utilize the repellency of EFs that are created by at least one row of insulated conductor wires (ICWs) with alternating polarity, whereby the charged particles move more perpendicular (i.e. from a positive ICW to the adjacent earthed or grounded ICWs next to it) in relation to an approaching mosquito or other insect. In addition, we address important questions related to the configuration of EF setups, including whether mosquitoes are equally repelled at the same EF strength when the electrodes are a) orientated differently (horizontal vs. vertical placement), and b) spaced at various distances from one another.

[0033] To illustrate, FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary system suitable for use with certain aspects disclosed herein. As shown, the system includes at least one row of multiple charged insulated conductor wires (ICWs) disposed substantially parallel to one another. As additionally shown, neighboring pairs of ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have alternating polarity. In some embodiments, terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have an identical polarity to one another (+ polarity in this example). The system also includes an electrical power supply (depicted as a 12V battery or solar grid in FIG. 1 ) operably connected to the at least one row of multiple ICWs. Various types electrical power supplies can be adapted for use with the systems and related methods of the present disclosure, including mains, powerbanks, and / or the like. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 , the system also includes a high-voltage (HV) device electrically connected to the power supply and to the at least one row of multiple ICWs that is configured to convert the voltage (shown as 12V) supplied by the power supply to a higher voltage (shown as 4000V). The electrical power supply is configured to provide electrical power to the at least one row of multiple ICWs such that charged particles movebetween the neighboring pairs of ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs when the electrical power is provided to the at least one row of multiple ICWs by the electrical power supply.

[0034] Some exemplary implementations of the systems of the present disclosure are provided in FIGS. 2 and 3. FIG. 2, for example, schematically depicts house 200 having window 202 and door 204 that each have installed systems for repelling insects according to an exemplary embodiment. As shown, the single row of multiple ICWs in window 202 is substantially vertically disposed (e.g., integrated as part of a blind apparatus or the like), while the single row of multiple ICWs in door 204 is substantially horizontally disposed (e.g., integrated as part of a retractable or otherwise movable screen device or the like). In some embodiments, ICWs can also hang vertically in a given door opening to allow people to easily walk through the door opening. The systems of the present disclosure are optionally integrated into essentially any type of building, structure, or external space thereof (e.g., patios, terraces, gardens, storm drains, water storage tanks, eaves, or the like). In some embodiments, the insect repellant systems of the present disclosure are integrated into articles of clothing (e.g., pants, jackets, shirts, hats, and / or the like). To illustrate, FIG. 3 schematically depicts shirt 300 having single row of multiple ICWs 302 (shown as being horizontally disposed) integrated into or otherwise attached to the fabric of shirt 300. As additionally shown, power supply 304 is attached to shirt 300 and electrically connected to single row of multiple ICWs 302. The systems of the present disclosure can also be incorporated into camping tents, hammocks, and barrier screens, among many other embodiments. Other exemplary implementations of the systems of the present disclosure are disclosed herein.

[0035] As a further illustration, FIG. 4 is a flow chart that schematically shows an exemplary method step for preventing (e.g., repelling, killing, catching, etc.) at least a portion of an insect population from passing through an opening according to some aspects disclosed herein. As shown, method 400 includes applying electrical power to at least one row of multiple insulated conductor wires (ICWs) disposed substantially parallel to one another (step 402). In some embodiments, neighboring pairs of ICWs in the a single row of multiple ICWs have alternating polarity. In some embodiments, terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have an identical polarity to one another.The electrical power is applied to the at least one row of multiple ICWs at an electric field strength between the neighboring pairs of ICWs sufficient for charged particles to move between the neighboring pairs of ICWs. In addition, the at least one row of multiple ICWs is disposed in or proximal to an opening (e.g., a window, a door, a vent, a chimney, or the like). In some embodiments, insect killing only occurs when the voltage applied is higher than the voltage rating of the ICW, which allows for an arc flash to pass through the insect (e.g., from the +ve to the -ve ICW). Wires do not have to be that close that an insect touches both the +ve and -ve wire at the same time, as the electrical current can pass through ionized air.

[0036] The at least one row of multiple ICWs used in the systems and methods of the present disclosure include various embodiments. For example, typically at least one member of a given neighboring pair of ICWs is grounded or earthed. In some embodiments, both members of a given neighboring pair of ICWs are grounded or earthed. In some embodiments, both members of a given neighboring pair of ICWs have a positive polarity. In some embodiments, both members of a given neighboring pair of ICWs have a negative polarity. In some embodiments, a distance between centers of a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 1 cm to about 4 cm (e.g., about 1 .5 cm, about 2 cm, about 2.5 cm, about 3 cm, or about 3.5 cm). In some embodiments, a distance between centers of a given neighboring pair of ICWs differs from a distance between centers of a different neighboring pair of ICWs. In some embodiments, a distance between outer edges a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 0.5 cm to about 3.5 cm (e.g., about 1 cm, about 1.5 cm, about 2 cm, about 2.5 cm, or about 3 cm). In some embodiments, a distance between outer edges a given neighboring pair of ICWs differs from a distance between outer edges a different neighboring pair of ICWs. In some embodiments, the terminal ICWs (i.e., the two ICWs on the outer edges or otherwise disposed at the greatest distance from one another of any pair of ICWs) in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a positive polarity. In some embodiments, the terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a negative polarity.

[0037] In some embodiments, circumferences a given neighboring pair of ICWs are identical to one another. In some embodiments, circumferences or gauges a given neighboring pair of ICWs differ from one another. Typically, lower gauge ICWs (e.g.,thicker wires, larger diameter) need lower voltages given their larger surface area than higher gauge ICWs. Exemplary ICW circumferences or gauges that are suitable for use in the systems and methods of the present disclosure are discussed further herein. In some embodiments, an electric field strength between a given neighboring pair of ICWs as applied by a power source is between about 0.5 kV / cm and about 10 kV / cm (e.g., about 1 kV / cm, about 1 .5 kV / cm, about 2 kV / cm, about 2.5 kV / cm, about 3 kV / cm, about 3.5 kV / cm, about 4 kV / cm, about 4.5 kV / cm, about 5 kV / cm, about 5.5 kV / cm, about 6 kV / cm, about 6.5 kV / cm, about 7 kV / cm, about 7.5 kV / cm, about 8 kV / cm, about 8.5 kV / cm, about 9 kV / cm, or about 9.5 kV / cm,). Typically, different insulation types need different voltages to achieve the same effect given that an electric field polarizes the insulator or dielectric material as it passes through it. In some embodiments, the at least one row of multiple ICWs prevents at least 50% (e.g., at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or more) of an insect population (e.g., a mosquito population, a fly population, a midge population, a flea population, a bug population, etc.) from passing through the at least one row of multiple ICWs when the electrical power is provided to the at least one row of multiple ICWs by the electrical power supply.

[0038] Typically, the system or methods lacks a separate electrically conductive material disposed within electrical communication with the at least one row of multiple ICWs (e.g., an electrically conductive screen disposed within electrical communication with the at least one row of multiple ICWs). In some embodiments, the at least one row of multiple ICWs comprise electrode conductors. As described further herein, the at least one row of multiple ICWs is optionally substantially vertically disposed, substantially horizontally disposed, substantially diagonally disposed, or the like. In some embodiments, the systems of the present disclosure are packaged as components of kits.

[0039] EXAMPLE: Repelling Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with electric fields using insulated conductor wires

[0040] Methods

[0041] Mosquito rearing and preparation

[0042] Four-to-six days old non-blood fed adult female Aedes aegypti MC1 mosquitoes (isolated from Maricopa County, Arizona, in 2018 and reared in the lab since)were used for the entirety of this study. The mosquitoes were reared at 27°C, 80% RH and a 12h photoperiod in walk-in climate chambers (Model No. ENV-G1 HD-8X12, Darwin Chambers, Missouri, USA) following procedures described elsewhere. Adults had access to 10% sugar water (refined household sugar), which was removed 24h before the start of each experimental run. Hundred host-seeking female mosquitoes (attracted to a human hand outside the cage) were selected daily for each experimental run.

[0043] Experimental set-up

[0044] Mosquitoes were released daily at 11 :00 am inside a large untreated mosquito net enclosure (Ixwxh: 220x220x180 cm, Model No. MPRO101 , Mekkapro, China) and lured into a BG-Pro trap (Biogents AG, Regensburg, Germany) that was equipped with a BG-counter (Biogents AG, Regensburg, Germany) using CO2 as bait (dry ice, 4 lbs. per experimental run). The BG-counter recorded the exact time (hours, minutes, seconds) when a mosquito entered the trap, and this data was wirelessly transmitted and stored to a cloud server. The trap and dry ice were placed inside a PVC box (Ixwxh: 61 x61 x 102 cm) that had one opening for an ‘EF window’ (see ‘Electric field (EF) window’). This opening was located 21 .7 cm from the top of the box, 50.8 cm from the bottom of the box, and equidistant from the sides (15.75 cm). Mosquitoes had to pass through this window to get to the bait / trap. Placement of the box in relation to the mosquito net and mosquito release point is shown in FIGS. 5A-5C.

[0045] The room was programmed on a 12h photoperiod (i.e., 07:00 h lights on; 19:00 h lights off). Room temperature (°C) and relative humidity (RH) were not regulated but monitored with a datalogger (Model No. OM-92-NIST, accuracy: ±0.3°C and ±3% RH, Omega, Connecticut, USA) during each experimental run (Table 1). Every morning at 10:00 h (i.e. 23h after release), all mosquitoes were recaptured, and it was noted if they were collected i) outside the PVC box, ii) inside the PVC box but not in the trap, or iii) in the catch bag of the trap.Table 1. Mean temperature and relative humidity (± standard deviation) in the flight room for each of the three separate experiments

[0046] Electric field (EF) window

[0047] Each EF window frame (outer dimension 29.5x29.5 cm; inner dimensions 24.4x24.4 cm) consisted of a single row of parallel-placed ICWs (insulation: polyvinyl chloride, 14 AWG, 0.36 cm diameter, rated for 600V AC) with alternating polarity (starting and ending with a positively charged ICW). Wires were either placed 2 or 3 cm apart (depending on the experiment, see below) from the center of the wires, which results in distances between ICWs of 1 .64 or 2.64 cm, respectively. The latter distance is important, as the strength of an EF (expressed as kV / cm) was calculated for the distance between the circumference of a positively charged and the circumference of a grounded electrode conductor in each experimental run. EFs were generated using a High Voltage Power Supply unit with a positive polarity (Model No. 73530, output range 0-35kV, 0.85mA, and 30W, Genvolt, Shropshire, UK), and measured using a high voltage probe (Model No. HVP40, direct current accuracy ± 1% to 20KV, RSR Electronics, New Jersey, USA).

[0048] Experimental design:

[0049] Experiment 1 ) Assessing the voltage-repellency interaction of EFs using vertically-placed ICWs

[0050] ICWs in the EF window were placed vertically, and the distance between the outsides of the ICWs was 1.64 cm. The repellency of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes was assessed at 0 (control), 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 kV, resulting in EF strengths of 0, 1 .83, 3.66, 5.49, 7.32, and 9.15 kV / cm, respectively. In a subsequent experiment, repellency was monitored at 0, 1 , 2, and 9 kV (or 0, 0.61 , 1 .22 and 5.49 kV / cm) to obtain additional information for the region between zero and the maximum repellency. For both experiments, there were three replicate studies. During each replicate study, all EF strengths were tested in random order.

[0051] Experiment 2) Assessing the effects of ICW orientation on Ae. aegypti repellency

[0052] The same EF window was used and placed inside the PVC box in either a vertical (as experiment 1 ) or horizontal position. EF strengths of 0, 0.61 , 1 .83, and 3.66 kV / cm were applied. The ICW orientation and voltages were tested in random order and the full experiment was replicated three times.

[0053] Experiment 3) Assessing the effects of ICW distance on Ae. aegypti repellency

[0054] An EF window with wires spaced 1 .64 cm apart (experiment 1 and 2) was compared to an identical window with wires spaced 2.64 cm apart. EF strengths of 0, 0.61 , 1 .83, and 3.66 kV / cm were applied. The ICW distances and voltages were tested in random order and the full experiment was replicated three times.

[0055] Data analysis

[0056] To calculate repellency and thus correct for the fact that not all mosquitoes passed through the window in the control treatment (i.e. 0 kV / cm), Abbott's formula was applied at each EF strength by:with being the number of mosquitoes that did not pass through the EF window at each EF strength, and mean Nnet OfcV being the mean number of mosquitoes that did not pass through the EF window in the control (0 kV) treatments, withbeing the number of mosquitoes that did not pass through the EF window at each EF strength, and mean Nnet QkV being the mean number of mosquitoes that did not pass through the EF window in the control (0 kV) treatments.

[0057] For experiments 2 and 3, a generalized linear model was used to determine the effect of EF strength and ICW orientation (exp 2) or ICW distance (exp 3) and their interaction on mosquito repellency. Interaction terms that were insignificant were subsequently removed from the model. This was followed by a two-sample t-test at eachindividual EF strength to determine differences in repellency between the treatments (ICW orientation or ICW distance).

[0058] The time of entry of each Ae. aegypti mosquito (as recorded by the BG- counter) was rounded to the nearest 15 minutes for each experimental run. Mosquitoes that passed the EF window but were not captured in the trap were not included in the time of entry analysis. Due to technical issues, data for two experimental observations in experiment 3 are missing (0 kV / cm at ICW distance of 1.64 cm, 1.83 kV / cm at ICW distance of 2.64 cm). All data analyses and visualizations were performed using R version 4.3.2.

[0059] Results

[0060] Experiment 1) Assessing the voltage-repellency interaction of EFs using vertically-placed ICWs

[0061] Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were significantly repelled by electrical fields. Repellency increased as EF strength increased but leveled off at EF strengths of > 3.66 kV / cm to 54.1% - 58.3% repellency (FIG. 6).

[0062] Experiment 2) Assessing the effects of ICW orientation on Ae. aegypti repellency

[0063] At increased EF strength, there appeared to be a greater repellency at vertical placement of the wires than at horizontal placement (FIG. 7A). However, this effect was not significant (EF strength: p < 0.001 , orientation: p=0.059). Individual comparison at each individual EF strength (0.61 , 1.83 and 3.66 kV / cm) similarly did not show significant differences between both orientations (p = 0.84, 0.08 and 0.13, respectively).

[0064] Experiment 3) Assessing the effects of ICW distance on Ae. aegypti repellency

[0065] A significant decrease in repellency was observed with increased distance between the wires across all voltages (EF strength: p < 0.001 , distance: p=0.01 , FIG. 7B). Overall, increasing the distance between conductors from 1 .64 cm to 2.64 cm — but keeping the EF strength constant — was associated with a 16% decrease in mosquitorepellency.

[0066] Aedes aegypti time of entry

[0067] Most Ae. aegypti were captured during daylight hours, that is, between their time of release (11 :00 h) and the time the lights went off (19:00 h), followed by the period between when the lights turned on (7:00 h) and the end of the experiment (10:00 h). Fewer mosquitoes were collected during nighttime (19:00 h - 7:00 h). This pattern was consistent between EF strengths tested, and ICW orientation and distance. To illustrate, in experiment 1 , across all EF strengths tested, 67-92%, 0-6%, and 7-29% of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were captured between 11 :00 h -19:00 h, 19:00 h - 07:00 h and 07:00 h - 10:00 h, respectively (FIG. 8). Data from the other experiments is similar.

[0068] Discussion

[0069] This example introduces a novel approach using insulated conductor wires to generate electric fields that prevent host-seeking female Aedes aegypti from entering spaces. The ICWs used here generated EFs that repelled over 50% of mosquitoes at >3.66kV / cm. At similar EF strengths, there was a potential increased repellency with vertically placed wires (p = 0.059) that requires further investigation. A clear increase in repellency was observed when the wires were placed closer together (p = 0.01 ). Other studies have shown higher repellency of mosquitoes using electric fields. In another study, parallel-placed copper plates and aluminum blinds repelled over 90% of Ae. aegypti at EF strengths of 1 .25 kV / cm and 1 .5 kV / cm, respectively. Others were able to repel 100% of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes at an EF strength of 1 .67 kV / cm using a row of negatively charged parallel ICWs and an earthed stainless-steel mesh plate on one side of the ICWs. The higher repellency achieved by others is most likely due to differences in the EF depth (i.e. 1 cm for their copper plates and 2 cm for their aluminum blinds vs. 0.36 cm in our setup), which could impact mosquito EF perception. While the EF depth in another study was more comparable to ours (0.3 cm vs. 0.36 cm), it is important to note that their setup was different from ours. They used two rows of conductors (ICWs and stainless-steel mesh plate) instead of one row of conductors (ICWs alone), and all ICWs were charged similarly and negatively (vs. alternating ICW polarity in our setup, powered using a positive voltage generator). Unfortunately, they do not describe importantexperimental details, such as (i) the rearing conditions, sex and age of the mosquitoes tested, (ii) time of each test / experimental run, and (iii) the lure used, if any, to attract the mosquitoes towards the EF screen, which makes it impossible to fully interpret the data.

[0070] Others were able to prevent 100% of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from blood feeding using a very low voltage (15V). They used a cloth (3-D textile) that was composed of dual layers of conductive fabrics that were electrically insulated by a fiberglass mesh fabric in the middle. However, it is clear from our experiments and other work that the insect barrier approach we are developing will require higher voltages. The above studies and ours do highlight that future studies should assess the impact of different ICW configurations, shapes, and gauges, and different voltage generators (positive or negative), and ideally use similar experimental protocols that will enable us to compare insect repellency results.

[0071] It appeared that there was a greater repellency at vertical placement of the wires than at horizontal placement (FIG. 7A). While this effect was not significant, it is likely that there is a true effect of EF orientation on repellency. Mosquitoes are known to respond differently to the orientation of flight openings. Anopheles gambiae showed a higher flight activity preference towards horizontally oriented compared to vertically- oriented holes in bed nets. This observation was attributed to the “edge effect” in vertically oriented holes, whereby mosquitoes collided with the edges of the holes when they extend their wings and legs during flight. Here we indeed observed increased repellency in vertically oriented electric fields than horizontally-oriented fields that goes beyond a physical effect, since repellency is corrected for by repellency in the absence of an electric field. Likely due to the low sampling size at each EF strength and the nonlinearity of the EF strength-repellency relationship in the EF range measured, these differences were not significant. Increasing the sample size and including tests at higher EF strengths in future studies are needed to better understand the impact of EF orientation on mosquito repellency.

[0072] An increase in the distance between conductors, while keeping the EF strength constant, resulted in decreased mosquito repellency. The EF strength between two conductors is directly proportional to the charge and inversely proportional to thedistance between the surfaces. In other words, applying 1 kV to conductors spaced 1 .64 cm apart, and 1 .61 kV when they are 2.64 cm apart results in the same EF strength of 0.61 kV / cm. Further tests across a range of distances are needed to establish the relationship between distance and repellency to determine the optimal distance and EF strength for maximum mosquito repellency.

[0073] Regarding Ae. aegypti host-seeking behaviors, mosquitoes exhibited reduced activity during the nighttime hours, when lights were off in the room. Most mosquitoes that passed the EF window were caught before 19:00 h, followed by mosquitoes passing through during the morning hours (7:00 h - 10:00 h). These findings are consistent with their known natural behavior, as Ae. aegypti is a typical daytime (diurnal) biter. Understanding this behavior is important, as in theory the EF technology can be switched on during periods of time when mosquitoes are active, and switched off when mosquitoes are not active, which could benefit energy costs and product lifespan.

[0074] Our findings demonstrate that Ae. aegypti mosquitoes can be effectively repelled by EFs that are created using ICWs. Although repellency intuitively may seem low (50-60% in this study compared to >90% in a previous study), it could still significantly impact disease transmission. The repellency values here are between those reported for spatial repellents (SR), which showed low (e.g. 16.4%) to high (e.g. 70%) reductions in malaria mosquito-human contact. Furthermore, a model study predicted that spatial repellent emanator devices can reduce the malaria burden when added to long-lasting insecticidal nets, even though the reduction in mosquito-human contact went from 76% (right beneath the SR emanator device, at zero distance) to 50% (2.5 m away from the SR emanator device, a more realistic distance in households). One interesting hypothesis that has been raised is whether incomplete repellency, when combined with effective indoor vector-control tools, could lead to the evolution of increased repellency in mosquito populations. The rationale is that the mosquitoes that are not repelled are eventually killed by a second intervention, which could lead to a selection for those mosquitoes that are repelled over time. On the flipside, given that the EF does not repel all mosquitoes, it would be worthwhile to investigate whether mosquitoes can evolve to resist these electric fields.

[0075] In conclusion, ICWs are inexpensive and widely available in many areas, and as such, the EF technology presented here could be particularly beneficial to low- middle income countries and underserved communities that are typically hit hardest by MBDs. However, the feasibility in relation to installation (e.g. expertise required), obtaining a power source that generates and maintains the required EF strength for repellency and electrical safety should be further studied. Overall, the role of ICWs in EF technologies for vector control should be explored, as it can be an accessible tool in e.g. the housing improvement toolkit, as the conductors can be installed in mosquito entry points (eaves, windows, and / or doors), preventing mosquito entry similar to current technologies such as eave tubes, transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons, screened windows, and doors. Investigating these aspects will not only refine the efficacy of EF technologies but also pave the way for a more equitable and sustainable approach to combating mosquito-borne diseases in resource-limited settings.

[0076] Some further aspects are defined in the following clauses:

[0077] Clause 1 : A system, comprising: at least one row of multiple insulated conductor wires (ICWs) disposed substantially parallel to one another; and, an electrical power supply operably connected to the at least one row of multiple ICWs, which electrical power supply is configured to provide electrical power to the at least one row of multiple ICWs such that charged particles move between the neighboring pairs of ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs when the electrical power is provided to the at least one row of multiple ICWs by the electrical power supply.

[0078] Clause 2: The system of Clause 1 , wherein neighboring pairs of ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have alternating polarity.

[0079] Clause 3: The system of Clause 1 or Clause 2, wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs comprises a single row of multiple ICWs.

[0080] Clause 4: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -3, wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs comprises more than one row of multiple ICWs.

[0081] Clause 5: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -4, wherein terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have an identical polarity to oneanother.

[0082] Clause 6: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -5, wherein terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a polarity that differs from one another.

[0083] Clause 7: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -6, wherein at least one member of a given neighboring pair of ICWs is grounded.

[0084] Clause 8: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -7, wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs is disposed in or proximal to an opening.

[0085] Clause 9: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -8, wherein the opening is selected from the group consisting of: a window, a door, a vent, and a chimney.

[0086] Clause 10: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -9, wherein an article of clothing comprises the system.

[0087] Clause 11 : The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -10, wherein a window blind comprises the system.

[0088] Clause 12: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -11 , wherein a distance between centers of a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 1 cm to about 4 cm.

[0089] Clause 13: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -12, wherein the distance between the centers of the given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 2 cm to about 3 cm.

[0090] Clause 14: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -13, wherein a distance between outer edges a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 0.5 cm to about 3.5 cm.

[0091] Clause 15: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -14, wherein the distance between the outer edges of the given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 1 cm to about 3 cm.

[0092] Clause 16: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -15, whereinthe terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a positive polarity.

[0093] Clause 17: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -16, wherein the terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a negative polarity.

[0094] Clause 18: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -17, wherein circumferences a given neighboring pair of ICWs are identical to one another.

[0095] Clause 19: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -18, wherein circumferences a given neighboring pair of ICWs differ from one another.

[0096] Clause 20: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -19, wherein an electric field strength between a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 0.5 kV / cm and about 5.0 kV / cm.

[0097] Clause 21 : The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -20, wherein the electric field strength between the given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 1 .0 kV / cm and about 4.0 kV / cm.

[0098] Clause 22: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -21 , wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs prevents at least 50% of an insect population from passing through the at least one row of multiple ICWs when the electrical power is provided to the at least one row of multiple ICWs by the electrical power supply.

[0099] Clause 23: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -22, wherein the insect population comprises a mosquito population.

[0100] Clause 24: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -23, wherein the system lacks a separate electrically conductive material disposed within electrical communication with the at least one row of multiple ICWs.

[0101] Clause 25: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -24, wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs comprise electrode conductors.

[0102] Clause 26: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -25, wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs is substantially vertically disposed.

[0103] Clause 27: The system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -26, wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs is substantially horizontally disposed.

[0104] Clause 28: A kit comprising the system of any one of the preceding Clauses 1 -27.

[0105] Clause 29: A method of preventing at least a portion of an insect population from passing through an opening, the method comprising applying electrical power to at least one row of multiple insulated conductor wires (ICWs) disposed substantially parallel to one another, and wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs is disposed in or proximal to an opening, thereby preventing at least the portion of the insect population from passing through the opening.

[0106] Clause 30: The method of Clause 29, wherein neighboring pairs of ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have alternating polarity.

[0107] Clause 31 : The method of Clause 29 or Clause 30, wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs comprises a single row of multiple ICWs.

[0108] Clause 32: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-31 , wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs comprises more than one row of multiple ICWs.

[0109] Clause 33: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-32, wherein terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have an identical polarity to one another.

[0110] Clause 34: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-33, wherein terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a polarity that differs from one another.

[0111] Clause 35: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-34, wherein at least one member of a given neighboring pair of ICWs is grounded.

[0112] Clause 36: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-35, wherein the opening is selected from the group consisting of: a window, a door, a vent, and a chimney.

[0113] Clause 37: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-36, wherein a window blind comprises the system.

[0114] Clause 38: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-37, wherein a distance between centers of a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 1 cm to about 4 cm.

[0115] Clause 39: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-38, wherein the distance between the centers of the given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 2 cm to about 3 cm.

[0116] Clause 40: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-39, wherein a distance between outer edges a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 0.5 cm to about 3.5 cm.

[0117] Clause 41 : The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-40, wherein the distance between the outer edges of the given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 1 cm to about 3 cm.

[0118] Clause 42: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-41 , wherein the terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a positive polarity.

[0119] Clause 43: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-42, wherein the terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a negative polarity.

[0120] Clause 44: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-43, wherein circumferences a given neighboring pair of ICWs are identical to one another.

[0121] Clause 45: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-44, wherein circumferences a given neighboring pair of ICWs differ from one another.

[0122] Clause 46: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 28-45, wherein an electric field strength between a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 0.5 kV / cm and about 5.0 kV / cm.

[0123] Clause 47: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-46, wherein the electric field strength between the given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 1 .0 kV / cm and about 4.0 kV / cm.

[0124] Clause 48: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-47,wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs prevents at least 50% of the insect population from passing through the at least one row of multiple ICWs when the electrical power is provided to the at least one row of multiple ICWs by the electrical power supply.

[0125] Clause 49: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-48, wherein the insect population comprises a mosquito population.

[0126] Clause 50: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-49, wherein the system lacks a separate electrically conductive material disposed within electrical communication with the at least one row of multiple ICWs.

[0127] Clause 51 : The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-50, wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs comprise electrode conductors.

[0128] Clause 52: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-51 , wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs is substantially vertically disposed.

[0129] Clause 53: The method of any one of the preceding Clauses 29-52, wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs is substantially horizontally disposed.

[0130] While the foregoing disclosure has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art from a reading of this disclosure that various changes in form and detail can be made without departing from the true scope of the disclosure and may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. For example, all the methods, kits, reaction mixtures, devices, and / or systems or other aspects thereof can be used in various combinations. All patents, patent applications, websites, other publications or documents, and the like cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual item were specifically and individually indicated to be so incorporated by reference.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:1 . A system, comprising: at least one row of multiple insulated conductor wires (ICWs) disposed substantially parallel to one another; and, an electrical power supply operably connected to the at least one row of multiple ICWs, which electrical power supply is configured to provide electrical power to the at least one row of multiple ICWs such that charged particles move between the neighboring pairs of ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs when the electrical power is provided to the at least one row of multiple ICWs by the electrical power supply.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein neighboring pairs of ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have alternating polarity.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs comprises a single row of multiple ICWs.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs comprises more than one row of multiple ICWs.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have an identical polarity to one another.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a polarity that differs from one another.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein at least one member of a given neighboring pair of ICWs is grounded.

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs is disposed in or proximal to an opening.

9. The system of claim 8, wherein the opening is selected from the group consisting of: a window, a door, a vent, and a chimney.

10. The system of claim 1 , wherein an article of clothing comprises the system.1 1 . The system of claim 1 , wherein a window blind comprises the system.1 . The system of claim 2, wherein a distance between centers of a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 1 cm to about 4 cm.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein the distance between the centers of the given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 2 cm to about 3 cm.

14. The system of claim 2, wherein a distance between outer edges a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 0.5 cm to about 3.5 cm.

15. The system of claim 14, wherein the distance between the outer edges of the given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 1 cm to about 3 cm.

16. The system of claim 1 , wherein the terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a positive polarity.

17. The system of claim 1 , wherein the terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a negative polarity.

18. The system of claim 1 , wherein circumferences a given neighboring pair ofICWs are identical to one another.

19. The system of claim 1 , wherein circumferences a given neighboring pair of ICWs differ from one another.

20. The system of claim 1 , wherein an electric field strength between a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 0.5 kV / cm and about 5.0 kV / cm.21 . The system of claim 20, wherein the electric field strength between the given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 1 .0 kV / cm and about 4.0 kV / cm.

22. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs prevents at least 50% of an insect population from passing through the at least one row of multiple ICWs when the electrical power is provided to the at least one row of multiple ICWs by the electrical power supply.

23. The system of claim 22, wherein the insect population comprises a mosquito population.

24. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system lacks a separate electrically conductive material disposed within electrical communication with the at least one row of multiple ICWs.

25. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs comprise electrode conductors.

26. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs is substantially vertically disposed.

27. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs is substantially horizontally disposed.

28. A kit comprising the system of claim 1 .

29. A method of preventing at least a portion of an insect population from passing through an opening, the method comprising applying electrical power to at least one row of multiple insulated conductor wires (ICWs) disposed substantially parallel to one another, and wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs is disposed in or proximal to an opening, thereby preventing at least the portion of the insect population from passing through the opening.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein neighboring pairs of ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have alternating polarity.31 . The method of claim 29, wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs comprises a single row of multiple ICWs.

32. The method of claim 29, wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs comprises more than one row of multiple ICWs.

33. The system of claim 29, wherein terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have an identical polarity to one another.

34. The system of claim 29, wherein terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a polarity that differs from one another.

35. The method of claim 29, wherein at least one member of a given neighboring pair of ICWs is grounded.

36. The method of claim 29, wherein the opening is selected from the group consisting of: a window, a door, a vent, and a chimney.

37. The method of claim 29, wherein a window blind comprises the system.

38. The method of claim 29, wherein a distance between centers of a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 1 cm to about 4 cm.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein the distance between the centers of the given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 2 cm to about 3 cm.

40. The method of claim 29, wherein a distance between outer edges a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 0.5 cm to about 3.5 cm.41 . The method of claim 29, wherein the distance between the outer edges of the given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 1 cm to about 3 cm.

42. The method of claim 29, wherein the terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a positive polarity.

43. The method of claim 29, wherein the terminal ICWs in the at least one row of multiple ICWs have a negative polarity.

44. The method of claim 29, wherein circumferences a given neighboring pair of ICWs are identical to one another.

45. The method of claim 29, wherein circumferences a given neighboring pair of ICWs differ from one another.

46. The method of claim 29, wherein an electric field strength between a given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 0.5 kV / cm and about 5.0 kV / cm.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein the electric field strength between the given neighboring pair of ICWs is between about 1 .0 kV / cm and about 4.0 kV / cm.

48. The method of claim 47, wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs prevents at least 50% of the insect population from passing through the at least one row of multiple ICWs when the electrical power is provided to the at least one row of multiple ICWs by the electrical power supply.

49. The method of claim 48, wherein the insect population comprises a mosquito population.

50. The method of claim 29, wherein the system lacks a separate electrically conductive material disposed within electrical communication with the at least one row of multiple ICWs.51 . The method of claim 29, wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs comprise electrode conductors.

52. The method of claim 29, wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs is substantially vertically disposed.

53. The method of claim 29, wherein the at least one row of multiple ICWs is substantially horizontally disposed.

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