Markers for recycled plastics
The polymer formulation with thermally stable marker compounds addresses the challenge of verifying recycled plastic content at low concentrations, ensuring safety and detectability, and tracing polymer origin.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/136652
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-12-06
- Publication Date
- 2025-06-12
AI Technical Summary
Existing methods for verifying the content of recycled plastic in plastic items require high concentrations of marker compounds, which can affect the appearance and safety of the plastic, and may not be detectable at low concentrations.
A polymer formulation containing thermoplastic polymers like PET, PE, or PP, blended with marker compounds that are chemically and thermally stable, have a boiling point of at least 250℃, and consist of alkyl, aryl, and/or ether moieties, excluding 4, 4-Bis (2-benzoxazolyl) stilbene (BBS).
The proposed solution allows for the safe and reliable detection of recycled plastic at low concentrations, maintaining the appearance and safety of the plastic, and enabling tracing of polymer origin through multiple recycling cycles.
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2023136652-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2023136652-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2023136652-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
MARKERS FOR RECYCLED PLASTICSFIELD
[0001] This invention relates to the field of plastics recycling.
[0002] INTRODUCTION
[0003] There is strong interest in ascertaining the content of recycled plastic in plastic items. Governments are beginning to require and offer incentives for the use of recycled plastics. Further, plastic fabricators and their customers publicly commit to use recycled plastics in support of environmental programs. In both cases, it is desirable to verify the content of recycled plastic in plastic pellets and fabricated plastic articles.
[0004] It has been proposed to add a small amount of 4, 4-bis (2-benzoxazolyl) stilbene (BBS) to recycled plastics. The BBS fluoresces to visually confirm its presence in a plastic article. See Schyns et al., “Recycled Plastic Content Quantified through Aggregation Induced Emission” , 19 ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 12659-69 (2022) . However, the plastic needs to contain relatively high concentrations of BBS, which may affect the appearance of the plastic and may raise safety concerns for articles that have long term contact with skin. Further, the BBS may not be detected in articles that contain low proportions of recycled plastic.
[0005] Methods are needed to confirm the presence of recycled plastic in a pellet or fabricated article that use only low levels of a marker compound and in which the marker compound is safe for skin contact, is detectable at low concentrations, and is stable in the plastic through multiple fabrication and recycling operations which may subject to marker compound to high heat and shear.SUMMARY
[0006] One aspect of this invention is a polymer formulation that contains:
[0007] (a) a thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) , polyethylene (PE) , polypropylene (PP) and blends that contain at least 50 weight percent PET, PE and / or PP; and
[0008] (b) homogeneously blended with the thermoplastic polymer at least 0.01 parts per million by weight (ppmw) of one or more marker compounds that each:
[0009] (i) consists essentially of alkyl moieties, aryl moieties and / or ether moieties; and
[0010] (ii) contains at least 3 aromatic rings; and
[0011] (iii) is chemically and thermally stable in contact with the thermoplastic polymer at 280℃ for 30 minutes; and
[0012] (iv) has a boiling point of at least 250℃
[0013] excluding 4, 4-Bis (2-benzoxazolyl) stilbene (BBS) .
[0014] A second aspect of this invention is process to identifiably indicate the origin or other information about a thermoplastic polymer, comprising the step of homogeneously blending with the thermoplastic polymer at least 0.01 parts per million by weight (ppmw) of one or more marker compounds that each:
[0015] (a) consists essentially of alkyl moieties, aryl moieties and / or ether moieties; and
[0016] (b) contains at least 3 aromatic rings; and
[0017] (c) is chemically and thermally stable in contact with the thermoplastic polymer at 280℃ for 30 minutes; and
[0018] (d) has a boiling point of at least 250℃,
[0019] wherein the marker compounds exclude 4, 4-Bis (2-benzoxazolyl) stilbene (BBS) and the selection and proportions of the marker compounds indicate the origin or other information about the thermoplastic polymer.
[0020] A third aspect of this invention is a process to determine the origin of a thermoplastic polymer in a polymer composition comprising the step of analyzing a sample of the polymer composition using a chromatography technique for one or more marker compounds that each:
[0021] (a) consists essentially of alkyl moieties, aryl moieties and / or ether moieties; and
[0022] (b) contains at least 3 aromatic rings; and
[0023] (c) is chemically and thermally stable in contact with the thermoplastic polymer at 280℃ for 30 minutes; and
[0024] (d) has a boiling point of at least 250℃,
[0025] wherein the selection and proportions of the marker compounds indicate the origin of at least one thermoplastic polymer in the polymer composition. Examples of suitable chromatographic techniques include gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC / MSD) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) .
[0026] A fourth aspect of the invention is a process to detect and quantify marker compounds in a polymer composition of this invention comprising the steps of:
[0027] (a) Dissolving a known quantity of the polymer composition in a solvent that dissolves both the polymer and the marker compounds to make a dissolved composition;
[0028] (b) Adding a second solvent to the dissolved composition that precipitates the polymer but does not precipitate the marker compounds;
[0029] (c) Separating the precipitated polymer from the dissolved composition; and
[0030] (d) Measuring the quantity of marker compounds recovered in the solution using a chromatographic technique.
[0031] The marker compounds used in this invention are stable, blend well with thermoplastic polymers, and are readily detected at part-per-billion concentrations by chromatography techniques such as gas-chromatography / mess spectroscopy analysis or high-performance liquid chromatography. When properly selected, the marker compounds can be odorless, they can be approved for skin or food contact, and they can have no noticeable impact on the color or other performance characteristics of the thermoplastic polymer. A wide variety of different specific compounds fall within the class of marker compounds used in this invention, and they can be selected and / or combined to indicate different sources for different polymer streams.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0032] This invention is used to provide identification for thermoplastic polymers. It can be used with any thermoplastic polymer. Examples include:
[0033] · polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and other polyesters;
[0034] · polyethylene (PE) , such as high density polyethylene (HDPE) , low density polyethylene (LDPE) , linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) ;
[0035] · polypropylene (PP) ;
[0036] · polystyrene;
[0037] · polyvinyl chloride; and
[0038] · nylon.
[0039] In some embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of PET, PE and PP. In some embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer is a blend that contains at least 50 weight percent PET, PE and / or PP, or at least 60 weight percent or at least 70 weight percent or at least 80 weight percent or at least 90 weight percent or at least 95 weight percent. In some embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer contains up to 100 weight percent PET, PE and / or PP.
[0040] In some embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer contains PET. In some embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer contains at least 50 weight percent PET, or at least 60 weight percent or at least 70 weight percent or at least 80 weight percent or at least 90 weight percent or at least 95 weight percent.
[0041] In some embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer contains PE. In some embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer contains at least 50 weight percent PE, or at least 60 weight percent or at least 70 weight percent or at least 80 weight percent or at least 90 weight percent or at least 95 weight percent.
[0042] In some embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer contains PP. In some embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer contains at least 50 weight percent PP, or at least 60 weight percent or at least 70 weight percent or at least 80 weight percent or at least 90 weight percent or at least 95 weight percent.
[0043] Suitable polymers are commercially available, and processes to make them are well known.
[0044] In some embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer is a recycled polymer. In some embodiments, the recycled polymer resin is pre-consumer / post-industrial recycled polymer. The terms “pre-consumer” and “post-industrial” refer to polymers recovered from pre-consumer material, as defined by ISO-14021, such as scraps and waste from polymer manufacturing facilities or from polymer fabricators. The generic term pre-consumer polymer thus includes blends of thermoplastic polymers recovered from materials diverted to the waste stream during a manufacturing process.
[0045] In some embodiments, the recycled polymer is post-consumer recycled (PCR) polymer. The term “post-consumer recycled” (or “PCR” ) polymer resin refers to polymer resins and blends that were previously used in a consumer application such as packaging or clothing and were recycled after their use was completed. PCR polymer is typically collected from recycling programs and recycling plants. Sources of PCR polymer can include, for example, food and beverage packaging, other product packaging, plastic cutlery, caps and closures, wrappers, clothing, and almost any other item made from thermoplastic polymers.
[0046] Recycled polymers often differ from “virgin” polymers. First, recycled polymers may have higher levels of impurities than virgin polymers; recycled polymers are likely to pick up contaminants in their previous use, such as stray bits of other polymers or refuse. Second, recycled polymer may have a broader range of molecular weights and other molecular characteristics than virgin polymer, because the recycled polymer is a blend of different polymers that have been recycled. Third, virgin polymer typically contains only the additives needed for its intended purpose, whereas recycled polymer contains any additives that are in the polymers being recycled. Last, recycled polymer has typically been fabricated (for example, molded or extruded) one or more times; this added heat history may cause recycled polymer to have higher levels of carbon, ash and other degraded polymer than virgin polymer.
[0047] Recycled polymers are commercially available, and processes to make them are well known. Polymers that have been collected and sorted are typically recycled in a multistep process of:
[0048] (a) shredding or grinding;
[0049] (b) washing to remove contaminants;
[0050] (c) separating based on density by flotation and based on thickness with an air stream;
[0051] (d) extrusion and compounding to form pellets.
[0052] In some cases, the order of steps (a) , (b) and (c) may be altered. See, for example, Grigone, “Methods of Recycling, Properties and Applications of Recycled Thermoplastic Polymers” , 2 Recycling 24 (2017) ; “Mechanical Recycling” published by European Bioplastics e. V. (2020) and “The Complete Plastics Recycling Process” published by Recycle Track Systems at https: / / www. rts. com / blog / the-complete-plastics-recycling-process-rts / .
[0053] In this invention, the polymer is blended with one or more marker compounds, so that the polymer origin can be traced through multiple recycling cycles. The marker compounds each:
[0054] (a) consist essentially of alkyl moieties, aryl moieties and / or ether moieties; and
[0055] (b) contains at least 3 aromatic rings; and
[0056] (c) are chemically and thermally stable in contact with the thermoplastic polymer up to at least 280℃ for at least 30 minutes; and
[0057] (d) have a boiling point of at least 250℃
[0058] excluding 4, 4-Bis (2-benzoxazolyl) stilbene (BBS) .
[0059] In some embodiments, the marker compound contains at least three fused aromatic rings, such as anthracene, phenanthrene, chrysene, pyrene, corannulene, coronene, hexahelicene and ovalene and related compounds having pendant alkyl or alkyl ether moieties. In some embodiments, a marker compound that contains three fused ring systems is not anthracene. In some embodiments, the fused ring marker compounds contain at least 14 carbon atoms per molecule or at least 15 carbon atoms or at least 16 carbon atoms or at least 17 carbon atoms or at least 18 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the fused ring marker compounds contain at most 40 carbon atoms or at most 32 carbon atoms or at most 24 carbon atoms or at most 20 carbon atoms or at most 18 carbon atoms.
[0060] In some embodiments, the marker compound contains a first aryl moiety with at least two fused aromatic rings linked directly or indirectly to a second aryl moiety through an unfused linkage. Examples of such marker compounds include phenyl naphthalene, benzyl naphthalene, phenyl anthracene, benzyl anthracene and related compounds having pendant alkyl or alkyl ether moieties.
[0061] In some embodiments, the marker compound contains at least three aryl moieties that are linked directly or indirectly to each other but not fused to each other. For example, the marker compound may meet Formula 1:
[0062] wherein:
[0063] · L is an alkyl moiety or an aryl moiety;
[0064] · Each of Ar1, Ar2 and Ar3 is independently an aryl moiety, which may optionally have pendant alkyl or alkoxy moieties;
[0065] · R1 is an alkyl moiety;
[0066] · a is a number of aryl moieties (Ar1) linked directly to L;
[0067] · b is a number of aryl moieties (Ar2) linked to L by ether linkages;
[0068] · c is a number of aryl moieties (Ar3) linked to L by alkyl linkages (R1) ; and
[0069] · any of a, b and / or c may be “0” , indicating that the relevant moiety is not present in the molecule, but L, a, b, and c are selected so that each molecule contains at least 3 aryl moieties that are not fused with each other.
[0070] In some embodiments, the aryl moieties (Ar1, Ar2, Ar3 and optionally L) comprise a single 6 membered ring. In some embodiments, the aryl moieties (Ar1, Ar2, Ar3 and optionally L) independently comprise two or more fused rings.
[0071] In some embodiments, the aryl moieties are carbocyclic. In some embodiments, the aryl moieties are heterocyclic, and in some embodiments the heterocyclic rings contain nitrogen, such as pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl moieties. In some embodiments, aryl moieties that contain two fused rings are carbocyclic.
[0072] In some embodiments, each aryl moiety independently contains no more than 18 carbon atoms or no more than 16 carbon atoms or no more than 16 carbon atoms or no more than 12 carbon atoms or no more than 10 carbon or no more than 6 carbon atoms, excluding pendant moieties. In some embodiments, each aryl moiety independently contains at least 4 carbon atoms or at least 5 carbon atoms or at least 6 carbon atoms, excluding pendant moieties. In some embodiments, each aryl moiety is a phenyl ring, which may optionally have pendant moieties.
[0073] In some embodiments, each aryl moiety may independently be unsubstituted, having no pendant moieties other than hydrogen atoms. In some embodiments, L is a phenyl ring without pendant moieties other than the pendant moieties illustrated in Formula 1.
[0074] In some embodiments, each aryl moiety may independently have one or more pendant alkyl or alkaryl moieties (-R2) , alkyl ether moieties (-OR3) , or alkaryl ether moieties (-OR4Ar4) .
[0075] In some embodiments, alkyl moieties in the marker compound, including alkyl moieties in R1, R2, R3, R4 and optionally L, independently contain no more than 18 carbon atoms or no more than 12 carbon atoms or no more than 10 carbon atoms or no more than 8 carbon atoms or no more than 6 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkyl moieties in L and R1 independently contain no more than 4 carbon atoms or no more than 3 carbon atoms or no more than 2 carbon atoms. All alkyl moieties contain at least 1 carbon atom. In some embodiments, alkyl moieties in R2, R3 and R4 independently contain at least 2 carbon atoms or at least 3 carbon atoms or at least 4 carbon atoms or at least 5 carbon atoms or at least 6 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl moieties are each independently methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl moieties. In some embodiments, alkyl moieties in in L and R1 are independently methyl or ethyl moieties. In some embodiments, R2 is an alkaryl moiety comprising an alkyl moiety having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms linked to from 1 to 3 aryl moieties. For example, in some embodiments R2 is a triphenylmethyl moiety.
[0076] Aryl moieties (Ar4) in alkaryl ether moieties have the same description as given previously for aromatic moieties. In some embodiments, the alkaryl ether moieties (-OR4Ar4) comprise from 7 to 12 carbon atoms.
[0077] The marker compounds are selected to be chemically and thermally stable in contact with the thermoplastic polymer at 280℃ for 30 minutes, as described below. In some embodiments, the marker compounds contain essentially no hydroxyl moieties, acid moieties, aldehyde moieties, ester moieties, amine moieties, amide moieties, nitro moieties or nitrile moieties or halogen atoms; these moieties might potentially form sites for chemical reaction or degradation.
[0078] Examples of possible aryl moieties (Ar1, Ar2, Ar3) with pendant moieties are shown in Formulae 2a-2f.
[0079] More specific examples of possible aryl moieties (Ar1, Ar2, Ar3) with pendant moieties are shown in Formulae 3a-3e.
[0080] In Formula 1, the sum of a + b + c is at least 2. In some embodiments, the sum of a + b + c is at least 3. In some embodiments, the sum of a + b + c is at most 6 or at most 5 or at most 4 or at most 3.
[0081] In some embodiments, in which L is a methyl group, the sum of a + b + c is 2 to 4. In some embodiments, in which L is an alkyl moiety other than a methyl group, the sum of a + b + c is 2 or 3, and all moieties shown in Formula 1 are bonded to the same carbon atom. In some embodiments, in which L is an alkyl moiety other than a methyl group, the sum of a + b + c is 2 or 3, and all moieties shown in Formula 1 are bonded to the same α-carbon atom. In some embodiments, in which L is an alkyl moiety other than a methyl group, at least some moieties shown in Formula 1 are bonded to different carbon atoms.
[0082] Examples of potential marker compounds are shown in Formulae 4a-4h and homologous compounds or related compounds having one or more pendant alkyl moieties.
[0083] Each marker compound is selected to have a boiling point of at least 250℃. In some embodiments, the marker compound has a boiling point of at least 260℃ or at least 275℃ or at least 300℃ or at least 400℃ or at least 500℃. There is no maximum desirable boiling point, but in some embodiment a boiling point above 800℃ is unnecessary.
[0084] The marker compound is selected to be chemically and thermally stable in contact with the thermoplastic polymer at 280℃ for 30 minutes, which means that when tested as described in the Test Methods at least 50 percent of the marker remains detectable in the polymer (the percentage of the marker that remains detectable after the test is the “percent stability” ) . In some embodiments, the marker compound has at least 55 percent stability or at least 60 percent or at least 65 percent or at least 70 percent. In some embodiments, the marker compound has 100 percent stability (no measurable loss of the marker compound) . In many embodiments, the marker compounds are subjected to conditions less severe than the Test Methods (lower temperature and / or lower time at maximum temperature) during the blending and processing of the polymer formulation.
[0085] Many of the marker compounds are commercially available. Other marker compounds can be made by known processes. For example,
[0086] · Synthesis of triarylbenzene compounds is described in Abdollahi et al., “Synthesis of 1, 3, 5-Triarylbenzenes, Using CuCl2 as a New Catalyst” , 2 (4) Int’ l J Mat &Chem 128-131 (2012) .
[0087] · Synthesis of various triphenylalkanes is described in US Patent 9, 422, 493 B2, US Patent Publications 2018 / 0148564 A1 and 2018 / 0148565 A1 and PCT Publications 2012 / 17987 A1 and 2014 / 088898 A1.
[0088] In polymer formulations of this invention, one or more marker compounds are mixed homogeneously with polymer in a concentration of at least 0.01 parts-per-million by weight (ppmw) . The marker compounds and their proportions are selected to identify the source or other information about the polymer. Many different identity codes can be assigned when more than one marker compound is present. One, two, three or more marker compounds may be used to form the code. In some embodiments, the marker compounds indicate that the polymer is a recycled polymer.
[0089] In some embodiments, the polymer formulation is intended for end-use fabrication to make useful articles such as fibers, films or shaped articles; it is called an end-use formulation. In some embodiments, the end-use formulation contains at least 0.01 ppmw of marker compound or at least 0.02 ppmw or at least 0.05 ppmw. In some embodiments, end-use formulation contains at most 2000 ppmw of marker compound or at most 1000 ppmw or at most 750 ppmw or at most 500 ppmw or at most 300 ppmw or at most 200 ppmw or at most 100 ppmw or at most 50 ppmw or at most 20 ppmw. In some embodiments, the end-use formulation contains a high enough concentration of marker compounds that the marker compounds can be quantitatively detected when the end-use formulation is blended to make a polymer composition in a 1: 1 weight ratio with other polymers, or a 1: 2 weight ratio or a 1: 5 weight ratio or a 1: 10 weight ratio or a 1: 20 weight ratio.
[0090] In some embodiments, the polymer formulation is intended as a masterbatch; the masterbatch contains a higher concentration of marker compounds and is blended with other polymers to add the marker compounds in a concentration suitable for end use formulations. In some embodiments, a masterbatch contains at least 20 ppmw of marker compound or at least 200 ppmw or at least 1000 ppmw or at least 2000 ppmw. In some embodiments, a masterbatch contains at most 500,000 ppmw of marker compound (50 weight percent) or at most 200,000 ppmw or at most 100,000 ppmw.
[0091] In some embodiments, the marker compounds produce no detectable odor in the end-use formulation.
[0092] In some embodiments, the marker compounds produce no change in color that is detectable by the naked eye in the end-use formulation.
[0093] In some embodiments, the marker compounds produce no change in transparency that is detectable by the naked eye in the end-use formulation.
[0094] In some embodiments, the marker compounds are non-fluorescent, meaning that under UV light that is safe for human exposure they produce no fluorescence that is visible to the naked eye, in concentration that applies to the end-use formulation.
[0095] In some embodiments, the marker compounds are safe for skin contact, in the end use formulation.
[0096] In some embodiments, the marker compounds are approved for food contact in the end-use formulation.
[0097] The marker compounds can be blended homogeneously with the polymer by blending in known equipment to soften and mix the polymer, such as mixers, kneaders and extruders. See, for example, White et al., “Polymer Blend Compounding and Processing” , Encyclopedia of Polymer Blends: Volume 2: Processing, First Edition, published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. (2011) .
[0098] In some embodiments, the blending process takes place at temperature above or equal to the glass-transition temperature of the polymer. In some embodiments, the blending process subjects the polymer to temperatures of at least 170℃ or at least 180℃ or at least 190℃ or at least 200℃.
[0099] In some embodiments, the blending process takes place at a temperature below the boiling point of the marker compounds and below the temperature at which the marker compounds or the polymer suffer significant thermal degradation during the time frame of the process. In some embodiments, the blending process subjects the polymer to temperatures of no more than 300℃ or no more than 290℃ or no more than 280℃ or no more than 270℃ or no more than 260℃ or no more than 250℃ or no more than 230℃ or no more than 210℃.
[0100] In some embodiments, other polymer additives may be added to the polymer formulation at the same time as the marker compounds or before or after the marker compounds. Examples of other common additives include antistatic agents, color enhancers, dyes, lubricants, fillers, pigments, primary antioxidants, secondary antioxidants, processing aids, UV stabilizers, nucleators, slip agents, antiblock agents, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, other additives make up no more than 60 weight percent of the polymer formulation or no more than 10 weight percent or no more than 5 weight percent or no more than 2 weight percent or no more than 1 weight percent. In some embodiments, other additives make up 0 weight percent of the polymer formulation.
[0101] The polymer formulations can be used in any application that is known for the base polymer, provide that for use in regulated applications such as food contact or medial applications, the polymer, marker compounds and other additives must meet the regulatory requirements for the application. In one embodiment, a PET polymer formulation is spun into clothing fibers.
[0102] In some embodiments, the end-use formulation may be blended with other polymers to form polymer compositions. The presence of the marker compounds and their concentration can identify that the end-use formulation is in the polymer composition, and can show how much end-use formulation is in the polymer composition.
[0103] The marker compounds can be detected in polymer compositions by known means for detecting trace components in polymer. In one process, the marker compounds can be detected and measured in a polymer composition by:
[0104] 1. Dissolving a known quantity of the polymer composition in a solvent that dissolves both the polymer and the marker compounds to make a dissolved composition;
[0105] 2. Adding a second solvent to the dissolved composition that precipitates the polymer but does not precipitate the marker compounds;
[0106] 3. Separating the precipitated polymer from the solution; and
[0107] 4. Measuring the quantity of marker compounds recovered in the solution using a chromatographic technique, such as gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC / MSD) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. In many cases, a known reference is added to the solution before GC / MSD or HPLC analysis, to assist in identifying and quantifying the other components of the solution.
[0108] Alternatively, the marker compounds can be extracted from the ground polymer using a solvent that does not dissolve the polymer. However, the process of dissolving both the polymer and marker compounds and then precipitating the polymer is quicker and may give more complete recovery.
[0109] In some embodiments, the detection process can detect and quantify the concentration of marker compounds in quantities of no more than 10 parts per million by weight (ppmw) or no more than 5 ppmw or no more than 2 ppmw or no more than 1 ppmw or no more than 0.5 ppmw or no more than 0.2 ppmw or no more than 0.1 ppmw or no more than 50 parts per billion by weight (ppbw) or no more than 10 ppbw. Low detection limits can permit identification of the polymer composition in a mixture with other plastics, even when the polymer composition makes up less than 25 weight percent or 10 weight percent or less of the total mixture of plastics.
[0110] Test Methods
[0111] Unless stated otherwise, measurements listed in this application are made using the following test methods:
[0112] Boiling Point of Marker Compound: Differential scanning calorimetry
[0113] Thermal Stability of Marker Compound
[0114] 1) Mix marker with PET in a glass vial with a marker concentration of 5 parts per hundred (pph) by weight.
[0115] 2) Heat the glass vial in a tubular oven at 280℃ under nitrogen for 0.5 hr, then cool down to room temperature.
[0116] 3) Measure the quantity of Marker in PET as shown below. Record as a percentage concentration of marker in the heated samples, as compared to the original 500 pph concentration.
[0117] Measuring Marker in PET:
[0118] 1) A 0.1g marked PET sample is dissolved in a sealed glass vial with 1 mL mixed solvent of phenol and carbon tetrachloride (3: 2 wt / wt) that contains 0.4 μg / mL of p-terphenyl-d14 as an internal standard;
[0119] 2) The glass vial is heated at 60℃ in an oven overnight to totally dissolve the PET sample;
[0120] 3) A 4 mL quantity of tetrahydrofuran (THF, ≥99.9 %, Ourchem HPLC, purchased from SCR) is added immediately after the sample is removed from the oven. The THF causes the PET to precipitate and extract the marker component;
[0121] 4) The THF solution is centrifuged to remove the PET deposit. A portion of the supernatant is transferred into a 2 mL GC vial and analyzed using gas chromatography / mass spectrometry detector (GC / MSD) . The limit of detection (LOD) for the marker compounds with GC / MSD analysis is lower than 10 ppb in THF solvent.
[0122] Examples
[0123] The following examples illustrate specific embodiments of the invention, but do not limit the broadest scope of the invention.
[0124] Recycled PET and the potential marking compounds in Table 1 are obtained. The potential marking compounds are tested for boiling point and thermal stability as described in the Test Methods. Marking compounds M. 1 to M. 4 are examples of the marking compounds used in the invention. C.M. 5 is a comparative example. Tests show that the inventive marker compounds are high boiling and stable at high temperatures, whereas the comparative example is not.
[0125] Table 1
[0126] Preparing Marked PET Compositions and Analyzing.
[0127] See Table 2. A target amount of marker compound shown in Table 2 is added into the amount of r-PET chips shown in Table 2 in a plastic bag, and the marker and chips are shaken together by hand for 1 minute. The mixture is coextruded into a 28mm screw extruder at 260-280℃ and pelletized through underwater granulation to produce the marked PET chips. The expected concentration of marker in each formulation (in ppm) is recorded in Table 2. The quantity of marker compounds in each PET formulation is measured using the test shown in the Test Methods, and the measured concentration is recorded in Table 2.
[0128] Table 2
[0129] Table 2 shows that the inventive marker compounds mix readily with the PET, survive extrusion, and can be reliably detected after extrusion in a quantitative manner.
Claims
1.A polymer formulation that contains:(a) a thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of poly (ethylene terephthalate) , polyethylene, polypropylene and blends that contain at least 50 weight percent poly (ethylene terephthalate) , polyethylene and / or polypropylene; and(b) homogeneously blended with the thermoplastic polymer, from 0.01 to 500,000 parts per million by weight (ppmw) of one or more marker compounds that each:(i) consists essentially of alkyl moieties, aryl moieties and / or ether moieties; and(ii) contains at least 3 aromatic rings ; and(iii) is chemically and thermally stable in contact with the thermoplastic polymer at 280℃ for 30 minutes; and(iv) has a boiling point of at least 250℃.2.The polymer formulation of Claim 1 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is a recycled polymer.3.The polymer formulation of Claim 1 wherein aryl moieties in the marker compounds that contain two fused aromatic rings are carbocyclic.4.The polymer formulation of Claim 1 wherein aryl moieties in the marker compounds are carbocyclic.5.The polymer formulation of Claim 1 wherein a marker compound meets Formula 1: wherein· L is an alkyl moiety or an aryl moiety;· Each of Ar1, Ar2 and Ar3 is independently an aryl moiety, which may optionally have pendant alkyl or alkoxy moieties;· R1 is an alkyl moiety;· a is a number of aryl moieties (Ar1) linked directly to L;· b is a number of aryl moieties (Ar2) linked to L by ether linkages;· c is a number of aryl moieties (Ar3) linked to L by alkyl linkages (R1) ; and· any of a, b and / or c may be “0” , indicating that the relevant moiety is not present in the molecule, but L, a, b, and c are selected so that each molecule contains at least 3 aryl moieties that are not fused with each other.6.The polymer formulation of Claim 5 wherein each of Ar1, Ar2 and Ar3 independently comprises a moiety selected from Formulae 2a to 2f: wherein each of R2 and R3 is an alkyl moiety comprising 1 to 18 carbon atoms or R2 is an alkaryl moiety comprising an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms linked to from 1 to 3 aryl moieties.7.The polymer formulation of Claim 5 wherein L is an aromatic moiety and a + b + c = from 2 to 4.8.The polymer formulation of Claim 5 wherein L is an alkyl moiety and a + b + c = from 3 to 4.9.The polymer formulation of Claim 1 wherein a marker compound is one of the compounds in Formula 4a to 4h and homologous compounds or related compounds having one or more pendant alkyl moieties. 10.The polymer formulation of Claim 1 wherein the concentration of marker compounds in the polymer formulation is from 0.1 ppmw to 750 ppmw.11.The polymer formulation of Claim 1 wherein, in the concentration that the marker compounds are present in the formulation, the marker compounds produce no fluorescence that is visible to the naked eye under UV light that is safe for human exposure.12.The polymer formulation of Claim 1 wherein the marker compounds have a boiling point of at least 400℃.13.The polymer formulation of Claim 1 wherein:(a) The thermoplastic polymer is recycled PET; and(b) A marker compound meets Formula 1:(c) each of Ar1, Ar2 and Ar3 independently comprises a moiety selected from Formulae 3a to 3e:(d) either (i) L is an alkyl moiety containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms and a + b + c = 3 or 4; or (ii) L is a phenyl ring and a + b + c = from 2 to 4;(e) each of R2 and R3 is an alkyl moiety comprising 1 to 18 carbon atoms, R1 is an alkyl moiety comprising from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; a is a number of aryl moieties (Ar1) linked directly to L; b is a number of aryl moieties (Ar2) linked to L by ether linkages; c is a number of aryl moieties (Ar3) linked to L by alkyl linkages (R1) ; and any of a, b and / or c may be “0” , indicating that the relevant moiety is not present in the molecule, but L, a, b, and c are selected so that each molecule contains at least 3 aryl moieties that are not fused with each other; and(f) the concentration of marker compounds is from 0.1 ppmw to 2000 ppmw.14.The polymer formulation in any one of Claims 1 to 13 wherein the selection and proportions of the marker compound (s) are selected to indicate the origin or other information about at least one thermoplastic polymer in the polymer composition.15.A process to detect and quantify marker compounds in a polymer composition of Claim 1 comprising the steps of:(a) Dissolving a known quantity of the polymer composition in a solvent that dissolves both the polymer and the marker compounds to make a dissolved composition;(b) Adding a second solvent to the dissolved composition that precipitates the polymer but does not precipitate the marker compounds;(c) Separating the precipitated polymer from the dissolved composition; and(d) Measuring the quantity of marker compounds recovered in the solution using a chromatographic technique.
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