Systems and methods for selecting sensing areas of the sensing sensitivity

Abstract

A method for Wi-Fi sensing carried out by a sensing initiator including at least one processor configured to execute instructions is provided. In the method a first sensing measurement report corresponding to a sensing space and to a first plurality of sensing measurements is obtained. An indication of motion in an area of the sensing space is received. After the indication of motion, a second sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space and to a second plurality of sensing measurements is obtained. The method may further detect differences between corresponding sensing measurements of the first sensing measurement report and the second sensing measurement report to identify correspondences between the corresponding sensing measurements and the area of the sensing space according to the differences.

Description

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SELECTING SENSING AREAS OF THESENSING SENSITIVITYTECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for Wi-Fi sensing. In particular, the systems and methods relate to selecting sensing areas of the sensing sensitivity.BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0002] Motion detection systems have been used to detect movement, for example, of objects in a room or an outdoor area. In some example motion detection systems, infrared or optical sensors are used to detect movement of objects in the sensor’s field of view. Motion detection systems have been used in security systems, automated control systems, and other types of systems. A WLAN sensing system (which may be referred to as a Wi-Fi sensing system) is one recent addition to motion detection systems. A Wi-Fi sensing system may be a network of Wi-Fi-enabled devices that may be a part of an IEEE 802.11 network. In an example, a Wi-Fi sensing system may be configured to detect features of interest in a sensing space. A sensing space may refer to any physical space in which the Wi-Fi sensing system may operate, such as a place of residence, a place of work, a shopping mall, a sports hall or sports stadium, a garden, or any other physical space. Features of interest may include motion of objects and motion tracking, presence detection, intrusion detection, gesture recognition, fall detection, breathing rate detection, and other applications.

[0003] A typical Wi-Fi sensing system includes a sensing transmitter (which may be an access point (AP) or a non-AP station (STA)) and a sensing receiver (which is an AP if the sensing transmitter is a STA, and a STA if the sensing transmitter is an AP). A sensing transmission is sent from the sensing transmitter to the sensing receiver. The sensing measurement is made using the sensing transmission at the sensing receiver.BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0004] Systems and methods are provided for selecting sensing areas of the sensing sensitivity. In an example embodiment, a method for Wi-Fi sensing carried out by a sensing initiator including at least one processor is described. The method includes obtaining a firstsensing measurement report corresponding to a sensing space. The first sensing measurement report may correspond to a first plurality of sensing measurements. In some embodiments, the method includes receiving an indication of motion in an area of the sensing space and obtaining a second sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space subsequent to the indication of motion. The second sensing measurement report may correspond to a second plurality of sensing measurements. In some embodiments, the method includes detecting differences between corresponding sensing measurements of the first sensing measurement report and the second sensing measurement report, and identifying correspondences between the corresponding sensing measurements and the area of the sensing space according to the differences.

[0005] In some embodiments, the method further includes selecting the area of the sensing space as an area of interest.

[0006] In some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining a third sensing measurement report associated with the area of interest. The third sensing measurement report may be configured according to the correspondences.

[0007] In some embodiments, the method further includes identifying false correspondences from among the correspondences.

[0008] In some embodiments, the first plurality of sensing measurements includes a plurality of baseline time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index.

[0009] In some embodiments, the second plurality of sensing measurements includes a plurality of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index.

[0010] In some embodiments, the method further includes detecting differences between corresponding sensing measurements based on detecting parameter differences between ones of the plurality of baseline time domain pulses and ones of the plurality of active time domain pulses corresponding to a same TD-CRI pulse index.

[0011] In some embodiments, the parameter differences may be characterized by parameter differences that exceed a threshold.

[0012] In some embodiments, the area is a first area among a plurality of areas of the sensing space.

[0013] In some embodiments, the method further includes receiving additional indications of motion in additional areas of the plurality of areas of the sensing space.

[0014] In some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining additional sensing measurement reports, each being obtained subsequent to a corresponding additional indicationof motion and corresponding to additional sensing measurements including additional pluralities of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index.

[0015] In some embodiments, the method further includes identifying the correspondences based on generating a correspondence relationship. In examples, the correspondence relationship may be generated based on comparing the plurality of baseline time domain pulses to the plurality of active time domain pulses and to the additional pluralities of active time domain pulses. In examples, the correspondence relationship includes, for each TD-CRI pulse index in the correspondence relationship, a count for each of the plurality of areas of the sensing space.

[0016] In some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining a third sensing measurement report including a third plurality of sensing measurements. The third plurality of sensing measurements may be selected according to a threshold of counts for a selected area of the sensing space.

[0017] In some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining a sensitivity measurement of the third sensing measurement report. The sensitivity measurement may include a comparison between detected movements and known movements.

[0018] In some embodiments, the sensing initiator is an access point (AP), and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes sending, by the sensing initiator, a sensing trigger frame to a non-access point station (STA) to trigger one or more sensing transmissions, receiving, by the sensing initiator, the one or more sensing transmissions from the STA, and generating, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

[0019] In some embodiments, where the sensing initiator is an AP, obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing Null Data PPDU Announcement (ND PA) frames to a STA, sending, by the sensing initiator, a sensing transmission to the non-access point station (STA), and receiving, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

[0020] In some embodiments, the sensing initiator is a STA, and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes sending, by the sensing initiator one or more NDPA frames to an AP, receiving, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing transmissions from the AP, and generating, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

[0021] In some embodiments, where the sensing initiator is a STA, obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more NDPA frames to an AP, sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing transmissions to the AP, and receiving, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

[0022] In another example embodiment, a system for Wi-Fi sensing comprising a sensing initiator including at least one processor configured to execute instructions is described. The instructions configures the at least one processor for obtaining a first sensing measurement report corresponding to a sensing space. The first sensing measurement report corresponds to a first plurality of sensing measurements. In some embodiments, the instructions configures the at least one processor for receiving an indication of motion in an area of the sensing space and obtaining a second sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space subsequent to the indication of motion. The second sensing measurement report corresponds to a second plurality of sensing measurements. In some embodiments, the instructions configures the at least one processor for detecting differences between corresponding sensing measurements of the first sensing measurement report and the second sensing measurement report, and identifying correspondences between the corresponding sensing measurements and the area of the sensing space according to the differences.

[0023] Other aspects and advantages of the disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate by way of example, the principles of the disclosure.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] The foregoing and other objects, aspects, features, and advantages of the disclosure will become more apparent and better understood by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0025] FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example wireless communication system.

[0026] FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B are diagrams showing example wireless signals communicated between wireless communication devices.

[0027] FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B are plots showing examples of channel responses computed from the wireless signals communicated between wireless communication devices in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B.

[0028] FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B are diagrams showing example channel responses associated with motion of an object in distinct regions of a space.

[0029] FIG. 4C and FIG. 4D are plots showing the example channel responses of FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B overlaid on an example channel response associated with no motion occurring in the space.

[0030] FIG. 5 depicts an implementation of some of an architecture of a system for Wi-Fi sensing, according to some embodiments.

[0031] FIG. 6 depicts an example of a WLAN sensing procedure, according to some embodiments.

[0032] FIG. 7A depicts an example of a Sensing Measurement Setup Request frame Action field format, according to some embodiments.

[0033] FIG. 7B illustrates an example of a Sensing Measurement Parameters element, according to some embodiments.

[0034] FIG. 7C illustrates an example of a format of a Sensing Measurement Parameters field, according to some embodiments.

[0035] FIG. 7D depicts an example of a Sensing Measurement Setup Response frame Action field format, according to some embodiments.

[0036] FIG. 8A depicts one-to-many and many-to-one aspects of an example of a WLAN sensing procedure, according to some embodiments.

[0037] FIG. 8B depicts pairwise aspects of an example of a WLAN sensing procedure, according to some embodiments.

[0038] FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B depict an example of message flows of a trigger-based (TB) sensing measurement instance of a WLAN sensing procedure that consists of a sensing measurement setup phase, a Null Data PPDU Announcement (NDPA) sounding and reporting phase, a trigger-frame (TF) sounding phase, and a sensing measurement setup termination phase, according to some embodiments.

[0039] FIG. 10 depicts examples of trigger-based (TB) sensing measurement instances, according to some embodiments.

[0040] FIG. 11 depicts an example of a TB sensing measurement instance including a polling phase, an NDPA sounding phase, a trigger frame sounding phase and a reporting phase, according to some embodiments.

[0041] FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B depict a message flow of a non-TB sensing measurement instance of a WLAN sensing procedure that consists of a sensing measurement setup phase, an NDPA sounding phase with sensing initiator to sensing responder (SI2SR) sounding andreporting, an NDPA sounding phase with sensing responder to sensing initiator (SR2SI) sounding, an NDPA sounding phase with both SI2SR sounding and reporting and SR2SI sounding, and a sensing measurement setup termination phase, according to some embodiments.

[0042] FIG. 13 depicts an example of a single non-TB sensing measurement instance consisting of a measurement sounding phase and a reporting phase, according to some embodiments.

[0043] FIG. 14 depicts an example of an Action field format of a Sensing Measurement Report frame Action field and a Sensing Measurement Report Container field format, according to some embodiments.

[0044] FIG. 15A to FIG. 151 depict a hierarchy of fields within a Sensing Trigger frame, according to some embodiments.

[0045] FIG. 16 illustrates a representation of communication of location of selected one or more time domain pulses from a sensing receiver to a sensing algorithm using an active tone bitmap, according to some embodiments.

[0046] FIG. 17 illustrates a representation of communication of location of selected one or more time domain pulses from a sensing receiver to a sensing algorithm using a full bitmap, according to some embodiments.

[0047] FIG. 18 illustrates a representation of communication of location of selected one or more time domain pulses from a sensing receiver to a sensing algorithm using position of the selected one or more time domain pulses in full time-domain CRI (full TD-CRI), according to some embodiments.

[0048] FIG. 19 illustrates a management frame carrying sensing measurement parameters for a sensing transmission, according to some embodiments.

[0049] FIG. 20A illustrates an example of a format of a control frame and FIG. 20B illustrates a format of a sensing transmission announcement control field of the control frame, according to some embodiments.

[0050] FIG. 21A illustrates another example of a format of a control frame and FIG. 2 IB illustrates a format of a sensing measurement control field of the control frame, according to some embodiments.

[0051] FIG. 22 illustrates a management frame carrying a CRI transmission message, according to some embodiments.

[0052] FIG. 23 depicts an illustration of a filtered time domain CRI (filtered TD-CRI), according to some embodiments.

[0053] FIG. 24 depicts an example of a set of changed time domain pulses in a full TD- CRI, according to some embodiments.

[0054] FIG. 25 depicts another example of a set of changed time domain pulses in a full TD-CRI, according to some embodiments.

[0055] FIG. 26 depicts an example of a sensing space, according to some embodiments.

[0056] FIG. 27 depicts an example representation of two discrete multipaths, according to some embodiments.

[0057] FIG. 28 depicts an example representation of amplitude and time delay of multipath time domain pulses at a sensing receiver, according to some embodiments.

[0058] FIG. 29 depicts an example representation of TD-CRI pulses represented by a time delay window, according to some embodiments.

[0059] FIG. 30 depicts an example representation of a motion impact on a path from a sensing transmitter to a sensing receiver, according to some embodiments.

[0060] FIG. 31 depicts an example representation of a motion impact on a corresponding TD-CRI pulse from the sensing transmitter to the sensing receiver, according to some embodiments.

[0061] FIG. 32 depicts an example representation of a symmetric path, according to some embodiments.

[0062] FIG. 33 depicts an example representation of a path with multiple reflections, according to some embodiments.

[0063] FIG. 34 depicts a flowchart for identifying correspondences between an area of sensing space and corresponding sensing measurements of a first sensing measurement report and a second sensing measurement report, according to some embodiments.

[0064] FIG. 35A and FIG. 35B depict a flowchart for obtaining a third sensing measurement report associated with an area of interest, according to some embodiments.

[0065] FIG. 36A and FIG. 36B depict a flowchart for obtaining a sensitivity measurement of a third sensing measurement report including a third plurality of sensing measurements, according to some embodiments.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0066] Wireless sensing enables a device to obtain sensing measurements of transmission channel(s) between two or more devices. With the execution of a wireless sensing procedure, it is possible for a device to obtain sensing measurements useful for detecting and tracking changes in the environment. In some aspects of what is described herein, a wireless sensingsystem may be used for a variety of wireless sensing applications by processing wireless signals (e.g., radio frequency (RF) signals) transmitted through a space between wireless communication devices. Example wireless sensing applications include motion detection, which can include the following: detecting motion of objects in the space, motion tracking, breathing detection, breathing monitoring, presence detection, gesture detection, gesture recognition, human detection (moving and stationary human detection), human tracking, fall detection, speed estimation, intrusion detection, walking detection, step counting, respiration rate detection, apnea estimation, posture change detection, activity recognition, gait rate classification, gesture decoding, sign language recognition, hand tracking, heart rate estimation, breathing rate estimation, room occupancy detection, human dynamics monitoring, and other types of motion detection applications. Other examples of wireless sensing applications include object recognition, speaking recognition, keystroke detection and recognition, tamper detection, touch detection, attack detection, user authentication, driver fatigue detection, traffic monitoring, smoking detection, school violence detection, human counting, human recognition, bike localization, human queue estimation, Wi-Fi imaging, and other types of wireless sensing applications. For instance, the wireless sensing system may operate as a motion detection system to detect the existence and location of motion based on Wi-Fi signals or other types of wireless signals. As described in more detail below, a wireless sensing system may be configured to control measurement rates, wireless connections, and device participation, for example, to improve system operation or to achieve other technical advantages. The system improvements and technical advantages achieved when the wireless sensing system is used for motion detection are also achieved in examples where the wireless sensing system is used for another type of wireless sensing application.

[0067] In some example wireless sensing systems, a wireless signal includes a component (e.g., a synchronization preamble in a Wi-Fi PHY frame, or another type of component) that wireless devices can use to estimate a channel response or other channel information, and the wireless sensing system can detect motion (or another characteristic depending on the wireless sensing application) by analyzing changes in the channel information collected over time. In some examples, a wireless sensing system can operate similar to a bistatic radar system, where a Wi-Fi access point (AP) assumes the receiver role, and each Wi-Fi device (station (STA), node, or peer) connected to the AP assumes the transmitter role. The wireless sensing system may trigger a connected device to generate a transmission and produce a channel response measurement at a receiver device. This triggering process can be repeated periodically to obtain a sequence of time-variant measurements. A wireless sensing algorithm may then receive thegenerated time-series of channel response measurements (e.g., computed by Wi-Fi receivers) as input, and through a correlation or filtering process, may then make a determination (e.g., determine if there is motion or no motion within the environment represented by the channel response, for example, based on changes or patterns in the channel estimations). In examples where the wireless sensing system detects motion, it may also be possible to identify a location of the motion within the environment based on motion detection results among a number of wireless devices.

[0068] Accordingly, wireless signals received at each of the wireless communication devices in a wireless communication network may be analyzed to determine channel information for the various communication links (between respective pairs of wireless communication devices) in the network. The channel information may be representative of a physical medium that applies a transfer function to wireless signals that traverse a space. In some instances, the channel information includes a channel response. Channel responses can characterize a physical communication path, representing the combined effect of, for example, scattering, fading, and power decay within the space between the transmitter and receiver. In some instances, the channel information includes beamforming state information (e.g., a feedback matrix, a steering matrix, channel state information, etc.) provided by a beamforming system. Beamforming is a signal processing technique often used in multi antenna (multiple- input / multiple-output (MIMO)) radio systems for directional signal transmission or reception. Beamforming can be achieved by operating elements in an antenna array in such a way that signals at some angles experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference.

[0069] The channel information for each of the communication links may be analyzed (e.g., by a hub device or other device in a wireless communication network, or a sensing transmitter, sensing receiver, or sensing initiator communicably coupled to the network) to, for example, detect whether motion has occurred in the space, to determine a relative location of the detected motion, or both. In some aspects, the channel information for each of the communication links may be analyzed to detect whether an object is present or absent, e.g., when no motion is detected in the space.

[0070] In some cases, a wireless sensing system can control a node measurement rate. For instance, a Wi-Fi motion system may configure variable measurement rates (e.g., channel estimation / environment measurement / sampling rates) based on criteria given by a current wireless sensing application (e.g., motion detection). In some implementations, when no motion is present or detected for a period of time, for example, the wireless sensing system canreduce the rate that the environment is measured, such that the connected device will be triggered or caused to make sensing transmissions or sensing measurements less frequently. In some implementations, when motion is present, for example, the wireless sensing system can increase the triggering rate or sensing transmissions rate or sensing measurement rate to produce a time-series of measurements with finer time resolution. Controlling a variable sensing measurement rate can allow energy conservation (through the device triggering), reduce processing (less data to correlate or filter), and improve resolution during specified times.

[0071] In some cases, a wireless sensing system can perform band steering or client steering of nodes throughout a wireless network, for example, in a Wi-Fi multi -AP or extended service set (ESS) topology, multiple coordinating wireless APs each provide a basic service set (BSS) which may occupy different frequency bands and allow devices to transparently move from one participating AP to another (e.g., mesh). For instance, within a home mesh network, Wi-Fi devices can connect to any of the APs, but typically select one with good signal strength. The coverage footprint of the mesh APs typically overlap, often putting each device within communication range of more than one AP. If the AP supports multi-bands (e.g., 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz), the wireless sensing system may keep a device connected to the same physical AP but instruct it to use a different frequency band to obtain more diverse information to help improve the accuracy or results of the wireless sensing algorithm (e.g., motion detection algorithm). In some implementations, the wireless sensing system can change a device from being connected to one mesh AP to being connected to another mesh AP. Such device steering can be performed, for example, during wireless sensing (e.g., motion detection), based on criteria detected in a specific area to improve detection coverage, or to better localize motion within an area.

[0072] In some cases, beamforming may be performed between wireless communication devices based on some knowledge of the communication channel (e.g., through feedback properties generated by a receiver), which can be used to generate one or more steering properties (e.g., a steering matrix) that are applied by a transmitter device to shape the transmitted beam / signal in a particular direction or directions. Thus, changes to the steering or feedback properties used in the beamforming process indicate changes, which may be caused by moving objects, in the space accessed by the wireless communication system. For example, motion may be detected by substantial changes in the communication channel, e.g., as indicated by a channel response, or steering or feedback properties, or any combination thereof, over a period of time.

[0073] In some implementations, for example, a steering matrix may be generated at a transmitter device (beamformer) based on a feedback matrix provided by a receiver device (beamformee) based on channel sounding. Because the steering and feedback matrices are related to propagation characteristics of the channel, these matrices change as objects move within the channel. Changes in the channel characteristics are accordingly reflected in these matrices, and by analyzing the matrices, motion can be detected, and different characteristics of the detected motion can be determined. In some implementations, a spatial map may be generated based on one or more beamforming matrices. The spatial map may indicate a general direction of an object in a space relative to a wireless communication device. In some cases, many beamforming matrices (e.g., feedback matrices or steering matrices) may be generated to represent a multitude of directions that an object may be located relative to a wireless communication device. These many beamforming matrices may be used to generate the spatial map. The spatial map may be used to detect the presence of motion in the space or to detect a location of the detected motion.

[0074] In some instances, a motion detection system can control a variable device measurement rate in a motion detection process. For example, a feedback control system for a multi-node wireless motion detection system may adaptively change the sample rate based on environmental conditions. In some cases, such controls can improve operation of the motion detection system or provide other technical advantages. For example, the measurement rate may be controlled in a manner that optimizes or otherwise improves air-time usage versus detection ability suitable for a wide range of different environments and different motion detection applications. The measurement rate may be controlled in a manner that reduces redundant measurement data to be processed, thereby reducing processor load / power requirements. In some cases, the measurement rate is controlled in a manner that is adaptive, for instance, an adaptive sample can be controlled individually for each participating device. An adaptive sample rate can be used with a tuning control loop for different use cases, or device characteristics.

[0075] In some cases, a wireless sensing system can allow devices to dynamically indicate and communicate their wireless sensing capability or wireless sensing willingness to the wireless sensing system. For example, there may be times when a device does not want to be periodically interrupted or triggered to transmit a wireless signal that would allow the AP to produce a channel measurement. For instance, if a device is sleeping, frequently waking the device up to transmit or receive wireless sensing signals could consume resources (e.g., causing a cell phone battery to discharge faster). These and other events could make a device willingor not willing to participate in wireless sensing system operations. In some cases, a cell phone running on its battery may not want to participate, but when the cell phone is plugged into the charger, it may be willing to participate. Accordingly, if the cell phone is unplugged, it may indicate to the wireless sensing system to exclude the cell phone from participating; whereas if the cell phone is plugged in, it may indicate to the wireless sensing system to include the cell phone in wireless sensing system operations. In some cases, if a device is under load (e.g., a device streaming audio or video) or busy performing a primary function, the device may not want to participate; whereas when the same device's load is reduced and participating will not interfere with a primary function, the device may indicate to the wireless sensing system that it is willing to participate.

[0076] Example wireless sensing systems are described below in the context of motion detection (detecting motion of objects in the space, motion tracking, breathing detection, breathing monitoring, presence detection, gesture detection, gesture recognition, human detection (moving and stationary human detection), human tracking, fall detection, speed estimation, intrusion detection, walking detection, step counting, respiration rate detection, apnea estimation, posture change detection, activity recognition, gait rate classification, gesture decoding, sign language recognition, hand tracking, heart rate estimation, breathing rate estimation, room occupancy detection, human dynamics monitoring, and other types of motion detection applications). However, the operation, system improvements, and technical advantages achieved when the wireless sensing system is operating as a motion detection system are also applicable in examples where the wireless sensing system is used for another type of wireless sensing application.

[0077] In various embodiments of the disclosure, non-limiting definitions of one or more terms that will be used in the description are provided below.

[0078] A networking device is a device used in the WLAN network. For example, a Multi- AP device or a STA device may be a networking device.

[0079] A wireless access point (WAP) or simply an access point (AP) is a networking device in a WLAN network that allows other networking devices in a WLAN network to connect to a wired network. In examples, an AP creates a wireless local area network.

[0080] A station (STA) is any device that is connected to a WLAN network and which contains 802. 11 compliant MAC and PHY interfaces to the wireless medium. A STA may be a laptop, desktop, smartphone, or a smart appliance. A STA may be fixed, mobile or portable. A STA that does not take on the role of an AP may be referred to as a non-AP STA.

[0081] A term “Basic Service Set (BSS)” may refer to a collection of an AP STA and non- AP STAs which are associated together at the PHY / MAC layer to form a wireless network. The BSS includes a single STA acting as an AP (or AP STA) and one or more STAs (non-AP STA, or simply STA where the access point is referred to as AP) connected to and controlled by the AP device. A BSS is identified in IEEE 802. 11 by a BSSID.

[0082] A term “Out-of-BSS (OBSS)” may be used by IEEE P802.11bf to describe communications between STAs which are not part of a BSS (and may or may not be part of an ESS). In the case of WLAN sensing, OBSS may describe sensing messages and sensing transmissions made between STAs which are not part of a BSS but which may generate useful sensing measurements.

[0083] A term “transmission opportunity (TXOP)” may refer to a negotiated interval of time during which a particular quality of service (QoS) station (e.g., a STA, an AP, or either a STA or an AP, for example in the role of a sensing initiator, a sensing responder, a sensing transmitter or a sensing receiver) may have the right to initiate a frame exchange onto a wireless medium. A QoS access category (AC) of the transmission opportunity may be requested as part of a service or session negotiation.

[0084] A term “Quality of Service (QoS) access category (AC)” may refer to an identifier for a frame which classifies a priority of transmission that the frame requires. In an example, four QoS access categories are defined namely AC VI: Video, AC_VO: Voice, AC BE: Best-Effort, and AC BK: Background. Further, each QoS access category may have different TXOP parameters defined for it.

[0085] A term “PHY-layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU)” may refer to a data unit that includes preamble and data fields. The preamble field may include transmission vector format information and the data field may include payload and higher layer headers.

[0086] A term “interframe space (IFS)” may refer to the time interval between certain adjacent PPDU. Different IFSs are defined to provide priority levels for access to the wireless medium. A STA shall determine that the medium is idle through the use of the Carrier Sense (CS) function for the interval specified. Timings for IFSs are referenced from the occurrence of the PHY interface primitives PHY-TXEND. confirm, PHY-TXSTART.confirm, PHY- RXSTART.indication, and PHY-RXEND.indication. One of the defined IFS is a “short interframe space (SIFS)”. In an example, a short interframe space may be approximately 10 ps. In another example, a short interframe space may be approximately 16 ps.

[0087] A term “null data PPDU (NDP)” may refer to a PPDU that does not include a data field. In an example, a null data PPDU may be used for a sensing transmission, where a MAC header of the NDP includes information required for a sensing receiver to make a sensing measurement on the sensing transmission.

[0088] A term “transmission parameters” may refer to a set of IEEE 802.11 PHY transmitter configuration parameters which are defined as a part of transmission vector (TXVECTOR) corresponding to a specific PHY and which may be configurable for each PHY-layer PPDU transmission or each null data PPDU (NDP) transmission.

[0089] A term “resource unit (RU)” may refer to an allocation of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) channels which may be used to carry a modulated signal. An RU may include a variable number of carriers depending on the mode of the modem.

[0090] A term “tone” may refer to an individual subcarrier in an OFDM signal. A tone may be represented in time domain or frequency domain. In frequency domain, a tone may also be referred to as a subcarrier.

[0091] A term “time domain pulse” may refer to a complex number that represents amplitude and phase of discretized energy in time domain. When frequency domain channel state information values are obtained for each tone from a baseband receiver, time domain pulses may be obtained by performing an IFFT on the channel state information values.

[0092] A term “sensing goal” may refer to a goal of a sensing activity at a time. A sensing goal is not static and may change at any time . In an example, a sensing goal may require sensing measurements of a specific type, a specific format, or a specific precision, resolution, or accuracy to be available to a sensing algorithm.

[0093] A term “sensing space” may refer to any physical space in which a Wi-Fi sensing system may operate.

[0094] A term “wireless local area network (WLAN) sensing session” or “Wi-Fi sensing session” may refer to a period during which objects in a physical space may be probed, detected and / or characterized. In an example, during a WLAN sensing session, several devices participate in, and thereby contribute to the generation of sensing measurements. A WLAN sensing session may be referred to as a “measurement campaign”.

[0095] A term “non-sensing message” may refer to a message which is not primarily related to sensing. In an example, non-sensing messages may include data, management, and control messages.

[0096] A term “sensing measurement” may refer to a measurement of a state of a wireless channel between a transmitter device (for example, a sensing transmitter) and a receiver device(for example, a sensing receiver) derived from a sensing transmission. In an example, sensing measurement may also be referred to as channel response measurement.

[0097] A term “sensing algorithm” may refer to a computational algorithm that achieves a sensing goal. A sensing algorithm may be executed on any device in a Wi-Fi sensing system.

[0098] Wireless network management (WNM) may provide information on network conditions and may also provide a means to obtain and exchange WLAN sensing information.

[0099] A term “sensing procedure” may refer to a procedure that allows a high-efficiency (HE) STA or extremely high throughput (EHT) STA to perform sensing. A sensing procedure may be initiated with the establishment of a sensing measurement session, which may be followed by zero or more sensing measurement exchanges, and may be terminated either implicitly or explicitly with a sensing measurement session termination.

[0100] A term “sensing capabilities exchange” may refer to the beginning part of a sensing procedure, during which sensing capabilities may be exchanged between the sensing STAs. A term “sensing capabilities exchange” may also be referred to as “sensing session setup” or “session setup”.

[0101] A term “sensing measurement session” may refer to a set of sensing measurement exchanges that use operational parameters agreed to between a sensing initiator and sensing responder and is identified by a Measurement Session ID. The term “sensing measurement session” may also be referred to as “sensing session” or “sensing measurement setup” or “measurement setup”. The term “Measurement Session ID” may also be referred to as “Measurement Setup ID”.

[0102] A term “sensing measurement exchange” may refer to part of a sensing procedure, during which sensing measurements are performed.

[0103] A sensing receiver is a station (STA) that receives sensing transmissions (for example, PPDUs or any other transmission including a data transmission which may be opportunistically used as a sensing transmission) sent by a sensing transmitter and performs sensing measurements as part of a WLAN sensing procedure. An AP is an example of a sensing receiver. In some examples, a STA may also be a sensing receiver.

[0104] A sensing transmitter is a station (STA) that transmits a sensing transmission (for example, PPDUs or any other transmission) used for sensing measurements (for example, channel state information) in a WLAN sensing procedure. In an example, a STA is an exampleof a sensing transmiter. In some examples, an AP may be a sensing transmiter for Wi-Fi sensing purposes, for example where a STA acts as a sensing receiver.

[0105] A sensing initiator is a station (STA) that initiates a WLAN sensing procedure. The role of sensing initiator may be taken on by a sensing receiver, a sensing transmiter, or a separate device which includes a sensing algorithm (for example, a remote processing device).

[0106] A sensing responder is a station (STA) that participates in a WLAN sensing procedure initiated by a sensing initiator. The role of sensing responder may be taken on by a sensing receiver or a sensing transmiter. In examples, multiple sensing responders may take part in a Wi-Fi sensing session.

[0107] A sensing by proxy (SBP) initiator may be defined as a non-AP STA acting as a sensing initiator that transmits an SBP Request frame. In examples, sensing by proxy (SBP) enables a non-AP STA to obtain sensing measurements of the channel between an AP and one or more non-AP STAs or between a receiving antenna and a transmiting antenna of an AP. With the execution of the SBP procedure, it is possible for a non-AP STA to obtain sensing measurements necessary for detecting and tracking changes in the environment. A sensing by proxy (SBP) responder is an AP that receives or is the intended recipient of an SBP Request frame.

[0108] A term “sensing transmission” may refer to a transmission made from a sensing transmiter to a sensing receiver which may be used to make a sensing measurement. In an example, a sensing transmission may also be referred to as a wireless sensing signal or a wireless signal.

[0109] A term “sensing trigger message” may refer to a message sent from a sensing initiator to a sensing transmiter to initiate or trigger one or more sensing transmissions.

[0110] A term “sensing response message” may refer to a message which is included within a sensing transmission from a sensing transmiter to a sensing receiver. A sensing transmission that includes a sensing response message may be used by a sensing receiver to perform a sensing measurement.

[0111] A term “sensing response announcement” may refer to a message that is included within a sensing transmission from a sensing transmiter to a sensing receiver that announces that a sensing response NDP will follow within a short interframe space (SIFS). An example of a sensing response announcement is an NDP announcement, or NDPA. In examples, a sensing response NDP may be transmited using a requested transmission configuration.

[0112] A term “sensing response NDP” may refer to a response transmited by a sensing transmiter and used for a sensing measurement at a sensing receiver. In examples, a sensingresponse NDP may be used when a requested transmission configuration is incompatible with transmission parameters required for successful non-sensing message reception. A sensing response NDP may be announced by a sensing response announcement. In an example, a sensing response NDP may be implemented with a null data PPDU. In some examples, a sensing response NDP may be implemented with a frame that does not contain any data.

[0113] A term “channel representation information (CRI)” or “channel impulse response (CIR)” may refer to properties of a communications channel, such as how wireless signals propagate from a sensing transmitter to a sensing receiver along multiple paths, which are known or measured by a technique of channel estimation. For example, CRI may refer to one or more sensing measurements made on one or more sensing transmissions during a sampling instance which together represent the state of the channel at the sampling instance between two devices.

[0114] A term “channel state information (CSI)” may refer to an example of CRI which is represented in the frequency domain. CSI indicates the properties of a communications channel which is measured by channel estimation in subcarrier-level granularity. CSI is typically a matrix of complex values representing the amplitude attenuation and phase shift of signals, which provides an estimation of a communications channel. A CSI of a subcarrier may be represented as an in-phase (real) component (I) and a quadrature (imaginary) component (Q).

[0115] A term “time-domain channel representation information (TD-CRI)” or “channel impulse response (CIR)” in the time-domain may refer to an example of CRI which is represented in a time domain. TD-CRI may be generated by applying an inverse transform, such as an IDFT or an IFFT, to CSI. TD-CRI or CIR of a time domain pulse may be represented as an in-phase (real) component (I) and a quadrature (imaginary) component (Q).

[0116] A term “full time-domain channel representation information (full TD-CRI)” may refer to a series of complex pairs of time domain pulses which are created by performing an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) on CSI values, for example CSI calculated by a baseband receiver.

[0117] A term “filtered time-domain channel representation information (filtered TD- CRI)” may refer to a reduced series of complex pairs of time domain pulses created by applying an algorithm to a full TD-CRI. The algorithm may select some time domain pulses and reject others. The filtered TD-CRI may contain information that relates a selected time domain pulse to the corresponding time domain pulse in the full TD-CRI.

[0118] A term “reconstructed filtered time-domain channel representation information (reconstructed filtered TD-CRI)” may refer to a version of a full TD-CRI created from a filtered TD-CRI.

[0119] A term “channel representation information transmission message” may refer to a message sent by a sensing receiver that has performed a sensing measurement on a sensing transmission, in which the sensing receiver sends CRI to a sensing initiator which may be a sensing transmitter which contains a sensing algorithm or a remote processing device which contains a sensing algorithm.

[0120] A term “reconstructed CSI (R-CSI)” may refer to a representation of original CSI values as measured by the baseband receiver that is reconstructed from a time domain channel representation information (TD-CRI). In an example, R-CSI may be calculated by taking original CSI values (frequency domain), performing an IFFT to translate those values into the time domain, selecting a number of time domain pulses, zeroing or nulling time domain tones that do not include a selected time domain pulse, and performing an FFT. The resulting frequency domain complex values are the R-CSI.

[0121] A term “feature of interest” may refer to an item or state of an item in a sensing space which is positively detected and / or identified by a sensing algorithm.

[0122] A term “sensing imprint” may refer to a steady state or semi-static representation of the propagation channel between a sensing transmitter and a sensing receiver in the sensing space calculated by the sensing receiver in the form of a time domain channel impulse response.

[0123] A term “requested transmission configuration” may refer to transmission parameters a sensing transmitter is requested to use when sending a sensing transmission.

[0124] A term “delivered transmission configuration” may refer to transmission parameters applied by a sensing transmitter to a sensing transmission.

[0125] A term “imprint delta” may refer to a single dimension matrix of complex values which represent the difference between a time domain channel impulse response generated by converting a CSI measurement to the time domain using an IFFT, and a stored sensing imprint.

[0126] A term “measurement imprint delta threshold” may refer to minimum difference between a TD-CRI value and the corresponding sensing imprint value for which a sensing receiver or a sensing algorithm considers that there is a change in the propagation channel propagation characteristics.

[0127] A term “measurement imprint delta count” may refer to a number of times which a measurement imprint delta threshold is exceeded before a sensing receiver, or a sensing algorithm considers that there is a change in propagation channel propagation characteristics.

[0128] A term “imprint delta derivative period” may refer to a period during which imprint delta derivatives must remain below an imprint delta derivative threshold before a sensing receiver or a sensing algorithm may determine that a new sensing imprint needs to be calculated.

[0129] A term “imprint delta derivative” may refer to a rate of change of the imprint delta over one or more tones and over one or more frames.

[0130] A term “imprint delta derivative threshold” may refer to a maximum value of the rate imprint delta derivative for which a sensing receiver or a sensing algorithm considers that there is ongoing movement or motion in the sensing space. If the imprint delta derivative drops below the imprint delta derivative threshold, a sensing receiver or a sensing algorithm may determine that a new sensing imprint needs to be calculated.

[0131] A term “steady-state imprint delta threshold” may refer to a maximum difference between a TD-CRI value and a corresponding sensing imprint value for which a sensing receiver or a sensing algorithm considers that the TD-CRI has not returned to its steady-state (i.e., a stored sensing imprint).

[0132] A term “sensing imprint average count” may refer to a number of sensing measurements which may be averaged to generate a sensing imprint.

[0133] A term “steering matrix configuration” may refer to a matrix of complex values representing real and complex phases required to pre-condition one or more antennas of a radio frequency (RF) transmission signal chain for each transmit signal. Application of a steering matrix configuration (for example, by a spatial mapper) enables beamforming and beamsteering.

[0134] A term “spatial mapper” may refer to a signal processing element that adjusts the amplitude and phase of a signal input to an RF transmission chain in a sensing transmitter. A spatial mapper may include elements to process the signal to each RF chain implemented. The operation carried out may be called spatial mapping. The output of a spatial mapper is one or more spatial streams.

[0135] Aterm “sensing area” may refer to a part or subset of a sensing space. For example, if a sensing space represents a house, then an individual room may be a sensing area within that sensing space.

[0136] A term “sensing sensitivity” may refer to a value that indicates the motion detection success rate for sensing in a sensing area in the detection phase. In an example, sensing sensitivity may be expressed as a value between 0 and 100%.

[0137] A “TD-CRI pulse index” may uniquely identify a TD-CRI pulse within a set of TD-CRI pulses.

[0138] A term “baseline time domain pulses” or “baseline TD-CRI pulses” may refer to TD-CRI pulses that are captured during a period when no motion is expected in a sensing area.

[0139] A term “active time domain pulses” or “active TD-CRI pulses” may refer to TD- CRI pulses that are captured during a period when motion is expected in a sensing area.

[0140] For purposes of reading the description of the various embodiments below, the following descriptions of the sections of the specifications and their respective contents may be helpful:

[0141] Section A describes a wireless communications system, wireless transmissions and sensing measurements which may be useful for practicing embodiments described herein.

[0142] Section B describes systems and methods that are useful for a wireless sensing system configured to send sensing transmissions and make sensing measurements.

[0143] Section C describes embodiments of systems and methods that are useful for selecting sensing areas of the sensing sensitivity.A. Wireless communications system, wireless transmissions and sensing measurements

[0144] FIG. 1 illustrates wireless communication system 100. Wireless communication system 100 includes three wireless communication devices: first wireless communication device 102A, second wireless communication device 102B, and third wireless communication device 102C. Wireless communication system 100 may include additional wireless communication devices and other components (e.g., additional wireless communication devices, one or more network servers, network routers, network switches, cables, or other communication links, etc.).

[0145] Wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C can operate in a wireless network, for example, according to a wireless network standard or another type of wireless communication protocol. For example, the wireless network may be configured to operate as a wireless local area network (WLAN), a personal area network (PAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), or another type of wireless network. Examples of WLANs include networks configured to operate according to one or more of the 802.11 family of standards developed by IEEE (e.g., Wi-Fi networks), and others. Examples of PANs include networks that operate according to short-range communication standards (e.g., Bluetooth®., Near Field Communication (NFC), ZigBee), millimeter wave communications, and others.

[0146] In some implementations, wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may be configured to communicate in a cellular network, for example, according to a cellular network standard. Examples of cellular networks include networks configured according to 2G standards such as Global System for Mobile (GSM) and Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) or EGPRS; 3G standards such as code division multiple access (CDMA), wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA); 4G standards such as Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A); 5G standards, and others.

[0147] In the example shown in FIG. 1, wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C can be, or they may include, standard wireless network components. For example, wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may be commercially-available Wi-Fi APs or another type of wire less access point (WAP) performing one or more operations as described herein that are embedded as instructions (e.g., software or firmware) in the modem of the WAP. In some cases, wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may be nodes of a wireless mesh network, such as, for example, a commercially-available mesh network system (e.g., Plume Wi-Fi, Google Wi-Fi, Qualcomm Wi-Fi SoN, etc.). In some cases, wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C acting as nodes of a mesh network system may adhere to a mesh networking standard such as Wi-Fi Alliance EasyMesh or IEEE P802.1 Is. In some cases, another type of standard or conventional Wi-Fi transmitter device may be used. In some instances, one or more of wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may be implemented as WAPs in a mesh network, while other wireless communication device(s) 102A, 102B, 102C are implemented as leaf devices (e.g., mobile devices, smart devices, etc.) that access the mesh network through one of the WAPs. In some cases, one or more of wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C is a mobile device (e.g., a smartphone, a smart watch, a tablet, a laptop computer, etc.), a wireless-enabled device (e.g., a smart thermostat, a Wi-Fi enabled camera, a smart TV), or another type of device that communicates in a wireless network.

[0148] Wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may be implemented without Wi-Fi components; for example, other types of standard or non-standard wireless communication may be used for motion detection. In some cases, wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C can be, or they may be part of, a dedicated motion detection system. For example, the dedicated motion detection system can include a hub device and one or morebeacon devices (as remote sensor devices), and wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C can be either a hub device or a beacon device in the motion detection system.

[0149] As shown in FIG. 1, wireless communication device 102C includes modem 112, processor 114, memory 116, and power unit 118; any of wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C in wireless communication system 100 may include the same, additional, or different components, and the components may be configured to operate as shown in FIG. 1 or in another manner. In some implementations, modem 112, processor 114, memory 116, and power unit 118 of a wireless communication device are housed together in a common housing or other assembly. In some implementations, one or more of the components of a wireless communication device can be housed separately, for example, in a separate housing or other assembly.

[0150] Modem 112 can communicate (receive, transmit, or both) wireless signals. For example, modem 112 may be configured to communicate RF signals formatted according to a wireless communication standard (e.g., Wi-Fi or Bluetooth). Modem 112 may be implemented as the example wireless network modem 112 shown in FIG. 1, or may be implemented in another manner, for example, with other types of components or subsystems. In some implementations, modem 112 includes a radio subsystem and a baseband subsystem. In some cases, the baseband subsystem and radio subsystem can be implemented on a common chip or chipset, or they may be implemented in a card or another type of assembled device. The baseband subsystem can be coupled to the radio subsystem, for example, by leads, pins, wires, or other types of connections.

[0151] In some cases, a radio subsystem in modem 112 can include one or more antennas and RF circuitry. The RF circuitry can include, for example, circuitry that fdters, amplifies, or otherwise conditions analog signals, circuitry that up-converts baseband signals to RF signals, circuitry that down-converts RF signals to baseband signals, etc. Such circuitry may include, for example, filters, amplifiers, mixers, a local oscillator, etc. The radio subsystem can be configured to communicate radio frequency wireless signals on the wireless communication channels. As an example, the radio subsystem may include a radio chip, an RF front end, and one or more antennas. A radio subsystem may include additional or different components. In some implementations, the radio subsystem can be or may include the radio electronics (e.g., RF front end, radio chip, or analogous components) from a conventional modem, for example, from a Wi-Fi modem, pico base station modem, etc. In some implementations, the antenna includes multiple antennas.

[0152] In some cases, a baseband subsystem in modem 112 can include, for example, digital electronics configured to process digital baseband data. As an example, the baseband subsystem may include a baseband chip. A baseband subsystem may include additional or different components. In some cases, the baseband subsystem may include a digital signal processor (DSP) device or another type of processor device. In some cases, the baseband system includes digital processing logic to operate the radio subsystem, to communicate wireless network traffic through the radio subsystem, to detect motion based on motion detection signals received through the radio subsystem or to perform other types of processes. For instance, the baseband subsystem may include one or more chips, chipsets, or other types of devices that are configured to encode signals and deliver the encoded signals to the radio subsystem for transmission, or to identify and analyze data encoded in signals from the radio subsystem (e.g., by decoding the signals according to a wireless communication standard, by processing the signals according to a motion detection process, or otherwise).

[0153] In some instances, the radio subsystem in modem 112 receives baseband signals from the baseband subsystem, up-converts the baseband signals to RF signals, and wirelessly transmits the RF signals (e.g., through an antenna). In some instances, the radio subsystem in modem 112 wirelessly receives RF signals (e.g., through an antenna), down-converts the RF to baseband signals, and sends the baseband signals to the baseband subsystem. The signals exchanged between the radio subsystem and the baseband subsystem may be digital or analog signals. In some examples, the baseband subsystem includes conversion circuitry (e.g., a digital-to-analog converter, an analog-to-digital converter) and exchanges analog signals with the radio subsystem. In some examples, the radio subsystem includes conversion circuitry (e.g., a digital-to-analog converter, an analog-to-digital converter) and exchanges digital signals with the baseband subsystem.

[0154] In some cases, the baseband subsystem of modem 112 can communicate wireless network traffic (e.g., data packets) in the wireless communication network through the radio subsystem on one or more network traffic channels. The baseband subsystem of modem 112 may also transmit or receive (or both) signals (e.g., motion probe signals or motion detection signals) through the radio subsystem on a dedicated wireless communication channel. In some instances, the baseband subsystem generates motion probe signals for transmission, for example, to probe a space for motion. In some instances, the baseband subsystem processes received motion detection signals (signals based on motion probe signals transmitted through the space), for example, to detect motion of an object in a space.

[0155] Processor 114 can execute instructions, for example, to generate output data based on data inputs. The instructions can include programs, codes, scripts, or other types of data stored in memory. Additionally, or alternatively, the instructions can be encoded as preprogrammed or re-programmable logic circuits, logic gates, or other types of hardware or firmware components. Processor 114 may be or may include a general-purpose microprocessor, as a specialized co-processor or another type of data processing apparatus. In some cases, processor 114 performs high level operation of the wireless communication device 102C. For example, processor 114 may be configured to execute or interpret software, scripts, programs, functions, executables, or other instructions stored in memory 116. In some implementations, processor 114 may be included in modem 112.

[0156] Memory 116 can include computer-readable storage media, for example, a volatile memory device, a non-volatile memory device, or both. Memory 116 can include one or more read-only memory devices, random-access memory devices, buffer memory devices, or a combination of these and other types of memory devices. In some instances, one or more components of the memory can be integrated or otherwise associated with another component of wireless communication device 102C. Memory 116 may store instructions that are executable by processor 114. For example, the instructions may include instructions for timealigning signals using an interference buffer and a motion detection buffer, such as through one or more of the operations of the example processes herein disclosed.

[0157] Power unit 118 provides power to the other components of wireless communication device 102C. For example, the other components may operate based on electrical power provided by power unit 118 through a voltage bus or other connection. In some implementations, power unit 118 includes a battery or a battery system, for example, a rechargeable battery. In some implementations, power unit 118 includes an adapter (e.g., an alternating current (AC) adapter) that receives an external power signal (from an external source) and coverts the external power signal to an internal power signal conditioned for a component of wireless communication device 102C. Power unit 118 may include other components or may operate in another manner.

[0158] In the example shown in FIG. 1, wireless communication devices 102A, 102B transmit wireless signals (e.g., according to a wireless network standard, a motion detection protocol, or otherwise). For instance, wireless communication devices 102A, 102B may broadcast wireless motion probe signals (e.g., reference signals, beacon signals, status signals, etc.), or they may send wireless signals addressed to other devices (e.g., a user equipment, a client device, a server, etc.), and the other devices (not shown) as well as wirelesscommunication device 102C may receive the wireless signals transmitted by wireless communication devices 102A, 102B. In some cases, the wireless signals transmitted by wireless communication devices 102A, 102B are repeated periodically, for example, according to a wireless communication standard or otherwise.

[0159] In the example shown, wireless communication device 102C processes the wireless signals from wireless communication devices 102A, 102B to detect motion of an object in a space accessed by the wireless signals, to determine a location of the detected motion, or both. For example, wireless communication device 102C may perform one or more operations of the example processes described below with respect to FIG. 34, FIG. 35A, FIG. 35B, FIG. 36A and FIG. 36B, or another type of process for detecting motion or determining a location of detected motion. The space accessed by the wireless signals can be an indoor or outdoor space, which may include, for example, one or more fully or partially enclosed areas, an open area without enclosure, etc. The space can be or can include an interior of a room, multiple rooms, a building, or the like. In some cases, the wireless communication system 100 can be modified, for instance, such that wireless communication device 102C can transmit wireless signals and wireless communication devices 102A, 102B can processes the wireless signals from wireless communication device 102C to detect motion or determine a location of detected motion.

[0160] The wireless signals used for motion detection can include, for example, a beacon signal (e.g., Bluetooth Beacons, Wi-Fi Beacons, other wireless beacon signals), another standard signal generated for other purposes according to a wireless network standard, or nonstandard signals (e.g., random signals, reference signals, etc.) generated for motion detection or other purposes. In examples, motion detection may be carried out by analyzing one or more training fields carried by the wireless signals or by analyzing other data carried by the signal. In some examples data will be added for the express purpose of motion detection or the data used will nominally be for another purpose and reused or repurposed for motion detection. In some examples, the wireless signals propagate through an object (e.g., a wall) before or after interacting with a moving object, which may allow the moving object's movement to be detected without an optical line-of-sight between the moving object and the transmission or receiving hardware. Based on the received signals, wireless communication device 102C may generate motion detection data. In some instances, wireless communication device 102C may communicate the motion detection data to another device or system, such as a security system, which may include a control center for monitoring movement within a space, such as a room, building, outdoor area, etc.

[0161] In some implementations, wireless communication devices 102A, 102B can be modified to transmit motion probe signals (which may include, e.g., a reference signal, beacon signal, or another signal used to probe a space for motion) on a separate wireless communication channel (e.g., a frequency channel or coded channel) from wireless network traffic signals. For example, the modulation applied to the payload of a motion probe signal and the type of data or data structure in the payload may be known by wireless communication device 102C, which may reduce the amount of processing that wireless communication device 102C performs for motion sensing. The header may include additional information such as, for example, an indication of whether motion was detected by another device in communication system 100, an indication of the modulation type, an identification of the device transmitting the signal, etc.

[0162] In the example shown in FIG. 1, wireless communication system 100 is a wireless mesh network, with wireless communication links between each of wireless communication devices 102. In the example shown, the wireless communication link between wireless communication device 102C and wireless communication device 102A can be used to probe motion detection field 110A, the wireless communication link between wireless communication device 102C and wireless communication device 102B can be used to probe motion detection field HOB, and the wireless communication link between wireless communication device 102A and wireless communication device 102B can be used to probe motion detection field HOC. In some instances, each wireless communication device 102 detects motion in motion detection fields 110 accessed by that device by processing received signals that are based on wireless signals transmitted by wireless communication devices 102 through motion detection fields 110. For example, when person 106 shown in FIG. 1 moves in motion detection field 110A and motion detection field 110C, wireless communication devices 102 may detect the motion based on signals they received that are based on wireless signals transmitted through respective motion detection fields 110. For instance, wireless communication device 102A can detect motion of person 106 in motion detection fields 110 A, HOC, wireless communication device 102B can detect motion of person 106 in motion detection field HOC, and wireless communication device 102C can detect motion of person 106 in motion detection field 110A.

[0163] In some instances, motion detection fields 110 can include, for example, air, solid materials, liquids, or another medium through which wireless electromagnetic signals may propagate. In the example shown in FIG. 1, motion detection field 110A provides a wireless communication channel between wireless communication device 102A and wirelesscommunication device 102C, motion detection field HOB provides a wireless communication channel between wireless communication device 102B and wireless communication device 102C, and motion detection field HOC provides a wireless communication channel between wireless communication device 102A and wireless communication device 102B. In some aspects of operation, wireless signals transmitted on a wireless communication channel (separate from or shared with the wireless communication channel for network traffic) are used to detect movement of an object in a space. The objects can be any type of static or moveable object and can be living or inanimate. For example, the object can be a human (e.g., person 106 shown in FIG. 1), an animal, an inorganic object, or another device, apparatus, or assembly, an object that defines all or part of the boundary of a space (e.g., a wall, door, window, etc.), or another type of object. In some implementations, motion information from the wireless communication devices may be analyzed to determine a location of the detected motion. For example, as described further below, one of wireless communication devices 102 (or another device communicably coupled to wireless communications devices 102) may determine that the detected motion is nearby a particular wireless communication device.

[0164] FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B are diagrams showing example wireless signals communicated between wireless communication devices 204A, 204B, 204C. Wireless communication devices 204A, 204B, 204C can be, for example, wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C shown in FIG. 1, or other types of wireless communication devices. Wireless communication devices 204A, 204B, 204C transmit wireless signals through space 200. Space 200 can be completely or partially enclosed or open at one or more boundaries. In an example, space 200 may be a sensing space. Space 200 can be or can include an interior of a room, multiple rooms, a building, an indoor area, outdoor area, or the like. First wall 202A, second wall 202B, and third wall 202C at least partially enclose space 200 in the example shown.

[0165] In the example shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, wireless communication device 204A is operable to transmit wireless signals repeatedly (e.g., periodically, intermittently, at scheduled, unscheduled or random intervals, etc.). Wireless communication devices 204B, 204C are operable to receive signals based on those transmitted by wireless communication device 204A. Wireless communication devices 204B and 204C each have a modem (e.g., modem 112 shown in FIG. 1) that is configured to process received signals to detect motion of an object in space 200.

[0166] As shown, an object is in first position 214A in FIG. 2A, and the object has moved to second position 214B in FIG. 2B. In FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, the moving object in space 200is represented as a human, but the moving object can be another type of object. For example, the moving object can be an animal, an inorganic object (e.g., a system, device, apparatus, or assembly), an object that defines all or part of the boundary of space 200 (e.g., a wall, door, window, etc.), or another type of object.

[0167] As shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, multiple example paths of the wireless signals transmitted from wireless communication device 204A are illustrated by dashed lines. Along first signal path 216, the wireless signal is transmitted from wireless communication device 204A and reflected off first wall 202A toward the wireless communication device 204B. Along second signal path 218, the wireless signal is transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A and reflected off second wall 202B and first wall 202A toward wireless communication device 204C. Along third signal path 220, the wireless signal is transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A and reflected off second wall 202B toward wireless communication device 204C. Along fourth signal path 222, the wireless signal is transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A and reflected off third wall 202C toward the wireless communication device 204B.

[0168] In FIG. 2A, along fifth signal path 224A, the wireless signal is transmitted from wireless communication device 204A and reflected off the object at first position 214A toward wireless communication device 204C. Between FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, a surface of the object moves from first position 214A to second position 214B in space 200 (e.g., some distance away from first position 214A). In FIG. 2B, along sixth signal path 224B, the wireless signal is transmitted from wireless communication device 204A and reflected off the object at second position 214B toward wireless communication device 204C. Sixth signal path 224B depicted in FIG. 2B is longer than fifth signal path 224A depicted in FIG. 2A due to the movement of the object from first position 214A to second position 214B. In some examples, a signal path can be added, removed, or otherwise modified due to movement of an object in a space.

[0169] The example wireless signals shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B may experience attenuation, frequency shifts, phase shifts, or other effects through their respective paths and may have portions that propagate in another direction, for example, through the first, second and third walls 202A, 202B, and 202C. In some examples, the wireless signals are radio frequency (RF) signals. The wireless signals may include other types of signals.

[0170] In the example shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, wireless communication device 204A can repeatedly transmit a wireless signal. In particular, FIG. 2A shows the wireless signal being transmitted from wireless communication device 204A at a first time, and FIG. 2B shows the same wireless signal being transmitted from wireless communication device 204A at asecond, later time. The transmitted signal can be transmitted continuously, periodically, at random or intermittent times or the like, or a combination thereof. The transmitted signal can have a number of frequency components in a frequency bandwidth. The transmitted signal can be transmitted from wireless communication device 204A in an omnidirectional manner, in a directional manner or otherwise. In the example shown, the wireless signals traverse multiple respective paths in space 200, and the signal along each path may become attenuated due to path losses, scattering, reflection, or the like and may have a phase or frequency offset.

[0171] As shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, the signals from first to sixth paths 216, 218, 220, 222, 224A, and 224B combine at wireless communication device 204C and wireless communication device 204B to form received signals. Because of the effects of the multiple paths in space 200 on the transmitted signal, space 200 may be represented as a transfer function (e.g., a filter) in which the transmitted signal is input and the received signal is output. When an object moves in space 200, the attenuation or phase offset affected upon a signal in a signal path can change, and hence, the transfer function of space 200 can change. Assuming the same wireless signal is transmitted from wireless communication device 204A, if the transfer function of space 200 changes, the output of that transfer function - the received signal - will also change. A change in the received signal can be used to detect movement of an object.

[0172] Mathematically, a transmitted signal (t) transmitted from the first wireless communication device 204A may be described according to Equation (1): r(t) = Zn=-Co Cne^"t.... (l)

[0173] represents the frequency of nth frequency component of the transmitted signal, cnrepresents the complex coefficient of the wth frequency component, and t represents time. With the (t) being transmitted from the first wireless communication device 204A, an output signal rk(t~) from a path, k. may be described according to Equation (2):

[0174] Where an krepresents an attenuation factor (or channel response; e.g., due to scattering, reflection, and path losses) for the wth frequency component along k. and (pn krepresents the phase of the signal for nth frequency component along k. Then, the received signal, R, at a wireless communication device can be described as the summation of all output signals rk(t~) from all paths to the wireless communication device, which is shown in Equation (3):R = krk( ) ■ ■ ■ ■ (3)

[0175] Substituting Equation (2) into Equation (3) renders the following Equation (4):R = Xk Xn=-oo(an,keirt,n k)cne}^t.... (4)

[0176] R at a wireless communication device can then be analyzed. R at a wireless communication device can be transformed to the frequency domain, for example, using a fast Fourier transform (FFT) or another type of algorithm. The transformed signal can represent R as a series of n complex values, one for each of the respective frequency components (at the n frequencies m„). For a frequency component at frequencya complex value, Hn. may be represented as follows in Equation (5):Hn Sfc ^n^n,k^^n k■ ■ ■ ■ (5)

[0177] Hnfor a givenindicates a relative magnitude and phase offset of the received signal at When an object moves in the space, Hnchanges due to an kof the space changing. Accordingly, a change detected in the channel response can be indicative of movement of an object within the communication channel. In some instances, noise, interference, or other phenomena can influence the channel response detected by the receiver, and the motion detection system can reduce or isolate such influences to improve the accuracy and quality of motion detection capabilities. In some implementations, the overall channel response can be represented as follows in Equation (6): h-ch ^jk ^jn= — oo ^n,k • • • • (6)

[0178] In some instances, the channel response, hcfl, for a space can be determined, for example, based on the mathematical theory of estimation. For instance, a reference signal, Rej-. can be modified with candidate hcfl, and then a maximum likelihood approach can be used to select the candidate channel which gives best match to the received signal (RCVd)- In some cases, an estimated received signal (RCvd) is obtained from the convolution of Rej- with the candidate hcfl, and then the channel coefficients of hchare varied to minimize the squared error °f Rcvd - Thiscanbemathematically illustrated as follows in Equation (7):

[0179] with the optimization criterion as in Equation (8):

[0180] The minimizing, or optimizing, process can utilize an adaptive filtering technique, such as least mean squares (LMS), recursive least squares (RLS), batch least squares (BLS), etc. The channel response can be a finite impulse response (FIR) filter, infinite impulse response (HR) filter, or the like. As shown in the equation above, the received signal can be considered as a convolution of the reference signal and the channel response. The convolutionoperation means that the channel coefficients possess a degree of correlation with each of the delayed replicas of the reference signal. The convolution operation as shown in the equation above, therefore shows that the received signal appears at different delay points, each delayed replica being weighted by the channel coefficient.

[0181] FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B are plots showing examples of channel responses 360, 370 computed from the wireless signals communicated between wireless communication devices 204A, 204B, 204C in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B. FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B also show frequency domain representation 350 of an initial wireless signal transmitted by wireless communication device 204A. In the examples shown, channel response 360 in FIG. 3A represents the signals received by wireless communication device 204B when there is no motion in space 200, and channel response 370 in FIG. 3B represents the signals received by wireless communication device 204B in FIG. 2B after the object has moved in space 200.

[0182] In the example shown in FIG. 3 A and FIG. 3B, for illustration purposes, wireless communication device 204A transmits a signal that has a flat frequency profile (the magnitude of each frequency component,f2and f3is the same), as shown in frequency domain representation 350. Because of the interaction of the signal with space 200 (and the objects therein), the signals received at wireless communication device 204B that are based on the signal sent from wireless communication device 204A are different from the transmitted signal. In this example, where the transmitted signal has a flat frequency profile, the received signal represents the channel response of space 200. As shown in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B, channel responses 360, 370 are different from frequency domain representation 350 of the transmitted signal. When motion occurs in space 200, a variation in the channel response will also occur. For example, as shown in FIG. 3B, channel response 370 that is associated with motion of object in space 200 varies from channel response 360 that is associated with no motion in space 200.

[0183] Furthermore, as an object moves within space 200, the channel response may vary from channel response 370. In some cases, space 200 can be divided into distinct regions and the channel responses associated with each region may share one or more characteristics (e.g., shape), as described below. Thus, motion of an object within different distinct regions can be distinguished, and the location of detected motion can be determined based on an analysis of channel responses.

[0184] FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B are diagrams showing example channel responses 401, 403 associated with motion of object 406 in distinct regions 408, 412 of space 400. In the examples shown, space 400 is a building, and space 400 is divided into a plurality of distinct regions -first region 408, second region 410, third region 412, fourth region 414, and fifth region 416. Space 400 may include additional or fewer regions, in some instances. As shown in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B, the regions within space 400 may be defined by walls between rooms. In addition, the regions may be defined by ceilings between floors of a building. For example, space 400 may include additional floors with additional rooms. In addition, in some instances, the plurality of regions of a space can be or can include a number of floors in a multistory building, a number of rooms in the building, or a number of rooms on a particular floor of the building. In the example shown in FIG. 4A, an object located in first region 408 is represented as person 406, but the moving object can be another type of object, such as an animal or an inorganic object.

[0185] In the example shown, wireless communication device 402A is located in fourth region 414 of space 400, wireless communication device 402B is located in second region 410 of space 400, and wireless communication device 402C is located in fifth region 416 of space 400. Wireless communication devices 402 can operate in the same or similar manner as wireless communication devices 102 of FIG. 1. For instance, wireless communication devices 402 may be configured to transmit and receive wireless signals and detect whether motion has occurred in space 400 based on the received signals. As an example, wireless communication devices 402 may periodically or repeatedly transmit motion probe signals through space 400, and receive signals based on the motion probe signals. Wireless communication devices 402 can analyze the received signals to detect whether an object has moved in space 400, such as, for example, by analyzing channel responses associated with space 400 based on the received signals. In addition, in some implementations, wireless communication devices 402 can analyze the received signals to identify a location of detected motion within space 400. For example, wireless communication devices 402 can analyze characteristics of the channel response to determine whether the channel responses share the same or similar characteristics to channel responses known to be associated with first to fifth regions 408, 410, 412, 414, 416 of space 400.

[0186] In the examples shown, one (or more) of wireless communication devices 402 repeatedly transmits a motion probe signal (e.g., a reference signal) through space 400. The motion probe signals may have a flat frequency profile in some instances, wherein the magnitude f2and f3is the same or nearly the same. For example, the motion probe signals may have a frequency response similar to frequency domain representation 350 shown in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B. The motion probe signals may have a different frequency profile in some instances. Because of the interaction of the reference signal with space 400 (and theobjects therein), the signals received at another wireless communication device 402 that are based on the motion probe signal transmitted from the other wireless communication device 402 are different from the transmitted reference signal.

[0187] Based on the received signals, wireless communication devices 402 can determine a channel response for space 400. When motion occurs in distinct regions within the space, distinct characteristics may be seen in the channel responses. For example, while the channel responses may differ slightly for motion within the same region of space 400, the channel responses associated with motion in distinct regions may generally share the same shape or other characteristics. For instance, channel response 401 of FIG. 4A represents an example channel response associated with motion of object 406 in first region 408 of space 400, while channel response 403 of FIG. 4B represents an example channel response associated with motion of object 406 in third region 412 of space 400. Channel responses 401, 403 are associated with signals received by the same wireless communication device 402 in space 400.

[0188] FIG. 4C and FIG. 4D are plots showing channel responses 401 , 403 of FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B overlaid on channel response 460 associated with no motion occurring in space 400. In the example shown, wireless communication device 402 transmits a motion probe signal that has a flat frequency profile as shown in frequency domain representation 450. When motion occurs in space 400, a variation in the channel response will occur relative to channel response 460 associated with no motion, and thus, motion of an object in space 400 can be detected by analyzing variations in the channel responses. In addition, a relative location of the detected motion within space 400 can be identified. For example, the shape of channel responses associated with motion can be compared with reference information (e.g., using a trained artificial intelligence (Al) model) to categorize the motion as having occurred within a distinct region of space 400.

[0189] When there is no motion in space 400 (e.g., when object 406 is not present), wireless communication device 402 may compute channel response 460 associated with no motion. Slight variations may occur in the channel response due to a number of factors; however, multiple channel responses 460 associated with different periods of time may share one or more characteristics. In the example shown, channel response 460 associated with no motion has a decreasing frequency profile (the magnitude of each off2and f3is less than the previous). The profile of channel response 460 may differ in some instances (e.g., based on different room layouts or placement of wireless communication devices 402).

[0190] When motion occurs in space 400, a variation in the channel response will occur. For instance, in the examples shown in FIG. 4C and FIG. 4D, channel response 401 associatedwith motion of object 406 in first region 408 differs from channel response 460 associated with no motion and channel response 403 associated with motion of object 406 in third region 412 differs from channel response 460 associated with no motion. Channel response 401 has a concave-parabolic frequency profile (the magnitude of the middle frequency component, f2, is less than the outer frequency components and f3). while channel response 403 has a convex- asymptotic frequency profile (the magnitude of the middle frequency component f2is greater than the outer frequency components,and f3). The profiles of channel responses 401, 403 may differ in some instances (e.g., based on different room layouts or placement of the wireless communication devices 402).

[0191] Analyzing channel responses may be considered similar to analyzing a digital filter. A channel response may be formed through the reflections of objects in a space as well as reflections created by a moving or static human. When a reflector (e.g., a human) moves, it changes the channel response. This may translate to a change in equivalent taps of a digital filter, which can be thought of as having poles and zeros (poles amplify the frequency components of a channel response and appear as peaks or high points in the response, while zeros attenuate the frequency components of a channel response and appear as troughs, low points, or nulls in the response). A changing digital filter can be characterized by the locations of its peaks and troughs, and a channel response may be characterized similarly by its peaks and troughs. For example, in some implementations, analyzing nulls and peaks in the frequency components of a channel response (e.g., by marking their location on the frequency axis and their magnitude), motion can be detected.

[0192] In some implementations, a time series aggregation can be used to detect motion. A time series aggregation may be performed by observing the features of a channel response over a moving window and aggregating the windowed result by using statistical measures (e.g., mean, variance, principal components, etc.). During instances of motion, the characteristic digital-filter features would be displaced in location and flip-flop between some values due to the continuous change in the scattering scene. That is, an equivalent digital filter exhibits a range of values for its peaks and nulls (due to the motion). By looking this range of values, unique profiles (in examples profiles may also be referred to as signatures) may be identified for distinct regions within a space.

[0193] In some implementations, an artificial intelligence (Al) model may be used to process data. Al models may be of a variety of types, for example linear regression models, logistic regression models, linear discriminant analysis models, decision tree models, naiveBayes models, '-ncarcst neighbors models, learning vector quantization models, support vector machines, bagging and random forest models, and deep neural networks. In general, all Al models aim to learn a function which provides the most precise correlation between input values and output values and are trained using historic sets of inputs and outputs that are known to be correlated. In examples, artificial intelligence may also be referred to as machine learning.

[0194] In some implementations, the profiles of the channel responses associated with motion in distinct regions of space 400 can be learned. For example, machine learning may be used to categorize channel response characteristics with motion of an object within distinct regions of a space. In some cases, a user associated with wireless communication devices 402 (e.g., an owner or other occupier of space 400) can assist with the learning process. For instance, referring to the examples shown in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B, the user can move in each of first to fifth regions 408, 410, 412, 414, 416 during a learning phase and may indicate (e.g., through a user interface on a mobile computing device) that he / she is moving in one of the particular regions in space 400. For example, while the user is moving through first region 408 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 4A) the user may indicate on a mobile computing device that he / she is in first region 408 (and may name the region as “bedroom”, “living room”, “kitchen”, or another type of room of a building, as appropriate). Channel responses may be obtained as the user moves through the region, and the channel responses may be “tagged” with the user's indicated location (region). The user may repeat the same process for the other regions of space 400. The term “tagged” as used herein may refer to marking and identifying channel responses with the user's indicated location or any other information.

[0195] The tagged channel responses can then be processed (e.g., by machine learning software) to identify unique characteristics of the channel responses associated with motion in the distinct regions. Once identified, the identified unique characteristics may be used to determine a location of detected motion for newly computed channel responses. For example, an Al model may be trained using the tagged channel responses, and once trained, newly computed channel responses can be input to the Al model, and the Al model can output a location of the detected motion. For example, in some cases, mean, range, and absolute values are input to an Al model. In some instances, magnitude and phase of the complex channel response itself may be input as well. These values allow the Al model to design arbitrary frontend filters to pick out the features that are most relevant to making accurate predictions with respect to motion in distinct regions of a space. In some implementations, the Al model is trained by performing a stochastic gradient descent. For instance, channel response variations that are most active during a certain zone may be monitored during the training, and the specificchannel variations may be weighted heavily (by training and adapting the weights in the first layer to correlate with those shapes, trends, etc.). The weighted channel variations may be used to create a metric that activates when a user is present in a certain region.

[0196] For extracted features like channel response nulls and peaks, a time-series (of the nulls / peaks) may be created using an aggregation within a moving window, taking a snapshot of a few features in the past and present, and using that aggregated value as input to the network. Thus, the network, while adapting its weights, will be trying to aggregate values in a certain region to cluster them, which can be done by creating logistic classifier based decision surfaces. The decision surfaces divide different clusters and subsequent layers can form categories based on a single cluster or a combination of clusters.

[0197] In some implementations, an Al model includes two or more layers of inference. The first layer acts as a logistic classifier which can divide different concentrations of values into separate clusters, while the second layer combines some of these clusters together to create a category for a distinct region. Additionally, subsequent layers can help in extending the distinct regions over more than two categories of clusters. For example, a fully-connected Al model may include an input layer corresponding to the number of features tracked, a middle layer corresponding to the number of effective clusters (through iterating between choices), and a final layer corresponding to different regions. Where complete channel response information is input to the Al model, the first layer may act as a shape filter that can correlate certain shapes. Thus, the first layer may lock to a certain shape, the second layer may generate a measure of variation happening in those shapes, and third and subsequent layers may create a combination of those variations and map them to different regions within the space. The output of different layers may then be combined through a fusing layer.B. Wi-Fi sensing system example methods and apparatus

[0198] Section B describes systems and methods that are useful for a wireless sensing system configured to send sensing transmissions and make sensing measurements.

[0199] FIG. 5 depicts an implementation of some of an architecture of an implementation of system 500 for Wi-Fi sensing, according to some embodiments.

[0200] System 500 may include a plurality of networking devices. In an example, system 500 may include plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M), plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N), remote processing device 506, and network 590 enabling communication between the system components for information exchange. In an example implementation, plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) may include at least first sensing receiver 502-1 and second sensing receiver 502-2. In an example implementation, plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N) may include at least first sensingtransmitter 504-1 and second sensing transmitter 504-2. System 500 may be an example or instance of wireless communication system 100 and network 590 may be an example or instance of wireless network or cellular network, details of which are provided with reference to FIG. 1 and its accompanying description.

[0201] According to an embodiment, plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) may be configured to receive one or more sensing transmissions (for example, from one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N)) and perform one or more measurements (for example, channel representation information (CRI) measurements such as channel state information (CSI) or time domain channel representation information (TD-CRI)) useful for Wi-Fi sensing. In examples, these measurements may be known as sensing measurements. Sensing measurements may be processed to achieve a sensing goal of system 500. In an embodiment, one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) may be an AP. In some embodiments, one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) may take a role of sensing initiator and / or sensing responder.

[0202] According to an implementation, one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) may be implemented by a device, such as wireless communication device 102 shown in FIG. 1. In some implementations, one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) may be implemented by a device, such as wireless communication device 204 shown in FIG. 2 A and FIG. 2B. Further, one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) may be implemented by a device, such as wireless communication device 402 shown in FIG. 4 A and FIG. 4B. In an implementation, one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) may coordinate and control communication among plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N). According to an implementation, one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502 -( 1-M) may be enabled to control a sensing measurement session comprising one or more sensing measurement instances to ensure that required sensing transmissions are made at required times and to ensure an accurate determination of one or more sensing measurements. In some embodiments, one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) may process sensing measurements to achieve the sensing goal of system 500. In some embodiments, one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) may be configured to transmit sensing measurements to one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N), and one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N) may be configured to process the sensing measurements to achieve a sensing result of system 500.

[0203] In an embodiment, one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) may be a STA. In an embodiment, one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) may be an AP. In some embodiments, one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) may be configured to transmit sensing measurements to remote processing device 506, and remote processing device 506 may be configured to process sensing measurements to achieve the sensing goal of system 500. In some embodiments, first sensing receiver 502-1 may be any computing device, such as a desktop computer,a laptop, a tablet computer, a mobile device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), or any other computing device.

[0204] Referring again to FIG. 5, in some embodiments, one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N) may be configured to send one or more sensing transmissions to one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) based on which one or more sensing measurements may be performed for Wi-Fi sensing. In an embodiment, one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504- (1-N) may be a STA. In an embodiment, one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N) may be an AP. In some embodiments, one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N) may take a role of sensing initiator and / or sensing responder.

[0205] According to an implementation, one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l- N) may be implemented by a device, such as wireless communication device 102 shown in FIG. 1. In some implementations, one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N) may be implemented by a device, such as wireless communication device 204 shown in FIG. 2 A and FIG. 2B. Further, one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-( 1 -N) may be implemented by a device, such as wireless communication device 402 shown in FIG. 4 A and FIG. 4B. In some embodiments, first sensing transmitter 504-1 may be any computing device, such as a desktop computer, a laptop, a tablet computer, a mobile device, a PDA, or any other computing device. In some implementations, communication between one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) and one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-( 1 -N) may happen via station management entity (SME) and media access control (MAC) layer management entity (MLME) protocols.

[0206] In some embodiments, remote processing device 506 may be configured to receive sensing measurements from one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) and process the sensing measurements. In an example, remote processing device 506 may process and analyze sensing measurements to identify one or more features of interest. According to some implementations, remote processing device 506 may include / execute a sensing algorithm. In an embodiment, remote processing device 506 may be a STA. In some embodiments, remote processing device 506 may be an AP. According to an implementation, remote processing device 506 may be implemented by a device, such as wireless communication device 102 shown in FIG. 1. In some implementations, remote processing device 506 may be implemented by a device, such as wireless communication device 204 shown in FIG. 2 A and FIG. 2B . Further, remote processing device 506 may be implemented by a device, such as wireless communication device 402 shown in FIG. 4 A and FIG. 4B. In some embodiments, remote processing device 506 may be any computing device, such as a desktop computer, a laptop, a tablet computer, a mobile device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) or any other computing device. In embodiments, remote processing device 506 may take a role of sensing initiator where a sensing algorithm determines a Wi-Fi sensing session and the sensing measurements required to fulfill the measurement campaign. In an example, remote processing device 506 may communicate sensingmeasurement parameters and / or transmission parameters required to initiate a Wi-Fi sensing session to one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) and / or to one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N) to coordinate and control sensing transmissions for performing sensing measurements.

[0207] Referring to FIG. 5 in more detail, sensing receiver 502-1 (which is an example of one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M)) may include processor 508-1 and memory 510-1. For example, processor 508-1 and memory 510-1 of sensing receiver 502-1 may be processor 114 and memory 116, respectively, as shown in FIG. 1. In an embodiment, sensing receiver 502-1 may further include transmitting antenna(s) 512-1, receiving antenna(s) 514-1, and sensing agent 516-1. In some embodiments, an antenna may be used to both transmit and receive signals in a half-duplex format. When the antenna is transmitting, it may be referred to as transmitting antenna 512-1, and when the antenna is receiving, it may be referred to as receiving antenna 514-1. It is understood by a person of normal skill in the art that the same antenna may be transmitting antenna 512-1 in some instances and receiving antenna 514-1 in other instances. In the case of an antenna array, one or more antenna elements may be used to transmit or receive a signal, for example, in a beamforming environment. In some examples, a group of antenna elements used to transmit a composite signal may be referred to as transmitting antenna 512-1, and a group of antenna elements used to receive a composite signal may be referred to as receiving antenna 514-1. In some examples, each antenna is equipped with its own transmission and receive paths, which may be alternately switched to connect to the antenna depending on whether the antenna is operating as transmitting antenna 512-1 or receiving antenna 514-1.

[0208] In an implementation, sensing agent 516-1 may be responsible for causing sensing receiver502-1 to receive sensing transmissions and associated sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters, to calculate sensing measurements. In examples, sensing agent 516-1 may be responsible for processing sensing measurements to fulfill a sensing goal. In some implementations, receiving sensing transmissions and optionally associated sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters, and calculating sensing measurements may be carried out by sensing agent 516-1 running in the MAC layer of sensing receiver 502-1 and processing sensing measurements to fulfill a sensing goal may be carried out by an algorithm running in the application layer of sensing receiver 502-1, for example sensing algorithm 524-1. In examples, a sensing algorithm 524-1 running in the application layer of sensing receiver 502-1 may be known as a Wi-Fi sensing agent, a sensing application, or sensing algorithm. In examples, sensing algorithm 524-1 may include and / or execute sensing agent 516-1. According to some implementations, sensing agent 516-1 may include and / or execute sensing algorithm 524-1. In some implementations, sensing agent 516-1 running in the MAC layer of sensing receiver 502-1 and sensing algorithm 524-1 running in the application layer of sensing receiver 502-1 may run separately on processor 508-1. In an implementation, sensing agent 516-1 may pass one or more of sensing measurement parameters, transmission parameters, or physical layerparameters (e.g., such as channel representation information, examples of which are CSI, CIR, and TD- CRI) between the MAC layer of sensing receiver 502-1 and the application layer of sensing receiver 502-1. In an example, sensing agent 516-1 in the MAC layer or sensing algorithm 524-1 in the application layer may operate on physical layer parameters, for example to detect one or more features of interest. In examples, sensing algorithm 524-1 may form services or features, which may be presented to an end-user. According to an implementation, communication between the MAC layer of sensing receiver 502-1 and other layers or components of sensing receiver 502-1 (including the application layer) may take place based on communication interfaces, such as an MLME interface and a data interface. In examples, sensing agent 516-1 may be configured to determine a number and timing of sensing transmissions and sensing measurements for the purpose of Wi-Fi sensing. In some implementations, sensing agent 516-1 may be configured to transmit sensing measurements to plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N) and / or remote processing device 506 for further processing. In an implementation, sensing agent 516-1 may be configured to cause at least one transmitting antenna of transmitting antenna(s) 512-1 to transmit messages to one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N) or to remote processing device 506. Further, sensing agent 516-1 may be configured to receive, via at least one receiving antenna of receiving antennas(s) 514-1, messages from one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N) or from remote processing device 506. In an example, sensing agent 516-1 may be configured to make sensing measurements based on sensing transmissions received from one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N).

[0209] In some embodiments, sensing receiver 502-1 may include sensing measurements storage526-1. In an implementation, sensing measurements storage 526-1 may store sensing measurements computed by sensing receiver 502-1 based on received sensing transmissions, or received by sensing receiver 502-1 based on received messages. In an example, sensing measurements stored in sensing measurements storage 526-1 may be periodically or dynamically updated as required. In some embodiments, sensing receiver 502-1 may include sensing measurement parameters storage 527-1. In an implementation, sensing measurement parameters storage 527-1 may store sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters applicable to one or more sensing measurement setups. In an implementation, sensing measurement parameters storage 527-1 may store sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters applicable to one or more sensing measurement sessions. In an implementation, sensing measurement parameters storage 527-1 may store sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters applicable to one or more sensing measurement instances. In an example, sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters stored in sensing measurement parameters storage 527-1 may be periodically or dynamically updated as required. In an implementation, sensing measurements storage 526-1 and sensing measurement parameters storage527-1 may include any type or form of storage, such as a database or a fde system or coupled to memory 510-1.

[0210] In an implementation, sensing agent 516-1 may include sensing measurement agent 518- 1, parameter detection agent 520-1, and sensing area agent 522-1. In an implementation, sensing measurement agent 518-1, parameter detection agent 520-1, and sensing area agent 522-1 may be coupled to processor 508-1 and memory 510-1. In some embodiments, sensing measurement agent 518- 1, parameter detection agent 520-1, and sensing area agent 522-1 amongst other units, may include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., which may perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Sensing measurement agent 518-1, parameter detection agent 520-1, and sensing area agent 522-1 may also be implemented as signal processor(s), state machine(s), logic circuitries, and / or any other device or component that manipulates signals based on operational instructions.

[0211] In some embodiments, sensing measurement agent 518-1, parameter detection agent 520- 1, and sensing area agent 522-1 may be implemented in hardware, instructions executed by a processing unit, or by a combination thereof. The processing unit may comprise a computer, a processor, a state machine, a logic array or any other suitable devices capable of processing instructions. The processing unit may be a general-purpose processor that executes instructions to cause the general-purpose processor to perform the required tasks or the processing unit may be dedicated to performing the required functions. In some embodiments, sensing measurement agent 518-1, parameter detection agent 520-1, and sensing area agent 522-1 may be machine-readable instructions that, when executed by a processor / processing unit, perform any of desired functionalities. The machine-readable instructions may be stored on an electronic memory device, hard disk, optical disk or other machine-readable storage medium or non-transitory medium. In an implementation, the machine-readable instructions may also be downloaded to the storage medium via a network connection. In an example, machine-readable instructions may be stored in memory 510-1.

[0212] In some embodiments, sensing receiver 502-1 may include sensing measurement reports storage 528-1. In an implementation, sensing measurement reports storage 528-1 may store a plurality of sensing measurement reports corresponding to a sensing space. In examples, each of the plurality of sensing measurement reports may include a set of sensing measurements. In an example, the plurality of sensing measurement reports stored in sensing measurement reports storage 528-1 may be periodically or dynamically updated as required. In an implementation, sensing measurement reports storage 528-1 may include any type or form of storage, such as a database or a file system or coupled to memory 510-1.

[0213] Referring again to FIG. 5, sensing transmitter 504-1 (which is an example of one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N)) may include processor 529-1 and memory 530-1. For example, processor 529-1 and memory 530-1 of sensing transmitter 504-1 may be processor 114 and memory 116, respectively, as shown in FIG. 1. In an embodiment, sensing transmitter 504-1 may further include transmitting antenna(s) 532-1, receiving antenna(s) 534-1, and sensing agent 536-1.

[0214] Sensing agent 536-1 may be configured to cause at least one transmitting antenna of transmitting antenna(s) 532-1 and at least one receiving antenna of receiving antennas(s) 534-1 to exchange messages with one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M)) or with remote processing device 506. In some embodiments, an antenna may be used to both transmit and receive in a half-duplex format. When the antenna is transmitting, it may be referred to as transmitting antenna 532-1, and when the antenna is receiving, it may be referred to as receiving antenna 534-1. It is understood by a person of normal skill in the art that the same antenna may be transmitting antenna 532-1 in some instances and receiving antenna 534-1 in other instances. In the case of an antenna array, one or more antenna elements may be used to transmit or receive a signal, for example, in a beamforming environment. In some examples, a group of antenna elements used to transmit a composite signal may be referred to as transmitting antenna 532-1, and a group of antenna elements used to receive a composite signal may be referred to as receiving antenna 534-1. In some examples, each antenna is equipped with its own transmission and receive paths, which may be alternately switched to connect to the antenna depending on whether the antenna is operating as transmitting antenna 532-1 or receiving antenna 534-1.

[0215] In an implementation, sensing agent 536-1 may be responsible for causing sensing transmitter 504-1 to send sensing transmissions and, in examples, receive associated sensing measurements from one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M). In examples, sensing agent 536-1 may be responsible for processing sensing measurements to fulfill a sensing goal. In some implementations, sensing agent 536-1 may run in the MAC layer of sensing transmitter 504-1 and processing sensing measurements to fulfill a sensing goal may be carried out by sensing algorithm 544- 1 , which in examples may run in the application layer of sensing transmitter 504- 1. In examples, sensing algorithm 544-1 running in the application layer of sensing transmitter 504-1 may be known as a WiFi sensing agent, a sensing application, or a sensing algorithm. In examples, sensing algorithm 544-1 may include and / or execute sensing agent 536-1. According to some implementations, sensing agent 536-1 may include and / or execute sensing algorithm 544-1. In some implementations, sensing agent 536-1 of sensing transmitter 504-1 and sensing algorithm 544-1 may run separately on processor 508- 1. In an implementation, sensing agent 536-1 may pass sensing measurement parameters, transmission parameters, or physical layer parameters between the MAC layer of sensing transmitter 504-1 and the application layer of sensing transmitter 504-1. In an example, sensing agent 536-1 in the MAC layer or sensing algorithm 544-1 in the application layer may control physical layer parameters, for example physical layer parameters used to generate one or more sensing transmissions. In examples, sensing algorithm 544-1 may form services or features, which may be presented to an end-user. According to an implementation, communication between the MAC layer of sensing transmitter 504-1 and other layers or components of sensing transmitter 504-1 (including the application layer) may take place based on communication interfaces, such as an MLME interface and a data interface. In examples,sensing agent 536-1 may be configured to determine a number and timing of sensing transmissions for the purpose of Wi-Fi sensing. In some implementations, sensing agent 536-1 may be configured to cause sensing transmitter 504-1 to transmit sensing transmissions to one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M). In an implementation, sensing agent 536-1 may be configured to cause at least one transmitting antenna of transmitting antenna(s) 532-1 to transmit messages to one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) or to remote processing device 506. Further, sensing agent 536-1 may be configured to receive, via at least one receiving antenna of receiving antennas(s) 534-1, messages from one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) or from remote processing device 506.

[0216] In some embodiments, sensing transmitter 504-1 may include sensing measurements storage 546-1. In an implementation, sensing measurements storage 546-1 may store sensing measurements computed by sensing transmitter 504-1 or received in a message by sensing transmitter 504-1. In an implementation, sensing measurements storage 546-1 may store sensing measurements computed by one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) based on sensing transmissions sent by sensing transmitter 504-1 and sent by one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) to sensing transmitter 504-1. In an example, sensing measurements stored in sensing measurements storage 546-1 may be periodically or dynamically updated as required.

[0217] In some embodiments, sensing transmitter 504-1 may include sensing measurement parameters storage 547-1. In an implementation, sensing measurement parameters storage 547-1 may store sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters applicable to one or more sensing measurement sessions. In an implementation, sensing measurement parameters storage 547-1 may store sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters applicable to one or more sensing measurement setups. In an implementation, sensing measurement parameters storage 547-1 may store sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters applicable to one or more sensing measurement instances. In an example, sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters stored in sensing measurement parameters storage 547-1 may be periodically or dynamically updated as required. In an implementation, sensing measurements storage 546-1 and sensing measurement parameters storage 547-1 may include any type or form of storage, such as a database or a file system or coupled to memory 530-1.

[0218] In an implementation, sensing agent 536-1 may include sensing measurement agent 538- 1, parameter detection agent 540-1, and sensing area agent 542-1. In an implementation, sensing measurement agent 538-1, parameter detection agent 540-1, and sensing area agent 542-1 may be coupled to processor 529-1 and memory 530-1. In some embodiments, sensing measurement agent 538- 1, parameter detection agent 540-1, and sensing area agent 542-1 amongst other units, may include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., which may perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Sensing measurement agent 538-1, parameter detection agent540-1, and sensing area agent 542-1 may also be implemented as signal processor(s), state machine(s), logic circuitries, and / or any other device or component that manipulates signals based on operational instructions.

[0219] In some embodiments, sensing measurement agent 538-1, parameter detection agent 540- 1, and sensing area agent 542-1 may be implemented in hardware, instructions executed by a processing unit, or by a combination thereof. The processing unit may comprise a computer, a processor, a state machine, a logic array or any other suitable devices capable of processing instructions. The processing unit may be a general-purpose processor that executes instructions to cause the general-purpose processor to perform the required tasks or the processing unit may be dedicated to performing the required functions. In some embodiments, sensing measurement agent 538-1, parameter detection agent 540-1, and sensing area agent 542-1 may be machine-readable instructions that, when executed by a processor / processing unit, perform any of desired functionalities. The machine-readable instructions may be stored on an electronic memory device, hard disk, optical disk or other machine-readable storage medium or non-transitory medium. In an implementation, the machine-readable instructions may also be downloaded to the storage medium via a network connection. In an example, machine-readable instructions may be stored in memory 530-1.

[0220] In some embodiments, sensing transmitter 504-1 may include sensing measurement reports storage 548-1. In an implementation, sensing measurement reports storage 548-1 may store a plurality of sensing measurement reports corresponding to a sensing space. In examples, each of the plurality of sensing measurement reports may include a set of sensing measurements. In an example, the plurality of sensing measurement reports stored in sensing measurement reports storage 548-1 may be periodically or dynamically updated as required. In an implementation, sensing measurement reports storage 548-1 may include any type or form of storage, such as a database or a file system or coupled to memory 530-1.

[0221] Referring to FIG. 5 in more detail, remote processing device 506 may include processor 560 and memory 562. For example, processor 560 and memory 562 of remote processing device 506 may be processor 114 and memory 116, respectively, as shown in FIG. 1. In an embodiment, remote processing device 506 may further include transmitting antenna(s) 564, receiving antenna(s) 566, sensing agent 568, and sensing algorithm 570. In some embodiments, an antenna may be used to both transmit and receive signals in a half-duplex format. When the antenna is transmitting, it may be referred to as transmitting antenna 564, and when the antenna is receiving, it may be referred to as receiving antenna 566. It is understood by a person of normal skill in the art that the same antenna may be transmitting antenna 564 in some instances and receiving antenna 566 in other instances. In the case of an antenna array, one or more antenna elements may be used to transmit or receive a signal, for example, in a beamforming environment. In some examples, a group of antenna elements used to transmit a composite signal may be referred to as transmitting antenna 564, and a group of antenna elements usedto receive a composite signal may be referred to as receiving antenna 566. In some examples, each antenna is equipped with its own transmission and receive paths, which may be alternately switched to connect to the antenna depending on whether the antenna is operating as transmitting antenna 564 or receiving antenna 566.

[0222] In an implementation, sensing agent 568 may be responsible for determining sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters for one or more sensing measurement setups. In examples, sensing agent 568 may receive sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters for one or more sensing measurement setups from sensing algorithm 570. In an example, sensing agent 568 may receive sensing measurements from one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) and may process the sensing measurements to fulfdl a sensing goal. In an example, sensing agent 568 may receive channel representation information (such as CSI or TD-CRI) from one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) and may process the channel representation information to fulfill a sensing goal. In implementations, sensing agent 568 may receive sensing measurements or channel representation information and may provide the received sensing measurements or channel representation information to sensing algorithm 570, and sensing algorithm 570 may receive the sensing measurements or channel representation information from sensing agent 568 and may process the information to fulfill a sensing goal.

[0223] In some implementations, receiving sensing measurements may be carried out by an algorithm running in the MAC layer of remote processing device 506 and processing sensing measurements to fulfill a sensing goal may be carried out by an algorithm running in the application layer of remote processing device 506. In examples, the algorithm running in the application layer of remote processing device 506 may be known as a Wi-Fi sensing agent, a sensing application, or sensing algorithm. In some implementations, the algorithm running in the MAC layer of remote processing device 506 and the algorithm running in the application layer of remote processing device 506 may mn separately on processor 560. In an implementation, sensing agent 568 may pass physical layer parameters (e.g., such as channel representation information, examples of which are CSI and TD-CRI) from the MAC layer of remote processing device 506 to the application layer of remote processing device 506 and may use the physical layer parameters to detect one or more features of interest. In an example, the application layer may operate on the physical layer parameters and form services or features, which may be presented to an end-user. According to an implementation, communication between the MAC layer of remote processing device 506 and other layers or components of remote processing device 506 may take place based on communication interfaces, such as an MLME interface and a data interface. According to some implementations, sensing agent 568 may include / execute sensing algorithm 570. In an implementation, sensing agent 568 may process and analyze sensing measurements using sensing algorithm 570 and identify one or more features of interest. Further, sensing agent 568 may be configured to determine a number and timing of sensing transmissions andsensing measurements for the purpose of Wi-Fi sensing. In some implementations, sensing agent 568 may be configured to cause one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N) to transmit sensing measurements to one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M).

[0224] For ease of explanation and understanding, descriptions provided above may be with reference to sensing receiver 502-1 or sensing transmitter 504-1, however, the description is equally applicable to one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 501-(l-M) and / or one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N).

[0225] According to one or more implementations, communications in network 590 may be governed by one or more of the 802.11 family of standards developed by IEEE. Some example IEEE standards may include IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.1 lax, IEEE 802. l ime, IEEE 802.11az and IEEE 802.11be. IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.1 lax are fully-ratified standards whilst IEEE 802. l ime reflects an ongoing maintenance update to the IEEE 802.11-2020 standard and IEEE 802.1 Ibe defines the next generation of standard. IEEE 802.11 az is an extension of the IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.1 lax standards which adds new functionality. In some implementations, communications may be governed by other standards (other or additional IEEE standards or other types of standards). In some embodiments, parts of network 590 which are not required by system 500 to be governed by one or more of the 802.11 family of standards may be implemented by an instance of any type of network, including wireless networks or cellular networks. Further, IEEE 802.1 lax includes OFDMA, which allows sensing receiver 502 to simultaneously transmit data to all participating devices, such as plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N), and vice versa using a single transmission opportunity (TXOP). The efficiency of OFDMA depends on how sensing receiver 502 schedules channel resources (interchangeably referred to as RUs) among plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N) and configures transmission parameters. According to an implementation, system 500 may be an OFDMA enabled system.

[0226] In embodiments, a sensing measurement session may be an agreement between a sensing initiator and a sensing responder on operational parameters associated with sensing measurement exchanges of a given Measurement Session ID. In an example, sensing measurement session may be known as a sensing measurement setup, a measurement setup, or a sensing session. Operational parameters may be known as operational attributes, sensing measurement exchanges may be known as sensing measurement instances, and Measurement Session ID may be known as Measurement Setup ID.

[0227] A sensing measurement session may be configured by the transmission of a Sensing Measurement Request frame which may also be known as a Sensing Measurement Setup Request frame. A Sensing Measurement Request frame may include a Sensing Measurement Parameters element with may define or partially define operational parameters. A Sensing Measurement Response frame may follow a Sensing Measurement Request frame and may be known as a Sensing Measurement Setup Response frame.

[0228] A sensing measurement session may include an NPDA sounding phase wherein a NPD sounding is carried out by the transmission of a Sensing NDPA frame and SI2SR NDP frame.

[0229] A sensing measurement session may include an NPDA sounding phase wherein a NPD sounding is carried out by the transmission of a Sensing NDPA frame, a SI2SR NDP frame and a SR2SI NDP frame. In an example, this phase may also contain a sensing measurement report carried by a Sensing Measurement Report frame.

[0230] A sensing measurement session may include a TF (Trigger frame) sounding phase wherein one or more sensing transmissions are triggered by the transmission of a Sensing SR2SI Sounding Trigger frame. The one or more sensing transmissions may also be triggered by the transmission of a Sensing SR2SR Sounding Trigger frame. The one or more sensing transmissions may be an SR2SI NDP or an SR2SR NDP, depending on the nature of the triggering frame. A Sensing SR2SI Sounding Trigger frame may be known as an SR2SI Sounding Trigger frame. A Sensing SR2SR Sounding Trigger frame may be known as an SR2SR Sounding Trigger frame. Both a Sensing SR2SI Sounding Trigger frame and a Sensing SR2SR Sounding Trigger frame may be known as Sensing Trigger frames.

[0231] A sensing measurement session may include a reporting phase wherein sensing measurement reports may be transferred between STAs in the WLAN sensing system. In an example, STAs in the WLAN sensing system are a sensing responder and a sensing initiator. A sensing measurement report may be triggered by a Sensing Reporting Trigger frame and may be carried by a Sensing Measurement Report frame. A Sensing Reporting Trigger frame may be known as a Sensing Report Trigger frame.

[0232] A sensing measurement report may be transferred from a MAC layer management entity (MLME) to a Station management entity (SME) by an MLME primitive. An MLME- SENSREPORT. indication primitive may transfer a sensing measurement report from MLME to SME. An MLME-SENSREPORT. indication may be known as an MLME-SENSTB REPORT. indication or as an MLME-SENSNTBREPORT.indication.

[0233] Referring back to FIG. 5, according to one or more implementations, Wi-Fi sensing system 500 may participate in a sensing session. In examples, a sensing session is an agreement between a sensing initiator and a sensing responder to participate in a WLAN sensing procedure (also known as a Wi-Fi sensing procedure). In examples, sensing measurement parameters associated with a sensing session may be determined by a sensing initiator and may be exchanged between the sensing initiator and a sensing responder. In examples, sensing initiator may be sensing transmitter 504-1 and sensing responder may be sensing receiver 502-1. In examples, sensing initiator may be sensing receiver 502-1 and sensing responder may be sensing transmitter 504-1. In examples, sensing initiator may be remote processing device 506, and both sensing transmitter 504-1 and sensing receiver 502-1 are sensing responders. In examples, sensing transmitter 504-1 may participate in multiple sensing sessions either as a sensing initiator or as a sensing responder. In examples, sensing receiver 502-1 may participate inmultiple sensing sessions either as a sensing initiator or as a sensing responder. In examples, remote processing device may participate in multiple sensing sessions as a sensing initiator.

[0234] FIG. 6 is reproduced from IEEE P802.1 Ibf and illustrates an example of a WLAN sensing procedure (also known as a Wi-Fi sensing procedure,) according to some embodiments. In examples, a WLAN sensing procedure allows a STA to perform WLAN sensing. In an example, a WLAN sensing procedure enables a STA to obtain one or more sensing measurements of the wireless transmission channel between two or more STAs and or the wireless transmission channel between a receiving antenna and a transmitting antenna of a STA. In examples, a WLAN sensing procedure is composed of one or more of a sensing session setup, a sensing measurement setup, one or more sensing measurement instances, sensing measurement setup termination, and sensing session termination.

[0235] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a sensing procedure with a sensing measurement session setup with a STA with MAC ADDR=A and AID=1. In examples, a sensing session setup establishes a sensing session. In examples, the sensing session may be identified by the AID of the STA involved in the sensing session. FIG. 6 illustrates a sensing measurement setup procedure for the STA with MAC ADDR=A, where the sensing measurement setup ID = 1.

[0236] In examples, a sensing measurement setup allows for a sensing initiator and a sensing responder to exchange and agree on operational attributes associated with a sensing measurement instance. A sensing initiator may transmit a Sensing Measurement Setup Request frame to a sensing responder with which it intends to perform a sensing measurement setup. An example of a Sensing Measurement Request frame Action field format (which may also be referred to as a Sensing Measurement Setup Request frame Action field format) as described by IEEE P802.1 Ibf D3.0 in Figure 9-1198a is provided in FIG. 7A. As shown in the example illustrated in FIG. 7A, in embodiments, a Sensing Measurement Setup Request frame Action field format may include one or more of a Category field, a Public Action field, a Dialog Token field, a Sensing Comeback Info field, a Measurement Setup ID field, and a Sensing Measurement Parameters element. In examples, a Category value code is defined for a “Protected Sensing Frame”. In an embodiment, a Protected Sensing Action field is defined in the octet immediately after the Category field in order to differentiate Protected Sensing Frame formats from Public Sensing Frame formats.

[0237] FIG. 7B is reproduced from IEEE P802.11bf D3.0 Figure 9-1001bc and illustrates an example, according to some embodiments, of a Sensing Measurement Parameters element format. In examples, a Sensing Measurement Parameters element indicates operational attributes of a corresponding sensing measurement instance. In examples, the SensingMeasurement Parameters element comprises a Sensing Measurement Parameters field and a Sensing subelements field. FIG. 7C is reproduced from IEEE P802.1 Ibf D1.0 Figure 9-1002ax and illustrates an example of a format of a Sensing Measurement Parameters field format, according to some embodiments. In an example, a Sensing Measurement Parameters field comprises a Sensing Transmitter subfield. The Sensing Transmitter subfield may be set to 1 to indicate a sensing responder assumes a sensing transmitter role, such as sensing transmitter 504-1. In an example the sensing responder assumes a sensing transmitter role according to the Sensing Transmitter subfield for the Measurement Setup ID associated with the Sensing Measurement Parameters field. In an example, the Sensing Measurement Parameters field comprises a Sensing Receiver subfield. The Sensing Receiver subfield may be set to 1 to indicate a sensing responder assumes a sensing receiver role, such as sensing receiver 502-1. In an example the sensing responder assumes a sensing receiver role according to the Sensing Receiver subfield for the Sensing Measurement Setup ID associated with the Sensing Measurement Parameters field.

[0238] Referring again to FIG. 7C, in examples, a Sensing Measurement Parameters field format includes a Sensing Measurement Report Requested subfield if the Sensing Receiver subfield indicates that the sensing responder should assume a sensing receiver role. In an example, the Sensing Measurement Report Requested subfield may indicate that whether or not a sensing responder sends Sensing Measurement Report frames in sensing measurement instances that result from the sensing measurement setup.

[0239] In examples, after the sensing responder receives the Sensing Measurement Setup Request frame, the sensing responder may transmit a Sensing Measurement Setup Response frame. An example of a Sensing Measurement Response frame Action field format (which may also be referred to as a Sensing Measurement Setup Response frame Action field format) is described by IEEE P802.11bf and provided in FIG. 7D. In examples, the sensing responder may use a Status Code field in the Sensing Measurement Setup Response frame to indicate whether the sensing responder accepts the requested sensing measurement setup parameters in the received Sensing Measurement Setup Request frame. In an embodiment, the Status Code field may be set to 0 indicating a successful sensing measurement setup, where the sensing responder accepts the operational attributes included in the Sensing Measurement Setup Request frame. In examples, the sensing responder may indicate in the Sensing Measurement Setup Response frame that the operational attributes included in the Sensing Measurement Setup Request frame sent by the sensing initiator are not accepted, for example by setting a Status Code field to a non-zero value. In examples, the sensing responder may indicate in theSensing Measurement Setup Response frame suggested sensing measurement parameters, for example to indicate to the sensing initiator one or more operational attributes preferred by the sensing responder. In examples, the sensing responder may indicate to the sensing initiator that suggested sensing measurement parameters are included in the Sensing Measurement Setup Response frame by setting a Status Code field to a non-zero value.

[0240] In examples, the sensing initiator may assign a role to the sensing responder as part of the sensing measurement setup sent in the Sensing Measurement Setup Request frame. For example, the sensing initiator may indicate to a sensing responder that the sensing responder is to assume the role of a sensing receiver, such as sensing receiver 502-1, or the role of a sensing transmitter, such as sensing transmitter 504-1, or the role of sensing receiver 502-1 and sensing transmitter 504-1. In examples, the sensing initiator may indicate to the sensing responder whether the sensing responder sends sensing measurement report frames in sensing measurement instances. In an embodiment, the role assigned to the sensing responder and / or whether the sensing responder sends sensing measurement report frames persists until the sensing measurement setup is terminated.

[0241] Referring again to FIG. 6 and the sensing session with the STA with MAC ADDR=A and AID=1, the sensing measurement setup is followed by one or more sensing measurement instances and measurement reporting instances which may be performed based on the defined operational attribute set. In the example shown in FIG. 6, the one or more sensing measurement instances and measurement reporting instances for the STA with MAC ADDR=A may be assigned sensing measurement instance IDs, for example a first sensing measurement instance may be assigned sensing measurement instance ID=1, and a second measurement instance may be assigned sensing measurement instance ID=2. In examples, a sensing measurement instance may be uniquely associated with a sensing measurement setup.

[0242] Referring again to FIG. 6, a second sensing measurement setup may be initiated for the STA with MAC ADDR=A, which may be identified as sensing measurement setup ID=2. Sensing measurement setup ID=2 may be associated with a second operational attribute set. In examples, after the second sensing measurement setup, any subsequent one or more sensing measurement instances may be performed based on either the first operational attribute set (sensing measurement setup ID=1) or the second operational attribute set (sensing setup measurement ID=2.)

[0243] Referring again to FIG. 6, FIG. 6 illustrates a sensing session setup with a STA with MAC ADDR=B and USID=2. In examples, the sensing session may be identified by the USID of the STA with MAC ADDR=B. FIG. 6 further illustrates a sensing measurement setupfor the STA with MAC ADDR=B. In the example, the operational attribute set for the sensing measurement setup for the STA with MAC ADDR=B is the same as the second operational attribute set established with the STA with MAC ADDR=A, and the same measurement setup ID is used for both the STA with MAC ADDR=A and the STA with MAC ADDR=B. That is, a sensing measurement setup ID (which may also be referred to as a sensing measurement setup label) may apply to one or more STA. In examples according to FIG. 6, subsequent sensing measurement instances associated with sensing measurement setup ID=2 may be associated with the STA with MAC ADDR=A, the STA with MAC ADDR=B, or with both the STA with MAC ADDR=A and the STA with MAC ADDR=B. Each sensing measurement exchange may have one-to-many (including one-to-one) announcement and / or triggering and may have either one-to-many or many-to-one (including one-to-one) sounding.

[0244] In examples, an operational attribute set of a sensing session may be terminated by performing a sensing measurement setup termination procedure, for example as is shown in FIG. 6 for sensing measurement setup ID=1 and the STA with MAC ADDR=A. In examples, the sensing measurement setup ID of a terminated sensing measurement setup may be used for a subsequent sensing measurement setup. This is shown in FIG. 6 where a sensing measurement setup with ID=1 is established for the STA with MAC ADDR=B, after the termination of the sensing measurement setup ID=1 with the STA with MAC ADDR=A. In some embodiments, a sensing session may be terminated using a sensing session termination procedure, as shown in FIG. 6.

[0245] FIG. 8A illustrates that measurement exchanges between a sensing initiator and a sensing responder may be one-to-many or many-to-one. In examples, a measurement instance and / or measurement reporting may have a one-to-one (single device to single device) announcement or triggering or may have a one-to-many (single device to multiple device) announcement or triggering. In examples, a measurement instance may have one-to-one, one- to-many, or many-to-one (many devices to a single device) sounding.

[0246] As previously described, a sensing session is an agreement between a sensing initiator and a sensing responder to participate in a WLAN sensing procedure. In examples, a sensing session is pairwise and in examples, may be identified by MAC addresses of the sensing initiator and the sensing responder or by the associated AID / USID. FIG. 8B shows an example of pairwise exchanges or procedures that may take place between a sensing initiator and a sensing responder related to a sensing session, which may include one or more of a sensing session setup, a sensing measurement setup, a sensing measurement setup termination, and a sensing session termination.

[0247] In examples, a sensing measurement instance of a WLAN sensing procedure may be a trigger-based (TB) sensing measurement instance. FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B depict a message flow of a sensing session of a WLAN sensing procedure comprising a sensing measurement setup procedure followed by one or more trigger-based (TB) sensing measurement instances that consist of either NDPA sounding or trigger frame (TF) sounding, followed by a sensing measurement setup termination procedure, according to some examples. In examples, a TB sensing measurement instance may be used where the sensing initiator is an AP, and one or more non-AP STAs are sensing responders. In examples, a TB sensing measurement instance may include a polling phase, an NDPA sounding phase, a trigger frame (TF) sounding phase, and a reporting phase.

[0248] FIG. 10 is reproduced from IEEE P802.1 Ibf D3.0 Figure 1 l-102b and illustrates an example of a TB sensing measurement instance including a polling phase, an NDPA sounding phase, a Trigger frame (TF) sounding phase, and a reporting phase. The table in FIG. 10 indicates valid combinations of phases of a TB sensing measurement instance in some examples. FIG. 11 is reproduced from IEEE P802.1 Ibf D3.0 Figure 1 l-102c and provides one example of a TB sensing measurement instance with a single AP in the role of a sensing initiator and six STAs, referred to as STA 1, STA 2, STA 3, STA 4, STA 5 and STA 6, all of which in the example are sensing responders. In the example, the TB sensing measurement instance comprises a polling phase, an NDPA sounding phase, a TF sounding phase, and a reporting phase. In the example, STA 1, STA 2 and STA 3 are sensing transmitters, such as sensing transmitter 504-1, sensing transmitter 504-2 and sensing transmitter 504-3. In the example of FIG. 11, STA 4, STA 5, and STA 6 are sensing receivers, such as sensing receiver 502-1, sensing receiver 502-2, and sensing receiver 502-3. In examples, in the polling phase, the AP as the sensing initiator transmits a Sensing Polling Trigger frame to STA 1, STA 2, STA 3, STA 4, and STA 5. In an embodiment, sensing transmitter STA 1 (504-1) and sensing transmitter STA 2 (504-2) respond to the Sensing Polling Trigger frame with an indication that the STA is available to participate in a sensing measurement instance. In examples, the indication is a CTS-to-self (Clear to Send) frame. In the example, sensing transmitter STA 3 (504-3) does not respond to the Sensing Polling Trigger frame sent by the AP as the sensing initiator, indicating that STA 3 (504-3) will not participate in the sensing measurement instance. In an embodiment, sensing receiver STA 4 (502-1) and sensing receiver STA 5 (502- 2) each respond to the Sensing Polling Trigger frame with an indication that the STA is available to participate in a sensing measurement instance. In examples, the indication is a CTS-to-self frame. In the example, sensing receiver STA 6 (502-3) does not respond to theSensing Polling Trigger frame sent by the AP as the sensing initiator, indicating that STA 6 (502-3) will not participate in the sensing measurement instance.

[0249] Referring again to FIG. 11, in a NDPA sounding phase, the AP acting as sensing initiator assumes the role of sensing transmitter (504-4). In examples, the AP as sensing transmitter 504-3 transmits a sensing transmission. In examples, the sensing transmission may be a broadcast transmission. In examples, the sensing transmission may be a unicast transmission to one or more STAs, for example to sensing receiver STA 4 (502-1), sensing receiver STA 5 (502-2) and / or to sensing receiver STA 6 (502-3). In examples, a period of one or more SIFS elapses between the AP as sensing transmitter 504-3 sending the sensing NDPA frame and when the AP as sensing transmitter 504-3 sends the one or more sensing transmissions. In examples, one or more of the sensing transmissions may be a full bandwidth NDP frame. In examples, one or more of the sensing transmissions may be a partial bandwidth NDP frame. In examples, one or more of the NDP frames may be an SI2SRNDP frame.

[0250] The sensing measurement instance of FIG. 11 includes a TF Sounding phase. In examples, in the TF Sounding phase, the AP as the sensing initiator sends a Sensing SR2SI Sounding Trigger frame to sensing transmitter STA 1 (504-1) and to sensing transmitter STA 2 (504-2). In examples, responsive to receiving the Sensing SR2SI Sounding Trigger frame, sensing transmitter STA 1 (504-1) and sensing transmitter STA 2 (504-2) send sensing transmissions to the AP. In examples, the sensing transmissions may comprise NDP transmissions. In an example, one or more of the NDP transmissions to the AP may be SR2SI NDP transmissions (as shown in the example of FIG. 11). In examples, a period of one or more SIFS elapses between sensing transmitter STA 1 (504-1) receiving the Sensing SR2SI Sounding Trigger frame and transmitting a sensing transmission, and in examples a period of one or more SIFS elapses between sensing transmitter STA 2 (504-2) receiving the Sensing SR2SI Sounding Trigger frame and transmitting a sensing transmission. In examples, the AP may assume the role of sensing receiver 502-4, and the AP may make sensing measurements on the sensing transmissions from sensing transmitter STA 1 (504-1) and sensing transmitter STA 2 (504-2).

[0251] In examples, a sensing measurement instance of a WLAN sensing procedure may be a non-trigger-based (non-TB) sensing measurement instance. FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B depict a message flow of a sensing measurement setup procedure followed by one or more non-TB sensing measurement instances of a WLAN sensing procedure that consist of one or more of downlink sounding or uplink sounding, according to some embodiments, followed by a sensing measurement setup termination procedure, according to some examples. In examples, a non-TB sensing measurement instance may be used where the sensing initiator is a non-AP STA and an AP is the sensing responder. In examples of uplink sounding described by IEEE P802.1 Ibf, an example of which is shown in FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B, the sensing initiator (non- AP STA) acting as a sensing transmitter (for example, sensing transmitter 504-1) transmits a sensing announcement frame followed by a sensing transmission. In examples, the sensing announcement frame may be an NDPA frame. In examples, the sensing transmission may be an NDP frame (for example, an SI2SR NDP frame). In examples, responsive to receiving the sensing transmission, the AP acting as a sensing receiver (for example, sensing receiver 502- I), may transmit to the sensing initiator (non-AP STA in the role of sensing transmitter 504-1) a sensing measurement report, for example one or more Sensing Measurement Report frames. In examples of downlink sounding as shown in FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B, the sensing initiator (non-AP STA) acting as a sensing receiver (for example, sensing receiver 502-1) transmits a sensing announcement frame. In examples, the sensing announcement frame may be an NDPA frame. In examples, responsive to receiving the sensing announcement frame, the AP acting as sensing transmitter (for example, sensing transmitter 504-1) may transmit one or more sensing transmissions. In examples, one or more of the sensing transmissions may be an NDP frame (for example, an SI2SRNDP frame). In examples, the non-AP STA acting as a sensing receiver (502-1), responsive to receiving a sensing transmission, may make a sensing measurement on the sensing transmission. In examples, the sensing measurement setup may be terminated by the sensing initiator or the sensing responder transmitting a SENS Measurement Setup Termination frame. In examples, the sensing responder or sensing initiator (respectively) may respond with an acknowledgment.

[0252] FIG. 13 is reproduced from IEEE P802.1 Ibf D3.0 Figure 11 - 102i and illustrates a detailed example of a non-TB sensing measurement instance, according to some embodiments. In examples, STA 1 acting as sensing initiator and sensing transmitter, such as sensing transmitter 504-1, transmits a sensing announcement frame. In examples, the sensing announcement frame may be a sensing NDPA frame. In examples, one or more SIFS may elapse followed by STA 1 acting as sensing initiator and sensing transmitter (such as sensing transmitter 504-1) transmitting one or more sensing transmissions. In examples, one or more of the sensing transmissions may be an NDP frame (for example, a SI2SR NDP frame). In an example. STA 1 acting as sensing initiator and sensing receiver, such AP, which is an example of sensing receiver 502-1, may transmit a sensing announcement frame followed after a period of time by an SI2SR NDP frame. In examples, the sensing announcement frame may be a sensing NDPA frame and the period may be a SIFS. In examples, one or more SIFS may elapsefollowed by the AP acting as sensing responder and sensing transmitter (such as sensing transmitter 504-1) transmitting one or more sensing transmissions. In examples, the AP acting as sensing responder and sensing transmitter does not transmit an NDPA frame and instead transmits a sensing transmission one SIFS after receiving the SI2SR NDP. In examples, the sensing transmission may be an NDP frame (for example, an SR2SI NDP frame).

[0253] FIG. 14 is reproduced from IEEE P802.1 Ibf D3.0, Figure 9-1198f and D3.0 Figure 9- 189g, and illustrates an example of a Sensing Measurement Report frame Action field format and an example of a Sensing Measurement Report Container field format. In some examples, a Sensing Measurement Report frame may be transmitted to provide WLAN sensing measurements, for example to a sensing agent or a sensing algorithm of a sensing initiator. In examples, a Sensing Measurement Report frame may comprise one or more Sensing Measurement Report Containers. A Sensing Measurement Report Container may comprise a single sensing measurement report, in some embodiments.

[0254] Referring again to FIG. 14, in embodiments a Sensing Measurement Report Container may include a Sensing Measurement Report Control field. In examples, the Sensing Measurement Report Control field may contain information necessary to interpret the Sensing Measurement Report field. For example, the Sensing Measurement Report Control field format may comprise one or more subfields. In an embodiment, one or more subfields of the Sensing Measurement Report Control field may include PHY layer parameters used by the sensing receiver when performing the sensing measurement, for example receiver antenna beamforming or spatial layer information.

[0255] In a sensing session, exchanges of transmissions between one or more of a plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) and one or more of a plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l- N) may occur. In an example, control of these transmissions may be with the MAC layer of the IEEE 802.11 stack. According to an implementation, one or more of a plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) may secure a TXOP which may be allocated to one or more sensing transmissions by one or more of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N). According to an implementation, one or more of a plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) may allocate channel resources (or RUs) within a TXOP to the one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N). In an example, one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) may allocate the channel resources to the one or more of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-( 1 -N) by allocating time and bandwidth within the TXOP to the one or more of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N).

[0256] According to an implementation, example 1500 of a hierarchy of fields within sensing trigger message is shown in FIG. 15A to FIG. 151.

[0257] As described in FIG. 15A and based upon a Trigger frame as described by IEEE P802.11, the Common Info field may contain information which is common to one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N). According to some implementations, the requirement of an NDPA preceding an NDP may be optional. This may be indicated to one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N) and may for example be encoded into a “Trigger Dependent Common Info” field if the requirement is common to the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N), or into a “Trigger Dependent User Info” field if the requirement is specific to one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N). According to an example, the requirement for a sensing announcement (for example, an NDPA) preceding a sensing response NDP may be encoded by a single bit where 0 (bit clear) indicates that a sensing announcement is optional and 1 (bit set) indicates that a sensing announcement is required.

[0258] As described by FIG. 15B which is a reproduction of IEEE P802. 1 Ibf D3.0 Figure 9- 102a (Trigger Dependent Common Info field format of the Sensing Polling, SR2SI Sounding, Sensing Reporting, and Sensing Threshold-based Reporting Trigger frame), a Trigger Dependent Common Info field format may include the Sensing Trigger Subtype field with different values to indicate different Sensing Trigger frame variants. The Sensing Trigger frame variants may be used for Sensing Poll, SR2SI Sounding, Sensing Threshold-based Report, Sensing Report, or SR2SR Sounding.

[0259] As adapted from IEEE P802.11 and IEEE P802.1 Ibf and described in FIG. 15C, a Trigger Type (within B0..B3 of “Common Info” field) may be defined which represents a sensing trigger message. In examples, a sensing Trigger message may have a Trigger Type subfield value of any Reserved value from 9-15, for example a Sensing Trigger message may have a Trigger Type subfield value of 9. In an example of triggering a sensing transmission from a sensing transmitter 504-1, a Trigger Dependent User Info field may include sensing trigger message data. In an implementation, a time-synchronized sensing transmission may be required from plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N) responding to a sensing trigger message. In an example, the requirement for one or more time-synchronized sensing transmissions may be encoded into a Trigger Dependent Common Info field. According to an example, the requirement for one or more time-synchronized sensing transmissions may be encoded by a single bit where 0 (bit clear) represents a request for a normal or non-time- synchronized response and 1 (bit set) represents a request for a time-synchronized response. Insome examples, a method of time -synchronization may be requested in the sensing trigger. In examples, the method of time -synchronization to be requested may be encoded into a Trigger Dependent Common Info field. In examples the encoding may use two bits as shown in the following table.

[0260] As described by IEEE P802.l l and reproduced in FIG. 15D the sensing trigger message may have an uplink bandwidth (UL BW) subfield value of 0, 1, 2 or 3 corresponding to bandwidths of 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, or 80+80 MHz (160 MHz).

[0261] As described in FIG. 15E and based upon a Trigger frame as described by IEEE P802.11, the User Info List contains information which is specific to each of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N). In examples, the User Info List may include the AID of a sensing transmitter, an RU allocation for a sensing transmitter, and other Trigger Dependent User Info.

[0262] As described in FIG. 15F and leveraging the definition of IEEE P802. l l, the AID12 subfield of the User Info List illustrated in FIG. 15D may be used to address a specific sensing transmitter of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N).

[0263] As described in FIG. 15G and FIG. 15H and leveraging the definition of IEEE P802.l l, the RU Allocation subfield is used to allocate resource units (RU) to each of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N).

[0264] As described in FIG. 151, the Trigger Dependent User Info subfield may be used to request the transmission configuration and / or steering matrix configuration for one or more of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N) that the sensing trigger message is triggering.

[0265] In the following description, sensing algorithm 570 on remote processing device 506 is referred to in the processing of channel representation information. In all examples, the processing of channel representation information may be instead or additionally performed by sensing agent 568 on remote processing device 506, and / or by sensing agent 516-(l-M) and / or sensing algorithm 524-( 1 -M) on one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-( 1 -M), and / orby sensing agent 536-(l-N) and / or sensing algorithm 544-(l-N) on one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N).

[0266] FIG. 16 illustrates representation 1600 of communication of location ofthe selected one or more time domain pulses from one or more plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) to sensing algorithm 570 on remote processing device 506 using an active tone bitmap. In an example, the active tone bitmap sent from one or more plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l- M) to sensing algorithm 570 is 10 bits long, corresponding to 10 pilot and data tones of a 16- point FFT. The value of the active tone bitmap, “1110111011” indicates that 8 filtered time domain channel representation information (TD-CRI) values will follow (as there are 8 ‘T”s in the active tone bitmap) and sensing algorithm 570 should arrange the received filtered TD- CRI in the 10 tones by applying in order each filtered TD-CRI to a reconstructed filtered TD- CRI tone according to the active tone bitmap, i.e., TD-CRI 1 in tone 1, TD-CRI 2 in tone 2, TD-CRI 3 in tone 3, null in tone 4, TD-CRI 4 in tone 5, TD-CRI 5 in tone 6, TD-CRI 6 in tone 7, null in tone 8, TD-CRI 7 in tone 9, and TD-CRI 8 in tone 10.

[0267] FIG. 17 illustrates representation 1700 of communication of location ofthe selected one or more time domain pulses from one or more plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) to sensing algorithm 570 using a full bitmap. In an example, the full bitmap may be equal to the total number of tones in the full TD-CRI including the guard tones and DC tones, e.g., 64 bits for 20 MHz channel bandwidth and 128 bits for 40 MHz channel bandwidth. In the example, some most significant bits (MSB) would be “0” to account for the guard tones and some least significant bits (LSB) would also be “0” to account for the direct current (DC) tone and the guard tones. In the 16-point fast Fourier transform (FFT) example shown in FIG. 17, zeros are placed in the first three locations of the full bitmap followed by the location of the eight TD- CRI, followed by three more zeros.

[0268] According to some implementations, for each filtered TD-CRI, one or more plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) may send to sensing algorithm 570 on remote processing device 506 three values instead of two values (first value being amplitude of the complex number and second value being phase of the complex number). In an example, the third value may represent the position of the filtered TD-CRI value in the reconstructed filtered TD-CRI In an example, the number of bits used to represent the third value may vary depending on the channel bandwidth and therefore the number of points in the full TD-CRI. For example, if the channel bandwidth is 20 MHz, a 64-point FFT may be required and thus the additional value may be 6 bits long. If the channel bandwidth is 40 MHz, a 128-point FFT may be required and thus the additional value may be 7 bits long. In an example, the additional value couldprecede the values of filtered TD-CRI. In some examples, the additional value could follow the values of filtered TD-CRI. In an example, the number of bits used for the filtered TD-CRI may be determined based on the resolution of the actual CSI output by the baseband receiver.

[0269] FIG. 18 illustrates representation 1800 of communication of location of selected one or more time domain pulses (filtered TD-CRI) from one or more plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) to sensing algorithm 570 on remote processing device 506 using position of the selected one or more time domain pulses in the full TD-CRI, according to some embodiments. In the example of FIG. 18, the numbering of the symbols has been shifted to start at “0” and end at “15” to facilitate mapping of the symbols to the third value. Although FIG. 16 though FIG. 18 illustrate examples of communication of the selected one or more time domain pulses signaling utilizing 16-point FFT with 3 guard tones on either side (leaving 10 tones for pilot and data symbols), the description is equally applicable to 32-point FFT, 64- point FFT, 128-point FFT, 256-point FFT, 512-point FFT, 1024-point FFT, and any other number of points in an FFT, and a variable number of guard tones.

[0270] According to an implementation, in response to receiving the representation of the location of the selected one or more time domain pulses in the full TD-CRI, sensing algorithm 570 on remote processing device 506 may be configured to construct the reconstructed filtered TD-CRI prior to performing the FFT to create a reconstructed CSI (R-CSI). In an example, the correctly positioned reconstructed filtered TD-CRI, when translated back to the frequency domain via the FFT, creates the R-CSI. In an implementation, since there are significantly fewer filtered TD-CRI than CSI values then there is a significant reduction in the amount of information that needs to be transmitted over the air as CRI to sensing algorithm 570 without losing the fidelity of the information which would compromise the performance of sensing algorithm 570. For example, for 52 CSI values representing a 20 MHz channel bandwidth, between 10 and 15 time domain pulse in the filtered TD-CRI may be used to accurately represent transmission channel with minimal loss of fidelity. Accordingly, minimizing the amount of information that needs to be sent minimizes the overhead that system 500 puts on network 590.

[0271] According to aspects of the present disclosure, the amount of information that is passed from one or more plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) to sensing algorithm 570 on remote processing device 506 may be significantly reduced by sending filtered time domain values (filtered TD-CRI, one complex value for each time domain pulse) instead of the frequency domain CSI values provided by the baseband receiver. Also, the number of time domain pulses that need to be sent may be about 25% or less of the CSI values for the smallestchannel bandwidth (for example, 20 MHz channel bandwidth). Further, this percentage may significantly reduce as the total channel bandwidth increases.

[0272] According to an implementation, a sensing agent (for example, sensing agent 516- (1-M) on one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) or sensing agent 568 on remote processing device 506) may store the set of time domain pulses of the full TD-CRI that make up the filtered TD-CRI as differences between the set of time domain pulses of the full TD-CRI and the corresponding time domain pulses of the sensing imprint as an imprint delta defining the filtered TD-CRI. In an implementation, the imprint delta values that make up filtered TD-CRI may be represented by a numerical format with fewer bits than may be required to represent a complete time domain pulse of the filtered TD-CRI. According to an example, there may be no or little loss of precision as the range of the value that is being represented is reduced by the difference operation.

[0273] In an implementation, once the imprint delta is obtained, sensing agent (for example, sensing agent 516-(1-M) on one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) or sensing agent 568 on remote processing device 506) may evaluate the imprint delta individually for each time domain pulse of the full TD-CRI. According to an implementation, sensing agent (for example, sensing agent 516-(1-M) on one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) or sensing agent 568 on remote processing device 506) may compare each time domain pulse difference (i.e., difference between a time domain pulse of the full TD-CRI and a time domain pulse of the sensing imprint) to a measurement imprint delta threshold for amplitude or for phase, or for both amplitude and phase. Based on the comparison result, sensing agent (for example, sensing agent 516-(1-M) on one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) or sensing agent 568 on remote processing device 506) may determine that a time domain pulse of the full TD-CRI has changed. In an example, sensing agent (for example, sensing agent 516-(1-M) on one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) or sensing agent 568 on remote processing device 506) may determine that a time domain pulse of the full TD-CRI has changed when the measurement imprint delta threshold is exceeded only once. According to an implementation, the measurement imprint delta threshold must exceed a measurement imprint delta count on subsequent measurements before a time domain pulse of the full TD-CRI is considered to be different from a time domain pulse of the sensing imprint. In an example, the measurement imprint delta count may refer to a number of times that the measurement imprint delta threshold is exceeded before a time domain pulse of the full TD-CRI is considered to be different from a time domain pulse of the sensing imprint. Any of the previously describe functions may alternatively or additionally be performed by sensingalgorithm (for example, sensing algorithm 518-(1-M) on one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M) or sensing algorithm 570 on remote processing device 506)

[0274] In an implementation, the measurement imprint delta threshold and the measurement imprint delta count may be configured by sensing receiver 502-1. In some implementations, the measurement imprint delta threshold and the measurement imprint delta count may be configured by sensing algorithm 570 (implemented by remote processing device 506). According to an implementation, sensing algorithm 570 may send one or more measurement imprint delta thresholds and corresponding one or more measurement imprint delta counts to sensing receiver 502-1. According to an embodiment, upon initial association of sensing receiver 502-1 with sensing algorithm 570, sensing algorithm 570 may communicate one or more measurement imprint delta thresholds and corresponding one or more measurement imprint delta counts to sensing receiver 502-1 for use in future Wi-Fi sensing session(s). In an example, the one or more measurement imprint delta thresholds may be associated with a specific sensing imprint. For example, the measurement imprint delta thresholds may be associated with the sensing imprint for an uplink path between sensing transmitter 504-1 and sensing receiver 502-1 in a specific channel bandwidth and for a specific delivered transmission configuration.

[0275] According to an implementation, as a representation of the reflections of the propagation channel between sensing receiver 502-1 and sensing transmitter 504-1 for Wi-Fi sensing, sensing receiver 502-1 may send the filtered TD-CRI to sensing algorithm 570. In an implementation, sensing agent 516-1 may send the filtered TD-CRI to sensing algorithm 570 via a CRI transmission message. In an example implementation, sensing agent 516-1 may send the CRI transmission message including the filtered TD-CRI to sensing algorithm 570 via transmitting antenna 512-1. In an example, filtered TD-CRI may contain time domain pulses of the full TD-CRI to sensing algorithm 570 that are determined to have changed from the sensing imprint (the time domain pulses of the full TD-CRI that are different from the sensing imprint may be transmitted to sensing algorithm 570). In some examples, filtered TD-CRI may contain the imprint delta values that represent the time domain pulses of the full TD-CRI that are determined to have changed from the sensing imprint (the imprint delta of the changed time domain pulses of the full TD-CRI may be transmitted to the sensing algorithm 570).

[0276] According to an implementation, sensing agent 516-1 may indicate a location of time domain pulses within the filtered TD-CRI that represent the reflections in the propagation channel (i.e., the time domain tone represented by the time domain pulse or imprint delta) to sensing algorithm 570.

[0277] In an implementation, to avoid using a longer than necessary data field, for example, media access control protocol data unit (MPDU), to send the filtered TD-CRI from sensing receiver 502-1 to sensing algorithm 570, the filtered TD-CRI time domain pulses or the imprint delta values may be arranged contiguously in the data message without gaps or nulls between them. However, there may have been gaps between the actual updated or selected full TD-CRI time domain pulses and therefore the original location of the selected full TD-CRI time domain pulses must be signaled from sensing receiver 502-1 to sensing algorithm 570. In an example, the updated or selected full TD-CRI time domain pulses may refer to the time domain pulses of the full TD-CRI that are different from the sensing imprint.

[0278] According to an implementation, sensing agent 516-1 may transmit a location bitmap indicating locations of the first time domain pulses in the full TD-CRI to sensing algorithm 570. In an example, the first time domain pulses may be a series of time domain pulses from within the full TD-CRI which have changed compared to the sensing imprint and are to be processed by sensing algorithm 570 to determine a current sensing measurement. Accordingly, each time domain pulse must be identified to allow reconstructed full TD-CRI to be generated at sensing algorithm 570 and the sensing measurement to be recreated.

[0279] FIG. 23 depicts illustration 2300 of a filtered TD-CRI, according to some embodiments. An example of time domain pulses in a sensing imprint are shown using solid line arrows (represented as “2302”) and an example change to the sensing imprint in three time domain pulses is shown using dashed line arrows (represented as “2304”). For clarity, in the example of FIG. 23, the series of selected full TD-CRI time domain values that differ from the sensing imprint are within the window represented as “2306”. In an example, the propagation channel between sensing receiver 502-1 and sensing transmitter 504-1 may be 20 MHz in bandwidth and may be represented by 52 complex time domain pulses in the full TD-CRI.

[0280] According to an implementation, sensing agent 516-1 may create a bitmap of a length required to represent all time domain pulses which carry data. In an example, the bitmap may be 52 bits long. In other examples, the bitmap may be 104 bits long. In an example, sensing agent 516-1 may populate the bitmap with a “1” where a time domain pulse has been selected and is present and a “0” where a time domain pulse has not been selected and is absent. In an example, the MSB of the bitmap refers to the first time domain tone and the LSB of the bitmap refers to the last time domain tone.

[0281] Referring to the example in FIG. 23, a 52 bits long bitmap (or 52-bit bitfield) may be created as below:

[0282] In an implementation, the three updated time domain pulses (magnitude and phase) are transferred sequentially. In an example, the updated time domain pulses may be transferred as values which replace the corresponding value in the sensing imprint. In some examples, the imprint delta may be transferred to be applied as a change to the corresponding value in the sensing imprint. The type of update which is transferred may be signaled by additional bits in the bitfield. In an example, the value of an additional MSB may represent the type of update which is transferred. According to an implementation, to take advantage of the potential for low information content in the bitfield, sensing agent 516-1 may use a lossless data compression algorithm to reduce the number of bits transferred. An example of the lossless data compression algorithm is run-length encoding.

[0283] In an example, the bitmap may equal the number of tones in the FFT including the guard tones and DC tones, e.g., 64 bits for an example of a 20 MHz propagation channel bandwidth and 128 bits for an example of a 40 MHz propagation channel bandwidth. In the example, a first number of the MSB would be “0” to account for the guard tones and a second number of the LSB would also be “0” to account for the DC tone and the guard tones. According to an implementation, it may be assumed that the MSB of the bitmap maps to the first symbol of the FFT. Based on the assumption, the time domain pulses or imprint delta values may be populated according to the bitmap.

[0284] According to some implementations, for each time domain pulse in the filtered TD- CRI, sensing agent 516-1 may send three values instead of two values, where one of the three value may represent the position of the time domain pulse or imprint delta value in the full TD- CRI. In an example, the number of bits used to represent the additional value (i.e., the third value) or a size of the additional value may vary depending on the propagation channel bandwidth and the number of time domain pulses in the TD-CRI. For example, if the propagation channel bandwidth is 20 MHz and a 64-point FFT is required, the additional value may be 6 bits long. If the propagation channel bandwidth is 40 MHz and a 128-point FFT is required, the additional value may be 7 bits long. In an examples, the additional value could precede the value of the time domain pulse or imprint delta value. In some examples, the additional value could follow the value of the time domain pulse or imprint delta value.

[0285] In an example, the type of the values of filtered TD-CRI which are transferred (e.g., those which replace the corresponding time domain pulse values in the sensing imprint or thosewhich reflect changes to the corresponding value in the sensing imprint) is signaled by a dedicated type of update field transferred along with the values themselves.

[0286] FIG. 24 depicts an example of set 2400 of changed time domain pulses in the full TD-CRI (selected time domain pulses) and FIG. 25 depicts another example of set 2500 of changed time domain pulses in the full TD-CRI (imprint delta), according to some embodiments. In an example, it may be assumed that there are no guard or DC tones prior to the start of the time domain representation. In both depictions, parameters that represent the location of the changed time domain pulses in the TD-CRI are transferred with the changed time domain pulses.

[0287] According to an implementation, sensing algorithm 570 may receive a filtered TD- CRI from sensing receiver 502-1. In an example, the filtered TD-CRI may include a plurality of time domain pulses. In an implementation, sensing algorithm 570 may receive a sensing imprint indicator along with the filtered TD-CRI. In an example, the sensing imprint indicator may refer to a version number or a unique identifier of the sensing imprint used by sensing receiver 502-1 to calculate the filtered TD-CRI. In an implementation, sensing algorithm 570 may also receive a location bitmap indicating locations of corresponding time domain pulses in the sensing imprint. In some implementations, sensing algorithm 570 may receive a cryptographic hash of the sensing imprint used by sensing receiver 502-1 to calculate the filtered TD-CRI along with the filtered TD-CRI to allow sensing algorithm 570 to determine which sensing imprint to use.

[0288] According to an implementation, upon receiving the filtered TD-CRI and the sensing imprint indicator and / or the cryptographic hash, sensing algorithm 570 may obtain a sensing imprint (or a copy of the sensing imprint) according to the sensing imprint indicator and / or the cryptographic hash from the data storage. In an implementation, sensing algorithm 570 may generate a reconstructed TD-CRI from the filtered TD-CRI and the sensing imprint. According to an implementation, sensing algorithm 570 may generate the reconstructed TD- CRI by replacing corresponding time domain pulses of the sensing imprint with the plurality of time domain pulses received in the filtered TD-CRI. Sensing algorithm 570 may then perform an FFT on the resulting time domain signal to obtain the near-exact frequency domain CSI. Subsequently, sensing algorithm 570 may detect a feature of interest in a sensing space according to the reconstructed frequency domain channel representation.

[0289] In some implementations, the filtered TD-CRI may include an imprint delta storing time domain pulse differences. Upon receiving the filtered TD-CRI, sensing algorithm 570 may generate the reconstructed TD-CRI by adding the time domain pulse differences tocorresponding time domain pulses of the sensing imprint. In an example, sensing algorithm 570 may add the imprint delta to the corresponding time domain pulses in the sensing imprint using phasor addition. The operation of phasor addition is opposite to that of phasor subtraction. In an example, where the numerical representation of the imprint delta is modified to reduce the number of bits to transmit then the imprint delta is first cast to the numerical format and resolution of the corresponding time domain pulses in the copy of the stored sensing imprint to allow the phasor addition to proceed without numerical error. Thereafter, sensing algorithm 570 may perform an FFT on the resulting time domain signal to obtain the near-exact frequency domain CSI. Subsequently, sensing algorithm 570 may detect a feature of interest in a sensing space according to the reconstructed frequency domain channel representation.

[0290] In examples where the sensing imprint used to determine the filtered TD-CRI cannot be identified by sensing algorithm 570, either by the sensing imprint indicator or the cryptographic hash, then the time domain pulses or imprint delta values may be discarded. In some implementations, sensing algorithm 570 may send a message to sensing receiver 502-1 to invalidate the stored sensing imprint. In some implementations, if the sensing imprint used to determine the filtered TD-CRI cannot be identified by sensing algorithm 570, either by the sensing imprint indicator or the cryptographic hash, and time domain pulses (and not imprint delta values) were sent, sensing algorithm 570 may utilize the lossy time domain compression technique in place of the lossless time domain compression technique.

[0291] According to an implementation, the sensing imprint used by remote processing device 506 to calculate the reconstructed TD-CRI, or the sensing imprint used by sensing receiver 502-1 to calculate the filtered TD-CRI may need to be recalculated or updated. For example, sensing receiver 502-1 may detect a moving object in the propagation channel between sensing receiver 502-1 and sensing transmitter 504-1 which results in an imprint delta between the full TD-CRI and the sensing imprint. If the object that caused this imprint delta stops moving but stays in the sensing space then the baseline sensing imprint that was formed before the object entered the sensing space may be no longer valid. Furthermore, when the object is no longer moving it is likely that the imprint delta varies minimally from sensing measurement to sensing measurement, and so there will be repeated transmission of identical or similar information from sensing receiver 502-1 to the sensing algorithm 570. In this scenario, a new sensing imprint may be determined. In an example, updating of a sensing imprint may lead to creation of a new sensing imprint.

[0292] According to an implementation, when a new sensing imprint is required, sensing receiver 502-1 may generate the new sensing imprint based on sensing transmissions that arenormally occurring and not specifically requested for the purposes of generating the new sensing imprint. In an example, where the sensing imprint includes versions for multiple delivered transmission configurations, sensing receiver 502-1 may update only the version of the sensing imprint which corresponds to the delivered transmission configurations which are in use. In some example, sensing receiver 502-1 may determine that the complete sensing imprint (i.e., for all delivered transmission configurations) between sensing receiver 502-1 and sensing transmitter 504-1 is to be updated. In such scenarios, sensing receiver 502-1 may request sensing transmissions with the required requested transmission configurations.

[0293] In an implementation, when sensing receiver 502-1 determines that a new sensing imprint is required, the new sensing imprint may be determined to be the channel impulse response at the point where the rate of change of the imprint delta of the time domain pulses drops below the imprint delta derivative threshold for the required imprint delta derivative period. In some examples, the new sensing imprint may be the average of sensing imprint average count channel impulse responses after the rate of change of the imprint delta drops below the imprint delta derivative threshold. In an implementation, remote processing device 506 may configure the sensing imprint average count of sensing measurements made on sensing transmissions from sensing transmitter 504-1 which share a common delivered transmission configuration that are averaged to reduce noise (for example, measurement noise). The resultant average full TD-CRI may become a sensing imprint for the delivered transmission configuration and sensing transmitter 504-1 that produced the sensing transmissions on which the sensing measurements were made.

[0294] According to an implementation, if it is determined that sensing receiver 502-1 or sensing transmitter 504-1 has moved (for example, based on detecting a complete change in the imprint delta, or by detecting a power interruption event, or due to a change in media access control (MAC) address of sensing receiver 502-1 or sensing transmitter 504-1), then sensing algorithm 570 may create one or more new sensing imprints for the propagation channels that involve the reconfigured sensing receiver 502-1 or sensing transmitter 504-1. Further, in situations where a new sensing transmitter is added to system 500, sensing algorithm 570 may create one or more new sensing imprints for the propagation channels that involve the new sensing transmitter.

[0295] Some embodiments of the present disclosure as described above define sensing message types for Wi-Fi sensing, namely, sensing configuration message, sensing configuration response message, delta CRI message, and sensing imprint transmission message.

[0296] In an example, the sensing configuration message and the sensing configuration response message are carried in a new extension to a management frame of a type described in IEEE 802. 11. FIG. 19 illustrates an example of a component of a management frame carrying a sensing transmission. In an example, system 500 may require acknowledgement frames and the management frame carrying sensing messages may be implemented as an Action frame and in another example, system 500 may not require acknowledgement frames and the management frame carrying sensing messages may be implemented as an Action No Ack frame.

[0297] In an implementation, the information content of all sensing message types may be carried in a format as shown in FIG. 19. In some examples, Transmission Configuration, Timing Configuration, Steering Matrix Configuration, and TD-CRI configuration as described in FIG. 19 are implemented as IEEE 802.11 elements. In some examples, the TD-CRI Configuration element is a part of the Transmission Configuration element.

[0298] In one or more embodiments, the sensing message types may be identified by the message type field, and each sensing message type may carry the other identified elements, according to some embodiments.

[0299] In an example, the data may be encoded into an element for inclusion in sensing messages between sensing receiver 502-1, sensing transmitter 504-1, and sensing algorithm 570. In a measurement campaign involving multiple sensing receivers and multiple sensing transmitters, these parameters may be defined for all sensing receivers-sensing transmitters pairs. In an example, when these parameters are transmitted from sensing algorithm 570 or sensing transmitter 504-1 including sensing algorithm 570 to sensing receiver 502-1, then these parameters configure sensing receiver 502-1 to process a sensing transmission and calculate sensing measurements. In some examples, when these parameters are transmitted from sensing receiver 502-1 to sensing algorithm 570 or sensing transmitter 504-1 including sensing algorithm 570, then these parameters report the configuration used by sensing receiver 502-1.

[0300] According to some implementations, a sensing transmission announcement may be carried in a new extension to a control frame of a type described in IEEE 802.11. In some implementations, the sensing transmission announcement may be carried in a new extension to a control frame extension described in IEEE 802.11. FIG. 20A illustrates an example of a format of control frame and FIG. 20B illustrates a format of a sensing transmission control field of control frame. In an example, the STA info field of the sensing transmission control field may address up to n sensing receivers via their association ID (AID). In an example implementation, the sensing transmission announcement may address n sensing receiverswhich are required to make a sensing measurement and to relay channel representation information back to the sensing initiator.

[0301] According to some implementations, the sensing measurement poll may be carried in a new extension to a control frame of a type described in IEEE 802.11. In some implementations, the sensing measurement poll may be carried in a new extension to a control frame extension described in IEEE 802.11. FIG. 21A illustrates an example of a format of control frame and FIG. 2 IB illustrates a format of a sensing measurement control field of control frame.

[0302] According to some implementations, when sensing receiver 502-1 has calculated sensing measurements and created channel representation information (for example, in form of filtered TD-CRI), the sensing receiver 502-1 may be required to communicate the channel representation information to sensing algorithm 570 or sensing transmitter 504-1 including sensing algorithm 570. In an example, the sensing measurements may be processed as described to form channel representation information in the form of a sensing imprint and, subsequently, an imprint delta.

[0303] In an implementation, to provide a baseline for filtered TD-CRI, a version of sensing imprint is required by sensing algorithm 570. In an example, a sensing imprint may be transferred by a management frame and in an example. In an example, a message type may be defined which represents a Sensing Imprint Transmission Message.

[0304] In an example, the filtered TD-CRI may be transferred by a management frame. In an example, a message type may be defined which represents a delta CRI message.

[0305] FIG. 22 illustrates an example of a component of a management frame 2200 carrying a CRI transmission message, according to some embodiments. In an example, system 500 may require acknowledgement frames and the management frame carrying the CRI transmission message may be implemented as an Action frame and in another example, system 500 may not require acknowledgement frames and the management frame carrying the CRI transmission message may be implemented as an Action No Ack frame.

[0306] In examples a delta CRI message Element transfers the TD-CRI using a bit field to represent the active (included / selected) time domain pulses whilst accounting for DC tones and guard tones. Other examples of data representation are described earlier and in examples, the delta CRI message Element may be adjusted to reflect those data schemes.

[0307] In an example a sensing imprint transmission message Element transfers a sensing imprint from sensing receiver 502-1 to sensing algorithm 570 or to sensing transmitter 504-1 including sensing algorithm 570. In an example, the data structure may be transferred via thesensing imprint transmission message Element or it may be compressed prior to transmission using any available lossless compression technique. In an example, the data that describes the sensing imprint is accompanied by a header which describes the format of the data as well as the devices and configurations that the data is associated with.

[0308] In an implementation, when sensing algorithm 570 is implemented on a remote processing device (i.e., is not implemented within sensing transmitter 504-1), a management frame may not be necessary, and the sensing imprint and the TD-CRI may be encapsulated in a standard IEEE 802.11 data frame and transferred to sensing algorithm 570. In an example, a proprietary header or descriptor may be added to the data structure to allow sensing algorithm 570 to detect that the data structure is of the form of a sensing imprint transmission message Element or a delta CRI message Element. In an example, data may be transferred in the format shown in FIG. 22 and sensing algorithm 570 may be configured to interpret the Message Type value that represents a sensing imprint transmission message Element and a delta CRI message Element.C. Systems and Methods for Selecting Sensing Areas of the Sensing Sensitivity

[0309] The following describes systems and methods for selecting sensing areas of the sensing sensitivity.

[0310] A Wi-Fi sensing system may be configured to detect features of interest in a sensing space. The Wi-Fi sensing system may be a network of Wi-Fi-enabled devices which are part of an IEEE 802.11 network (sometimes referred to as a basic service set (BSS) or extended service set (ESS)). The features of interest may include motion of objects and motion tracking, presence detection, intrusion detection, gesture recognition, fall detection, breathing rate detection, and other applications. The sensing space may refer to any physical space in which a Wi-Fi sensing system may operate and may include a place of abode, a place of work, a shopping mall, a sports hall or sports stadium, a garden, or any other physical space.

[0311] A typical Wi-Fi sensing system consists of a sensing transmitter (which may be a non-AP station (STA) or an access point (AP)) and a sensing receiver (which may be an AP or a STA if the sensing transmitter is a STA, and a STA if the sensing transmitter is an AP). A sensing transmission (for example, aNDP transmission or any transmission on which a sensing measurement may be made) is sent from the sensing transmitter to the sensing receiver. The sensing measurement is made using the sensing transmission at the sensing receiver.

[0312] Currently, an IEEE 802.11 physical channel constitutes a number of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) tones or carriers depending on the overall bandwidthof the channel and the revision of the specification. For example, 52 data and pilot carriers may be used for a 20 MHz channel bandwidth, and 104 data and pilot carriers may be used for a 40 MHz channel bandwidth. In a second example, there may be 242 data and pilot carriers used for a 20 MHz channel bandwidth, ranging up to 996 data and pilot carriers used for an 80 MHz channel bandwidth. A baseband Wi-Fi receiver may calculate a sensing measurement (for example, channel state measurement (CSI)) consisting of a real and imaginary part for each high efficiency long training field (HE-LTF) for a received HE Ranging NDP / HE TB Ranging NDP or each extended high throughput long training field EHT-LTF for each EHT sounding NDP. The sensing measurement may be passed to a sensing algorithm (possibly via a sensing agent) to determine if there is motion or movement in the sensing space. In examples, motion may be determined in the sensing space by the sensing algorithm by looking for perturbation in the local environment, e.g., on transmission paths (links) between one or more transmitter devices (for example, one or more of plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(l-N)) and one or more receiver devices (for example, one or more of plurality of sensing receivers 502-(l-M)).

[0313] In an example, a sensing measurement may be a measurement of amplitude and phase (which may be derived from in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of a signal) at each of a number of subcarriers within a transmission channel, which may be the whole channel bandwidth or within a partial bandwidth (also referred to as a resource allocation (RU)). In examples, the sensing measurement may be a CSI. In an example, the CSI may be a form of channel representation information (CRI). The CSI may be further processed by a sensing algorithm (or by pre-processing before the sensing algorithm) to reduce the content of the sensing measurement. In examples, the sensing measurement may be processed to reduce the size of the sensing measurement and to reduce the overhead of transferring and processing the sensing measurement. For example, the CSI may be transformed into the time domain to provide options for methods of processing to reduce the content of the sensing measurement. In examples, a sensing measurement in the time domain may be referred to as time-domain channel representation information (TD-CRI). In examples, a sensing measurement may be made by processing a sensing transmission (e.g. NDP transmission) which is transmitted from a sensing transmitter to a sensing receiver through a sensing space. The sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are Wi-Fi devices which implement both analog and digital processing of the sensing transmission. The sensing space may refer to a free space including objects in motion which are to be sensed.

[0314] FIG. 26 depicts example 2600 of a sensing space, according to some embodiments.

[0315] In the example of FIG. 26, house 2602 is illustrated as the sensing space. In general, within a sensing space between an access point (AP) and a station (STA), there may be two kinds of sensing areas. The first kind is the area of interest for sensing, while the second kind is the area without interest for sensing. As shown in FIG. 26, there are three rooms in house 2602, namely room 2604, room 2606, and room 2608. It may be assumed that the areas of room 2604, room 2606, and room 2608 are same. Furthermore, AP 2610 may be located in room 2604, and STA 2612 may be located in room 2608.

[0316] For a sensing transmission from AP 2610 in room 2604 to STA 2612 in room 2608, or from STA 2612 in room 2608 to AP 2610 in room 2604 there may be multiple paths. As shown in FIG. 26, these paths include path 0, path 1, . . . , path m, path m+1, ... , «. Path 0 is the shortest path, and in an example, it may represent a line-of-sight. Paths 0 through m are the paths that traverse room 2606. Path m goes through the edge of room 2606. Paths m+1 through n bypass room 2606. Paths 0 through m, which pass through room 2606, also traverse the shaded area of room 2604 (represented by reference numeral “2614”) and the shaded area of room 2608 (represented by reference numeral “2616”). In the context of a sensing transmission from AP 2610 in room 2604 to STA 2612 in room 2608, or from STA 2612 in room 2608 to AP 2610 in room 2604, the multiple paths (i.e., paths 0, 1, . .. , m, m+1, ... , n) correspond to TD-CRI pulses from sensing transmitter to sensing receiver. These paths also involve time delays at the sensing receiver. In examples, paths 0, 1, ..., m, m+1, ..., n may correspond to TD-CRI pulses 0, 1, . . . , m, m+1, ... , n and these path involve time delays T0, T1?. . . , Tm, Tm+1, ..., Tn, respectively, where T is the time delay of a reflected time domain pulse reaching the sensing receiver, in comparison to the shortest path or the line-of-sight time domain pulse which may not be reflected.

[0317] In an example, room 2604 and room 2608, which are in close proximity to AP 2610 and STA 2612, serve as areas of interest for sensing, as there may be motions to be detected in these rooms. On the other hand, room 2606 might not be of interest for sensing due to the absence of motion. In this example, room 2606 should be excluded from sensing detection for motions. For ease of explanation and understanding, room 2604 may interchangeably be referred to as room A, room 2606 may interchangeably be referred to as room B, and room 2608 may interchangeably be referred to as room C.

[0318] Accordingly, a method is required to adjust the sensing sensitivity of a Wi-Fi sensing system, either to include or exclude sensing areas from the sensing space.

[0319] The present disclosure describes a system and a method for selecting sensing areas of the sensing sensitivity.

[0320] In the time domain, a transmission channel may be referred to as h(t). The transmission channel may also be described as an impulse response of the transmission channel. The impulse response of the transmission channel may include a plurality of time domain pulses. The plurality of time domain pulses may represent reflections that transmitted signals (for example, those transmitted by a transmitter) underwent before reaching a receiver. A reflected time domain pulse may be mathematically represented using Equation (9) provided below. h(Tk) = «fc<5(t - Tfe) .... (9) where, Tkrepresents a time delay of when the reflected time domain pulse reached the receiver in comparison to a line-of-sight time domain pulse which was not reflected, and akis a complex value that represents frequency independent attenuation and phase of the reflected time domain pulse.

[0321] FIG. 27 depicts example representation 2700 of two discrete multipaths, according to some embodiments. In an implementation, FIG. 27 depicts discrete multipaths of a time domain pulse 8(t) between sensing transmitter 2702 and sensing receiver 2704 according to some embodiments. Reflector 2706 is also shown in FIG. 27.

[0322] The time domain pulse <5(t) undergoes a single reflection (because of reflector 2706) in addition to its line-of-sight path. The line-of-sight time domain pulse transmission time may be incorporated into the complex coefficient a0(i.e., T0= 0). The reflected time domain pulse may experience a delay of which represents the amount of time after the line- of-sight time domain pulse is received that the reflected time domain pulse is received.

[0323] In an implementation, if a number of discrete time domain pulses in a multipath signal is given by Lp, then the received multipath time domain pulse may be represented as:

[0324] The time domain representation of the received multipath signal may be referred to as time domain channel representation information (TD-CRI). In examples, the Equation (10) indicates that any transmission channel may include a plurality of time domain pulses. A time domain pulse from amongst the plurality of time domain pulses may be determined to be a line-of-sight time domain pulse. Further, each time domain pulse of the plurality of time domain pulses may have a frequency independent amplitude and phase component (referred to as the complex coefficient), and all except the line-of-sight time domain pulse may experience a time delay due to reflections, which contributes a frequency dependent component to the complex coefficient.

[0325] Each of the time domain pulses in a steady state or pseudo-steady state channel may have a steady state amplitude (referred to as a base amplitude) and a time delay.

[0326] FIG. 28 depicts example representation 2800 of amplitude and time delay of multipath time domain pulses at sensing receiver 502-1, according to some embodiments. In FIG. 28, reference numeral “2802” represents a line-of-sight time domain pulse and reference numeral “2804” represents a time domain pulse of a TD-CRI that has a largest (or maximum) amplitude. For ease of explanation and understanding, a line-of-sight time domain pulse may interchangeably be referred to as pulse 0 and the time domain pulse having the largest amplitude may interchangeably be referred to as pulse k or TD-CRI pulse k.

[0327] FIG. 29 depicts example representation 2900 of TD-CRI pulses represented by a time delay window, according to some embodiments. In examples, TD-CRI pulses may be defined as the time domain pulses within a time delay window with a start pulse and a finish pulse, or a start pulse and number of subsequent pulses. In FIG. 29, reference numeral “2902” represents a start pulse, reference numeral “2904” represents a finish pulse, and reference numeral “2906” represents a time delay window.

[0328] In examples, TD-CRI pulses may be represented by a bitmap that includes bit positions and bit values. A bit position identifies a TD-CRI pulse, and a corresponding bit value (i.e., 0 or 1) indicates whether a TD-CRI pulse is unselected (with the bit value 0) or selected (with the bit value 1) for motion detection. The value of the bit position may also be referred to as a TD-CRI pulse index. An example of a bitmap for each TD-CRI pulse is described in Table 1 below. Table 1 shows all TD-CRI pulses corresponding to path 0 to path m as selected and all other pulses as unselected.TABLE 1: An example of a bitmap for each TD-CRI pulse

[0329] FIG. 30 depicts example representation 3000 of a motion impact on a path from sensing transmitter 3002 to sensing receiver 3004, according to some embodiments. According to an implementation, a wireless signal may propagate between sensing transmitter 3002 and sensing receiver 3004 in a transmission channel and there may be multiple propagation paths resulting in multiple time domain pulses at sensing receiver 3004. FIG. 30 depicts propagation paths (corresponding to a time domain pulses) between sensing transmitter 3002 and sensing receiver 3004. In an example, a time domain pulse may be a reflected time domain pulse (an example represented by reference numeral “3006”). The propagation path of the reflected time domain pulse may interchangeably be referred to as path k. Further, as shown in FIG. 30, there is a motion in a path of the reflected time domain pulse. In examples, the motion along the path k may impact one or more parameters of the corresponding TD- CRI pulse k. For example, the motion on the path k may impact the amplitude of the TD-CRI pulse k.

[0330] FIG. 31 depicts example representation of a motion impact along the path k on the corresponding TD-CRI pulse, TD-CRI pulse k, from sensing transmitter 3002 to sensing receiver 3004, according to some embodiments. In FIG. 31, a line-of-sight time domain pulse (represented by reference numeral “3102)” and a reflected time domain pulse (represented by reference number “3104”) are shown. The reflected time domain pulse is the TD-CRI pulse k. In examples, the amplitude of the TD-CRI pulse k may change when the motion happens in the path k (as illustrated by representation 3000 in FIG. 30). In FIG. 31, reference number “3106” represents the amplitude variation of the TD-CRI pulse k.

[0331] According to an implementation, selection of sensing areas of the sensing sensitivity may be carried out by an AP operating as a sensing initiator. In examples, the AP may be sensing receiver 502-1. In some examples, the AP may be sensing transmitter 504-1. Examples by which the sensing areas of the sensing sensitivity may be selected are described in detail below.

[0332] In an implementation, the process of selecting sensing areas of the sensing sensitivity may be described by two phases - a learning phase and a detection phase. The learning phase is used to identify which TD-CRI pulse(s) represents which area(s) in the sensing space. For example, the TD-CRI pulse A: may represent a sensing area k. The detection phase is used to detect motions in the sensing areas of interest.

[0333] A) Learning Phase

[0334] During the learning phase, sensing measurement agent 518-1 (where the AP assumes the role of sensing receiver 502-1) or sensing measurement agent 538-1 (where the AP assumes the role of sensing transmitter 504-1) may be configured to obtain a first sensingmeasurement report corresponding to a sensing space from a STA. The STA may operate as a sensing responder. In an example, the sensing space may include multiple sensing areas. In examples, the first sensing measurement report may correspond to a first plurality of sensing measurements. The first plurality of sensing measurements may include a plurality of baseline time domain pulses (TD-CRI pulses), each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index. In an implementation, sensing measurement agent 518-1 or sensing measurement agent 538-1 may store the first sensing measurement report including the first plurality of sensing measurements in sensing measurement reports storage 528-1 for future use. According to an implementation, the STA may be configured to generate the first plurality of sensing measurements and corresponding first sensing measurement report.

[0335] In examples, each TD-CRI pulse may have parameters such as an amplitude and a time delay. An example of parameters for a TD-CRI pulse is described in Table 2 provided below.TABLE 2: An example of parameters for a TD-CRI pulse

[0336] According to an implementation, parameter detection agent 520-1 (where the AP assumes the role of sensing receiver 502-1) or parameter detection agent 540-1 (where the AP assumes the role of sensing transmitter 504-1) may be configured to determine a relation between TD-CRI pulses and sensing areas corresponding to the sensing space based on the first sensing measurement report. In examples, parameter detection agent 520-1 or parameter detection agent 540-1 may be configured to determine the relation between the TD-CRI pulses and the sensing areas based on amplitude changes of the TD-CRI pulses. In an implementation, parameter detection agent 520-1 or parameter detection agent 540-1 may determine which TD-CRI pulses correspond to the sensing sensitivity of specific sensing areas within the sensing space. In examples, a sensing space may include a plurality of sensing areas. For example, house 2602 as the sensing space is illustrated in FIG. 26. In FIG. 26, there are three rooms including room A (room 2604), room B (room 2606), and room C (room 2608). In an example, room A, room B, and room C may be identified as three distinct sensing areas within the sensing space.

[0337] In examples, motions in a sensing area may impact certain TD-CRI pulses. In an example, the motions may impact one or more parameters of TD-CRI pulses. For example, the motions may impact the amplitude of TD-CRI pulses. Referring to FIG. 26, motions in room B may have impact on the TD-CRI pulses 0, 1, . . . , m. Further, motions in room A and room C may have an impact on the TD-CRI pulses 0, 1, . . . , m and other TD-CRI pulses (for example, TD-CRI pulse

[0338] During the learning phase, the motion of a tester may represent the motion in the sensing space. In examples, a tester is an individual or a group responsible for evaluating the functionality, performance, and reliability of system 500. For example, a tester may design and execute various tests to ensure that system 500 works as intended and provide reliable data.

[0339] The tester may use a test device to communicate with system 500 and indicate the specific sensing area within which the tester is located during testing. In examples, the test device may include a digital map and a planned route for the test. The digital map may describe the sensing space and the corresponding sensing areas. The planned route may include essential points where transitions occur between sensing areas. In examples, the planned route may be evenly distributed across the entire sensing space. The length or distance of the planned route traversed by the tester with each sensing area may be a multiple of the square root of that sensing area. For instance, the multiple of the square root of the sensing area may be five. Assuming equal areas for three rooms (i.e., room A, room B, and room C) as depicted in FIG. 26, the route lengths in these rooms may also be equal. The tester may be required to maintain a consistent speed, ensuring uniform test times in all three rooms.

[0340] In examples, the tester may follow the planned route and confirm its completion. In an implementation, parameter detection agent 520-1 or parameter detection agent 540-1 may acquire information about the various sensing areas and transit points within the sensing space. Parameter detection agent 520-1 or parameter detection agent 540-1 may correlate the tester's motions or movements through different sensing areas in the sensing space with the sensing measurements and the TD-CRI pulses that are impacted.

[0341] The tester may use the test device to input essential information, such as different sensing areas and transit points. For instance, in FIG. 26, when the tester’s motion occurs in a sensing area (for example, room A) during the test time, the tester may need to label this motion as “motion-room A” and input it into the test device. Subsequently, the information may be communicated to system 500 (for example, to parameter detection agent 520-1 or parameter detection agent 540-1) through Wi-Fi communications or other means. In examples, the test device may communicate the information to system 500, which may in turn communicate the motion identification to sensing measurement agent 518-1 or sensing measurement agent 538- 1.

[0342] During the aforementioned test, system 500 may operate to generate a series of sensing transmissions for the purpose of making sensing measurements. In an implementation, the sensing measurements may be generated at the STA. Further, the STA may be configured to generate a second plurality of sensing measurements and a second sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space. The second sensing measurement report may correspond to the second plurality of sensing measurements. In examples, the second plurality of sensing measurements may include a plurality of active time domain pulses (TD-CRI pulses), each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index.

[0343] According to an implementation, parameter detection agent 520-1 or parameter detection agent 540-1 may receive an indication of motion in an area (i.e., a sensing area) of the sensing space. In an example, the area may be a first area among the plurality of areas of the sensing space. Upon receiving the indication of motion in the area of the sensing space, sensing measurement agent 518-1 or sensing measurement agent 538-1 may obtain the second sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space from the STA. In examples, the second sensing measurement report may correspond to a second plurality of sensing measurements. The second plurality of sensing measurements may include a plurality of active time domain pulses (TD-CRI pulses), each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index. In an implementation, sensing measurement agent 518-1 or sensing measurement agent 538-1 may store the second sensing measurement report including the second plurality of sensing measurements in sensing measurement reports storage 528-1 for future use.

[0344] In an implementation, parameter detection agent 520-1 or parameter detection agent 540-1 may detect differences between corresponding sensing measurements of the first sensing measurement report and the second sensing measurement report based on detecting parameter differences between ones of the plurality of baseline time domain pulses and ones of the plurality of active time domain pulses corresponding to a same TD-CRI pulse index. Inexamples, the parameter differences may be characterized by parameter differences that exceed a threshold (interchangeably referred to as amplitude change threshold).

[0345] According to an implementation, sensing area agent 522-1 (where the AP assumes the role of sensing receiver 502-1) or sensing area agent 542-1 (where the AP assumes the role of sensing transmitter 504-1) may be configured to identify correspondences between the corresponding sensing measurements and the area of the sensing space according to the parameter differences. In some implementations, sensing area agent 522-1 or sensing area agent 542-1 may be configured to identify false correspondences from among the correspondences.

[0346] In some implementations, sensing measurement agent 518-1 or sensing measurement agent 538-1 may receive additional indications of motion in additional areas of the plurality of areas of the sensing space. Upon receiving the additional indications of motion in additional areas of the plurality of areas of the sensing space, sensing measurement agent 518-1 or sensing measurement agent 538-1 may obtain additional sensing measurement reports from the STA in a similar manner as described above. In examples, the additional sensing measurement reports may correspond to additional sensing measurements including additional pluralities of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index.

[0347] In an implementation, sensing area agent 522-1 or sensing area agent 542-1 may identify correspondences between the first plurality of sensing measurements, the second plurality of sensing measurements, and the additional sensing measurements. According to an implementation for identifying correspondences between the first plurality of sensing measurements, the second plurality of sensing measurements, and the additional sensing measurements, sensing area agent 522-1 or sensing area agent 542-1 may generate a correspondence relationship based on comparing the plurality of baseline time domain pulses to the plurality of active time domain pulses and to the additional pluralities of active time domain pulses. In example, the correspondence relationship may include, for each TD-CRI pulse index in the correspondence relationship, a count for each of the plurality of areas of the sensing space. The manner in which correspondence relationship between TD-CRI pulses and the sensing areas may be generated or created is described in detail below.

[0348] In examples, motion in a sensing area (for example, room A of FIG. 26) may impact certain TD-CRI pulses. Each of these TD-CRI pulses correspond to a TD-CRI pulse index and may cause the parameters such as the amplitude and the time delay in an active measurement to change in comparison to the baseline parameters of the TD-CRI pulses with the same TD-CRI pulse indices, which occur when there is no motion in the sensing area. In an example, an active measurement may refer to a measurement made when motion may take place.

[0349] In examples, motion in room A (referred to as “motion-room A”) may impact some TD-CRI pulses, resulting in a decrease in the amplitudes of these TD-CRI pulses from the baseline amplitudes. The extent of this impact on the amplitude may be described by an amplitude change threshold. In an example, the amplitude change threshold may be defined as a percentage (for example, 5% or 10%) determined by the change in amplitude magnitude of corresponding TD-CRI pulses (TD-CRI pulses having the same TD-CRI pulse index) by the motion divided by the amplitude magnitude without the motion. Additionally, the amplitude change threshold may be tuned based on the sensing goal and the sensing measurements reports.

[0350] If an impact on a TD-CRI pulse caused by a motion in a sensing area (for example, room A of FIG. 26) exceeds the amplitude change threshold a number of times, then sensing area agent 522-1 or sensing area agent 542-1 may be configured to count the occurrences of amplitude changes exceeding the amplitude change threshold. Consequently, the TD-CRI pulse may be associated with the count due to the motion in room A as “motion-room A-count” or “room A-count”. A set of correspondences between TD-CRI pulses of the same TD-CRI pulse indices may be referred to as a correspondence relationship, which may for example be represented by a table. In an implementation, the table may be stored in sensing measurement reports storage 528-1 or sensing measurement reports storage 548-1.

[0351] In examples, when the tester's motion transits from one sensing area (for example, room A of FIG. 26) to another sensing area (for example, room B of FIG. 26), the tester may input the information of the transit point into the test device. This information is then communicated by the test device to system 500, which in turn communicates this information to sensing area agent 522-1 or sensing area agent 542-1.

[0352] In a similar manner, when the tester’ s motion occurs in a different sensing area (for example, room B), the tester may input the identification of this motion as “motion-room B” into the test device. The test device may then communicate the information to system 500, which may further communicate the information to sensing area agent 522-1 or sensing area agent 542-1. Simultaneously, the TD-CRI pulses in system 500 may be monitored and analyzed during the testing. The motion in room B (referred to as “motion-room B”) may impact one or more TD-CRI pulses. This may cause the amplitudes of impacted TD-CRI pulses to decrease. If an impact of a TD-CRI pulse caused by a motion in room B exceeds the amplitude change threshold multiple times then sensing area agent 522-1 or sensing area agent 542-1 may countthe occurrences of amplitude changes exceeding the amplitude change threshold. Consequently, the TD-CRI pulse may be associated with the count due to the motion in room B as “motion-room B-count” or “room B-count”. In this manner, the relationship between TD- CRI pulses and the sensing areas may be created or generated for a sensing system configuration, such as a specific bandwidth of a band. This may be achieved by monitoring the changes in amplitude of TD-CRI pulses resulting from motion in different sensing areas. The output of the learning phase for a given configuration (for example, a specific bandwidth of a band) may be a list of TD-CRI pulses associated with the number of times their amplitude changes exceed the amplitude change threshold in each sensing area. In an implementation, a proportion of the number of times amplitude changes exceed the amplitude change threshold for each TD-CRI pulse in each sensing area to the total number of TD-CRI pulses may be calculated. For instance, the output of the learning phase for FIG. 26 may be a list of TD-CRI pulses along with the corresponding count and proportion of times their amplitude changes exceed the amplitude change threshold for each sensing area (such as, for each room), as described in Table 3 below.TABLE 3: An example of the relation between TD-CRI pulses and the sensing areas

[0353] In Table 3, “Count in Each Sensing Area” is the number of times an amplitude change exceeds the amplitude change threshold for each TD-CRI pulse in each sensing area. “Total Count of Each TD-CRI Pulse” is the total number of times an amplitude change exceeds the amplitude change threshold for each TD-CRI pulse in all the sensing areas. “Count%” in each sensing area (for example, “Count% in Room A”) is the percentage of “Count” in each sensing area in “Total Count of Each TD-CRI Pulse”.

[0354] According to an implementation, if system 500 supports multiple bands (for example, 2 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz, etc.) and multiple channel bandwidths (for example, 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, 160 MHz, 320 MHz, etc.), then all the bands and bandwidths may be tested as described during the learning phase, or a subset of the bands and the bandwidths may be selected for testing. In examples, the results from the learning phase may be reviewed and updated based on an assessment of the detection results from a subsequent detection phase (described in a following section of this disclosure). For instance, after the detection phase, if TD-CRI pulse k (which represents the sensing area k) is found to be incorrectly associated with a sensing area and should correspond to a second sensing area then this information may be input to sensing receiver 502-1 or sensing transmitter 504-1 to enhance the accuracy of the correlation between TD-CRI pulses and the sensing areas.

[0355] According to an implementation, the learning phase may be executed periodically to capture possible changes (for example, a movement of the STA) in the sensing space. In examples, a change in the sensing space may be a trigger for the learning phase to be executed.In some examples, a system administrator may indicate the change in the sensing space and may initiate the learning phase through a user interface on sensing receiver 502-1 or sensing transmitter 504-1. In another example, a trigger for re-running a learning phase may be that a minimum number of TD-CRI pulses are exhibiting behaviors which differ from the baseline time domain pulses or from previous active time domain pulses. The re-running of the learning phase may be referred to as a calibration phase.

[0356] In an implementation, if two TD-CRI pulses from two different paths arrive at a sensing receiver with the same time delay, then the sensing receiver may not be able to distinguish these two TD-CRI pulses from two different paths through two different sensing areas. In this situation, false relationships between the TD-CRI pulses and the sensing areas may occur. To mitigate these false relationships between the TD-CRI pulses and sensing areas, the information of “Count%” in each sensing area may be used. Two cases of mitigating false relationships between TD-CRI pulses and the sensing areas through “Count%” information in each sensing area are as follows.

[0357] Case 1 : TD-CRI Pulse from a Symmetrical Path

[0358] A TD-CRI pulse from a symmetric path may be a TD-CRI pulse that has the same arrival time delay at the sensing receiver as another TD-CRI pulse. FIG. 32 depicts example representation 3200 of a symmetric path, according to some embodiments.

[0359] In the example of FIG. 32, house 3202 is illustrated as the sensing space. As shown in FIG. 32, house 3202 consists of six rooms, namely room 3204, room 3206, room 3208, room 3210, room 3212, and room 3214. Furthermore, AP 3216 may be located in room 3204 and STA 3218 may be located in room 3208. In an example, house 2602 (of FIG. 26) may be an example of house 3202 and room 2604 may be an example of room 3204, room 2606 may be an example of room 3206, and room 2608 may be an example of room 3208. Further, AP 2610 may be an example of AP 3216, and STA 2612 may be an example of STA 3218. For ease of explanation and understanding, room 3204 may interchangeably be referred to as room A, room 3206 may interchangeably be referred to as room B, room 3208 may interchangeably be referred to as room C, room 3210 may interchangeably be referred to as room D, room 3212 may interchangeably be referred to as room E, and room 3214 may interchangeably be referred to as room F in the following description.

[0360] For a sensing transmission from AP 3216 in room 3204 to STA 3218 in room 3208, or from STA 3218 in room 3208 to AP 3216 in room 3204, there may be multiple paths. As shown in FIG. 32, these paths include path 1', path 0, path 1, . . . ., path m, path zw+1, ...., «. Path 1' may be symmetric to path 1. In examples, two TD-CRI pulses which follow symmetricalpaths may not be distinguished from each other as the two TD-CRI pulses may have the same arrival time delay at the sensing receiver. For example, in FIG. 32, the TD-CRI pulse of path 1' may be indistinguishable from the TD-CRI pulse of path 1 as both have the same arrival time delay. This situation can lead to false relationships between TD-CRI pulses and sensing areas. For example, in FIG. 32, the TD-CRI pulse of path 1' should identify room E. However, sensing area agent 522-1 or sensing area agent 542-1 may not distinguish the TD-CRI pulse of path 1' from the TD-CRI pulse of path 1 with the same time delay. As a result, the TD-CRI pulse of path 1' may be determined to identify room B incorrectly. In the present disclosure, the TD- CRI pulse of path k (for example, k= or &=!') corresponds to the TD-CRI pulse index k.

[0361] To mitigate the false relationships between the TD-CRI pulses and sensing areas, the information of “Count%” in each sensing area may be used by sensing area agent 522-1 or sensing area agent 542-1, or by sensing algorithm 524-1 or sensing algorithm 544-1. In this case, the TD-CRI pulse of path 1' and the TD-CRI pulse of path 1 have different “Count%” in each sensing area. As a result, they may be distinguished by different “Count%” in each sensing area. If the information of “Count%” in each sensing area is used to identify TD-CRI pulses, two TD-CRI pulses from symmetrical paths may be distinguished from each other. For example, in FIG. 32, the two symmetrical TD-CRI pulses may be distinguished by different “Count%” in each sensing area as described in Table 4 below.TABLE 4: An example of distinguishing two symmetric TD-CRI pulses by “Count%” in each sensing area

[0362] As shown in Table 4, for TD-CRI pulse index 1, “Count% in Room B” is 49.5% and “Count% in Room E” is 0%. Further, for TD-CRI pulse index T, “Count% in Room B” is 0% and “Count% in Room E” is 50.6%.

[0363] In examples, using the information of “Count%” in each sensing area, the false relationships between the TD-CRI pulses and sensing areas may be mitigated. For example, the TD-CRI pulse of path 1 may be determined to identify room B correctly as it has a high “Count% in Room B” while the TD-CRI pulse of path 1' may be determined to identify room E correctly because it has a high “Count% in Room E”.

[0364] Case 2: TD-CRI Pulse from Short Path with Multiple Reflections

[0365] A TD-CRI pulse from a path with multiple reflections may have the same arrival time delay at the sensing receiver as another TD-CRI pulse from another path with less reflections.

[0366] FIG. 33 depicts example representation 3300 of a path with multiple reflections, according to some embodiments.

[0367] In the example of FIG. 33, house 3302 is illustrated as the sensing space. As shown in FIG. 33, there are three rooms in house 3302, namely room 3304, room 3306, and room 3308. Furthermore, AP 3310 may be located in room 3304 and STA 3312 may be located in room 3308. In an example, house 3302 may be an example of house 2602 of FIG. 26, room 3304 may be an example of room 2604 of FIG. 26, room 3306 may be an example of room 2606 of FIG. 26, and room 3308 may be an example of room 2608 of FIG. 26. Furthermore, AP 3310 may be an example of AP 2610 of FIG. 26, and STA 3312 may be an example of STA 2612 of FIG. 26. For a sensing transmission from AP 3310 in room 3304 to STA 3312 in room 3308, or from STA 3312 in room 3308 to AP 3310 in room 3304, there may be multiple paths. As shown in FIG. 33, these paths include path 0, path 2', ... ., path m, path zw+1, ...., «.

[0368] For ease of explanation and understanding, room 3304 may interchangeably be referred to as room A, room 3306 may interchangeably be referred to as room B, and room 3308 may interchangeably be referred to as room C in the following description.

[0369] Referring to FIG. 33, the TD-CRI pulse from path 2' with multiple reflections may have the same arrival time delay at the sensing receiver as the TD-CRI pulse from path n with fewer reflections. A TD-CRI pulse with multiple reflections may not be distinguishable from a TD-CRI pulse with only one or fewer reflections. Consequently, it could incorrectly identify a sensing area. For example, if the TD-CRI pulse is identified only by the arrival time delay at the sensing receiver, a TD-CRI pulse from a short path with multiple reflections may be determined to identify a sensing area incorrectly as it has the same arrival time delay at the sensing receiver as another TD-CRI pulse from a long path with less reflections. For example, referring to FIG. 33 the TD-CRI pulse of path 2' may not be distinguished from the TD-CRI pulse of path n as the two TD-CRI pulses may have the same arrival time delay. In this case, a false relationship between the TD-CRI pulses and sensing areas may occur. For example, in FIG. 33, the TD-CRI pulse of path 2' may identify room B. However, sensing area agent 522- I or sensing area agent 542-1 may not be able to distinguish the TD-CRI pulse of path 2' from the TD-CRI pulse of path n with the same time delay, and the TD-CRI pulse of path 2' may be determined to identify room A incorrectly. To alleviate these false relationships between the TD-CRI pulses and sensing areas, the information of “Count%” in each sensing area may be used by sensing area agent 522-1 or sensing area agent 542-1, or by sensing algorithm 524-1 or sensing algorithm 544-1. In this case, the TD-CRI pulse of path 2' and the TD-CRI pulse of path n have different “Count%” in each sensing area. Consequently, both the TD-CRI pulses could be distinguished by different “Count%” in each sensing area. By utilizing the “Count%” information in each sensing area to identify TD-CRI pulses, it may be possible to differentiatea TD-CRI pulse from a path with multiple reflections from another TD-CRI pulse from a different path with fewer reflections but with the same arrival time delay. For instance, in FIG. 33, these two TD-CRI pulses may be distinguished by different “Count%” in each sensing area, as illustrated below in Table 5.TABLE 5: An example of distinguishing two TD-CRI pulses by “Count%” in each sensing area

[0370] In Table 5, for TD-CRI pulse index n, “Count% in Room B” is 0.0% and for TD- CRI pulse index 2', “Count% in Room B” is 59.3%.

[0371] In an implementation, by utilizing the parameters such as amplitude and time delay, false relationships between the TD-CRI pulses and the sensing areas may be mitigated. For instance, the TD-CRI pulse of path n may be used to identify room A accurately, while the TD- CRI pulse of path 2' may be used to identify room B correctly. Further, by utilizing the “Count%” information within each sensing area, the false relationships between the TD-CRI pulses and the sensing areas may be mitigated. For example, if the TD-CRI pulse of path n has a low “Count% in Room B”, the TD-CRI pulse of path n may not identify room B, whereas the TD-CRI pulse of path 2' may identify room B as it has a high “Count% in Room E” Accordingly, the relationship between TD-CRI pulses and the sensing areas, as well as the mitigation of false relationships between TD-CRI pulses and the sensing areas, has been determined based on the information provided above. The outputs of the learning phase at sensing receiver 502-1 or sensing transmitter 504-1 may be described in Table 6, using the information collected during the learning phase as depicted in FIG. 26, FIG. 32, and FIG. 33.TABLE 6: An example of the information collected at the learning phase

[0372] According to an implementation, the information collected at the learning phase may be used to select the TD-CRI pulses for the areas of interest for sensing. In an implementation, sensing area agent 522-1 or sensing area agent 542-1 may be configured to select a sensing area of the sensing space as an area of interest. In examples, sensing area agent 522-1 or sensing area agent 542-1 may select the sensing area of interest for motion detection based on the sensing goal. Since the relationship between the TD-CRI pulses and the sensing areas has been determined at the learning phase, some TD-CRI pulses may be selected for the motion detection in the sensing area of interest, while other TD-CRI pulses may be unselected for the motion detection.

[0373] In an implementation, sensing area agent 522-1 or sensing area agent 542-1 may select a subset of TD-CRI pulses for the sensing area of interest based on the “Count%” within each sensing area of the sensing space. A “Count%” threshold for a sensing area may be defined as minimum “Count%” required for a TD-CRI pulse to be selected for motion detection in that sensing area during the detection phase (described later). The “Count%” threshold for a sensing area may be tuned based on the test requirements of the learning phase and the test results of a subsequent detection phase. For instance, in FIG. 26, the “Count%” threshold for room A may be 30%. The TD-CRI pulses with “Count%” higher than the “Count%” threshold in the sensing area of interest may be selected as the subset of TD-CRI pulses for the sensing area of interest for motion detection in the sensing area during the detection phase. For instance, in FIG. 26, if room 2604 (room A) is the sensing area of interest, then the TD-CRI pulses with the “Count%” higher than 30% in room A (such as TD-CRI pulses m, m+1, ... , n) may be selected as the subset of the TD-CRI pulses for room A as shown in Table 7 below.TABLE 7: An example of the selection of TD-CRI pulses for a sensing area of interest

[0374] In examples, the selection of the subset of the TD-CRI pulses (denoted as “SelectionTD-CRi” for the sensing area of interest may be based on the configuration of the sensing measurement setup (denoted as “configuration”), and the information collected at the learning phase . Accordingly, the selection of the subset of the TD-CRI pulses may be a function of the information collected at the learning phase (for example, amplitude, time delay, and TD- CRI pulse relationship with sensing areas). In an example, the selection of the subset of the TD-CRI pulses may be expressed using Equation (11) provided below.SelectionTD-CRi = f (configuration, amplitude, time delay, and “Count% ” in each sensing area) .... (11)

[0375] In examples, the selection of the subset of the TD-CRI pulses may be represented on a bitmap. For instance, for a sensing area of interest specified by the sensing goal, if a TD- CRI pulse in the sensing area of interest has a “Count%” higher than the “Count%” threshold, the TD-CRI pulse may be selected for motion detection in the detection phase, and the bit value for this TD-CRI pulse may be set to 1 to indicate that the TD-CRI pulse is selected. If a TD- CRI pulse in the sensing area of interest has a “Count%” lower than the “Count%” threshold, the TD-CRI pulse may be unselected for motion detection in the detection phase, and the bitvalue for this TD-CRI pulse may be set to 0 to indicate that the TD-CRI pulse is unselected. For a sensing area of interest specified by the sensing goal, the output of this selection may be a bitmap that indicates the TD-CRI pulses selected for the sensing area of interest. For example, the output of this selection for FIG. 26 may be a bitmap table with a column representing the bit value for each sensing area, indicating the selected TD-CRI pulses for each sensing area of interest (for example, room A), as shown in Table 8 below.TABLE 8: An example of using a bitmap for the selection of TD-CRI pulses for a sensing area of interest

[0376] In examples, if there are more than one sensing area of interest, the above Table 8 may be extended to include the “Bit Value” for each of the other sensing areas of interest and the selection of the subset of the TD-CRI pulses for the more than one sensing area of interest may be represented on a corresponding more than one bitmap. For example, if both room A and room C are the sensing areas of interest, the Table 8 may be extended by adding a new column as the “Bit Value of Room C”

[0377] As well as by a bitmap, the selection of the subset of the TD-CRI pulses may be realized by using a time-domain fdter, as described below. The time-domain fdter may correspond to a window of TD-CRI pulses, where the window is defined by a window length and a window offset. The window length indicates the number of TD-CRI pulses selected within the window, while the window offset indicates the offset of the first selected TD-CRIpulse (within the time-domain window) from the reference TD-CRI pulse. The first selected TD-CRI pulse may correspond to the TD-CRI pulse number (for example, TD-CRI pulse k) in FIG. 26. The reference TD-CRI pulse may correspond to the path 0 or the shortest path (for example, the line-of-sight) with the arrival time delay T0at the sensing receiver. The window offset may be referred to as ATfe, where k is the TD-CRI pulse number in FIG. 26. In examples, multiple windows may be defined in a time-domain filter, with each window being described as above. A window may have a window length of one TD-CRI pulse, allowing the selection of an individual TD-CRI pulse if required.

[0378] According to an implementation, after the selection of the subset of TD-CRI pulses is completed at sensing area agent 522-1 or sensing area agent 542-1 for motion detection in the sensing areas of interest, the sensing goal from the application layer may use one of the selected subset of TD-CRI pulses as part of the sensing goal to inform the STA to set up the sensing measurements for motion detection via the application layer.

[0379] B) Detection Phase

[0380] During the detection phase, sensing measurements may be made with a selected subset of the TD-CRI pulses for the purpose of motion detection in the sensing areas of interest. In an implementation, system 500 may evaluate whether the motions in the sensing areas of interest have been detected successfully by the selected subsets of the TD-CRI pulses.

[0381] According to an implementation, system 500 may be configured to generate a series of sensing transmissions based on the sensing goal. Sensing measurements based on the sensing transmissions may be determined and TD-CRI pulses with parameters such as the amplitude and time delay may be generated at the sensing receiver 502-1. In an implementation, sensing receiver 502-1 may already have the information of the selection of the subset of TD-CRI pulses for the motion detection in the sensing areas of interest. Accordingly, sensing receiver 502-1 may compute the selected TD-CRI pulses to be included in the sensing measurement reports. Alternatively, the STA may generate sensing measurements for all TD-CRI pulses, and only the selected subset of TD-CRI pulses may be included in the sensing measurement reports.

[0382] In examples, each selected TD-CRI pulse may have parameters such as the amplitude and time delay from the sensing measurement reports at the STA. For example, the selected TD-CRI pulses for the motion detection may have the parameters such as the amplitude and time delay described in Table 9 with a column which identifies the bit value of each sensing area of interest (for example, room A in FIG. 26) as below.TABLE 9: An example of parameters for each selected TD-CRI pulse

[0383] In examples, if there are more than one sensing areas of interest, the above Table 9 may be extended to include the “Bit Value” and parameters such as the amplitude and time delay for each of other sensing areas of interest. For example, if both room A and room C are the sensing areas of interest, the Table 9 may be extended by adding a new column as the “Bit Value of Room C” and by populating values for Amplitude and Time Delay where the bit value of room C is set to 1.

[0384] In an implementation, the sensing measurement reports may be transferred from sensing receiver 502-1 to sensing algorithm 524-1, sensing algorithm 544-1, or sensing algorithm 570 for motion detection in the sensing areas of interest. The size of sensing measurement reports corresponding to the selected TD-CRI pulses may be smaller than the size of sensing measurement reports corresponding to all TD-CRI pulses. The smaller size of sensing measurement reports for the selected TD-CRI pulses may be beneficial for the sensing measurement report transfer over the air from sensing receiver 502-1 to sensing algorithm 544- I or sensing algorithm 570. In examples, transfer of smaller size of sensing measurement reports may require less time to transmit, leading to quicker data transfer and reduced latency. Also, transmitting smaller size of sensing measurement reports consumes less channel resource.

[0385] According to an implementation, sensing measurement agent 518-1 or sensing measurement agent 538-1 may be configured to obtain a third sensing measurement reportassociated with the sensing area of interest. In examples, the third sensing measurement report may be configured according to the correspondences. In some implementations, sensing measurement agent 518-1 or sensing measurement agent 538-1 may be configured to obtain the third sensing measurement report including a third plurality of sensing measurements. The third plurality of sensing measurements may be selected according to a threshold of counts for a selected area of the sensing space. Further, sensing measurement agent 518-1 or sensing measurement agent 538-1 may be configured to obtain a sensitivity measurement of the third sensing measurement report. In examples, the sensitivity measurement may include a comparison between detected movements and known movements.

[0386] In an implementation, once the sensing measurement reports of the selected TD- CRI pulses for motion detection are received by the sensing initiator (e.g., sensing receiver 502-1 or sensing transmitter 504-1), sensing area agent 522-1 or sensing area agent 542-1 may be configured to generate the number of motions detected (denoted as “Ndetected”) based on the selected TD-CRI pulses. According to an implementation, sensing area agent 522-1 or sensing area agent 542-1 may generate the number of motions detected based on the sensing goal and the sensing measurement reports of the selected TD-CRI pulses. At the same time, the number of motions that occurred in the sensing areas of interest (denoted as “Nhappened”) may be monitored and counted by the tester at the start of the detection phase. The tester may input this information into system 500 to check the sensing sensitivity. This monitoring may be carried out only at the beginning of the detection phase to check the sensing sensitivity. This monitoring may not be carried out during the detection phase if the sensing sensitivity is determined to be acceptable as described below.

[0387] In examples, the sensing sensitivity may be checked if it is acceptable by acceptance criteria of the sensing sensitivity determined by the sensing goal. This check may determine that the selection of the subset of TD-CRI pulses (represented by the bitmap or timedomain filter) is working as expected or may allow refinement of the selection of the subset of TD-CRI pulses. If the sensing sensitivity is equal to or exceeds the acceptance criteria of the sensing sensitivity, then the selection of TD-CRI pulses may be determined to be acceptable for the detection of motion in the sensing areas of interest. Conversely, if the sensing sensitivity does not exceed the acceptance criteria of the sensing sensitivity, then the selection of TD-CRI pulses may be determined to be not acceptable for the motion detection in the sensing areas of interest.

[0388] The sensing sensitivity of the area of interest for sensing may be calculated using Equation (12) provided below.

[0389] An objective of sensing area agent 522-1 or sensing area agent 542-1 may be to select the subset of TD-CRI pulses for one or more sensing areas with minimum number of TD-CRI pulses to meet the acceptance criteria of the sensing sensitivity determined by the sensing goal. For example, the acceptance criteria of the sensing sensitivity determined by the sensing goal may be 90%, based on the selected subset of TD-CRI pulses in Table 9 for FIG. 26. Then if the sensing sensitivity calculated by Equation (12) for motion detection by a selection of TD-CRI pulses is equal to or exceeds the acceptance criteria of the sensing sensitivity (i.e., greater than or equal to 90%), then the selection of TD-CRI pulses is acceptable for the motion detection in the sensing areas of interest. Conversely, if the sensing sensitivity calculated by Equation (12) for motion detection by a selection of TD-CRI pulses does not exceed the acceptance criteria of the sensing sensitivity (i.e., less than 90%), then the selection of TD-CRI pulses is not acceptable for the motion detection in the sensing areas of interest. In examples, if the calculated sensing sensitivity is a value less than the acceptance criteria of the sensing sensitivity, then the selection of TD-CRI pulses may be tuned by sensing area agent 522-1 or sensing area agent 542-1. In an example, the selection of TD-CRI pulses may be tuned by adding one or more TD-CRI pulses from the unselected (or excluded) TD-CRI pulses which have the next highest “Count%” in the sensing areas of interest to the originally selected subset of TD-CRI pulses by sensing area agent 522-1 or sensing area agent 542-1.

[0390] According to an implementation, an AP may operate as the sensing initiator and an STA may operate as the sensing responder. In examples, the AP may be sensing receiver 502- 1 and the STA may be sensing transmitter 504-1. Further, in examples, the sensing measurement reports generated at the STA may include the parameters such as amplitude and time delay of each TD-CRI pulse. According to some implementations, the STA may operate as the sensing initiator and the AP may operate as the sensing responder. In examples, the STA may be sensing receiver 502-1 and the AP may be sensing transmitter 504-1.

[0391] In cases where the AP acts as the sensing initiator, the AP may obtain the first sensing measurement report based on sending a sensing trigger frame to the STA to trigger one or more sensing Null Data PPDU (NDP) transmissions. The AP may receive the one or more sensing transmissions from the STA. Upon receiving the one or more sensing transmissions from the STA, the AP may generate the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions. In some implementations, the AP may obtain the first sensing measurement report based on sending a sensing NDP Announcement (NDPA) frameto the STA. Subsequently, the AP may send a sensing transmission to the STA and receive the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

[0392] In cases where the STA acts as the sensing initiator, the STA may send a sensing NDPA frame to the AP. The STA may then receive one or more sensing transmissions from the AP. Subsequently, the STA may generate the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

[0393] According to an implementation, in a trigger-based (TB) sensing measurement instance with trigger frame (TF) sounding (sensing sounding trigger frame or sensing trigger frame), the AP may be the sensing initiator and sensing receiver 502-1, while the STA acts as the sensing responder and sensing transmitter 504-1.

[0394] During the learning phase, the AP may select the each sensing measurement setup configuration (such as the band and the bandwidth) of the plurality of sensing measurement setup configurations that may be used for the sensing measurement instances individually. Each sensing measurement setup configuration may be evaluated for performance based on the sensing goal. Using a selected sensing measurement setup configuration, the AP may configure a sensing measurement session according to the sensing measurement setup configuration and send a sensing trigger frame to the STA to trigger a sensing transmission according to the configuration of the sensing measurement setup. The AP may then calculate the a CSI from the sensing transmission. The CSI may be transferred to the Station Management Entity (SME) of the AP via an MLME primitive (for example, MLME-SENSTBREPORT.indication or MLME-SENSREPORT.indication). The AP (e.g., sensing algorithm 524-1 or sensing agent 516-1) may transform the CSI received from the MLME primitive to generate all the TD-CRI pulses. Using the information of all TD-CRI pulses collected during the learning phase, including the amplitude changes of each TD-CRI pulse, the AP (e.g., Sensing algorithm 524-1 or sensing agent 516-1) may select a subset of TD-CRI pulses for the specific configuration to be used during the detection phase. By testing all the configurations individually, the AP may determine the subsets of TD-CRI pulses for each configuration according to the sensing goal.

[0395] In the detection phase, the AP may select a configuration (such as the band and the bandwidth) for the sensing measurement setup that may be used for the sensing measurement instance based on the sensing goal. Using the selected configuration and the subset of TD-CRI pulses, the AP configure a sensing measurement session according to the selected configuration and may send a sensing trigger frame to the STA to trigger a sensing transmission according to the configuration of the sensing measurement setup. The AP may calculate the CSI of the sensing transmission. The resulting CSI may be passed via an MLME primitive (for example,MLME-SENSTBREPORT.indication or MLME-SENSREPORT.indication) to the SME of the AP to transform the CSI and generate only the subset of TD-CRI pulses which correspond to the selected configuration and sensing goal. The AP may use the specific selected subset of TD-CRI pulses to determine the number of motions detected (denoted as “Ndetected”) and to determine whether the sensing sensitivity meets acceptance criteria (for example via equation (12)).

[0396] According to an implementation, in a non-TB sensing measurement instance with NDPA sounding, the STA may be the sensing initiator and sensing receiver 502-1, and the AP may be the sensing responder and sensing transmitter 504-1. During the learning phase, the CSI may be passed via MLME primitives (e.g., MLME-SENSNTBREPORT.indication or MLME-SENSREPORT.indication) to the SME of the STA to allow the STA to transform the CSI to generate all the TD-CRI pulses. During the detection phase, the CSI may be passed via MLME primitives (e.g., MLME-SENSNTBREPORT.indication or MLME- SENSREPORT.indication) to the SME of the STA to allow the STA to transform the CSI to generate only the selected subset of TD-CRI pulses (not all the TD-CRI pulses). The STA may use the selected subset of TD-CRI pulses to determine the number of motions detected (denoted as “Ndetected”) and to determine whether the sensing sensitivity meets acceptance criteria (for example via equation (12)).

[0397] According to an implementation, in a TB sensing measurement instance with NDPA sounding, the AP may be the sensing initiator and the sensing transmitter 504-1, while the STA may be the sensing responder and the sensing receiver 502-1.

[0398] During the learning phase, the AP may determine the configuration that will be used, and establish the sensing measurement setup for the configuration with the STA. The AP may configure a sensing measurement session according to the configuration that will be used and may send a sensing NDPA frame to the STA to indicate that a sensing transmission will follow. The STA may calculate the CSI of the sensing transmission and transform the CSI to generate the TD-CRI pulses. The AP may transmit a sensing report trigger frame to the STA to trigger a sensing measurement report frame to report the TD-CRI pulses from the STA to the AP over the air. Using the information of all TD-CRI pulses collected during the learning phase, including the amplitude changes of each TD-CRI pulse, the AP may select a subset of TD-CRI pulses for a specific configuration to be used during a subsequent detection phase. By testing all the configurations individually, the AP may be able to determine subsets of TD-CRI pulses for each configurations for the detection phase according to a sensing goal. After the selections of the subset of TD-CRI pulses has been completed at the STA for the motiondetection in the sensing areas of interest, the sensing goal from the application layer may use one of the selections of the subset of TD-CRI pulses as part of the sensing goal to inform both the STA and the AP to set up the sensing measurements for motion detection via the application layer.

[0399] In the detection phase of the TB sensing measurement instance with NDPA sounding, since the STA may already have the information of the selection of the subset of TD- CRI pulses for the motion detection in the sensing areas of interest from the sensing goal from the application layer, the STA may only generate the sensing measurement results for the selected TD-CRI pulses. Further, in the detection phase of the TB sensing measurement instance with NDPA sounding, the AP may select a sensing measurement setup configuration (for example, the band and the bandwidth) that will be used for the sensing measurement instance based on the sensing goal. Based on the selected configuration and the selected subset of TD-CRI pulses, the AP may send a sensing NDPA frame to the STA to inform the STA that a sensing transmission according to the configuration of the sensing measurement setup will follow. The STA may calculate the CSI of the sensing transmission and transform the CSI to generate only the selected subset of TD-CRI pulses,. The AP may send a sensing report trigger frame to the STA to trigger the sensing measurement report frame to report the selected subset of TD-CRI pulses from the STA to the AP over the air. The AP may use the selected subset of TD-CRI pulses to determine the number of motions detected (denoted as “Ndetected”) and to determine whether the sensing sensitivity meets acceptance criteria or not (for example via equation (12)).

[0400] Similarly, in a non-TB sensing measurement instance with NDPA sounding, if the STA is the sensing initiator and sensing transmitter 504-1, while the AP is the sensing responder and sensing receiver 502-1, then in the learning phase, the AP may calculate the CSI of the sensing transmission and transform the CSI to generate the TD-CRI pulses. The AP may transfer a sensing measurement report frame to report the TD-CRI pulses to the STA over the air.

[0401] In the detection phase of the non-TB sensing measurement instance with NDPA sounding and with the STA as the sensing initiator and sensing transmitter 504-1, the AP may calculate the CSI of the sensing transmission and transform the CSI to generate only the selected subset of TD-CRI pulses. The AP may transfer a sensing measurement report frame to report the selected subset of TD-CRI pulses to the STA over the air. The STA may use the selected subset of TD-CRI pulses to determine the number of motions detected (denoted as “Ndetected”) and to determine whether the sensing sensitivity meets acceptance criteria or not.

[0402] In all of the examples described, the AP or the STA may store the TD-CRI pulse index of each TD-CRI pulse that makes up each of the subsets during the learning phase and may access the TD-CRI pulse index of each TD-CRI pulse that makes up each of the subsets during the detection phase. The AP or the STA may store and access the TD-CRI pulse indices in Sensing Measurement Parameters Storage 547-1 or Sensing Measurement Parameters Storage 527-1 depending on whether the AP or the STA is acting as a sensing transmitter or a sensing receiver.

[0403] FIG. 34 depicts flowchart 3400 for identifying correspondences between an area of sensing space and corresponding sensing measurements of a first sensing measurement report and a second sensing measurement report, according to some embodiments. In an implementation, flowchart 3400 may be carried out by an AP (for example, sensing receiver 502-1 or sensing transmitter 504-1) operating as a sensing initiator.

[0404] In a brief overview of an implementation of flowchart 3400, at step 3402, a first sensing measurement report corresponding to a sensing space may be obtained. In examples, the first sensing measurement report may correspond to a first plurality of sensing measurements. At step 3404, an indication of motion in an area of the sensing space is received. At step 3406, subsequent to the indication of motion, a second sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space may be obtained. In examples, the second sensing measurement report may correspond to a second plurality of sensing measurements. At step 3408, differences between corresponding sensing measurements of the first sensing measurement report and the second sensing measurement report may be detected. At step 3410, correspondences between the corresponding sensing measurements and the area of the sensing space may be identified according to the differences.

[0405] Step 3402 includes obtaining a first sensing measurement report corresponding to a sensing space, the first sensing measurement report corresponding to a first plurality of sensing measurements. According to an implementation, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to obtain the first sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space. In examples, the first plurality of sensing measurements may include a plurality of baseline time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index.

[0406] Step 3404 includes receiving an indication of motion in an area of the sensing space. According to an implementation, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to receive the indication of motion in the area of the sensing space. In examples, the area of the sensing space may be a first area among a plurality of areas of the sensing space.

[0407] Step 3406 includes obtaining a second sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space, the second sensing measurement report corresponding to a second plurality of sensing measurements and being obtained subsequent to the indication of motion. According to an implementation, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to obtain the second sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space. In examples, the second plurality of sensing measurements includes a plurality of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index.

[0408] Step 3408 includes detecting differences between corresponding sensing measurements of the first sensing measurement report and the second sensing measurement report. According to an implementation, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to detect differences between corresponding sensing measurements of the first sensing measurement report and the second sensing measurement report. In an implementation, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to detect differences between corresponding sensing measurements based on detecting parameter differences between ones of the plurality of baseline time domain pulses and ones of the plurality of active time domain pulses corresponding to a same TD-CRI pulse index. In examples, the parameter differences may be characterized by parameter differences that exceed a threshold.

[0409] Step 3410 includes identifying correspondences between the corresponding sensing measurements and the area of the sensing space according to the differences. According to an implementation, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to identify correspondences between the corresponding sensing measurements and the area of the sensing space according to the differences. In some implementations, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to identify false correspondences from among the correspondences.

[0410] According to some embodiments, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to select the area of the sensing space as an area of interest. In an implementation, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to obtain a third sensing measurement report associated with the area of interest. In examples, the third sensing measurement report may be configured according to the correspondences.

[0411] According to some embodiments, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to receive additional indications of motion in additional areas of the plurality of areas of the sensing space. Further, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to obtain additional sensing measurement reports, each being obtained subsequent to a corresponding additional indication of motion and corresponding to additional sensingmeasurements including additional pluralities of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index. In an implementation, AP acting as sensing receiver 502- 1 may be configured to identify the correspondences based on generating a correspondence relationship. In an implementation, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to generate the correspondence relationship based on comparing the plurality of baseline time domain pulses to the plurality of active time domain pulses and to the additional pluralities of active time domain pulses. The correspondence relationship may include, for each TD-CRI pulse index in the correspondence relationship, a count for each of the plurality of areas of the sensing space. In some implementations, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to obtain a third sensing measurement report including a third plurality of sensing measurements. In examples, the third plurality of sensing measurements may be selected according to a threshold of counts for a selected area of the sensing space. In some implementations, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to obtain a sensitivity measurement of the third sensing measurement report. In examples, the sensitivity measurement may include a comparison between detected movements and known movements.

[0412] FIG. 35A and FIG. 35B depict flowchart 3500 for obtaining a third sensing measurement report associated with an area of interest, according to some embodiments. In an implementation, flowchart 3500 may be carried out by an AP (for example, sensing receiver 502-1 or sensing transmitter 504-1) operating as a sensing initiator.

[0413] In a brief overview of an implementation of flowchart 3500, at step 3502, a first sensing measurement report corresponding to a sensing space may be obtained. In examples, the first sensing measurement report corresponds to a first plurality of sensing measurements, where the first plurality of sensing measurements includes a plurality of baseline time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index. At step 3504, an indication of motion in an area of the sensing space may be received. At step 3506, a second sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space may be obtained. In examples, the second sensing measurement report corresponds to a second plurality of sensing measurements, and may be obtained subsequent to the indication of motion. In examples, the second plurality of sensing measurements may include a plurality of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index. At step 3508, differences between corresponding sensing measurements of the first sensing measurement report and the second sensing measurement report may be detected by including detection of parameter differences between ones of the plurality of baseline time domain pulses and ones of the plurality of active time domain pulses corresponding to a same TD-CRI pulse index. At step 3510, correspondences between thecorresponding sensing measurements and the area of sensing space may be identified according to the differences. At step 3512, the area of the sensing space may be selected as an area of interest. At step 3514, a third sensing measurement report associated with the area of interest may be obtained. In examples, the third sensing measurement report may be configured according to the correspondences.

[0414] Step 3502 includes obtaining a first sensing measurement report corresponding to a sensing space, the first sensing measurement report corresponding to a first plurality of sensing measurements. In examples, the first plurality of sensing measurements may include a plurality of baseline time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index. According to some embodiments, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to obtain the first sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space.

[0415] Step 3504 includes receiving an indication of motion in an area of the sensing space. According to some embodiments, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to receive the indication of motion in the area of the sensing space. In examples, the area of the sensing space may be a first area among a plurality of areas of the sensing space.

[0416] Step 3506 includes obtaining a second sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space. The second sensing measurement report may correspond to a second plurality of sensing measurements and may be obtained subsequent to the indication of motion. In examples, the second plurality of sensing measurements may include a plurality of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index. According to some embodiments, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to obtain the second sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space.

[0417] Step 3508 includes detecting differences between corresponding sensing measurements of the first sensing measurement report and the second sensing measurement report by including detection of parameter differences between ones of the plurality of baseline time domain pulses and ones of the plurality of active time domain pulses corresponding to a same TD-CRI pulse index. In examples, the parameter differences may be characterized by parameter differences that exceed a threshold. According to some embodiments, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to detect differences between corresponding sensing measurements of the first sensing measurement report and the second sensing measurement report by including detection of parameter differences between ones of the plurality of baseline time domain pulses and ones of the plurality of active time domain pulses corresponding to the same TD-CRI pulse index.

[0418] Step 3510 includes identifying correspondences between the corresponding sensing measurements and the area of sensing space according to the differences. According to some embodiments, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to identify correspondences between the corresponding sensing measurements and the area of sensing space according to the differences.

[0419] Step 3512 includes selecting the area of the sensing space as an area of interest. According to some embodiments, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to select the area of the sensing space as the area of interest.

[0420] Step 3514 includes obtaining a third sensing measurement report associated with the area of interest, where the third sensing measurement report is configured according to the correspondences. According to some embodiments, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to obtain the third sensing measurement report associated with the area of interest.

[0421] According to some embodiments, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to receive additional indications of motion in additional areas of the plurality of areas of the sensing space. Further, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to obtain additional sensing measurement reports, each being obtained subsequent to a corresponding additional indication of motion and corresponding to additional sensing measurements including additional pluralities of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index. In an implementation, AP acting as sensing receiver 502- 1 may be configured to identify the correspondences based on generating a correspondence relationship. In an implementation, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to generate the correspondence relationship based on comparing the plurality of baseline time domain pulses to the plurality of active time domain pulses and to the additional pluralities of active time domain pulses. The correspondence relationship may include, for each TD-CRI pulse index in the correspondence relationship, a count for each of the plurality of areas of the sensing space. In some implementations, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to obtain a third sensing measurement report including a third plurality of sensing measurements. In examples, the third plurality of sensing measurements may be selected according to a threshold of counts for a selected area of the sensing space. In some implementations, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to obtain a sensitivity measurement of the third sensing measurement report. In examples, the sensitivity measurement may include a comparison between detected movements and known movements.

[0422] FIG. 36A and FIG. 36B depict flowchart 3600 for obtaining a sensitivity measurement of a third sensing measurement report including a third plurality of sensing measurements, according to some embodiments. In an implementation, flowchart 3600 may be carried out by an AP (for example, sensing receiver 502-1 or sensing transmitter 504-1) operating as a sensing initiator.

[0423] In a brief overview of an implementation of flowchart 3600, at step 3602, a first sensing measurement report corresponding to a sensing space may be obtained. In examples, the first sensing measurement report may correspond to a first plurality of sensing measurements, where the first plurality of sensing measurements includes a plurality of baseline time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index. At step 3604, an indication of motion in an area of the sensing space may be received. In examples, the area may be a first area among a plurality of areas of the sensing space. At step 3606, a second sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space may be obtained. In examples, the second sensing measurement report corresponds to a second plurality of sensing measurements, and may be obtained subsequent to the indication of motion. In examples, the second plurality of sensing measurements may include a plurality of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index. At step 3608, additional indications of motion in additional areas of the plurality of areas of the sensing space may be received. At step 3610, additional sensing measurement reports may be obtained. In examples, each additional sensing measurement report may be obtained subsequent to a corresponding additional indication of motion and corresponding to additional sensing measurements including additional pluralities of active time domain pulses. Each of the additional pluralities of active time domain pulses may correspond to a TD-CRI pulse index. At step 3612, correspondences between corresponding sensing measurements of the first sensing measurement report, the second sensing measurement report, and the additional sensing measurements may be identified based on generating a correspondence relationship. In examples, the correspondence relationship may be generated based on comparing the plurality of baseline time domain pulses to the plurality of active time domain pulses and to the additional pluralities of active time domain pulses. The correspondence relationship includes for each TD-CRI pulse index in the correspondence relationship, a count for each of the plurality of areas of the sensing space. At step 3614, a third sensing measurement report including a third plurality of sensing measurements may be obtained. The third plurality of sensing measurements may be selected according to a threshold of counts for a selected area of the sensing space. At step 3616, a sensitivity measurement ofthe third sensing measurement report may be obtained. The sensitivity measurement includes a comparison between detected movements and known movements.

[0424] Step 3602 includes obtaining a first sensing measurement report corresponding to a sensing space, the first sensing measurement report corresponding to a first plurality of sensing measurements. In examples, the first plurality of sensing measurements may include a plurality of baseline time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index. According to some embodiments, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to obtain the first sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space.

[0425] Step 3604 includes receiving an indication of motion in an area of the sensing space. In examples, the area may be a first area among a plurality of areas of the sensing space. According to some embodiments, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to receive the indication of motion in the area of the sensing space.

[0426] Step 3606 includes obtaining a second sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space. The second sensing measurement report may correspond to a second plurality of sensing measurements and may be obtained subsequent to the indication of motion. In examples, the second plurality of sensing measurements may include a plurality of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index. According to some embodiments, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to obtain the second sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space.

[0427] Step 3608 includes receiving additional indications of motion in additional areas of the plurality of areas of the sensing space. According to some embodiments, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to receive additional indications of motion in additional areas of the plurality of areas of the sensing space.

[0428] Step 3610 includes obtaining additional sensing measurement reports, each being obtained subsequent to a corresponding additional indication of motion and corresponding to additional sensing measurements including additional pluralities of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index. According to some embodiments, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to obtain additional sensing measurement reports, each being obtained subsequent to a corresponding additional indication of motion and corresponding to additional sensing measurements including additional pluralities of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index.

[0429] Step 3612 includes identifying correspondences between corresponding sensing measurements of the first sensing measurement report, the second sensing measurement report, and the additional sensing measurements based on generating a correspondence relationshipby comparing the plurality of baseline time domain pulses to the plurality of active time domain pulses and to the additional pluralities of active time domain pulses, the correspondence relationship including for each TD-CRI pulse index in the correspondence relationship, a count for each of the plurality of areas of the sensing space. According to some embodiments, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to identify correspondences between corresponding sensing measurements of the first sensing measurement report, the second sensing measurement report, and the additional sensing measurements based on generating the correspondence relationship.

[0430] Step 3614 includes obtaining a third sensing measurement report including a third plurality of sensing measurements, where the third plurality of sensing measurements are selected according to a threshold of counts for a selected area of the sensing space. According to some embodiments, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to obtain the third sensing measurement report including the third plurality of sensing measurements.

[0431] Step 3616 includes obtaining a sensitivity measurement of the third sensing measurement report, the sensitivity measurement including a comparison between detected movements and known movements. According to some embodiments, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to obtain the sensitivity measurement of the third sensing measurement report.

[0432] According to some embodiments, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to select the area of the sensing space as an area of interest. In an implementation, AP acting as sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to obtain a third sensing measurement report associated with the area of interest. In examples, the third sensing measurement report may be configured according to the correspondences.

[0433] In the example described above, the AP is described as acting in the role of sensing receiver 502-1. Without loss of generality, the AP may perform the method of FIG. 34, FIG. 35A, FIG. 35B, FIG. 36A, and FIG. 36B, acting in the role of sensing transmitter 504-1. According to some embodiments, FIG. 34, FIG. 35A, FIG. 35B, FIG. 36A, and FIG. 36B may be carried out by a STA (for example, sensing receiver 502-1 or sensing transmitter 504-1) operating as a sensing initiator.

[0434] According to some embodiments, the sensing initiator is an AP, and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes sending, by the sensing initiator, a sensing trigger frame to a non-access point station (STA) to trigger one or more sensing transmissions, receiving, by the sensing initiator, the one or more sensing transmissions from the STA, and generating, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to theone or more sensing transmissions. According to some embodiments, obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes sending, by the sensing initiator, a sensing Null Data PPDU Announcement (NDPA) frame to a non-access point station (STA), sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing transmissions to the non-access point station (STA), and receiving, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

[0435] According to some embodiments, the sensing initiator is a non-access point station (STA), and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes sending, by the sensing initiator one or more Null Data PPDU Announcement (NDPA) frames to an access point (AP), receiving, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing transmissions from the AP, and generating, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions. In some embodiments, obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more Null Data PPDU announcement (NDPA) frames to an access point (AP), sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing transmissions to the access point (AP), and receiving, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

[0436] Further embodiments may include at least the following:

[0437] Embodiment 1 is a method for Wi-Fi sensing carried out by a sensing initiator including at least one processor configured to execute instructions, the method comprising: obtaining a first sensing measurement report corresponding to a sensing space, the first sensing measurement report corresponding to a first plurality of sensing measurements; receiving an indication of motion in an area of the sensing space; obtaining a second sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space, the second sensing measurement report corresponding to a second plurality of sensing measurements and being obtained subsequent to the indication of motion; detecting differences between corresponding sensing measurements of the first sensing measurement report and the second sensing measurement report; and identifying correspondences between the corresponding sensing measurements and the area of the sensing space according to the differences.

[0438] Embodiment 2 is the method of embodiment 1, further comprising selecting the area of the sensing space as an area of interest.

[0439] Embodiment 3 is the method of embodiment 2, further comprising obtaining a third sensing measurement report associated with the area of interest, wherein the third sensing measurement report is configured according to the correspondences.

[0440] Embodiment 4 is the method of any of embodiments 1-3, further comprising identifying false correspondences from among the correspondences.

[0441] Embodiment 5 is the method of any of embodiments 1-4, wherein: the first plurality of sensing measurements includes a plurality of baseline time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index, and the second plurality of sensing measurements includes a plurality of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index, and detecting differences between corresponding sensing measurements includes detecting parameter differences between ones of the plurality of baseline time domain pulses and ones of the plurality of active time domain pulses corresponding to a same TD-CRI pulse index.

[0442] Embodiment 6 is the method of any of embodiments 1-5, wherein the parameter differences are characterized by parameter differences that exceed a threshold.

[0443] Embodiment 7 is the method of any of embodiments 5 and 6, wherein: the area is a first area among a plurality of areas of the sensing space, the method further comprising: receiving additional indications of motion in additional areas of the plurality of areas of the sensing space; obtaining additional sensing measurement reports, each being obtained subsequent to a corresponding additional indication of motion and corresponding to additional sensing measurements including additional pluralities of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index; identifying the correspondences includes generating a correspondence relationship based on comparing the plurality of baseline time domain pulses to the plurality of active time domain pulses and to the additional pluralities of active time domain pulses, the correspondence relationship including: for each TD-CRI pulse index in the correspondence relationship, a count for each of the plurality of areas of the sensing space.

[0444] Embodiment 8 is method of embodiment 7, further comprising obtaining a third sensing measurement report including a third plurality of sensing measurements, wherein the third plurality of sensing measurements are selected according to a threshold of counts for a selected area of the sensing space.

[0445] Embodiment 9 is the method of embodiment 8, further comprising obtaining a sensitivity measurement of the third sensing measurement report, the sensitivity measurement including a comparison between detected movements and known movements.

[0446] Embodiment 10 is the method of any of embodiments 1-9, wherein: the sensing initiator is an access point (AP), and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes: sending, by the sensing initiator, a sensing trigger frame to a non-access point station (STA) to trigger one or more sensing transmissions; receiving, by the sensing initiator, the one or moresensing transmissions from the STA; and generating, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

[0447] Embodiment 11 is the method of any of embodiments 1-10, wherein: the sensing initiator is an access point (AP), and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes: sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing Null Data PPDU Announcement (NDPA) frames to a non-access point station (STA); sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing transmissions to the non-access point station (STA); and receiving, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

[0448] Embodiment 12 is the method of any of embodiments 1-11, wherein: the sensing initiator is a non-access point station (STA), and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes: sending, by the sensing initiator one or more Null Data PPDU Announcement (NDPA) frames to an access point (AP) ; receiving, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing transmissions from the AP; and generating, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

[0449] Embodiment 13 is the method of any of embodiments 1-12, wherein: the sensing initiator is a non-access point station (STA), and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes: sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more Null Data PPDU announcement (NDPA) frames to an access point (AP); sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing transmissions to the access point (AP); and receiving, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

[0450] Embodiment 14 is a system for Wi-Fi sensing comprising a sensing initiator including at least one processor configured to execute instructions, the instructions configuring the at least one processor for: obtaining a first sensing measurement report corresponding to a sensing space, the first sensing measurement report corresponding to a first plurality of sensing measurements; receiving an indication of motion in an area of the sensing space; obtaining a second sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space, the second sensing measurement report corresponding to a second plurality of sensing measurements and being obtained subsequent to the indication of motion; detecting differences between corresponding sensing measurements of the first sensing measurement report and the second sensing measurement report; and identifying correspondences between the corresponding sensing measurements and the area of the sensing space according to the differences.

[0451] Embodiment 15 is the system of embodiment 14, wherein the at least one processor is further configured for selecting the area of the sensing space as an area of interest.

[0452] Embodiment 16 is the system of embodiment 15, wherein the at least one processor is further configured for obtaining a third sensing measurement report associated with the area of interest, wherein the third sensing measurement report is configured according to the correspondences.

[0453] Embodiment 17 is the system of any of embodiments 14-16, wherein the at least one processor is further configured for identifying false correspondences from among the correspondences.

[0454] Embodiment 18 is the system of any of embodiments 14-17, wherein: the first plurality of sensing measurements includes a plurality of baseline time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index, and the second plurality of sensing measurements includes a plurality of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index, and detecting differences between corresponding sensing measurements includes detecting parameter differences between ones of the plurality of baseline time domain pulses and ones of the plurality of active time domain pulses corresponding to a same TD-CRI pulse index.

[0455] Embodiment 19 is the system of embodiment 18, wherein the parameter differences are characterized by parameter differences that exceed a threshold.

[0456] Embodiment 20 is the system of embodiment 18 or 19, wherein: the area is a first area among a plurality of areas of the sensing space, and the at least one processor is further configured for: receiving additional indications of motion in additional areas of the plurality of areas of the sensing space; obtaining additional sensing measurement reports, each being obtained subsequent to a corresponding additional indication of motion and corresponding to additional sensing measurements including additional pluralities of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index; identifying the correspondences includes generating a correspondence relationship based on comparing the plurality of baseline time domain pulses to the plurality of active time domain pulses and to the additional pluralities of active time domain pulses, the correspondence relationship including: for each TD-CRI pulse index in the correspondence relationship, a count for each of the plurality of areas of the sensing space.

[0457] Embodiment 21 is the system of embodiment 20, wherein the at least one processor is further configured for obtaining a third sensing measurement report including a third plurality of sensing measurements, wherein the third plurality of sensing measurements are selected according to a threshold of counts for a selected area of the sensing space.

[0458] Embodiment 22 is the system of embodiment 21, wherein the at least one processor is further configured for obtaining a sensitivity measurement of the third sensing measurementIllreport, the sensitivity measurement including a comparison between detected movements and known movements.

[0459] Embodiment 23 is the system of any of embodiments 14-22, wherein: the sensing initiator is an access point (AP), and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes: sending, by the sensing initiator, a sensing trigger frame to a non-access point station (STA) to trigger one or more sensing transmissions; receiving, by the sensing initiator, the one or more sensing transmissions from the STA; and generating, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

[0460] Embodiment 24 is the system of any of embodiments 14-23, wherein: the sensing initiator is a an access point (AP), and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes: sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing Null Data PPDU Announcement (NDPA) frames to a non-access point station (STA); sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing NDP transmissions to the non-access point station (STA); and receiving, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

[0461] Embodiment 25 is the system of any of embodiments 14-24, wherein: the sensing initiator is a non-access point station (STA), and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes: sending, by the sensing initiator one or more Null Data PPDU Announcement (NDPA) frames to an access point (AP) ; receiving, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing transmissions from the AP; and generating, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

[0462] Embodiment 26 is the system of any of embodiments 14-25, wherein: the sensing initiator is a non-access point station (STA), and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes: sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more Null Data PPDU announcement (NDPA) frames to an access point (AP) ; sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing transmissions to the access point (AP); and receiving, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

[0463] While various embodiments of the methods and systems have been described, these embodiments are illustrative and in no way limit the scope of the described methods or systems. Those having skill in the relevant art can effect changes to form and details of the described methods and systems without departing from the broadest scope of the described methods and systems. Thus, the scope of the methods and systems described herein should not be limited by any of the illustrative embodiments and should be defined in accordance with the accompanying claims and their equivalents.

Claims

CLAIMSWHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method for Wi-Fi sensing carried out by a sensing initiator including at least one processor configured to execute instructions, the method comprising: obtaining a first sensing measurement report corresponding to a sensing space, the first sensing measurement report corresponding to a first plurality of sensing measurements; receiving an indication of motion in an area of the sensing space; obtaining a second sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space, the second sensing measurement report corresponding to a second plurality of sensing measurements and being obtained subsequent to the indication of motion; detecting differences between corresponding sensing measurements of the first sensing measurement report and the second sensing measurement report; and identifying correspondences between the corresponding sensing measurements and the area of the sensing space according to the differences.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising selecting the area of the sensing space as an area of interest.

3. The method of claim 2, further comprising obtaining a third sensing measurement report associated with the area of interest, wherein the third sensing measurement report is configured according to the correspondences.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising identifying false correspondences from among the correspondences.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein: the first plurality of sensing measurements includes a plurality of baseline time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index, and the second plurality of sensing measurements includes a plurality of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD- CRI pulse index, and detecting differences between corresponding sensing measurements includes detecting parameter differences between ones of the plurality of baseline time domain pulses and ones of the plurality of active time domain pulses corresponding to a same TD-CRI pulse index.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the parameter differences are characterized by parameter differences that exceed a threshold.

7. The method of claim 5, wherein: the area is a first area among a plurality of areas of the sensing space, the method further comprising: receiving additional indications of motion in additional areas of the plurality of areas of the sensing space; obtaining additional sensing measurement reports, each being obtained subsequent to a corresponding additional indication of motion and corresponding to additional sensing measurements including additional pluralities of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index; identifying the correspondences includes generating a correspondence relationship based on comparing the plurality of baseline time domain pulses to the plurality of active time domain pulses and to the additional pluralities of active time domain pulses, the correspondence relationship including: for each TD-CRI pulse index in the correspondence relationship, a count for each of the plurality of areas of the sensing space.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising obtaining a third sensing measurement report including a third plurality of sensing measurements, wherein the third plurality of sensing measurements are selected according to a threshold of counts for a selected area of the sensing space.

9. The method of claim 8, further comprising obtaining a sensitivity measurement of the third sensing measurement report, the sensitivity measurement including a comparison between detected movements and known movements.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein: the sensing initiator is an access point (AP), and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes: sending, by the sensing initiator, a sensing trigger frame to a non-access point station (STA) to trigger one or more sensing transmissions;receiving, by the sensing initiator, the one or more sensing transmissions from the STA; and generating, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein: the sensing initiator is an access point (AP), and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes: sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing Null Data PPDU Announcement (NDPA) frames to a non-access point station (STA); sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing transmissions to the non-access point station (STA); and receiving, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein: the sensing initiator is a non-access point station (STA), and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes: sending, by the sensing initiator one or more Null Data PPDU Announcement (NDPA) frames to an access point (AP) ; receiving, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing transmissions from the AP; and generating, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein: the sensing initiator is a non-access point station (STA), and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes: sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more Null Data PPDU announcement (NDPA) frames to an access point (AP); sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing transmissions to the access point (AP); and receiving, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

14. A system for Wi-Fi sensing comprising a sensing initiator including at least one processor configured to execute instructions, the instructions configuring the at least one processor for: obtaining a first sensing measurement report corresponding to a sensing space, the first sensing measurement report corresponding to a first plurality of sensing measurements; receiving an indication of motion in an area of the sensing space; obtaining a second sensing measurement report corresponding to the sensing space, the second sensing measurement report corresponding to a second plurality of sensing measurements and being obtained subsequent to the indication of motion; detecting differences between corresponding sensing measurements of the first sensing measurement report and the second sensing measurement report; and identifying correspondences between the corresponding sensing measurements and the area of the sensing space according to the differences.

15. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one processor is further configured for selecting the area of the sensing space as an area of interest.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein the at least one processor is further configured for obtaining a third sensing measurement report associated with the area of interest, wherein the third sensing measurement report is configured according to the correspondences.

17. The system of claim 14, wherein the at least one processor is further configured for identifying false correspondences from among the correspondences.

18. The system of claim 14, wherein: the first plurality of sensing measurements includes a plurality of baseline time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index, and the second plurality of sensing measurements includes a plurality of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD- CRI pulse index, and detecting differences between corresponding sensing measurements includes detecting parameter differences between ones of the plurality of baseline time domain pulses and ones of the plurality of active time domain pulses corresponding to a same TD-CRI pulse index.

19. The system of claim 18, wherein the parameter differences are characterized by parameter differences that exceed a threshold.

20. The system of claim 18, wherein: the area is a first area among a plurality of areas of the sensing space, and the at least one processor is further configured for: receiving additional indications of motion in additional areas of the plurality of areas of the sensing space; obtaining additional sensing measurement reports, each being obtained subsequent to a corresponding additional indication of motion and corresponding to additional sensing measurements including additional pluralities of active time domain pulses, each corresponding to a TD-CRI pulse index; identifying the correspondences includes generating a correspondence relationship based on comparing the plurality of baseline time domain pulses to the plurality of active time domain pulses and to the additional pluralities of active time domain pulses, the correspondence relationship including: for each TD-CRI pulse index in the correspondence relationship, a count for each of the plurality of areas of the sensing space.

21. The system of claim 20, wherein the at least one processor is further configured for obtaining a third sensing measurement report including a third plurality of sensing measurements, wherein the third plurality of sensing measurements are selected according to a threshold of counts for a selected area of the sensing space.

22. The system of claim 21, wherein the at least one processor is further configured for obtaining a sensitivity measurement of the third sensing measurement report, the sensitivity measurement including a comparison between detected movements and known movements.

23. The system of claim 14, wherein: the sensing initiator is an access point (AP), and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes: sending, by the sensing initiator, a sensing trigger frame to a non-access point station (STA) to trigger one or more sensing transmissions;receiving, by the sensing initiator, the one or more sensing transmissions from the STA; and generating, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

24. The system of claim 14, wherein: the sensing initiator is a an access point (AP), and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes: sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing Null Data PPDU Announcement (NDPA) frames to a non-access point station (STA); sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing NDP transmissions to the non- access point station (STA); and receiving, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

25. The system of claim 14, wherein: the sensing initiator is a non-access point station (STA), and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes: sending, by the sensing initiator one or more Null Data PPDU Announcement (NDPA) frames to an access point (AP) ; receiving, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing transmissions from the AP; and generating, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

26. The system of claim 14, wherein: the sensing initiator is a non-access point station (STA), and obtaining the first sensing measurement report includes: sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more Null Data PPDU announcement (NDPA) frames to an access point (AP) ; sending, by the sensing initiator, one or more sensing transmissions to the access point (AP); and receiving, by the sensing initiator, the first plurality of sensing measurements according to the one or more sensing transmissions.

Images