System and method for geometry point cloud coding
By simplifying syntax element representation and organization in geometry-based point cloud coding, the proposed method addresses the flexibility and generality challenges of existing standards, resulting in improved decoding efficiency for diverse point cloud inputs.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/137444
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-08-08
- Filing Date
- 2024-12-06
- Publication Date
- 2025-06-12
AI Technical Summary
Existing geometry-based point cloud coding (G-PCC) standards face challenges in flexibility and generality, particularly when dealing with a wide range of point cloud inputs across different applications, due to complex syntax element representation and organization.
The proposed solution introduces novel schemes for syntax element representation and organization that are compatible with existing G-PCC standards, including the use of the same maximum number of previously reconstructed points for all attribute types, simplifying the parsing and decoding processes.
This approach enhances the flexibility and generality of point cloud coding, improving decoding efficiency and enabling effective handling of diverse point cloud inputs across various applications.
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Figure CN2024137444_12062025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR GEOMETRY POINT CLOUD CODINGCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 607, 460, filed on December 7, 2023, entitled “GEOMETRY POINT CLOUD CODING, ” and to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 680, 927, filed on August 8, 2024, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS TO IMPROVE GEOMETRY POINT CLOUD CODING, ” both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.BACKGROUND
[0002] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to point cloud coding.
[0003] Point clouds are one of the major three-dimension (3D) data representations, which provide, in addition to spatial coordinates, attributes associated with the points in a 3D world. Point clouds in their raw format require a huge amount of memory for storage or bandwidth for transmission. Furthermore, the emergence of higher resolution point cloud capture technology imposes, in turn, even a higher requirement on the size of point clouds. In order to make point clouds usable, compression is necessary. Two compression technologies have been proposed for point cloud compression / coding (PCC) standardization activities: video-based PCC (V-PCC) and geometry-based PCC (G-PCC) . V-PCC approach is based on 3D to two-dimension (2D) projections, while G-PCC, on the contrary, encodes the content directly in 3D space. In order to achieve that, G-PCC utilizes data structures, such as an octree that describes the point locations in 3D space.SUMMARY
[0004] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a method for decoding a point cloud is provided. The method may include parsing, by a processor, a first syntax element to determine a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point. The method may include parsing, by a processor, a second syntax element to determine a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point. The method may include, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, decoding, by the processor, the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute. The first maximum number and the second maximum number may be a same number.
[0005] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a decoder is provided. The decoder may include a processor and memory storing instructions. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to parse a first syntax element to determine a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to parse a second syntax element to determine a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute. The first maximum number and the second maximum number may be a same number.
[0006] According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, an apparatus for decoding is provided. The decoder may include a processor and memory storing instructions. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to parse a first syntax element to determine a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to parse a second syntax element to determine a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute. The first maximum number and the second maximum number may be a same number.
[0007] According to a further aspect of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions for a decoder is provided. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the decoder, may cause the processor of the decoder to parse a first syntax element to determine a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the decoder, may cause the processor of the decoder to parse a second syntax element to determine a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the decoder, may cause the processor of the decoder to in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute. The first maximum number and the second maximum number may be a same number.
[0008] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a method for encoding a point cloud is provided. The method may include generating, by a processor, a first syntax element to indicate a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point. The method may include generating, by a processor, a second syntax element to indicate a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point. The method may include, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, encoding, by the processor, the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute. The first maximum number and the second maximum number may be a same number.
[0009] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, an encoder is provided. The encoder may include a processor and memory storing instructions. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to generate a first syntax element to indicate a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to generate a second syntax element to indicate a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute. The first maximum number and the second maximum number may be a same number.
[0010] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, an apparatus for encoding is provided. The encoder may include a processor and memory storing instructions. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to generate a first syntax element to indicate a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to generate a second syntax element to indicate a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute. The first maximum number and the second maximum number may be a same number.
[0011] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions for an encoder is provided. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the encoder, may cause the processor of the encoder to generate a first syntax element to indicate a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the encoder, may cause the processor of the encoder to generate a second syntax element to indicate a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the encoder, may cause the processor of the encoder to in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute. The first maximum number and the second maximum number may be a same number.
[0012] According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a bitstream is provided. The bitstream may be generated using one or more operations described herein.
[0013] These illustrative embodiments are mentioned not to limit or define the present disclosure, but to provide examples to aid understanding thereof. Additional embodiments are described in the Detailed Description, and further description is provided there.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the present disclosure and to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to make and use the present disclosure.
[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary encoding system, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0016] FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary decoding system, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0017] FIG. 3 illustrates a detailed block diagram of an exemplary encoder in the encoding system in FIG. 1, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0018] FIG. 4 illustrates a detailed block diagram of an exemplary decoder in the decoding system in FIG. 2, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0019] FIGs. 5A and 5B illustrate an exemplary octree structure of G-PCC and the corresponding digital representation, respectively, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0020] FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary structure of cube and the relationship with neighboring cubes in an octree structure of G-PCC, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary 1D array of points representing a point cloud, a set of candidate points, and a set of prediction points, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0022] FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary hierarchy of parameter sets of G-PCC, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0023] FIG. 9 illustrates a flow chart of a first exemplary method for decoding a point cloud, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0024] FIG. 10 illustrates a flow chart of an exemplary method for encoding a point cloud, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0025] Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0026] Although some configurations and arrangements are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustrative purposes only. A person skilled in the pertinent art will recognize that other configurations and arrangements can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to a person skilled in the pertinent art that the present disclosure can also be employed in a variety of other applications.
[0027] It is noted that references in the specification to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” “some embodiments, ” “certain embodiments, ” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it would be within the knowledge of a person skilled in the pertinent art to effect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0028] In general, terminology may be understood at least in part from usage in context. For example, the term “one or more” as used herein, depending at least in part upon context, may be used to describe any feature, structure, or characteristic in a singular sense or may be used to describe combinations of features, structures or characteristics in a plural sense. Similarly, terms, such as “a, ” “an, ” or “the, ” again, may be understood to convey a singular usage or to convey a plural usage, depending at least in part upon context. In addition, the term “based on” may be understood as not necessarily intended to convey an exclusive set of factors and may, instead, allow for existence of additional factors not necessarily expressly described, again, depending at least in part on context.
[0029] Various aspects of point cloud coding systems will now be described with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various modules, components, circuits, steps, operations, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, firmware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware, firmware, or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. The techniques described herein may be used for various point cloud coding applications. As described herein, point cloud coding includes both encoding and decoding a point cloud.
[0030] A point cloud is composed of a collection of points in a 3D space. Each point in the 3D space is associated with a geometry position together with the associated attribute information (e.g., color, reflectance, intensity, classification, etc. ) . In order to compress the point cloud data efficiently, the geometry of a point cloud can be compressed first, and then the corresponding attributes, including color or reflectance, can be compressed based upon the geometry information according to a point cloud coding technique, such as G-PCC. G-PCC has been widely used in virtual reality / augmented reality (VR / AR) , telecommunication, autonomous vehicle, etc., for entertainment and industrial applications, e.g., light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sweep compression for automotive or robotics and high-definition (HD) map for navigation. Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) released the first version G-PCC standard, and Audio Video Coding Standard (AVS) is also developing a G-PCC standard.
[0031] The existing G-PCC standards, however, cannot work well for a wide range of PCC inputs for many different applications. For example, besides the representation of levels (or coefficients in some cases) , the representation of other information (e.g., parameters) used for G-PCC may be coded in the forms of syntax elements in the bitstream as well. Since G-PCC is organized in different levels by dividing a collection of points into different pieces (e.g., sequence, slices, etc. ) associated with different properties (e.g., geometry, attributes, etc. ) , the parameter sets are also arranged in different levels (e.g., sequence-level, property-level, slice-level, etc. ) , for example, in the different headers. Moreover, multiple condition checks may be required for parsing some syntax elements in G-PCC, which further increases the complexity of organizing and parsing the representation of syntax elements.
[0032] To improve the flexibility and generality of point cloud coding, the present disclosure provides various novel schemes of syntax element representation and organization, which are compatible with any suitable G-PCC standards, including, but not limited to, AVS G-PCC standards and MPEG G-PCC standards.
[0033] FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary encoding system 100, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary decoding system 200, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Each system 100 or 200 may be applied or integrated into various systems and apparatuses capable of data processing, such as computers and wireless communication devices. For example, system 100 or 200 may be the entirety or part of a mobile phone, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a tablet, a vehicle computer, a gaming console, a printer, a positioning device, a wearable electronic device, a smart sensor, a virtual reality (VR) device, an argument reality (AR) device, or any other suitable electronic devices having data processing capability. As shown in FIGs. 1 and 2, system 100 or 200 may include a processor 102, a memory 104, and an interface 106. These components are shown as connected one to another by a bus, but other connection types are also permitted. It is understood that system 100 or 200 may include any other suitable components for performing functions described here.
[0034] Processor 102 may include microprocessors, such as graphic processing unit (GPU) , image signal processor (ISP) , central processing unit (CPU) , digital signal processor (DSP) , tensor processing unit (TPU) , vision processing unit (VPU) , neural processing unit (NPU) , synergistic processing unit (SPU) , or physics processing unit (PPU) , microcontroller units (MCUs) , application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functions described throughout the present disclosure. Although only one processor is shown in FIGs. 1 and 2, it is understood that multiple processors can be included. Processor 102 may be a hardware device having one or more processing cores. Processor 102 may execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. Software can include computer instructions written in an interpreted language, a compiled language, or machine code. Other techniques for instructing hardware are also permitted under the broad category of software.
[0035] Memory 104 can broadly include both memory (a.k.a, primary / system memory) and storage (a.k.a. secondary memory) . For example, memory 104 may include random-access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , static RAM (SRAM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , ferro-electric RAM (FRAM) , electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) or other optical disk storage, hard disk drive (HDD) , such as magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, Flash drive, solid-state drive (SSD) , or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions that can be accessed and executed by processor 102. Broadly, memory 104 may be embodied by any computer-readable medium, such as a non-transitory computer-readable medium. Although only one memory is shown in FIGs. 1 and 2, it is understood that multiple memories can be included.
[0036] Interface 106 can broadly include a data interface and a communication interface that is configured to receive and transmit a signal in a process of receiving and transmitting information with other external network elements. For example, interface 106 may include input / output (I / O) devices and wired or wireless transceivers. Although only one memory is shown in FIGs. 1 and 2, it is understood that multiple interfaces can be included.
[0037] Processor 102, memory 104, and interface 106 may be implemented in various forms in system 100 or 200 for performing point cloud coding functions. In some embodiments, processor 102, memory 104, and interface 106 of system 100 or 200 are implemented (e.g., integrated) on one or more system-on-chips (SoCs) . In one example, processor 102, memory 104, and interface 106 may be integrated on an application processor (AP) SoC that handles application processing in an operating system (OS) environment, including running point cloud encoding and decoding applications. In another example, processor 102, memory 104, and interface 106 may be integrated on a specialized processor chip for point cloud coding, such as a GPU or ISP chip dedicated to graphic processing in a real-time operating system (RTOS) .
[0038] As shown in FIG. 1, in encoding system 100, processor 102 may include one or more modules, such as an encoder 101. Although FIG. 1 shows that encoder 101 is within one processor 102, it is understood that encoder 101 may include one or more sub-modules that can be implemented on different processors located closely or remotely with each other. Encoder 101 (and any corresponding sub-modules or sub-units) can be hardware units (e.g., portions of an integrated circuit) of processor 102 designed for use with other components or software units implemented by processor 102 through executing at least part of a program, i.e., instructions. The instructions of the program may be stored on a computer-readable medium, such as memory 104, and when executed by processor 102, it may perform a process having one or more functions related to point cloud encoding, such as voxelization, transformation, quantization, arithmetic encoding, etc., as described below in detail.
[0039] Similarly, as shown in FIG. 2, in decoding system 200, processor 102 may include one or more modules, such as a decoder 201. Although FIG. 2 shows that decoder 201 is within one processor 102, it is understood that decoder 201 may include one or more sub-modules that can be implemented on different processors located closely or remotely with each other. Decoder 201 (and any corresponding sub-modules or sub-units) can be hardware units (e.g., portions of an integrated circuit) of processor 102 designed for use with other components or software units implemented by processor 102 through executing at least part of a program, i.e., instructions. The instructions of the program may be stored on a computer-readable medium, such as memory 104, and when executed by processor 102, it may perform a process having one or more functions related to point cloud decoding, such as arithmetic decoding, dequantization, inverse transformation, reconstruction, synthesis, as described below in detail.
[0040] FIG. 3 illustrates a detailed block diagram of exemplary encoder 101 in encoding system 100 in FIG. 1, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3, encoder 101 may include a coordinate transform module 302, a voxelization module 304, a geometry analysis module 306, and an arithmetic encoding module 308, together configured to encode positions associated with points of a point cloud into a geometry bitstream (i.e., geometry encoding) . As shown in FIG. 3, encoder 101 may also include a color transform module 310, an attribute transform module 312, a quantization module 314, and an arithmetic encoding module 316, together configured to encode attributes associated with points of a point cloud into an attribute bitstream (i.e., attribute encoding) . It is understood that each of the elements shown in FIG. 3 is independently shown to represent characteristic functions different from each other in a point cloud encoder, and it does not mean that each component is formed by the configuration unit of separate hardware or single software. That is, each element is included to be listed as an element for convenience of explanation, and at least two of the elements may be combined to form a single element, or one element may be divided into a plurality of elements to perform a function. It is also understood that some of the elements are not necessary elements that perform functions described in the present disclosure but instead may be optional elements for improving performance. It is further understood that these elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, firmware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware, firmware, or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on encoder 101. It is still further understood that the modules shown in FIG. 3 are for illustrative purposes only, and in some examples, different modules may be included in encoder 101 for point cloud encoding.
[0041] As shown in FIG. 3, geometry positions and attributes associated with points may be encoded separately. A point cloud may be a collection of points with positions Xk= (xk, yk, zk) , k=1, …, K, where K is the number of points in the point cloud, and attributes Ak= (A1k, A2k, …, ADk) , k=1, …, K, where D is the number of attributes for each point. In some embodiments, attribute coding depends on decoded geometry. As a consequence, point cloud positions may be coded first. Since geometry positions may be represented by floating-point numbers in an original coordinate system, coordinate transform module 302 and a voxelization module 304 may be configured to perform a coordinate transformation followed by voxelization that quantizes and removes duplicate points. The process of position quantization, duplicate point removal, and assignment of attributes to the remaining points is called voxelization. The voxelized point cloud may be represented using, for example, an octree structure in a lossless manner. Geometry analysis module 306 may be configured to perform geometry analysis using, for example, the octree or trisoup scheme. Arithmetic encoding module 308 may be configured to arithmetically encode the resulting structure from geometry analysis module 306 into the geometry bitstream.
[0042] In some embodiments, geometry analysis module 306 is configured to perform geometry analysis using the octree scheme. Under the octree scheme, a cubical axis-aligned bounding box B may be defined by the two extreme points (0, 0, 0) and (2d, 2d, 2d) where d is the maximum size of the given point cloud along the x, y, or z direction. All point cloud points may be included in this defined cube. A cube may be divided into eight sub-cubes, which creates the octree structure allowing one parent to have 8 children, and an octree structure may then be built by recursively subdividing sub-cubes, as shown in FIG. 5A. As shown in FIG. 5B, an 8-bit code may be generated by associating a 1-bit value with each sub-cube to indicate whether it contains points (i.e., full and has value 1) or not (i.e., empty and has value 0) . Only full sub-cubes with a size greater than 1 (i.e., non-voxels) may be further subdivided. The geometry information (x, y, z) for one position may be represented by this defined octree structure. Since points may be duplicated, multiple points may be mapped to the same sub-cube of size 1 (i.e., the same voxel) . In order to handle such a situation, the number of points for each sub-cube of dimension 1 is also arithmetically encoded. By construction of the octree, a current cube associated with a current node may be surrounded by six cubes of the same depth, sharing a face with it. Depending on the location of the current cube, one cube may have up to six same-sized cubes to share one face, as shown in FIG. 6. In addition, the current cube may also have some neighboring cubes that share lines or points with the current cube.
[0043] Referring back to FIG. 3, as to attribute encoding, optionally, color transform module 310 may be configured to convert red / green / blue (RGB) color attributes of each point to YCbCr color attributes if the attributes include color. Attribute transform module 312 may be configured to perform attribute transformation based on the results from geometry analysis module 306 (e.g., using the octree scheme) , including but not limited to, the region adaptive hierarchical transform (RAHT) , interpolation-based hierarchical nearest-neighbor prediction (predicting transform) , and interpolation-based hierarchical nearest-neighbor prediction with an update / lifting step (lifting transform) . Optionally, quantization module 314 may be configured to quantize the transformed coefficients of attributes from attribute transform module 312 to generate quantization levels of the attributes associated with each point to reduce the dynamic range. Arithmetic encoding module 316 may be configured to arithmetically encode the resulting transformed coefficients of attributes associated with each point or the quantization levels thereof into the attribute bitstream.
[0044] In some embodiments, a prediction may be formed from neighboring coded attributes, for example, in predicting transform and lifting transform by attribute transform module 312. Then, the difference between the current attribute and the prediction may be coded. According to some aspects of the present disclosure, in the AVS G-PCC standard, after the geometry positions are coded, a Morton code or Hilbert code may be used to convert a point cloud in a 3D space (e.g., a point cloud cube) into a 1D array, as shown in FIG. 7. Each position in the cube will have a corresponding Morton or Hilbert code, but some positions may not have any corresponding point cloud attribute. In other words, some positions may be empty. The attribute coding may follow the predefined Morton order or Hilbert order. A predictor may be generated from the previous coded points in the 1D array following the Morton order or Hilbert order. The attribute difference between the current point and its prediction points may be encoded into the bitstream. In some embodiments, the point cloud in the 3D space (e.g., a point cloud cube) is converted into a 1D array without any pre-defined order, but instead in its native input order, for example, the order in which the point cloud data is collected. That is, in some examples, the attribute coding may follow the native input order of the point cloud, instead of the predefined Morton order or Hilbert order. In other words, the order followed by the points in the 1D array may be either a Morton order, a Hilbert order, or the native input order.
[0045] As shown in FIG. 7, to reduce the memory usage, some predefined numbers may be specified to limit the number of neighboring points that can be used in generating the prediction. For example, only at most M points among previous at most N consecutively coded points may be used for coding the current attribute. That is, a set of n candidate points may be used as the candidates to select a set of m prediction points (m ≤ n) for predicting the current point in attribute coding. The number n of candidate points in the set is equal to or smaller than the maximum number N of candidate points (n ≤ N) , and the number m of prediction points in the set is equal to or smaller than the maximum number M of prediction points (m ≤ M) . As shown in FIG. 7, if the number of neighboring points prior to the current point in the 1D array following the Morton order, the Hilbert order, or the native input order is larger than the maximum number N of candidate points, then the number n of candidate points in the set of candidate points for the current point (shaded in grey) is equal to the maximum number N; if the number of neighboring points prior to the current point in the 1D array following the Morton order, the Hilbert order, or the native input order is larger than or equal to the maximum number N of candidate points, then the number n of candidate points in the set of candidate points for the current point (shaded in grey) is smaller to the maximum number N, then all the neighboring points prior to the current point are used as the set of candidate points for the current point. In FIG. 7, the maximum number M of prediction points is set to be 3, and a set of 3 prediction points (P, bolded and underlined) may be selected from the set of n candidate points, for example, based on the positions associated with the n candidate points and the current points (e.g., the distances between each candidate point and the current point) .
[0046] In some embodiments, M and N are set as a fixed number of 3 and 128, respectively. If more than 128 points before the current point are already coded, only 3 out of the previous 128 neighboring points could be used to form attribute predictors (prediction points) according to a predefined order. If there are less than 128 coded points before the current point, all coded points before the current point will be used as candidate points to find the prediction points. Among the previous up to 128 candidate points, up to 3 prediction points are selected, which have the closest “distance” (e.g., Euclidean distance) between these candidate points and the current point. The Euclidean distance d as one example may be defined as follows, while other distance metrics can also be used in other examples: d=|x1-x2|+ |y1-y2|+|z1-z2| (1) , where (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) are the coordinates of the current point and the candidate point along the Morton order, the Hilbert order, or the native input order, respectively. Once m prediction points (e.g., the 3 closest candidate points) have been selected, a weighted attribute average from these m points may be formed as the predictor to code the attribute of the current point, according to some embodiments. It is understood that in some examples, the prediction points may be selected from the candidate points that are in the cubes sharing the same face / line / point with the current point cloud.
[0047] Since the set of n candidate points needs to be stored in the memory and traversed in order to select the set of m prediction points for coding the attributes associated with the current position, the maximum number M of candidate points is introduced to limit the size of memory and amount of computation resources that may be occupied by the candidate points storage and searching.
[0048] According to some aspects of the present disclosure, the difference in attribute values between the current point and its predictor may be referred to as a “residual. ” Depending on the application, PCC can be either lossless or lossy. Hence, the residual may or may not be quantized by using the predefined quantization process. According to the present disclosure, the residual without or with quantization may be referred to as a “level, ” which is a signed integer (e.g., a positive or negative integer value) coded into the bitstream.
[0049] The zero-run length of the reflectance level and the non-zero reflectance-level may be coded into the bitstream. More specifically, before coding the first point, encoder 101 may set the zero-run length counter as zero. Starting from the first point along the predefined coding order, the residuals between the predictors and corresponding original points are obtained. Then, the corresponding reflectance-levels may be obtained. If the current reflectance-level is zero, encoder 101 increases the value of the zero-run length counter by one, and the process proceeds to the next point. If the reflectance-level is not zero, encoder 101 may code the zero-run length, followed by coding the non-zero reflectance-level. After coding a non-zero reflectance level, encoder 101 may reset the zero-run length counter to zero, and the process proceeds to the next point. On the decoding side, decoder 201 may decode the zero-run length, and the reflectance-levels corresponding to the number of zero-run length points are set as zero. Then, decoder 201 may decode the non-zero reflectance level, followed by decoding the next number of zero-run length. This process may continue until all points are decoded.
[0050] For a non-zero level, if the current point is not a duplicated point, the sign of level is coded with a “residual_sign” syntax element first. Then, an “absolute_residual_equal_one” syntax element, which indicates whether the current residual is one or not, may be coded by encoder 101 or decoder 201. If the current residual is not equal to one, an “absolute_residual_equal_two” syntax element may be coded. If the current residual is not equal to two, an “absolute_residual_minus_three” syntax element, which is used to code the value of absolute residual minus three, will be coded. Table 1 shown below illustrates example reflectance-level coding syntax elements. Table 1: Reflectance-level coding syntax elements
[0051] When there is more than one attribute for a point cloud, e.g., color and reflectance, cross-attribute prediction may further improve the coding performance. In the following example, the first coded attribute is defined as the first attribute, and the second coded attribute is defined as the second attribute. The first coded attribute information may be used to code the corresponding second attribute. For example, if reflectance is coded first, the reflectance is referred to as the first attribute, and the coded reflectance information (reconstructed reflectance) will be used to code the corresponding second attribute, e.g., color. Similarly, if color is coded first, the color is referred to as the first attribute; and the coded color information (reconstructed color) will be used to code the corresponding second attribute, e.g., reflectance. In the current AVS-GPCC specification, there are several syntax elements defined for the cross-attribute prediction. First, a cross-attribute prediction enable flag (cross_attr_type_pred) is specified to enable / disable cross-attribute prediction. If the values of cross_attr_type_pred is equal to 0, the cross-attribute prediction is disabled. If the values of cross_attr_type_pred is equal to 1, the cross-attribute prediction is enabled. In addition, if the values of cross_attr_type_pred is equal to 1 and there is only one set of color and reflectance attributes, this cross-attribute prediction will be used to code the current point cloud. If the values of cross_attr_type_pred is equal to 1, another syntax element, attr_coding_order is further specified to define which attribute will be coded first. If the value of attr_coding_order is 0, color will be considered as the first attribute and coded first as regular attribute coding; then, reflectance will be considered as the second attribute and coded with the coded color information. If the value of attr_coding_order is 1, reflectance will be considered as the first attribute and coded first as regular attribute coding; then, color will be considered as the second attribute and coded with coded reflectance information.
[0052] When cross-attribute prediction is used to code the current point cloud, the first attribute, either color or reflectance is first coded according to the value of attr_coding_order as regular attribute coding. This may be referred to as “first attribute coding” (regular attribute coding) . Then, the coded first attribute is used to cross predict the corresponding second attribute (e.g., reflectance or color) . This may be referred to as “second attribute coding” . In order to perform the second attribute coding, a geometry distance and attribute distance are calculated according to the following.
[0053] For instance, the geometry distance (disGeom) may be defined according to expression (2) , shown below. disGeom=|xcurr-xcand|+|ycurr-ycand|+|zcurr-zcand| (2) , where (xcurr, ycurr, zcurr) and (xcand, ycand, zcand) are Cartesian coordinates of the current point and candidate point.
[0054] The attribute distance (disAttr) for reflectance may be defined according to expression (3) , shown below. disAttr = |curRefl-candRefl| (3) , where curRefl and candRefl are the reflectance values of the current point and candidate prediction point, respectively.
[0055] Similarly, the attribute distance (disAttr) for color may be defined according to expression (4) , shown below. disAttr = |curColor [0] -candColor [0] |+|curColor [1] -candColor [1] |+|curColor [2] - candColor [2] | (4) , where curColor [x] and candColor [x] are the values of x component of color of the current point and candidate point, respectively. x is an integer number from 0 to 2 and represents red (R) , green (G) , or blue (B) or luma, Cb, Cr components, respectively. For example, curColor [0] and candColor [0] represent the values of R or the luma component of the current point and candidate point, respectively. curColor [1] and candColor [1] represent the values of G or represent the Cb component of the current point and candidate point, respectively. curColor [2] and candColor [2] represents the values of B or the Cr component of the current point and candidate point, respectively.
[0056] A combination distance (dis) may be calculated according to the values of attribute distance, geometry distance and the values of two more syntax elements (e.g., cross_attr_type_pred_param1 and cross_attr_type_pred_param2) according to expression (5) , shown below. where maxGeom is calculated according to expression (6) , shown below. where and represent the width, height, and depth of the bound box, respectively.
[0057] maxAttr from expression (5) may be calculated as according to expression (7) , shown below. maxAttr=2OutputDepth-1 (7) , where outputDepth is the depth of color or reflectance.
[0058] λ from expression (5) may be calculated according to expression (8) , shown below. λ=-crossAttrTypePredParam1*attrQuantParm+crossAttrTypePredParam2 (8) , where attrQuantParm is quantization parameter of attribute.
[0059] Instead of using geometry distance only to select predication candidates for the regular attribute coding, predication candidates are selected according to the values of combination distance for the second attribute coding. For instance, several points with minimum combination distances are selected to form prediction to predict the second attribute of the current point. Because the information of the first attribute is used to predict the second attribute, it is also referred to as “cross-attribute prediction. ”
[0060] FIG. 4 illustrates a detailed block diagram of exemplary decoder 201 in decoding system 200 in FIG. 2, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 4, decoder 201 may include an arithmetic decoding module 402, a geometry synthesis module 404, a reconstruction module 406, and a coordinate inverse transform module 408, together configured to decode positions associated with points of a point cloud from the geometry bitstream (i.e., geometry decoding) . As shown in FIG. 4, decoder 201 may also include an arithmetic decoding module 410, a dequantization module 412, an attribute inverse transform module 414, and a color inverse transform module 416, together configured to decode attributes associated with points of a point cloud from the attribute bitstream (i.e., attribute decoding) . It is understood that each of the elements shown in FIG. 4 is independently shown to represent characteristic functions different from each other in a point cloud decoder, and it does not mean that each component is formed by the configuration unit of separate hardware or single software. That is, each element is included to be listed as an element for convenience of explanation, and at least two of the elements may be combined to form a single element, or one element may be divided into a plurality of elements to perform a function. It is also understood that some of the elements are not necessary elements that perform functions described in the present disclosure but instead may be optional elements for improving performance. It is further understood that these elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, firmware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware, firmware, or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on decoder 201. It is still further understood that the modules shown in FIG. 4 are for illustrative purposes only, and in some examples, different modules may be included in decoder 201 for point cloud decoding.
[0061] When a point cloud bitstream (e.g., a geometry bitstream or an attribute bitstream) is input from a point cloud encoder (e.g., encoder 101) , the input bitstream may be decoded by decoder 201 in a procedure opposite to that of the point cloud encoder. Thus, the details of decoding that are described above with respect to encoding may be skipped for ease of description. Arithmetic decoding modules 402 and 410 may be configured to decode the geometry bitstream and attribute bitstream, respectively, to obtain various information encoded into the bitstream. For example, arithmetic decoding module 410 may decode the attribute bitstream to obtain the attribute information associated with each point, such as the quantization levels or the coefficients of the attributes associated with each point. Optionally, dequantization module 412 may be configured to dequantize the quantization levels of attributes associated with each point to obtain the coefficients of attributes associated with each point. Besides the attribute information, arithmetic decoding module 410 may parse the bitstream to obtain various other information (e.g., in the form of syntax elements) , such as the syntax element indicative of the order followed by the points in the 1D array for attribute coding.
[0062] Inverse attribute transform module 414 may be configured to perform inverse attribute transformation, such as inverse RAHT, inverse predicting transform, or inverse lifting transform, to transform the data from the transform domain (e.g., coefficients) back to the attribute domain (e.g., luma and / or chroma information for color attributes) . Optionally, color inverse transform module 416 may be configured to convert YCbCr color attributes to RGB color attributes.
[0063] As to the geometry decoding, geometry synthesis module 404, reconstruction module 406, and coordinate inverse transform module 408 of decoder 201 may be configured to perform the inverse operations of geometry analysis module 306, voxelization module 304, and coordinate transform module 302 of encoder 101, respectively.
[0064] Consistent with the scope of the present disclosure, encoder 101 and decoder 201 may be configured to adopt various novel schemes of syntax element representation and organization, as disclosed herein, to improve the flexibility and generality of point cloud coding.
[0065] According to some aspects of the present disclosure, various attribute-presence syntax elements are introduced at different levels to control the enablement / disablement of all attributes or an individual attribute in point cloud coding. In some embodiments, the different parameters under the same condition check at the same level (e.g., associated with the same attribute) can be grouped altogether to reduce the number of condition checks, thereby further simplifying the scheme. FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary hierarchy of parameter sets of G-PCC, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. A point cloud may be represented in a 1D array including a set of points each associated with a property, such as geometry and attributes (e.g., color and reflectance) . The set of points associated with different time stamps may be viewed as a “sequence. ”
[0066] As shown in FIG. 8, the syntax elements (e.g., parameters, flags, etc. ) used for coding the headers of the point cloud may be organized in a hierarchy having various levels. At the top level, the hierarchy may include a sequence header, for example, a header of a sequence parameter set (SPS) associated with the sequence representing the point cloud. At the second level, the hierarchy may include one or more property headers belonging to the sequence header, such as a geometry parameter header and one or more attribute parameter headers. In some embodiments, geometry parameter headers, and attribute parameter headers can also be at the same level as SPS. For example, as shown in FIG. 8, the next level under the SPS may include one header of a geometry parameter set belonging to the SPS and associated with the geometry, as well as one or more headers (1 to n) of attribute parameter sets belonging to the SPS and each associate with a respective attribute (e.g., color or reflectance) . At the third level, the hierarchy may include one or more slice property headers belonging to each property header, such as slice geometry parameter headers and slice attribute parameter headers. That is, the sequence representing the point cloud may be divided into one or more slices each including a slice of points, and each slice of points may be associated with one or more slice property headers. For example, as shown in FIG. 8, the next level under the geometry parameter set may include one or more headers of slice geometry parameter sets each belonging to the geometry parameter set and associated with a respective slice of points. Similarly, the next level under each attribute parameter set may include one or more headers of slice attribute parameter sets each belonging to the respective attribute parameter set and associated with a respective slice of points. It is understood that in some examples, the hierarchy may include fewer or more levels, such as picture / frame level (s) .
[0067] According to some aspects of the present disclosure, the difference in attribute values between the current point and its predictor may be referred to as a “residual. ” Depending on the application, PCC can be either lossless or lossy. Hence, the residual may or may not be quantized by using the predefined quantization process. According to the present disclosure, the residual without or with quantization may be referred to as a “level, ” which is a signed integer (e.g., a positive or negative integer value) coded into the bitstream.
[0068] In some existing techniques, in order to generate attribute prediction for a current point, some reconstructed attribute values for some previously reconstructed points are selected to form the prediction among a pre-defined number of previously reconstructed neighboring points. The maximum number of previously reconstructed neighboring points (maxNumOfNeighbors) is calculated according to expression (9) (shown below) with a coded syntax element, max_num_of_neighbors_log2_minus7. maxNumOfNeighbors = 2^ (max_num_of_neighbors_log2_minus7 + 7) (9) , where 2^x represent 2 to the power of x.
[0069] Using some existing techniques, the max_num_of_neighbors_log2_minus7 is coded at the attribute header using the syntax elements seen below in Table 2. Table 2: Example max_num_of_neighbors_log2_minus7 coding syntax elements
[0070] From the current design, syntax element, max_num_of_neighbors_log2_minus7 [attrIdx] [i] syntax element may have different values for different attribute type and different attribute data of the same type attribute. On one hand, the different maximum number of previously reconstructed neighboring points for different attribute type and different attribute data of the same type attribute may bring extra complexity without coding performance improvement. On the other hand, when there are both color and reflectance attributes and the cross component attribute prediction is enabled, the different maximum number of previously reconstructed neighboring points for color and reflectance attributes makes such cross component prediction impossible.
[0071] As one example, assume a color and reflectance attribute for a given point cloud, and max_num_of_neighbors_log2_minus7 [0] [0] and max_num_of_neighbors_log2_minus7 [1] [0] are set to be 1 and 0, respectively. This means that 256 and 128 previously coded color and reflectance may be used to predict the color and reflectance of the current point. Suppose that cross-attribute prediction is enabled and used for prediction; then, the reflectance (the first attribute) is coded first and the coded / reconstructed reflectance is used to predict color (the second attribute) .
[0072] According to the expression (5) , the combination distance is decided by using both geometry distance and attribute distance of candidate point. However, there are only 128 previously decoded reflectance points stored according to the value of max_num_of_neighbors_log2_minus7 [1] [0] . The value of attribute distance beyond 128 previously decoded reflectance is unknown / undefined. As a result, there is no way to decide all combination distances for 256 previously coded candidate points for coding color, and the candidate points may not be decided for coding (the second attribute) . Therefore, some decoding behavior is undefined.
[0073] To overcome these and other challenges, the present disclosure proposes to use the same maximum number of previously reconstructed neighboring points for all attribute types and all data of the same attribute type.
[0074] First example semantics for the syntax element used to convey the maximum number of reconstructed neighboring points for cross-attribute prediction of the first or second attributes may be “max_num_of_neighbors_log2_minus7 [attrIdx] [i] ” , and second example semantics for the syntax element used to convey the maximum number of reconstructed points may be “maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 [attrIdx] [i] ” . In either case, this syntax element includes an unsigned integer that may be used to calculate the maximum number of previously reconstructed neighboring points for attrIdx-th i-th attribute prediction. If the given point cloud has both color and reflectance, cross-attribute prediction is enabled and used, the syntax element (e.g., max_num_of_neighbors_log2_minus7 [attrIdx] [i] , maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 [attrIdx] [i] , etc. ) , for different attribute type and different attribute data of the same type attribute is set to be the same value.
[0075] In order to generate the prediction of attribute for the current point, some reconstructed attribute values for some previously reconstructed points are selected among a pre-defined number of previously reconstructed neighboring points. In some other exemplary techniques, one syntax maxNumOfNeighborsLog2Minus7 is parsed once in the attribute header for this design. For example, the maxNumOfNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element is coded after the attribute_start_code syntax element and before the attributePresentFlag syntax element, as shown below in Table 3. The maxNumOfNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element is an unsigned integer used to calculate the maximum number of previously reconstructed neighboring points for attribute prediction. As shown below in expression (10) , the maximum number of previously reconstructed neighboring points (maxNumOfNeighbors) may be calculated with a coded syntax element, maxNumOfNeighborsLog2Minus7. maxNumOfNeighbors = 2^ (maxNumOfNeighborsLog2Minus7 + 7) (10) , where 2^x represents 2 to the power of x.
[0076] As shown above in expression (10) , the maximum number of previously reconstructed neighboring points (maxNumOfNeighbors) may be calculated using a coded syntax element, maxNumOfNeighborsLog2Minus7.
[0077] In some exemplary techniques, the maxNumOfNeighborsLog2Minus7 may be coded at the attribute header using the syntax elements seen below in Tables 3 or 4. Table 3: Exemplary maxNumOfNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax elements Table 4: Exemplary maxNumOfNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax elements
[0078] FIG. 9 illustrates a flow chart of a first exemplary method 900 of point cloud decoding, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Method 900 may be performed by decoder 201 of decoding system 200 or any other suitable point cloud encoding systems. Method 900 may include operations 902-906 as described below. It is understood that some of the operations may be optional, and some of the operations may be performed simultaneously, or in a different order than shown in FIG. 9.
[0079] Referring to FIG. 9, at 902, the system may parse a first syntax element to determine a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point. In some implementations, the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the first attribute may include a first plurality of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points may be equal to two raised to a power of a value of the first syntax element plus seven. In some implementations, the first syntax element may be a first maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element.
[0080] At 904, the system may parse a second syntax element to determine a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point. In some implementations, the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the second attribute may include a second plurality of previously reconstructed points associated with the first attribute. In some implementations, the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points may be equal to two raised to a power of a value of the second syntax element plus seven. In some implementations, the first syntax element may be parsed before the second syntax element. In some implementations, the first attribute may be color and the second attribute may be reflectance. In some implementations, the first attribute may be reflectance and the second attribute may be color. In some implementations, the second syntax element may be a second maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element.
[0081] At 906, the system may, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute. In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the system may predict the first attribute of the current point using the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the system may predict the second attribute of the current point using the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the system may decode the current point based on the first attribute and the second attribute.
[0082] FIG. 10 illustrates a flow chart of an exemplary method 1000 of point cloud encoding, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Method 1000 may be performed by encoder 101 of encoding system 100 or any other suitable point cloud encoding systems. Method 1000 may include operations 1002-1006, as described below. It is understood that some of the operations may be optional, and some of the operations may be performed simultaneously, or in a different order than shown in FIG. 10.
[0083] Referring to FIG. 10, at 1002, the system may generate a first syntax element to indicate a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point. In some implementations, the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the first attribute may include a first plurality of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points may be equal to two raised to a power of a value of the first syntax element plus seven. In some implementations, the first syntax element may be a first maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element.
[0084] At 1004, the system may generate a second syntax element to indicate a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point. In some implementations, the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the second attribute may include a second plurality of previously reconstructed points associated with the first attribute. In some implementations, the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points may be equal to two raised to a power of a value of the second syntax element plus seven. In some implementations, the first syntax element may be parsed before the second syntax element. In some implementations, the first attribute may be color and the second attribute may be reflectance. In some implementations, the second syntax element may be a second maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element.
[0085] At 1006, the system may, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute. In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the system may predict the first attribute of the current point using the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the system may predict the second attribute of the current point using the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the system may encode the current point based on the first attribute and the second attribute.
[0086] In various aspects of the present disclosure, the functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored as instructions on a non-transitory computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a processor, such as processor 102 in FIGs. 1 and 2. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, HDD, such as magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, Flash drive, SSD, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a processing system, such as a mobile device or a computer. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital video disc (DVD) , and floppy disk where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
[0087] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a method for decoding a point cloud is provided. The method may include parsing, by a processor, a first syntax element to determine a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point. The method may include parsing, by a processor, a second syntax element to determine a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point. The method may include, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, decoding, by the processor, the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute. The first maximum number and the second maximum number may be a same number.
[0088] In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, the decoding, by the processor, the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute may include predicting, by the processor, the first attribute of the current point using the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, the decoding, by the processor, the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute may include predicting, by the processor, the second attribute of the current point using the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, the decoding, by the processor, the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute may include decoding, by the processor, the current point based on the first attribute and the second attribute.
[0089] In some implementations, the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the first attribute may include a first plurality of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the second attribute may include a second plurality of previously reconstructed points associated with the first attribute.
[0090] In some implementations, the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points may be equal to two raised to a power of a value of the first syntax element plus seven. In some implementations, the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points may be equal to two raised to a power of a value of the second syntax element plus seven.
[0091] In some implementations, the first syntax element may be parsed before the second syntax element.
[0092] In some implementations, the first attribute may be color and the second attribute may be reflectance. In some implementations, the first attribute may be reflectance and the second attribute may be color.
[0093] In some implementations, the first syntax element may be a first maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element. In some implementations, the second syntax element may be a second maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element.
[0094] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a decoder is provided. The decoder may include a processor and memory storing instructions. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to parse a first syntax element to determine a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to parse a second syntax element to determine a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute. The first maximum number and the second maximum number may be a same number.
[0095] In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to predict the first attribute of the current point using the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to predict the second attribute of the current point using the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to decode the current point based on the first attribute and the second attribute.
[0096] In some implementations, the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the first attribute may include a first plurality of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the second attribute may include a second plurality of previously reconstructed points associated with the first attribute.
[0097] In some implementations, the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points may be equal to two raised to a power of a value of the first syntax element plus seven. In some implementations, the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points may be equal to two raised to a power of a value of the second syntax element plus seven.
[0098] In some implementations, the first syntax element may be parsed before the second syntax element.
[0099] In some implementations, the first attribute may be color and the second attribute may be reflectance. In some implementations, the first attribute may be reflectance and the second attribute may be color.
[0100] In some implementations, the first syntax element may be a first maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element. In some implementations, the second syntax element may be a second maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element.
[0101] According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, an apparatus for decoding is provided. The decoder may include a processor and memory storing instructions. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to parse a first syntax element to determine a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to parse a second syntax element to determine a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute. The first maximum number and the second maximum number may be a same number.
[0102] According to a further aspect of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions for a decoder is provided. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the decoder, may cause the processor of the decoder to parse a first syntax element to determine a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the decoder, may cause the processor of the decoder to parse a second syntax element to determine a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the decoder, may cause the processor of the decoder to in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute. The first maximum number and the second maximum number may be a same number.
[0103] In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the instructions, which when executed by the processor of the decoder, may cause the processor of the decoder to predict the first attribute of the current point using the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the instructions, which when executed by the processor of the decoder, may cause the processor of the decoder to predict the second attribute of the current point using the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the instructions, which when executed by the processor of the decoder, may cause the processor of the decoder to decode the current point based on the first attribute and the second attribute.
[0104] In some implementations, the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the first attribute may include a first plurality of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the second attribute may include a second plurality of previously reconstructed points associated with the first attribute.
[0105] In some implementations, the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points may be equal to two raised to a power of a value of the first syntax element plus seven. In some implementations, the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points may be equal to two raised to a power of a value of the second syntax element plus seven.
[0106] In some implementations, the first syntax element may be parsed before the second syntax element.
[0107] In some implementations, the first attribute may be color and the second attribute may be reflectance. In some implementations, the first attribute may be reflectance and the second attribute may be color.
[0108] In some implementations, the first syntax element may be a first maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element. In some implementations, the second syntax element may be a second maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element.
[0109] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a method for encoding a point cloud is provided. The method may include generating, by a processor, a first syntax element to indicate a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point. The method may include generating, by a processor, a second syntax element to indicate a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point. The method may include, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, encoding, by the processor, the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute. The first maximum number and the second maximum number may be a same number.
[0110] In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, the encoding, by the processor, the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute may include predicting, by the processor, the first attribute of the current point using the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, the encoding, by the processor, the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute may include predicting, by the processor, the second attribute of the current point using the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, the encoding, by the processor, the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute may include encoding, by the processor, the current point based on the first attribute and the second attribute.
[0111] In some implementations, the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the first attribute may include a first plurality of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the second attribute may include a second plurality of previously reconstructed points associated with the first attribute.
[0112] In some implementations, the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points may be equal to two raised to a power of a value of the first syntax element plus seven. In some implementations, the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points may be equal to two raised to a power of a value of the second syntax element plus seven.
[0113] In some implementations, the first syntax element may be generated before the second syntax element.
[0114] In some implementations, the first attribute may be color and the second attribute may be reflectance. In some implementations, the first attribute may be reflectance and the second attribute may be color.
[0115] In some implementations, the first syntax element may be a first maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element. In some implementations, the second syntax element may be a second maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element.
[0116] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, an encoder is provided. The encoder may include a processor and memory storing instructions. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to generate a first syntax element to indicate a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to generate a second syntax element to indicate a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute. The first maximum number and the second maximum number may be a same number.
[0117] In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to predict the first attribute of the current point using the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to predict the second attribute of the current point using the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to encode the current point based on the first attribute and the second attribute.
[0118] In some implementations, the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the first attribute may include a first plurality of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the second attribute may include a second plurality of previously reconstructed points associated with the first attribute.
[0119] In some implementations, the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points may be equal to two raised to a power of a value of the first syntax element plus seven. In some implementations, the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points may be equal to two raised to a power of a value of the second syntax element plus seven.
[0120] In some implementations, the first syntax element may be generated before the second syntax element.
[0121] In some implementations, the first attribute may be color and the second attribute may be reflectance. In some implementations, the first attribute may be reflectance and the second attribute may be color.
[0122] In some implementations, the first syntax element may be a first maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element. In some implementations, the second syntax element may be a second maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element.
[0123] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, an apparatus for encoding is provided. The encoder may include a processor and memory storing instructions. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to generate a first syntax element to indicate a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to generate a second syntax element to indicate a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute. The first maximum number and the second maximum number may be a same number.
[0124] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions for an encoder is provided. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the encoder, may cause the processor of the encoder to generate a first syntax element to indicate a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the encoder, may cause the processor of the encoder to generate a second syntax element to indicate a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the encoder, may cause the processor of the encoder to in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute. The first maximum number and the second maximum number may be a same number.
[0125] In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the instructions, which when executed by the processor of the encoder, may cause the processor of the encoder to predict the first attribute of the current point using the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the instructions, which when executed by the processor of the encoder, may cause the processor of the encoder to predict the second attribute of the current point using the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the instructions, which when executed by the processor of the encoder, may cause the processor of the encoder to encode the current point based on the first attribute and the second attribute.
[0126] In some implementations, the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the first attribute may include a first plurality of previously reconstructed points. In some implementations, the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the second attribute may include a second plurality of previously reconstructed points associated with the first attribute.
[0127] In some implementations, the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points may be equal to two raised to a power of a value of the first syntax element plus seven. In some implementations, the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points may be equal to two raised to a power of a value of the second syntax element plus seven.
[0128] In some implementations, the first syntax element may be generated before the second syntax element.
[0129] In some implementations, the first attribute may be color and the second attribute may be reflectance. In some implementations, the first attribute may be reflectance and the second attribute may be color.
[0130] In some implementations, the first syntax element may be a first maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element. In some implementations, the second syntax element may be a second maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element.
[0131] According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a bitstream is provided. The bitstream may be generated using one or more operations described herein.
[0132] The foregoing description of the embodiments will so reveal the general nature of the present disclosure that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art, readily modify and / or adapt for various applications such embodiments, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present disclosure. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance.
[0133] Embodiments of the present disclosure have been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the implementation of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed.
[0134] The Summary and Abstract sections may set forth one or more but not all exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure as contemplated by the inventor (s) , and thus, are not intended to limit the present disclosure and the appended claims in any way.
[0135] Various functional blocks, modules, and steps are disclosed above. The arrangements provided are illustrative and without limitation. Accordingly, the functional blocks, modules, and steps may be reordered or combined in different ways than in the examples provided above. Likewise, some embodiments include only a subset of the functional blocks, modules, and steps, and any such subset is permitted.
[0136] The breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
Claims
1.A method for decoding a point cloud, comprising:parsing, by a processor, a first syntax element to determine a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point;parsing, by a processor, a second syntax element to determine a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point; andin response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, decoding, by the processor, the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, wherein the first maximum number and the second maximum number are a same number.2.The method of claim 1, wherein, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, the decoding, by the processor, the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute comprises:predicting, by the processor, the first attribute of the current point using the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points;predicting, by the processor, the second attribute of the current point using the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points; anddecoding, by the processor, the current point based on the first attribute and the second attribute.3.The method of claim 2, wherein:the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the first attribute includes a first plurality of previously reconstructed points, andthe second maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the second attribute includes a second plurality of previously reconstructed points associated with the first attribute.4.The method of claim 1, wherein:the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points is equal to two raised to a power of a value of the first syntax element plus seven, andthe second maximum number of previously reconstructed points is equal to two raised to a power of a value of the second syntax element plus seven.5.The method of claim 1, wherein the first syntax element is parsed before the second syntax element.6.The method of claim 1, wherein:the first attribute is color and the second attribute is reflectance, orthe first attribute is reflectance and the second attribute is color.7.The method of claim 1, wherein:the first syntax element is a first maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element, andthe second syntax element is a second maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element.8.A decoder, comprising:a processor; andmemory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:parse a first syntax element to determine a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point;parse a second syntax element to determine a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point; andin response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, wherein the first maximum number and the second maximum number are a same number.9.The decoder of claim 8, wherein, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:predict the first attribute of the current point using the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points;predict the second attribute of the current point using the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points; anddecode the current point based on the first attribute and the second attribute.10.The decoder of claim 9, wherein:the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the first attribute includes a first plurality of previously reconstructed points, andthe second maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the second attribute includes a second plurality of previously reconstructed points associated with the first attribute.11.The decoder of claim 8, wherein:the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points is equal to two raised to a power of a value of the first syntax element plus seven, andthe second maximum number of previously reconstructed points is equal to two raised to a power of a value of the second syntax element plus seven.12.The decoder of claim 8, wherein the first syntax element is parsed before the second syntax element.13.The decoder of claim 8, wherein:the first attribute is color and the second attribute is reflectance, orthe first attribute is reflectance and the second attribute is color.14.The decoder of claim 8, wherein:the first syntax element is a first maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element, andthe second syntax element is a second maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element.15.An apparatus for decoding, comprising:a processor; andmemory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:parse a first syntax element to determine a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point;parse a second syntax element to determine a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point; andin response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, wherein the first maximum number and the second maximum number are a same number.16.A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions, which when executed by a processor of a decoder, cause the processor of the decoder to:parse a first syntax element to determine a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point;parse a second syntax element to determine a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point; andin response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, wherein the first maximum number and the second maximum number are a same number.17.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to decode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the instructions, which when executed by the processor the decoder, cause the processor the decoder to:predict the first attribute of the current point using the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points;predict the second attribute of the current point using the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points; anddecode the current point based on the first attribute and the second attribute.18.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein:the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the first attribute includes a first plurality of previously reconstructed points, andthe second maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the second attribute includes a second plurality of previously reconstructed points associated with the first attribute.19.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein:the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points is equal to two raised to a power of a value of the first syntax element plus seven, andthe second maximum number of previously reconstructed points is equal to two raised to a power of a value of the second syntax element plus seven.20.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the first syntax element is parsed before the second syntax element.21.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein:the first attribute is color and the second attribute is reflectance, orthe first attribute is reflectance and the second attribute is color.22.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein:the first syntax element is a first maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element, andthe second syntax element is a second maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element.23.A method for encoding a point cloud, comprising:generating, by a processor, a first syntax element to indicate a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point;generating, by a processor, a second syntax element to indicate a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point; andin response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, encoding, by the processor, the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, wherein the first maximum number and the second maximum number are a same number.24.The method of claim 23, wherein, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, the encoding, by the processor, the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute comprises:predicting, by the processor, the first attribute of the current point using the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points;predicting, by the processor, the second attribute of the current point using the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points; andencoding, by the processor, the current point based on the first attribute and the second attribute.25.The method of claim 24, wherein:the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the first attribute includes a first plurality of previously reconstructed points, andthe second maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the second attribute includes a second plurality of previously reconstructed points associated with the first attribute.26.The method of claim 23, wherein:the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points is equal to two raised to a power of a value of the first syntax element plus seven, andthe second maximum number of previously reconstructed points is equal to two raised to a power of a value of the second syntax element plus seven.27.The method of claim 23, wherein the first syntax element is encoded before the second syntax element.28.The method of claim 23, wherein:the first attribute is color and the second attribute is reflectance, orthe first attribute is reflectance and the second attribute is color.29.The method of claim 23, wherein:the first syntax element is a first maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element, andthe second syntax element is a second maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element.30.An encoder, comprising:a processor; andmemory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:encode a first syntax element to indicate a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point;encode a second syntax element to indicate a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point; andin response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, wherein the first maximum number and the second maximum number are a same number.31.The encoder of claim 30, wherein, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:predict the first attribute of the current point using the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points;predict the second attribute of the current point using the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points; andencode the current point based on the first attribute and the second attribute.32.The encoder of claim 31, wherein:the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the first attribute includes a first plurality of previously reconstructed points, andthe second maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the second attribute includes a second plurality of previously reconstructed points associated with the first attribute.33.The encoder of claim 30, wherein:the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points is equal to two raised to a power of a value of the first syntax element plus seven, andthe second maximum number of previously reconstructed points is equal to two raised to a power of a value of the second syntax element plus seven.34.The encoder of claim 30, wherein the first syntax element is encoded before the second syntax element.35.The encoder of claim 30, wherein:the first attribute is color and the second attribute is reflectance, orthe first attribute is reflectance and the second attribute is color.36.The encoder of claim 30, wherein:the first syntax element is a first maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element, andthe second syntax element is a second maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element.37.An apparatus for encoding, comprising:a processor; andmemory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:encode a first syntax element to indicate a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point;encode a second syntax element to indicate a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point; andin response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, wherein the first maximum number and the second maximum number are a same number.38.A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions, which when executed by a processor of an encoder, cause the processor of the encoder to:encode a first syntax element to indicate a first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a first attribute of a current point;encode a second syntax element to indicate a second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for predicting a second attribute of the current point; andin response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, wherein the first maximum number and the second maximum number are a same number.39.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 38, wherein, in response to cross-attribute prediction being enabled, to encode the current point based on the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the first attribute and the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points for the second attribute, the instructions, which when executed by the processor of the encoder, cause the processor of the encoder to:predict the first attribute of the current point using the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points;predict the second attribute of the current point using the second maximum number of previously reconstructed points; andencode the current point based on the first attribute and the second attribute.40.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 39, wherein:the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the first attribute includes a first plurality of previously reconstructed points, andthe second maximum number of previously reconstructed points used to predict the second attribute includes a second plurality of previously reconstructed points associated with the first attribute.41.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 38, wherein:the first maximum number of previously reconstructed points is equal to two raised to a power of a value of the first syntax element plus seven, andthe second maximum number of previously reconstructed points is equal to two raised to a power of a value of the second syntax element plus seven.42.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 38, wherein the first syntax element is encoded before the second syntax element.43.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 38, wherein:the first attribute is color and the second attribute is reflectance, orthe first attribute is reflectance and the second attribute is color.44.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 38, wherein:the first syntax element is a first maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element, andthe second syntax element is a second maxNumofNeighborsLog2Minus7 syntax element.45.A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a bitstream, the bitstream being generated based on one or more of claims 23-29.
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