Herpes simplex virus recombinant antigen and uses thereof
Recombinant HSV glycoproteins in trimeric conformation, combined with adjuvants, address the inefficacy of current HSV vaccines by enhancing immune responses and preventing infections.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/073447
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-01-19
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-20
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-24
AI Technical Summary
Current vaccines and treatments for herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, particularly HSV-2, are ineffective due to the lack of using viral antigens in their native trimeric conformation and improper adjuvant selection, leading to suboptimal immune responses.
Development of recombinant polypeptides and fusion proteins comprising HSV glycoproteins gB and/or gD in trimeric conformation, combined with various adjuvants, to elicit strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.
The trimeric recombinant antigens enhance the efficacy of vaccines by inducing neutralizing antibodies and providing optimal immune protection against HSV infections, while avoiding adverse reactions like antibody-dependent enhancement.
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Figure CN2025073447_24072025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN AND USES THEREOFCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] The present application claim priority to and the benefit of International Patent Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 073279, filed on January 19, 2024, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure relates in some aspects recombinant polypeptides and fusion proteins comprising herpes simplex viral antigens and immunogens in trimeric conformation, e.g., glycoprotein gB and / or gD, gD-gB and / or gB-gD or a fragment thereof and immunogenic compositions including the same with or without adjuvant, for preventing or treating a herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection.BACKGROUND
[0003] HSV, known as herpes, is a common infection that can cause painful blisters or ulcers. It is treatable but not curable and is a recurrent lifelong disease. There are two types of herpes simplex virus. An estimated 4 billion people under age 50 (70%) globally have had herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, the main cause of oral herpes. An estimated 491 million people aged 15–49 (13%) worldwide have herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection, the main cause of genital herpes. Type 1 (HSV-1) mostly spreads by oral contact and causes infections in or around the mouth (oral herpes or cold sores) . It can also cause genital herpes. Most adults are infected with HSV-1. Type 2 (HSV-2) spreads by sexual contact and causes genital herpes. Most people have no symptoms or only mild symptoms. Nevertheless, the infection can cause painful blisters or ulcers that can recur over time. Blisters may break open, ooze and then crust over. During their first infection, people may experience fever, body aches, sore throat (oral herpes) , headache, swollen lymph nodes near the infection. Recurrent symptoms of both oral and genital herpes may be distressing. Genital herpes may also be stigmatizing and have an impact on sexual relationships. Pregnant women with an active HSV-2 infection can transmit the virus during delivery to their neonate which can result in severe neurological disease or neonatal death.
[0004] Currently available medicines can reduce symptoms but can’ t cure the infection, which have created an urgent need for an effective vaccine and related therapeutic agents. Moreover, there is no approved vaccine against HSV-2 infection now. Chiron, GSK, Agenus, Genocea Biosciences Inc., and Sanofi all failed in developing effective prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against HSV-2 infection, despite some showed marginal or short-lived efficacy. The key problems could be attributed to (1) none of the previous clinical trials used viral antigens such as gB and gD in its native trimeric conformation; (2) proper adjuvant selections to evoke optimal immune responses. Thus, effective HSV vaccine is much needed. Provided herein are discovery of HSV gD which is the key antigen for host cell receptor binding exists in a trimeric conformation, methods to produce gD or / and gB, and gD-gB fusion antigens in homotrimeric forms, and use these recombinant antigens individually or in combination, and with various adjuvants as vaccines to illicit strong humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses, and optimal immune protection against HSV infection.SUMMARY
[0005] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a recombinant polypeptide comprising a soluble surface antigen of a HSV protein by in-frame fusion to a protein trimerization domain.
[0006] In some embodiments, disclosed herein are recombinant subunit vaccines that comprise the recombinant polypeptide. In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide comprises an ecto-domain (e.g., without transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains) of a glycoprotein or its fragments or variants from a HSV, such as HSV-2 or HSV-1, which is fused in-frame to a trimerization domain which is capable of self-trimerization. In some embodiments, the protein trimerization tag is selected from a group consisting of C-propeptide of pro-collagen capable of forming a disulfide bond linked homotrimer, T4 foldon of fibritin from bacteria phage T4, and leucine zipper from yeast GCN4. In some embodiments, the protein trimerization tag is a C-polypeptide of human collagen (or pro-collagen) that is capable of forming disulfide bond-linked homo-trimer. The resulting recombinant subunit vaccines, such as a glycoprotein-Trimer (e.g., gD-Trimers, gD-gB (wild type (hereafter: WT) ) -Trimers, gD-gB (Mutant) -Trimers, gD (Furin site (hereafter: F) ) -gB (WT) -Trimers, gD (F) -gB (Mutant) -Trimers ) , can be expressed and purified from transfected cells, and are expected to be in native-like conformation in trimeric form. This would enhance efficacy of the HSV recombinant subunit vaccines in eliciting neutralizing antibodies.
[0007] In some embodiments, the HSV is a herpesvirus selected from the group of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) , Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) , Epstein-Barr virus (EBY) , Cytomegalovi-rus (HCMV) , Herpesvirus 6A and 6B (HHV-6A, HHV-6B) , Herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) , and Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) , and any combination thereof.
[0008] In some embodiments, the HSV is human HSV-1 and / or HSV-2.
[0009] In any of the preceding embodiments, the surface antigen can comprise a HSV glycoprotein (e.g., gD and / or gB) or a fragment or a variant or epitope thereof, wherein the epitope is optionally a linear epitope or a conformational epitope, and wherein the protein comprises three recombinant polypeptides.
[0010] In any of the preceding embodiments, the surface antigen can comprise a gD, gD-gB (WT) , gD-gB (Mutant) , gD (F) -gB (WT) , gD (F) -gB (Mutant) subunit peptide, or any combination thereof.
[0011] In any of the preceding embodiments, the surface antigen can comprise a signal peptide, a receptor binding domain (RBD) peptide, a receptor binding motif (RBM) peptide, a fusion peptide (FP) , or any combination thereof.
[0012] In any of the preceding embodiments, the surface antigen can comprise a receptor binding domain (RBD) of the HSV glycoprotein.
[0013] In any of the preceding embodiments, the surface antigen can comprise an gD and / or gD-gB (WT) protein.
[0014] In any of the preceding embodiments, the surface antigen can be free of a transmembrane (TM) domain peptide and / or a cytoplasm (CP) domain peptide.
[0015] In any of the preceding embodiments, the surface antigen can be soluble or do not directly bind to a lipid bilayer, e.g., a membrane or viral envelope.
[0016] In any of the preceding embodiments, the surface antigens can be the same or different among the recombinant polypeptides of the protein.
[0017] In any of the preceding embodiments, the surface antigen can be directly fused to the C-terminal propeptide, or can be linked to the C-terminal propeptide via a linker, such as a linker comprising glycine-X-Y repeats, wherein X and Y and independently any amino acid and optionally proline or hydroxyproline.
[0018] In any of the preceding embodiments, the protein can be soluble.
[0019] In any of the preceding embodiments, the protein can bind to a cell surface receptor of a subject, optionally wherein the subject is a mammal such as a primate, e.g., human.
[0020] In any of the preceding embodiments, the C-terminal propeptide can be of human collagen.
[0021] In any of the preceding embodiments, the C-terminal propeptide can comprise a C-terminal propeptide of human pro-collagen selected from the group consisting of proα1 (I) , proα1 (II) , proα1 (III) , proα1 (V) , proα1 (XI) , proα2 (I) , proα2 (V) , proα2 (XI) , or proα3 (XI) , or a fragment thereof.
[0022] In any of the preceding embodiments, the C-terminal propeptides can be the same or different among the recombinant polypeptides.
[0023] In any of the preceding embodiments, the surface antigen in each recombinant polypeptide can be in a prefusion conformation.
[0024] In any of the preceding embodiments, the surface antigen in each recombinant polypeptide can be in a postfusion conformation.
[0025] In any of the preceding embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide can comprise any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-28 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical thereto.
[0026] Also provided herein is an immunogen comprising a protein provided herein. Provided herein is a protein nanoparticle comprising protein provided herein directly or indirectly linked to a nanoparticle. Provided herein is a virus-like particle (VLP) comprising a protein provided herein.
[0027] Also provided herein is an isolated nucleic acid encoding one, two, three or more of the recombinant polypeptides of the protein provided herein. In some embodiments, a polypeptide encoding the HSV glycoprotein peptide is fused in-frame to a polypeptide encoding the C-terminal propeptide of collagen. In some embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid provided herein is operably linked to a promoter.
[0028] In some embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid provided herein is a DNA molecule. In some embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid provided herein is an RNA molecule, optionally an mRNA molecule such as a nucleoside-modified mRNA, a non-amplifying mRNA, a self-amplifying mRNA, or a trans-amplifying mRNA.
[0029] Also provided herein is a vector comprising an isolated nucleic acid provided herein. In some embodiments, the vector is a viral vector.
[0030] In some aspects, provided herein is a virus, a pseudovirus, or a cell comprising vector provided herein, optionally wherein the virus or cell has a recombinant genome. In some aspects, provided herein is an immunogenic composition comprising the protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, or cell provided herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0031] Also provided herein is a vaccine comprising an immunogenic composition provided herein and optionally an adjuvant, wherein the vaccine is optionally a subunit vaccine. In some embodiments, the vaccine is a prophylactic and / or therapeutic vaccine.
[0032] In some aspects, provided herein is a method of producing a protein, comprising: expressing the isolated nucleic acid or vector provided herein in a host cell to produce the protein as provided herein; and purifying the protein. Provided herein is a protein produced by a method provided herein.
[0033] Provided herein are methods for generating an immune response to an HSV glycoprotein peptide (e.g., gB and / or gD) or fragment or epitope thereof of a HSV in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine as provided herein to generate the immune response. In some embodiments, provided herein are the protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine as provided herein for use in generating an immune response to HSV in a subject. In some embodiments, provided herein are use of the protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine as provided herein in the preparation of a medicament for generating an immune response to HSV in a subject. In some embodiments, the method provided herein is for treating or preventing infection with the HSV. In some embodiments, provided herein are the protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine as provided herein for use in treating or preventing infection with the HSV in a subject. In some embodiments, provided herein are use of the protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine as provided herein in the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing infection with the HSV in a subject. In some embodiments, generating the immune response inhibits or reduces replication of the HSV in the subject. In some embodiments, the immune response comprises a cell-mediated response and / or a humoral response, optionally comprising production of one or more neutralizing antibody, such as a polyclonal antibody or a monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the immune response is against the HSV glycoprotein peptide or fragment or epitope thereof of the HSV but not against the C-terminal propeptide. In some embodiments, the administering to the subject does not lead to antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) in the subject due to prior exposure to one or more HSV. In some embodiments, the administering does not lead to antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) in the subject when subsequently exposed to one or more HSV. In some embodiments, the method further comprises a priming step and / or a boosting step. In some embodiments, the administering step is performed via topical, transdermal, subcutaneous, intradermal, oral, intranasal (e.g., intranasal spray) , intratracheal, sublingual, buccal, rectal, vaginal, inhaled, intravenous (e.g., intravenous injection) , intraarterial, intramuscular (e.g., intramuscular injection) , intracardiac, intraosseous, intraperitoneal, transmucosal, intravitreal, subretinal, intraarticular, peri-articular, local, or epicutaneous administration. In some embodiments, the effective amount is administered in a single dose or a series of doses separated by one or more interval. In some embodiments, the effective amount is administered without an adjuvant. In some embodiments, the effective amount is administered with an adjuvant.
[0034] Provided herein are methods comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a protein provided herein to generate in the subject a neutralizing antibody or neutralizing antisera to the HSV. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal, optionally a human or a non-human primate. In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating the neutralizing antibody or neutralizing antisera from the subject. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering an effective amount of the isolated neutralizing antibody or neutralizing antisera to a human subject via passive immunization to prevent or treat an infection by the HSV. In some embodiments, the neutralizing antibody or neutralizing antisera to the HSV comprises polyclonal antibodies to the HSV glycoprotein peptide or fragment or epitope thereof, optionally wherein the neutralizing antibody or neutralizing antisera is free or substantially free of antibodies to the C-terminal propeptide of collagen. In some embodiments, the neutralizing antibody comprises a monoclonal antibody to the HSV glycoprotein peptide or fragment or epitope thereof, optionally wherein the neutralizing antibody is free or substantially free of antibodies to the C-terminal propeptide of collagen.
[0035] In some aspects, the protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine provided herein, is for use in inducing an immune response to a HSV (e.g., HSV-2 and / or HSV-1) in a subject, and / or in treating or preventing an infection by the HSV (e.g., HSV-2 and / or HSV-1) .
[0036] In some aspects, provided herein is use of the protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine provided herein, for inducing an immune response to a HSV in a subject, and / or for treating or preventing an infection by the HSV. In some aspects, provided herein is use of the protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine provided herein, for the manufacture of a medicament or a prophylactic for inducing an immune response to a HSV in a subject, and / or for treating or preventing an infection by the HSV.
[0037] Also provided herein are methods for analyzing a sample, comprising: contacting a sample with the protein provided herein, and detecting a binding between the protein and an analyte capable of specific binding to the glycoprotein peptide (e.g., gB and / or gD) or fragment or epitope thereof of the HSV. In some embodiments, the analyte is an antibody, a receptor, or a cell recognizing the HSV glycoprotein peptide (e.g., gB and / or gD) or fragment or epitope thereof. In some embodiments, the binding indicates the presence of the analyte in the sample, and / or an infection by the HSV in a subject from which the sample is derived.
[0038] Provided herein are kits comprising the protein provided herein and a substrate, pad, or vial containing or immobilizing the protein, optionally wherein the kit is an ELISA or lateral flow assay kit.
[0039] Provided herein is a method for detecting an antibody to a HSV from sample of a mammal comprising the steps of (1) contacting the sample with the fusion polypeptide provided herein, and (2) detecting the antibody bound to the HSV viral surface antigen in the fusion polypeptide. In some embodiments, provided herein is the fusion polypeptide provided herein for use in a method for detecting an antibody to a HSV from sample of a mammal. In some embodiments, provided herein is use of the fusion polypeptide provided herein in the preparation of an agent for detecting an antibody to a HSV from sample of a mammal. In some embodiments, the antibody is a neutralizing antibody.
[0040] In some embodiments, the method comprises detecting binding of the antibody to the HSV viral surface antigen in the fusion polypeptide with a secondary antibody. In some embodiments, the method comprises detecting a neutralizing antibody as a readout for inhibition of the binding of the HSV viral surface antigen in the fusion polypeptide to a soluble HSV receptor.
[0041] In some embodiments, the soluble HSV receptor is fused to a Fc domain or a trimerization domain. In some embodiments, the soluble HSV receptor is Nectin-1 or HVEM. In some embodiments, the soluble HSV receptor has a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID Nos: 29-30.
[0042] In some embodiments, the fusion polypeptide is labeled with a detection agent. In some embodiments, the fusion polypeptide is bound to an antibody recognizing the C-terminal portion of collagen before the contacting, wherein the antibody recognizing the C-terminal portion of collagen is labeled with a detection agent. In some embodiments, the detection agent is colloid gold. In some embodiments, the antibody to a HSV is detected by a lateral flow assay.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0043] Fig. 1 Schematic diagrams of the HSV (either HSV-1 or HSV-2) fusion proteins disclosed herein. (A) Schematic representation of the complete sequence of the HSV gB protein, including the signal sequence; (B) Schematic representation of the complete sequence of the HSV gD protein, incorporating the signal sequence; (C) Schematic representation of the sequence of the HSV gB (H513P) -His fusion protein, with an appended signal sequence; (D) Schematic representation of the sequence of the HSV gD-Trimer fusion protein, featuring a signal sequence; (E) Schematic representation of the sequence of the HSV gB protein with a His tag, including the signal sequence; (F) Schematic representation of the sequence of the HSV gB-Trimer protein, with an integrated signal sequence; (G) Schematic representation of the sequence of the HSV gD-gB-Trimer fusion protein, complete with a signal sequence; (H) Schematic representation of the sequence of the HSV gD (F) -gB-Trimer fusion protein, which includes a signal sequence and a Furin cleavage site (F) . Constructs were stably transfected into CHO cells for protein expression.
[0044] Fig. 2 Schematic diagrams of the illustrative structures of HSV-1 / HSV-2 fusion proteins. (A) Schematic representation of the structure of the HSV gB (H513P) -His fusion protein in a monomeric form; (B) Schematic representation of the structure of the HSV gD-Trimer fusion protein in a trimeric configuration; (C) Schematic representation of the structure of the HSV gB (H513P) -His fusion protein, which can exist in either a monomeric or trimeric form; (D) Schematic representation of the structure of the HSV gB wild type (WT) -Trimer fusion protein in a trimeric arrangement; (E) Schematic representation of the structure of the HSV gB (H513P) -Trimer fusion protein in a trimeric format; (F) Schematic representation of the structure of the HSV gD-gB (WT) -Trimer fusion protein in a trimeric conformation; (G) Schematic representation of the sequence and structure of the HSV gD-gB (H513P) -Trimer fusion protein in a trimeric form; (H) Schematic representation of the sequence and structure of the HSV gD (F) -gB (WT) -Trimer fusion protein in a trimeric shape; (I) Schematic representation of the sequence and structure of the HSV gD (F) -gB (H513P) -Trimer fusion protein in a trimeric arrangement.
[0045] Fig. 3 SDS-PAGE and SEC-HPLC analysis of gD-His, gD-Trimer, gB-Trimer and gD-gB-Trimer. (A) gD-His, (B) gD-Trimer, (C) gB-Trimer, and (D) gD-gB-Trimer were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie Blue under non-reducing (-ME) and reducing (+ME) conditions. gD-Trimer, gB-Trimer, and gD-gB-Trimer are homotrimeric proteins linked by disulfide bonds, whereas gD-His exists as a monomer. SEC-HPLC analysis of the purity of (E) gD-His, (F) gD-Trimer, (G) gB-Trimer, and (H) gD-gB-Trimer.
[0046] Fig. 4 Negative staining analysis the structure of gD-His, gD-Trimer, gB-Trimer and gD-gB-Trimer. Negative EM and 2D classification revealed that (A) gD-His is a monomer, while (B) gD-Trimer, (C) gB-Trimer, and (D) gD-gB-Trimer are in trimeric forms.
[0047] Fig. 5 Schematic Diagram of the Cryo-EM Study Workflow for the HSV gD-gB Trimer. (A-J) shows merging GO and Au on-board data for 3D classification.
[0048] Fig. 6 Structural Analysis of the gB in the HSV-2 gD-gB Trimer. (A, B, E) shows the analysis of the gB structure using cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) with a non-uniform refine (C1) . (C, D, F) shows the analysis of the gB structure by cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) employing a non-uniform refine (C1) .
[0049] Fig. 7 Structural Analysis of the gD in the HSV-2 gD-gB Trimer. (A) The top view of structural reconstruction of the gD trimer; (B) The side view of structural reconstruction of the gD trimer.
[0050] Fig. 8 Evaluation of Binding Affinity and Functional Activity of gD-His, gD-Trimer, gB-Trimer, and gD-gB-Trimer. (A) ELISA was used to measure the binding affinity of gD-His (blue) , gD-Trimer (red) , and gD-gB-Trimer (green) to HSV gD receptors Nectin1-Fc, Nectin1-Trimer, HVEM-Fc, and HVEM-Trimer. gD-His exhibited weak binding to the gD receptors, whereas both gD-Trimer and gD-gB-Trimer showed significantly stronger binding affinity to the receptors than monomeric gD-His. (B) The EC50 values for the binding of gD-His, gD-Trimer, and gD-gB-Trimer to the gD receptors Nectin1-Fc, Nectin1-Trimer, HVEM-Fc, and HVEM-Trimer were statistically analyzed. The EC50 values for gD-Trimer and gD-gB-Trimer were significantly lower than those for monomeric gD-His. (C) Comparison of the ability of gD-His, gD-Trimer, and the natural HVEM ligand LIGHT to activate the HVEM Signal transduction pathway revealed that gD-His had little activity in HVEM receptor activation, while gD-Trimer’s ability to activate HVEM surpassed that of the native ligand LIGHT. (D) EC50 values for HVEM activation by gD-His, gD-Trimer, and LIGHT showed that monomeric gD-His failed to activate the HVEM pathway, while gD-Trimer activates HVEM 8X better than LIGHT.
[0051] Fig. 9 Comparison of Immunogenicity for gD-gB-Trimer in the presence of different adjuvants. (A) Immunization Schemes: BALB / c mice (n = 6 per group) were immunized with gD-gB-Trimer mixed with various adjuvants including CPG / CAS-1, CPG / Alum, AS01B, and AS01E. The immunization schedule was on Days 0, 14, and 28. (B) Comparison of gD / gB binding antibody levels. (C) Comparison of HSV-2 neutralizing antibody titers. (D) Comparison of the proportion of neutralizing antibody / binding antibody. (E) Comparison of the ADCC activity of immune sera and (F) the corresponding fold changes.
[0052] Fig. 10 Immunogenicity of gD-Trimer in Mice. (A) Immunization schematic: BALB / c mice (n = 6 per group) were administered equal amounts of gD in the form of gD-His or gD-Trimer, both mixed with 25 μL of CAS-1 and 10 μg of CpG, at three scheduled intervals on Days 0, 14, and 28. (B) Comparison of gD-binding antibody levels induced by gD-His and gD-Trimer, showing no significant differences between the two groups. (C) Evaluation of HSV-2 neutralizing antibody levels induced by gD-His and gD-Trimer Revealed significantly higher levels induced by gD-Trimer than monomeric gD-His. (D) Assessment of ADCC activity in immune sera from gD-His and gD-Trimer immunized mice, measured as the RLU difference between Day 42 immune sera and Day 0 pre-immune sera. The antibodies induced by gD-Trimer exhibited significantly higher ADCC activity compared to those induced by monomeric gD-His. (E) The fold changes in ADCC activity was calculated by dividing the RLU of Day 42 immune sera by the RLU of Day 0 pre-immune sera.
[0053] Fig. 11 Immunogenicity of gD-gB-Trimer in mice. (A) Immunization schematic: BALB / c mice (n = 6 per group) were immunized with the combinations labeled in (B) , with consistent amounts of gD packaging, at three time points on Days 0, 14, and 28. The levels of HSV-2 neutralizing antibodies on Day 42 were assessed for complement-independent (B) and complement-dependent (C) activity. (D) Assessment of ADCC activity in immune sera from mice immunized with different combinations, measured as the RLU difference between Day 42 immune sera and Day 0 pre-immune sera. (E) The fold change in ADCC activity was calculated by dividing the RLU of Day 42 immune sera by the RLU of Day 0 pre-immune sera.
[0054] Fig. 12 Cell-mediated immune responses induced by gD and gB. (A) Using gD-His as the stimulant, the detection of Th1 (IL-2, IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5) cytokines was performed by ELISpot assay. (B) With gB-His as the stimulant, the detection of Th1 (IL-2, IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5) cytokines was conducted using the ELISpot method.
[0055] Fig. 13 Immunogenicity of gD-gB-Trimer in Guinea pig. (A) Immunization schematic: Guinea pigs (n = 6 per group) were immunized with of gD-His (9.8 μg) / gB-His (9.8 μg) combined with 50 μL of the adjuvant MF-59, 40 μg of gD-gB-Trimer mixed with 100 μg of CPG and 50 μL of CAS-1 as the adjuvant, or a saline vehicle control. Immunizations were administered on Days 0, 14, and 28, followed by viral challenge on Day 42 with 1 × 106 TCID50 of the HSV-2 G strain administered intravaginally. The titers of HSV-2 neutralizing antibodies on Day 42 were evaluated for complement-independent (B) and complement-dependent (C) activity, with the gD-gB-Trimer +CPG / CAS-1 group showing significantly higher levels than the gD-His / gB-His + MF-59 group. (D) Percentage change in body weight post-challenge, and (E) genital lesion scores post-challenge.
[0056] Fig. 14 The principle of colloidal gold binding antibody detection. (A) Main structure of test strip. (B) Principle for Colloidal gold lateral chromatography Detection: Negative vs Positive (C) . (D) Possible interpretation of result. (E) Positive and negative control.
[0057] Fig. 15 The principle of colloidal gold neutralizing antibody detection. (A) Main structure of test strip. (B) Principle for detection of Neutralizing antibody: in the absence of any neutralizing antibody, no gD or gD-gB-Trimer binding to the host cell receptors eg. Nectin-1 and HVEM are inhibited, resulting strong T line signal. (C) When test sample contains neutralizing antibody, which would bind to gD-Trimer or gD-gB-Trimer, thus inhibits them from binding to Nectin-1 and HVEM receptors, leading to reduced or absence of T line signal, indicating positive neutralizing antibody detection. (D) Interpretation of result. (E) Positive and negative control.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0058] Disclosed herein is a surprising discovery for the first time that the HSV-2 gD protein may be in a prefusion trimeric conformation in its natural state. In addition, it has now been surprisingly found for the first time that a trimerization domain joined by in-frame fused to a solvable HSV-2 gD-contained glycoproteins, e.g., gD and gD-gB, can effectively stabilize the prefusion trimeric conformation. Accordingly, the inventions provide herein for the first time a method to produce recombinant HSV-2 gD-contained glycoproteins in their prefusion conformation and vaccines containing the same, which are different from the other proposed vaccines including a HSV gD-contained antigen monomer. Moreover, these vaccines disclosed herein demonstrated an astonishing efficacy in preventing HSV-2 infection and generating neutralizing antibody titers against the same.
[0059] Provided herein is a fusion polypeptide (which may be also referred to as a fusion protein, a recombinant polypeptide, a recombinant protein or a recombinant antigen) comprising a HSV viral antigen or immunogen and a protein trimerization tag. Also provided herein is a trimer of the fusion polypeptide, an immunogenic composition or a vaccine comprising the fusion polypeptide trimer thereof, and a method or use of the fusion polypeptide or trimer thereof, the immunogenic composition or the vaccine for the prevention or treatment of HSV (e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) infections. In some embodiments, the viral antigen or immunogen may comprise a viral surface antigen (or glycoprotein) or fragment or variant thereof from a DNA virus, for example, HSV (e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) . In some embodiments, the viral antigen or immunogen may comprise one, two or more viral surface antigens (or glycoproteins) or fragments or variants thereof from HSV (e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) . In some embodiments, the viral antigen or immunogen may comprise HSV (e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) gD protein or fragment or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the viral antigen or immunogen may comprise HSV (e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) gB protein or fragment or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the viral antigen or immunogen may comprise: HSV (e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) gD protein or fragment or variant thereof and HSV (e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) gB protein or fragment or variant thereof, e.g., a fusion of them. In some embodiments, the viral antigen or immunogen may be soluble. In some embodiments, the soluble viral antigen or immunogen does not bind to a lipid bilayer, such as a membrane or viral envelope. In some embodiments, the viral antigen or immunogen may comprise a soluble portion of a viral surface antigen (or glycoprotein) , e.g., an ectodomain. In some embodiments, the viral antigen or immunogen may be joined by in-frame fusion to a protein trimerization tag which is capable of self-trimerization to form the fusion polypeptide. In some embodiments, the fusion polypeptide may be in a covalently linked trimeric form. In some embodiments, the resulting fusion proteins are secreted as disulfide bond-linked homo-trimers, which are more stable in structure, while preserving the conformations of native-like trimeric viral antigens, thereby can be used as more effective vaccines against these dangerous pathogens.
[0060] In some embodiments, the fusion polypeptide may comprise a HSV glycoprotein (e.g., gD and / or gB from HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) ectodomain. In some embodiments, the trimer of the fusion polypeptide may comprise recombinant HSV glycoprotein (e.g., gD and / or gB from HSV-11 and / or HSV-2) ectodomain protomers.
[0061] In some embodiments, the fusion polypeptide or trimer thereof may be used as a vaccine or as part of a multivalent vaccine to prevent or treat viral (for example, HSV, e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) infections, without or with adjuvant, or with more than one adjuvant, optionally via either intra-muscular injections or intra-nasal administrations.
[0062] In some embodiments, disclosed herein are methods for using the fusion polypeptide or trimer thereof for detecting antibodies (e.g., neutralizing antibodies) to a virus (e.g. a viral antigen) from sera of a mammal, which may be used for diagnosis of viral infections. In some embodiments, the virus may be HSV (e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) . In some embodiments, the viral antigen may be gB and / or gD.
[0063] In some embodiments, disclosed herein are methods for using the fusion polypeptide or trimer thereof as an antigen to generate polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies (e.g., neutralizing mAb) which can be used for passive immunization, e.g., for treating HSV (e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) infection.
[0064] In some embodiments, the fusion polypeptide or trimer thereof may be used as a vaccine or as part of a multivalent vaccine, wherein the vaccine may comprise a plurality of fusion polypeptide or trimer thereof comprising viral antigens of the same protein of a virus or comprising viral antigens of two or more different proteins of one or more viruses or one or more strains of the same virus.
[0065] The proteins, including the fusion polypeptides or trimers thereof, comprising a HSV viral antigen or immunogen provided herein are useful for effectively and safely preventing or treating (e.g., therapeutically, prophylactically) HSV infection. For example, the protein comprising a HSV viral antigen or immunogen provided herein treat HSV infection without meditated vaccine-induced disease enhancement (VED) and / or antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) . In addition, the protein comprising a HSV viral antigen and immunogen provided herein are easily produced, and demonstrate stability under high stress conditions such as, e.g., high temperature, extreme pH, and high and low osmolality. Thus, the proteins and immunogenic compositions provided herein circumvent and satisfy the issues of production, stability, safety, and efficacy that have hindered HSV vaccine development.
[0066] In some embodiments, the fusion polypeptides or trimers thereof comprising a HSV viral antigen or immunogen, e.g., HSV gD, HSV gD-gB, HSV gD (F) -gB, HSV gB-gD, HSV gB (F) -gD protein peptide, is capable of generating an immune response, e.g., an immune response to the HSV-1 and / or HSV-2 protein peptide. In some embodiments, the immune response inhibits or reduces replication of a HSV in a subject, e.g., a patient. In some embodiments, the immune response inhibits or reduces replication of a HSV in a subject, e.g., a patient, wherein HSV viral antigen or immunogen is HSV-2 and / or HSV-1 viral antigen or immunogen. In some embodiments, the immune response includes production of one or more neutralizing antibodies, such as polyclonal and / or monoclonal antibodies. In some embodiments, the neutralizing antibodies inhibit or reduce replication of a HSV in a subject, e.g., a patient. In some embodiments, administration of the fusion polypeptides or trimers thereof, for example as an immunogenic composition, to the subject does not lead to antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) in the subject due to prior exposure to a HSV. In some aspects, the fusion polypeptides or trimers thereofcomprising a HSV viral antigen and immunogen is used as a vaccine.
[0067] In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen and immunogen, e.g., HSV gD, HSV gD-gB, HSV gD (F) -gB, HSV gB-gD, or HSV gB (F) -gD protein peptide, is linked to a protein or peptide to form a fusion or recombinant polypeptide or protein. In some embodiments, gD and / or gB is from HSV-2 and / or HSV-1. In some embodiments, the protein or peptide to which the HSV viral antigen or immunogen is linked is capable of associating, e.g., covalently or non-covalently linking, with another protein or peptide, such as a proteins or peptide comprised in a fusion polypeptides. In some cases, the protein or peptide to which the HSV viral antigen or immunogen is linked is a multimerization domain.
[0068] In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen and immunogen, e.g., HSV glycoprotein peptide, is linked to a protein trimerization tag which is capable of self-trimerization, which may be a C-terminal portion of collagen, e.g., at the C-terminal propeptide of collagen, GCN4 leucine zipper, or phage T4 fibritin or Foldon, to form a fusion peptide or recombinant polypeptide. In some embodiments, the C-terminal portion of collagen is derived from the human collagen, e.g., C-propeptide of α1 collagen, and is capable self-trimerization upon expression.
[0069] In some embodiments, linking the HSV (e.g., HSV-2 and / or HSV-1) viral antigen and immunogen, e.g., gD, gD-gB (WT) , gD-gB (Mutant) , gD (F) -gB (WT) , gD (F) -gB (Mutant) protein peptide, to a protein trimerization tag, e.g., C-terminal propeptide of collagen, aids in the ability of the protein to generate an immune response. For example, the creation of the recombinant protein may preserve the tertiary and quaternary structures of the HSV (e.g., HSV-2 and / or HSV-1) glycoprotein gD peptide, which may be important for the stability of the native conformation of the HSV (e.g., HSV-2 and / or HSV-1) gD peptide, and in turn the availability of antigenic sites on the surface of the protein capable of eliciting an immune response, e.g., neutralizing antibodies. Additionally, linking of the HSV (e.g., HSV-2 and / or HSV-1) gD peptide to a protein or peptide capable of self-trimerization allows the aggregation of the recombinant proteins, thus mimicking the native homotrimeric structure of the HSV (e.g., HSV-2 and / or HSV-1) gD peptides on the viral envelope.
[0070] In some embodiments, linking the HSV (e.g., HSV-2 and / or HSV-1) gD polypeptide to a protein trimerization tag, e.g., C-terminal propeptide of collagen results in self-trimerized recombinant polypeptides. In some embodiments, the protein provided herein comprises a plurality of self-trimerized HSV (e.g., HSV-2 and / or HSV-1) gD contained glycoprotein (e.g., gD-Trimer, gD-gB-Trimer or gB-gD-Trimer) polypeptides. In some embodiments, the trimeric nature of the recombinant proteins aids in the stability of the protein. In some embodiments, the trimeric nature of the recombinant proteins aids in the ability of the protein to generate an immune response. In some embodiments, the trimeric nature of the recombinant proteins and / or a macrostructure of a plurality of self-trimerized recombinant proteins aids in the ability of the protein to generate an immune response.
[0071] Also provided herein are immunogenic compositions or vaccines comprising the fusion polypeptides or trimers thereof provided herein, methods of producing the fusion polypeptides or trimers thereof provided herein, methods of treating subjects with the fusion polypeptides or trimers thereof and the compositions or vaccines provided herein, and kits comprising the fusion polypeptides or trimers thereof provided herein.
[0072] All publications, including patent documents, scientific articles and databases, referred to in this application are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication were individually incorporated by reference. If a definition set forth herein is contrary to or otherwise inconsistent with a definition set forth in the patents, applications, published applications and other publications that are herein incorporated by reference, the definition set forth herein prevails over the definition that is incorporated herein by reference. The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described. I. Viral Antigens and Immunogens
[0073] The fusion polypeptides or trimers thereof provided herein comprise a HSV viral antigen or immunogen. The HSV viral antigen or immunogen contemplated herein are capable of promoting or stimulating a cell-mediated response and / or a humoral response. In some embodiments, the response, e.g., cell-mediated or humoral response, comprises the production of antibodies, e.g., neutralizing antibodies. In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen or immunogen is recognized by HSV reactive antibodies and / or T cells. In some embodiments, the HSV is human HSV. In some embodiments, the HSV is HSV-1 and / or HSV-2. In some embodiments, the HSV is human HSV-1 and / or human HSV-2.
[0074] In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen or immunogen comprises a structural protein of HSV, fragment or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen or immunogen comprises a HSV viral surface antigen (or glycoprotein) or fragment or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen may comprise one, two or more selected from the group consisting of the gD, gB, the membrane (M) protein, nucleocapsid (N) protein, and envelope (E) protein. In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen or immunogen comprises or further comprises a non-structural protein of HSV fragment or variant thereof. A representative HSV-2 is from G strain, ATCC ID: VR-734 and a representative HSV-1 is from KOS strain, ATCC ID: VR-1493.
[0075] The HSV viral antigen or immunogen provided herein may comprise one, two or more HSV viral surface antigens (or glycoproteins) , fragments thereof or variants thereof, where two or more HSV viral surface antigens (or glycoproteins) , fragments thereof and / or variants thereof may be the same or different, and may be derived from the same or different HSV species, subtypes and / or strains, or from the same or different HSV viral surface antigens (or glycoproteins) of the same HSV species, subtypes and / or strains. In some embodiments, the two or more HSV viral surface antigens (or glycoproteins) , fragments or variants thereof may be fused to each other directly or indirectly by a peptide linker. In some embodiments, the linker may be a furin site (e.g., RRAR (SEQ ID NO: 31) ) .
[0076] In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen is soluble. In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen comprises a soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of a HSV viral surface antigen (or glycoprotein) , or fragment or variant thereof. In some embodiments, soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of a HSV viral surface antigen (or glycoprotein) comprises its ectodomain. In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen comprises the soluble portions (e.g., ectodomains) of one, two or more HSV viral surface antigens (or glycoproteins) , fragments or variants thereof.
[0077] Herpesviruses are a family of large, double-stranded DNA, enveloped viruses that establish lifelong infections and cause a range of diseases. The nine human herpesviruses include herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) , HSV-2, varicella zoster virus (VZV) , human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) , human herpesvirus 6A (HHV6A) , HHV6B, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) , HHV7, and Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) . Entry into host cells requires viral binding to specific receptors followed by the coordinated action of multiple viral entry glycoproteins to trigger membrane fusion. The core fusion machinery is conserved for all herpesviruses, but each species uses distinct receptors and receptor-binding glycoproteins.
[0078] The dsDNA HSV, like and bacteriophage T4, of which genome sizes exceeding 150 kb, show lower mutation rates (10-8–10-7 m / n / c) . There is an inverse correlation between genome size and per-base mutation rate in DNA viruses, whereas the per-genome mutation rate is less variable. Probably, the main feature that distinguishes RNA viruses from DNA viruses in terms of mutation rate is the absence of 3′-exonuclease proofreading activity from most RNA virus-encoded polymerases, which makes them particularly error prone. This 3′-exonuclease activity confers roughly a 10-fold to 100-fold increase in replication fidelity (R. Sanjuán, P. Domingo-Calap, in Genome Stability (Second Edition) , 2021) . DNA viruses with a large genome, particularly the herpesviruses and the poxviruses, encode a number of proteins that counter host defenses. Virokines are viral proteins that mimic host cytokines stimulating cell proliferation and increasing the number of virus targets. Viroceptors are viral proteins that mimic receptors for host defensive cytokines, “decoying” them away from their intended cellular receptors. For example, vaccinia virus encodes a complement control protein that blocks the complement cascade and a tumor necrosis factor viroceptor that binds this host defense molecule. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encodes two glycoprogeins, gE and gI, that act as an Fc receptor; the receptor binds and inactivates antiviral antibodies (Neal Nathanson, Francisco González-Scarano, in Viral Pathogenesis (Third Edition) , 2016) .
[0079] Similar to other enveloped viruses, HSV entry into target cells requires fusion between viral and cell membranes. Of the 11 or more proteins present on the viral envelope, five (gC, gB, gD, gH, and gL) are involved in entry (Spear PG, Longnecker R (2003) Herpesvirus entry: an update. J Virol Methods 77: 10179–10185) . Initially, gB and gC interact with cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans, allowing virus-cell attachment, then glycoprotein D (gD) binds to a cell surface receptor (Campadelli-Fiume G, Cocchi F, Menotti L, Lopez M, (2000) Rev Med Virol 10: 305–319) . The latter event is followed by membrane fusion mediated by gB and the heterodimer gH / gL (Spear PG, Longnecker R (2003) Herpesvirus entry: an update. J Virol Methods 77: 10179–10185) . Binding of gD to a functional cellular receptor such as herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) , a TNF receptor family member, or nectin-1, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is essential for HSV cell entry. gD consists of a V-like Ig domain with N-and C-terminal extensions. The N-terminus of gD285 is flexible and extended and folds into a hairpin structure that contains all of the HVEM-binding residues when gD is bound to HVEM. The C-terminus of the gD ectodomain (residues 260–316) plays an important functional role in HSV entry.
[0080] HSV-1 gB is a structurally conserved, class III membrane fusion protein, composed of α-and β-secondary structure elements, that combines structural features characteristic of class I and II fusion proteins. The gB post fusion conformation was determined, only recently first descriptions of the prefusion form were reported. (Vollmer et al., Sci. Adv. 2020; 6: eabc1726 25 September 2020. ) . The essential features of the conformational change-once triggered-have remained very similar. The gB can fuse the HSV-1 envelope with the plasma membrane. For gB fusion, triggering seems complex and regulated and is only possible as part of a four-protein machinery together with gD and gH / gL (38) . (Vollmer et al., Sci. Adv. 2020; 6: eabc1726) . The electron micoscope results of HSV-2 gD indicate that it is a prefusion trimer in its natural state (electron micoscope) . The HSV glycoprotein comprises a signal peptide located at the N terminus, an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular domain.
[0081] In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen or immunogen may comprise: (1) a soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of gD from HSV-2 and / or HSV-1, or fragment or variant thereof; (2) a soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of gB from HSV-2 and / or HSV-1, or fragment or variant thereof; or (3) a fusion of (1) and (2) , wherein the fusion may comprise a a soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of gD or fragment or variant thereof fused to N-terminal or C-terminal of a soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of gB or fragment or variant thereof. In some embodiments, a a soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of gD or fragment or variant thereof is fused to N-terminal or C-terminal of a soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of gB or fragment or variant thereof directly or indirectly by a linker, e.g., a furin site. In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen or immunogen may be an HSV (e.g., HSV-2 and / or HSV-1) gD-contained protein, e.g., the HSV viral antigen or immunogen containing a soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of gD protein or fragment or variant thereof, for example, a soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of gD or fragment or variant thereof, or a fusion of a soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of gD or fragment or variant thereof and a soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of gB or fragment or variant thereof.
[0082] In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen or immunogen may comprise a soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of wild type (WT) gD from HSV-2 and / or HSV-1 or fragment or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen or immunogen may comprise a soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of wild type (WT) gB from HSV-2 and / or HSV-1 or fragment or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen or immunogen may comprise a soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of wild type (WT) gD from HSV-2 and / or HSV-1 or fragment or variant thereof and a soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of wild type (WT) gB from HSV-2 and / or HSV-1 or fragment or variant thereof, e.g., a fusion of them.
[0083] In some embodiments, the ectodomain of gD from human HSV-2 comprises amino acids 26-331 of a human HSV-2 gD (e.g., GenBank: QBH77835.1) . In some embodiments, the ectodomain of gB from human HSV-2 comprises amino acids 23-727 of a human HSV-2 gB (e.g., YP_009137179.1) .
[0084] In some cases, the soluble portion of a HSV viral antigen or fragment or variant thereof comprises an epitope of the HSV viral antigen. Epitopes include antigenic determinant chemical groups or peptide sequences on a molecule that are antigenic, such that they elicit a specific immune response, for example, an epitope is the region of an antigen to which B and / or T cells respond. An antibody can bind to a particular antigenic epitope. Epitopes can be formed both from contiguous amino acids or noncontiguous amino acids juxtaposed by tertiary folding of a protein. In some embodiments, the epitope is a linear epitope. In some embodiments, the epitope is a conformational epitope. In some embodiments, the epitope is a neutralizing epitope which can induce a neutralizing antibody. In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen comprise all epitopes (e.g., all neutralizing epitopes) of a HSV viral antigen. In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen comprises one or more or all of the epitopes (e.g., neutralizing epitopes) of a HSV gD protein. In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen or immunogen comprise one or more or all of the epitopes (e.g., neutralizing epitopes) of a HSV gB protein. In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen or immunogen comprise one or more or all of the epitopes (e.g., neutralizing epitopes) of a HSV gD protein and one or more or all of the epitopes (e.g., neutralizing epitopes) of a HSV gB protein.
[0085] In some cases, the soluble portion of the HSV viral antigen is free of a transmembrane (TM) domain peptide and / or a cytoplasm (CP) domain peptide.
[0086] In some cases, the variant of a HSV viral surface antigen (e.g., a soluble portion of a HSV viral surface antigen, such as gD and gB) may comprise one, two, three, four, five or more or more amino acid substitutions, deletions, and / or insertions compared to a native HSV viral surface antigen that provide for increased retention of the prefusion conformation compared to a trimer formed from a corresponding native HSV viral surface antigen (e.g., a soluble portion of a HSV viral surface antigen, such as gD and gB) . The “stabilization” of the prefusion conformation by the one or more amino acid substitutions, deletions, and / or insertions can be, for example, energetic stabilization (for example, reducing the energy of the prefusion conformation relative to the post-fusion open conformation) and / or kinetic stabilization (for example, reducing the rate of transition from the prefusion conformation to the postfusion conformation) . Additionally, stabilization of the HSV viral surface antigen trimer in the prefusion conformation can include an increase in resistance to denaturation compared to a corresponding native HSV viral surface antigen. Methods of determining if an HSV viral surface antigen trimer is in the prefusion conformation are provided herein, and include (but are not limited to) negative-stain electron microscopy and antibody binding assays using a prefusion-conformation-specific antibody. In some embodiments, a variant of a HSV viral surface antigen may be a soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of HSV-2 gB or fragment thereof comprising a H513P substitution (e.g., a H513P mutant of HSV-2 gB ectodomain) , which may stabilize gB in its prefusion conformation. In some embodiments, a variant of a HSV viral surface antigen may comprise be a soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of HSV-1 gB or fragment thereof comprising a H516P substitution (e.g., a H516P mutant of HSV-1 gB ectodomain) , which facilitate to fix it in prefusion form, which may stabilize gB in its prefusion conformation.
[0087] In some cases, the fusion polypeptide is a single subunit that is trimerized.
[0088] In some cases, the HSV viral antigen or immunogen comprises a soluble portion of HSV (e.g., HSV-2 and HSV-1) gD or fragment or variant thereof in a prefusion conformation, which is a structural conformation adopted by the ectodomain of the HSV-gD protein that may follow processing into a mature HSV (e.g., HSV-2 and HSV-1) gD protein in the secretory system, and prior to triggering of the fusogenic event that leads to transition of HSV (e.g., HSV-2 and HSV-1) to the postfusion conformation. The three-dimensional structure of an exemplary gD-contained protein in a prefusion conformation is provided in FIGs 4 and 7.
[0089] In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen or immunogen may comprise gD, gB, gD-gB, gD-gB (WT) , gD-gB (Mutant) , gD (F) -gB, gD (F) -gB (WT) or gD-gB (Mutant) . With reference to a HSV viral antigen as part of the fusion polypeptide provided herein, e.g., as described throughout the specification including the drawings, unless specifically indicated, it is to be understood as follows: gD refers to a full-length gD protein or any fragment thereof, including wild-type gD protein or any fragment thereof (e.g., ectodomain) , or variant of them; gB refers to a full-length gB protein or any fragment thereof, including wild-type gB protein or any fragment thereof (e.g., ectodomain) , or variant of them; gB (WT) refers to wild-type full-length gB protein or any fragment thereof (e.g., ectodomain) ; gB (Mutant) refers to a variant of a wild-type full-length gB protein or any fragment thereof (e.g., ectodomain) , e.g., gB (H513P) refers to a H513P mutant of a wild-type full-length gB protein or any fragment thereof (e.g., ectodomain) , gB (H516P) refers to a H516P mutant of a wild-type full-length gB protein or any fragment thereof (e.g., ectodomain) ; gD-gB refers to a fusion of gD and gB linked directly; gD-gB (WT) refers to a fusion of gD and gB (WT) linked directly; gD-gB (Mutant) refers to a fusion of gD and gB (Mutant) linked directly; gD (F) -gB refers to a fusion of gD and gB linked by a furin site; gD (F) -gB (WT) refers to a fusion of gD and gB (WT) linked by a furin site; and gD (F) -gB (Mutant) refers to a fusion of gD and gB (Mutant) linked by a furin site.
[0090] In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen does not comprise a signal peptide, a transmembrane and / or a cytoplasmic domain, which may comprise a truncated version of a full length gD and / or gB protein. In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen comprise a signal peptide.
[0091] In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen or immunogen is produced from a nucleic acid sequence that has been codon optimized. In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen or immunogen is produced from a nucleic acid sequence that has not been codon optimized. II. Recombinant Peptides and Proteins
[0092] It is contemplated that the HSV viral antigens and immunogens provided herein, e.g., gD, gD-gB (WT) , gD-gB (Mutant) , gD (F) -gB (WT) , gD (F) -gB (Mutant) protein peptides (see, Section I) , can be combined, e.g., linked, to other proteins or peptides to form recombinant polypeptides, including fusion peptides, wherein the HSV may be HSV-1 and / or HSV-2, e.g., human HSV-1 and HSV-2. In some embodiments, individual recombinant polypeptides (e.g., monomers) provided herein associate to form multimers, e.g., trimers, of recombinant polypeptides. In some embodiments, association of the individual recombinant polypeptide monomers occurs via covalent interactions. In some embodiments, association of the individual recombinant polypeptide monomers occurs via non-covalent interactions. In some embodiments, the interaction, e.g., covalent or non-covalent, is effected by the protein or peptide to which the HSV viral antigen or immunogen, e.g., gD, gD-gB (WT) , gD-gB (Mutant) , gD (F) -gB (WT) , gD (F) -gB (Mutant) protein peptide, is linked. In some embodiments, for example when the HSV viral antigen or immunogen is the peptides as described herein, the protein or peptide to which it will be linked can be selected such that the native homotrimeric structure of the glycoprotein is preserved. This can be advantageous for evoking a strong and effective immunogenic response to the HSV gB / gD protein peptide. For example, preservation and / or maintenance of the native conformation of the HSV viral antigens or immunogens (e.g., gB / gD protein peptide) may improve or allow access to antigenic sites capable to generating an immune response.
[0093] It is further contemplated that in some cases, the recombinant polypeptides or multimerized recombinant polypeptides thereof aggregate or can be aggregated to form a multimeric protein or a complex comprising a plurality of recombinant polypeptides comprising the HSV viral antigen or immunogen. Formation of such proteins may be advantageous for generating a strong and effective immunogenic response to the HSV viral antigens and / or immunogens. For instance, formation of a protein comprising a plurality of recombinant polypeptides, and thus a plurality of HSV viral antigens may preserve the tertiary and / or quaternary structures of the viral antigen, allowing an immune response to be mounted against the native structure. In some cases, the aggregation may confer structural stability of the HSV viral antigen or immunogen, which in turn can afford access to potentially antigenic sites capable of promoting an immune response. 1. FUSION PEPTIDES AND RECOMBINANT POLYPEPTIDES
[0094] In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen or immunogen can be linked to a trimerization domain (which is also be called a trimerization tag) to promote trimerization of the monomers. In some embodiments, the HSV (e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) viral antigen or immunogen can be linked at their C-terminus (C-terminal linkage) or N-terminus (N-terminal linkage) to a trimerization domain. In some embodiments, the trimerization stabilizes the membrane proximal aspect of the HSV viral antigen or immunogen, e.g., gD, gD-gB (WT) , gD-gB (Mutant) , gD (F) -gB (WT) , gD (F) -gB (Mutant) protein peptide, in a trimeric configuration.
[0095] In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen or immunogen can be linked to a trimerization domain directly or indirectly by a peptide linker. In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen or immunogen can be joined by in-frame fusion to a multimerization domain. In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen and the multimerization domain is expressed as a single polypeptide, which may be trimerized to a trimer via the interaction between the trimerization domains.
[0096] Non-limiting examples of exogenous multimerization domains that promote stable trimers of soluble recombinant proteins include: the GCN4 leucine zipper from yeast GCN4 (Harbury et al. 1993 Science 262: 1401-1407) , the trimerization motif from the lung surfactant protein (Hoppe et al. 1994 FEBS Lett 344: 191-195) , collagen (McAlinden et al. 2003 J Biol Chem 278: 42200-42207) , and the phage T4 fibritin Foldon (Miroshnikov et al. 1998 Protein Eng 11: 329-414) , any of which can be linked to a HSV viral antigen or immunogen described herein (e.g., by linkage to the C-terminus of an gD, gD-gB or gD (F) -gB peptide) to promote trimerization of the recombinant viral antigen or immunogen. See also US Patent Nos. 7,268,116, 7,666,837, 7,691,815, 10,618,949, 10,906,944, and 10,960,070, and US 2020 / 0009244, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes.
[0097] In some embodiments, one or more peptide linkers (such as a gly-ser linker, for example, a 10 amino acid glycine-serine peptide linker) can be used to link the recombinant viral antigen or immunogen to the multimerization domain. The trimer can include any of the stabilizing mutations provided herein (or combinations thereof) as long as the recombinant viral antigen or immunogen trimer retains the desired properties (e.g., the prefusion conformation) .
[0098] To be therapeutically feasible, a desired trimerization tag protein for biologic drug designs should satisfy the following criteria. Ideally it should be part of a naturally secreted protein, like HSV gD / gB, that is also abundant (non-toxic) in the circulation, human in origin (lack of immunogenicity) , relatively stable (long half-life) and capable of efficient self-trimerization which is strengthened by inter-chain covalent disulfide bonds so the trimerized HSV viral antigens or immunogens are structurally stable.
[0099] Collagen is a family of fibrous proteins that are the major components of the extracellular matrix. It is the most abundant protein in mammals, constituting nearly 25%of the total protein in the body. Collagen plays a major structural role in the formation of bone, tendon, skin, cornea, cartilage, blood vessels, and teeth. The fibrillar types of collagen I, II, III, IV, V, and XI are all synthesized as larger trimeric precursors, called procollagens, in which the central uninterrupted triple-helical domain consisting of hundreds of “G-X-Y” repeats (or glycine repeats) is flanked by non-collagenous domains (NC) , the N-propeptide and the C-propeptide. Both the C-and N-terminal extensions are processed proteolytically upon secretion of the procollagen, an event that triggers the assembly of the mature protein into collagen fibrils which forms an insoluble cell matrix. BMP-1 is a protease that recognizes a specific peptide sequence of procollagen near the junction between the glycine repeats and the C-prodomain of collagens and is responsible for the removal of the propeptide. The shed trimeric C-propeptide of type I collagen is found in human sera of normal adults at a concentration in the range of 50-300 ng / mL, with children having a much higher level which is indicative of active bone formation. In people with familial high serum concentration of C-propeptide of type I collagen, the level could reach as high as 1-6 μg / mL with no apparent abnormality, suggesting the C-propeptide is not toxic. Structural study of the trimeric C-propeptide of collagen suggested that it is a tri-lobed structure with all three subunits coming together in a junction region near their N-termini to connect to the rest of the procollagen molecule. Such geometry in projecting proteins to be fused in one direction is similar to that of Fc dimer.
[0100] Type I, IV, V and XI collagens are mainly assembled into heterotrimeric forms consisting of either two α-1 chains and one α-2 chain (for Type I, IV, V) , or three different a chains (for Type XI) , which are highly homologous in sequence. The type II and III collagens are both homotrimers of α-1 chain. For type I collagen, the most abundant form of collagen, stable α (I) homotrimer is also formed and is present at variable levels in different tissues. Most of these collagen C-propeptide chains can self-assemble into homotrimers, when over-expressed alone in a cell. Although the N-propeptide domains are synthesized first, molecular assembly into trimeric collagen begins with the in-register association of the C-propeptides. It is believed the C-propeptide complex is stabilized by the formation of interchain disulfide bonds, but the necessity of disulfide bond formation for proper chain registration is not clear. The triple helix of the glycine repeats and is then propagated from the associated C-termini to the N-termini in a zipper-like manner. This knowledge has led to the creation of non-natural types of collagen matrix by swapping the C-propeptides of different collagen chains using recombinant DNA technology. Non-collagenous proteins, such as cytokines and growth factors, also have been fused to the N-termini of either pro-collagens or mature collagens to allow new collagen matrix formation, which is intended to allow slow release of the noncollagenous proteins from the cell matrix. However, under both circumstances, the C-propeptides are required to be cleaved before recombinant collagen fibril assembly into an insoluble cell matrix.
[0101] The use of collagen in a recombinant polypeptide as described herein thus has many advantages, including: (1) collagen is the most abundant protein secreted in the body of a mammal, constituting nearly 25%of the total proteins in the body; (2) the major forms of collagen naturally occur as trimeric helixes, with their globular C-propeptides being responsible for the initiating of trimerization; (3) the trimeric C-propeptide of collagen proteolytically released from the mature collagen is found naturally at sub microgram / mL level in the blood of mammals and is not known to be toxic to the body; (4) the linear triple helical region of collagen can be included as a linker with predicted spacing per residue, or excluded as part of the fusion protein so the distance between a protein to be trimerized and the C-propeptide of collagen can be precisely adjusted to achieve an optimal biological activity; (5) the recognition site of BMP1 which cleaves the C-propeptide off the pro-collagen can be mutated or deleted to prevent the disruption of a trimeric fusion protein; (6) the C-propeptide domain self-trimerizes via disulfide bonds and it provides a universal affinity tag, which can be used for purification of any secreted fusion proteins created. In some embodiments, the C-propeptide of collagen to which the HSV viral antigen and immunogen, e.g., gD-contained protein peptide, enables the recombinant production of soluble, covalently-linked homotrimeric fusion proteins.
[0102] In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigen or immunogen is linked to a C-terminal portion of collagen (e.g., human collagen) to form a recombinant polypeptide. In some embodiments, the C-terminal portion of collagen comprises the C-propeptide of collagen. In some embodiments, the C-terminal portion of collagen is the C-propeptide without any triple helical region of collagen. In some embodiments, the C-terminal portion of collagen comprises a glycine repeat triple helical region of collagen linked to a C-propeptide (e.g., amino acids 1156–1464 from human Type I (α) collagen) , where the glycine repeat triple helical region may be as a linker to the HSV viral antigen. In some embodiments, the C-terminal portion of collagen comprises a truncated version of the C-propeptide, such as the Trimer (truncated) comprised in SEQ ID Nos: 15-28. In some embodiments, the C-terminal portion of collagen has a mutated or deleted BMP-1 protease recognition site.
[0103] In some embodiments, the glycine repeat comprises glycine-X-Y repeats, wherein X and Y are independently any amino acid, or an amino acid sequence at least 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, or 97%identical thereto capable of forming inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds and trimerizing the recombinant polypeptides. In some embodiments, X and Y are independently proline or hydroxyproline.
[0104] In some embodiments, the C-terminal portion of collagen in the recombinant polypeptides form inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds. In some embodiments, the recombinant proteins form a trimer (e.g., a homo trimer) .
[0105] In some embodiments, the inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds may comprise one or more or all of Cys15-136, Cys131-166, Cys291-301, Cys379-432, Cys336-361, Cys391-525, Cys480-488, Cys538-590, Cys617-649, Cys662-671, Cys743-749, Cys738-760, Cys840-851, Cys1032-1043, and Cys1082-1126, in any suitable combination. In some embodiments, the fusion polypeptide in the trimer may comprise one or more glycosylation sites (e.g., Asn-linked) , for example, at one or more or all of Asn residues at 17, 61, 122, 149, 165, 234, 282, 331, 343, 603, 616, 657, 709, 717, 801, 1074, 1098, and 1134, in any suitable combination.
[0106] In some embodiments, the C-terminal portion is of human collagen. In some embodiments, the C-terminal portion comprises a C-terminal portion of proα1 (I) , proα1 (II) , proα1 (III) , proα1 (V) , proα1 (XI) , proα2 (I) , proα2 (V) , proα2 (XI) , or proα3 (XI) , or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the C-terminal portion is or comprises a C-terminal portion of proα1 (I) . In some embodiments, the C-terminal portion is or comprises amino acids 1156–1464 from human Type I (α) collagen.
[0107] In some cases where an HSV viral antigen is linked to the C-terminal portion to form the recombinant polypeptide, the recombinant polypeptides form a trimer resulting in a homotrimer of HSV viral antigens. In some embodiments, the HSV viral antigens of the trimerized recombinant polypeptides are in a prefusion conformation or a postfusion conformation. In some embodiments, the confirmation state allows for access to different antigenic sites on the HSV viral antigens. In some embodiments, the antigenic sites are epitopes, such as linear epitopes or conformational epitopes. An advantage of having a trimerized recombinant polypeptides as described is that an immune response can be mounted against a variety of potential and diverse antigenic sites.
[0108] In some embodiments, trimerized recombinant polypeptides include individual recombinant polypeptides comprising the same viral antigen or immunogen. In some embodiments, trimerized recombinant polypeptides include individual recombinant polypeptides each comprising a different viral antigen or immunogen from the other recombinant polypeptides. In some embodiments, trimerized recombinant polypeptides include individual recombinant polypeptides wherein one of the individual recombinant polypeptides comprises a viral antigen or immunogen different from the other recombinant polypeptides. In some embodiments, trimerized recombinant polypeptides include individual recombinant polypeptides wherein two of the individual recombinant polypeptides comprise the same viral antigen or immunogen, and the viral antigen or immunogen is different from the viral antigen or immunogen comprised in the remaining recombinant polypeptide.
[0109] In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide comprises any HSV viral antigen or immunogen described in Section I. In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide comprises any HSV viral antigen or immunogen described in Section I linked, as described herein, to the C-terminal portion of collagen as described herein.
[0110] In some embodiments, the recombinant HSV (e.g., HSV-1 or HSV-2) glycoprotein ectodomain trimer stabilized in the prefusion conformation comprises HSV glycoprotein ectodomain, (e.g., gD or gB) protomers comprising mutations to HSV gD and / or protein gB.
[0111] In some embodiments, the protomers of the recombinant HSV glycoprotein ectodomain trimer may be stabilized in the prefusion conformation by the one or more substitutions or deletion or insertion of one more amino acids.
[0112] In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide is or comprises an NTD peptide of HSV-1 or HSV-2 gD-contained protein. In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide is or comprises an RBD peptide of HSV-1or HSV-2 gD-contained protein. In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide is or comprises an NTD peptide and an RBD peptide of HSV-1 or HSV-2 gD-contained protein. In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide is or comprises an gB or gD-gB domain peptide of HSV-1or HSV-2 gD-contained protein.
[0113] In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide comprises a signal peptide or does not comprise a signal peptide. In some embodiments, the signal peptide is at the N-terminal of the recombinant polypeptide. In some embodiments, the signal peptide may be a native signal peptide of gD or gB from HSV-2 or HSV-1 (e.g., human HSV-2 or human HSV-1) . In some embodiments, the signal peptide may comprise a sequence as set forth in amino acids 1-25 of HSV-2 gD protein (e.g., GenBank: QBH77835.1) or amino acids 1-22 of HSV-2 gB protein (e.g., of GenBank: YP_009137179.1) .
[0114] An exemplary HSV-2 recombinant polypeptide without a signal peptide is provided in SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0115] With reference to a protein trimerization tag as part of the recombinant polypeptide provided herein, e.g., as described throughout the specification including the drawings, unless specifically indicated, it can be abbreviated as “-Trimer” , e.g., “gD-Trimer” refers to a gD linked at its C-terminal to a protein trimerization tag; “gD-gB-Trimer” refers to a gD-gB linked at its C-terminal to a protein trimerization tag; and “gD (F) -gB-Trimer” refers to a gD (F) -gB linked at its C-terminal to a protein trimerization tag.
[0116] In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide gD-Trimer is or comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15 and 22 or any antigenic fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide is or comprises an amino acid sequence having at least or about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15 and 22. In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide is or comprises an amino acid sequence having a substitution, deletion, and / or insertion at one or more amino acid positions compared to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15 and 22.
[0117] In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide gB-Trimer is or comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 9, 10, 16, 17, 23 and 24 or any antigenic fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide is or comprises an amino acid sequence having at least or about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 9, 10, 16, 17, 23 and 24. In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide is or comprises an amino acid sequence having a substitution, deletion, and / or insertion at one or more amino acid positions compared to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 9, 10, 16, 17, 23 and 24.
[0118] In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide gD-gB-Trimer is or comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 11, 12, 18, 19, 25 and 26 or any antigenic fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide is or comprises an amino acid sequence having at least or about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 11, 12, 18, 19, 25 and 26. In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide is or comprises an amino acid sequence having a substitution, deletion, and / or insertion at one or more amino acid positions compared to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 11, 12, 18, 19, 25 and 26.
[0119] In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide gD (F) -gB-Trimer is or comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6, 7, 13, 14, 20, 21, 27 and 28 or any antigenic fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide is or comprises an amino acid sequence having at least or about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 7, 13, 14, 20, 21, 27 and 28. In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide is or comprises an amino acid sequence having a substitution, deletion, and / or insertion at one or more amino acid positions compared to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 7, 13, 14, 20, 21, 27 and 28.
[0120] As indicated above, in some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptides provided herein associate not only to form trimers, but can also aggregate or be aggregated to generate proteins comprising a plurality of recombinant polypeptides. In some embodiments, the proteins formed have macrostructures. In some cases, the macrostructure may confer structural stability of the HSV viral antigen or immunogen recombinant polypeptides, which in turn can afford access to potentially antigenic sites capable of promoting an immune response.
[0121] In some embodiments, the trimerized recombinant polypeptides aggregate to form a protein containing a plurality of trimerized recombinant polypeptides. In some embodiments, the plurality of trimerized recombinant polypeptides forms a protein having a macrostructure.
[0122] In some embodiments, the proteins described herein comprising a plurality of recombinant polypeptides are an immunogen. In some embodiments, the proteins described herein comprising a plurality of recombinant polypeptides are comprised in a nanoparticle. For example, in some embodiments, the proteins are linked directly to a nanoparticle, e.g., protein nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the proteins are linked indirectly to a nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the proteins described herein comprising a plurality of recombinant polypeptides are comprised in virus-like particle (VLP) .
[0123] In some embodiments, provided herein is complex of the recombinant polypeptide provided herein. In some embodiments, the complex is a trimeric fusion protein (i.e., a trimer) . In some embodiments, provided herein is a complex comprising a recombinant polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-28 or a fragment, variant, or mutant thereof, in any suitable combination. In some embodiments, provided herein is a complex comprising a trimer of a recombinant polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-28 or a fragment, variant, or mutant thereof, wherein the recombinant polypeptides are trimerized via inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds to form the trimer.
[0124] In some embodiments, provided herein is a trimeric fusion protein comprising three recombinant polypeptides, each recombinant polypeptide comprising, from amino to carboxy terminus: a) a first region comprising a gD of an HSV-2 and / or HSV-1; b) a second region comprising a gB of HSV-1 and / or HSV-2; and c) a C-terminal portion of collagen, wherein the C-terminal portions of collagen in the recombinant polypeptides form inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds.
[0125] In some embodiments, provided herein is a trimeric fusion protein comprising three recombinant polypeptides, each recombinant polypeptide comprising, from amino to carboxy terminus: a) a first region comprising a gD of an HSV-2 and / or HSV-1; and b) a C-terminal portion of collagen, wherein the C-terminal portions of collagen in the recombinant polypeptides form inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds.
[0126] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for preventing or treating infection by a HSV in a subject (e.g., a mammal) , comprising immunizing a subject with an effective amount of a fusion protein or trimer thereof disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises immunizing the subject with two or more fusion proteins or trimers thereof disclosed herein. The two or more fusion proteins may comprise HSV viral antigens derived from the same or different HSV species, subtypes and / or strains, or from the same or different HSV viral surface antigens (or glycoproteins) of the same HSV species, subtypes and / or strains. In some embodiments, the two or more fusion proteins may comprise HSV viral antigens derived from a first HSV and a second HSV, e.g., HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. In some embodiments, the two or more fusion proteins may comprise HSV (e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) gD and HSV (e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) gB, respectively. In some embodiments, neutralizing antibodies against the first and the second HSV are generated in the subject. In some embodiments, the first and second HSV are different variants of HSV, and neutralizing antibodies generated in the subject neutralize two or more of HSV-1 and / or HSV-2 and mutants thereof.
[0127] In some embodiments, the method comprises immunizing the subject (e.g., a mammal) with two or more doses of the fusion protein. In some embodiments, the fusion protein is administered as a booster dose following one or more doses of an immunogen comprising a HSV glycoprotein peptide comprising gD, gD-gB (WT) , gD-gB (Mutant) , gD (F) -gB (WT) , or gD (F) -gB (Mutant) .
[0128] In some embodiments, provided herein are engineered fusion polypeptides that are derived or modified from the gD-contained glycoprotein of HSV, e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2. In some embodiments, compared to a wildtype protein sequence of the HSV, the fusion polypeptides disclosed herein may be stabilized in a prefusion conformation. 2. POLYNUCLEOTIDES AND VECTORS
[0129] Also provided are polynucleotides (nucleic acid molecules) encoding the HSV viral antigen or immunogen and recombinant polypeptide provided herein, and vectors for genetically engineering cells to express such HSV viral antigens or immunogens and recombinant polypeptides. Also provided are polynucleotides (nucleic acid molecules) encoding the HSV viral antigens or immunogens and recombinant polypeptides provided herein, and vectors for genetically engineering cells to express such HSV antigens or immunogens and recombinant polypeptides. Also provided are polynucleotides (nucleic acid molecules) encoding the HSV viral antigens or immunogens and recombinant polypeptides provided herein, and vectors for genetically engineering cells to express such HSV antigens or immunogens and recombinant polypeptides.
[0130] In some embodiments, provided are polynucleotides that encode recombinant polypeptides provided herein. In some aspects, the polynucleotide contains a single nucleic acid sequence, such as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a recombinant polypeptide. In other instances, the polynucleotide contains a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a recombinant polypeptide a particular HSV viral antigen or immunogen and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a recombinant polypeptide comprising a different HSV viral antigen or immunogen.
[0131] In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding the recombinant polypeptide contains at least one promoter that is operatively linked to control expression of the recombinant polypeptide. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide contains two, three, or more promoters operatively linked to control expression of the recombinant polypeptide.
[0132] In some embodiments, for example when the polynucleotide contains two or more nucleic acid coding sequences, such as a sequences encoding recombinant polypeptides comprising different HSV viral antigens or immunogens, at least one promoter is operatively linked to control expression of the two or more nucleic acid sequences. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide contains two, three, or more promoters operatively linked to control expression of the recombinant polypeptides.
[0133] In some embodiments, expression of the recombinant polypeptide (s) is inducible or conditional. Thus, in some aspects, the polynucleotide encoding the recombinant polypeptide (s) contains a conditional promoter, enhancer, or transactivator. In some such aspects, the conditional promoter, enhancer, or transactivator is an inducible promoter, enhancer, or transactivator or a repressible promoter, enhancer, or transactivator. For example, in some embodiments, an inducible or conditional promoter can be used to restrict expression of the recombinant polypeptides to a specific microenvironment. In some embodiments, expression driven by the inducible or conditional promoter is regulated by exposure to an exogenous agent, such as heat, radiation, or drug.
[0134] In cases where the polynucleotide contains more than one nucleic acid sequence encoding a recombinant polypeptide, the polynucleotide may further include a nucleic acid sequence encoding a peptide that separates the translation products of the nucleic acid sequences during or after translation, encoding a self-cleaving peptide, or a peptide that causes ribosome skipping, such as a T2A peptide, or encoding an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) between the more than one nucleic acid sequences.
[0135] In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding the recombinant polypeptide (s) is introduced into a composition containing cultured cells (e.g., host cells) , such as by retroviral transduction, transfection, or transformation. In some embodiments, this can allow for expression (e.g., production) of the recombinant polypeptides. In some embodiments, the expressed recombinant polypeptides are purified.
[0136] In some embodiments, the polynucleotide (nucleic acid molecule) provided herein encodes a HSVviral antigen or immunogen as described herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide (nucleic acid molecule) provided herein encodes a recombinant polypeptide comprising HSV viral antigen or immunogen, e.g., gD-contained protein peptide, as described herein.
[0137] Also provided are vectors or constructs containing nucleic acid molecules as described herein. In some embodiments, the vectors or constructs contain one or more promoters operatively linked to the nucleic acid molecule encoding the recombinant polypeptide to drive expression thereof. In some embodiments, the promoter is operatively linked to one or more than one nucleic acid molecule, e.g., nucleic acid molecule encoding recombinant polypeptides containing different HSV viral antigens or immunogens.
[0138] In some embodiments, the vector is a viral vector. In some embodiments, the viral vector is a retroviral vector, adenovirus or adeno-associated virus. In some embodiments, the retroviral vector is a lentiviral vector. In some embodiments, the retroviral vector is a gammaretroviral vector.
[0139] In some embodiments, the vector or construct includes a single promoter that drives the expression of one or more nucleic acid molecules of the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, such promoters can be multicistronic (bicistronic or tricistronic, see e.g., U.S. Patent No. 6,060,273) . For example, in some embodiments, transcription units can be engineered as a bicistronic unit containing an IRES (internal ribosome entry site) , which allows coexpression of gene products (e.g., encoding different recombinant polypeptides) by a message from a single promoter. In some embodiments, the vectors provided herein are bicistronic, allowing the vector to contain and express two nucleic acid sequences. In some embodiments, the vectors provided herein are tricistronic, allowing the vector to contain and express three nucleic acid sequences.
[0140] In some embodiments, a single promoter directs expression of an RNA that contains, in a single open reading frame (ORF) , two or three genes (e.g. encoding the chimeric signaling receptor and encoding a recombinant receptor) separated from one another by sequences encoding a self-cleavage peptide (e.g., 2A sequences) or a protease recognition site (e.g., furin) . The ORF thus encodes a single polypeptide, which, either during (in the case of 2A) or after translation, is processed into the individual proteins. In some cases, the peptide, such as T2A, can cause the ribosome to skip (ribosome skipping) synthesis of a peptide bond at the C-terminus of a 2A element, leading to separation between the end of the 2A sequence and the next peptide downstream (see, for example, de Felipe. Genetic Vaccines and Ther. 2: 13 (2004) and deFelipe et al. Traffic 5:616-626 (2004) ) . Many 2A elements are known in the art. Examples of 2A sequences that can be used in the methods and nucleic acids disclosed herein include, without limitation, 2A sequences from the foot-and-mouth disease virus (F2A) , equine rhinitis A virus (E2A) , Thosea asigna virus (T2A) , and porcine teschovirus-1 (P2A) as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20070116690.
[0141] In some embodiments, the vector is comprised in a virus. In some embodiments, the virus is a pseudovirus. In some embodiments, the virus is a viral-like particle. In some embodiments, the vector is comprised in a cell. In some embodiments, the virus or cell in which the vector is comprised contains a recombinant genome.
[0142] In some embodiments, provided is a cell that expresses the fusion peptide provided herein, or comprises the fusion peptide, polynucleotide or vector provided herein. The cell can be used to produce the fusion peptide or trimer thereof. The cell may be a mammal cell, such as a human cell or a non-human mammal cell, e.g., a CHO cell, a HEK293 cell or cells derived therefrom. III. Immunogenic Compositions and Formulations
[0143] In some embodiments, provided herein is an immunogenic composition or a vaccine comprising a recombinant polypeptide or trimer thereof. In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition or a vaccine comprises two or more recombinant polypeptides or trimers thereof disclosed herein. The two or more recombinant polypeptides or trimers thereof may comprise, respectively, the same or different HSV viral surface antigens (or glycoproteins) from different HSV species, subtypes and / or strains, or the same or different HSV viral surface antigens (or glycoproteins) from the same HSV species, subtypes and / or strains. In some embodiments, the two or more recombinant polypeptides or trimers thereof may comprise HSV viral antigens derived from a first HSV and a second HSV, e.g., HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. In some embodiments, two or more recombinant polypeptides or trimers thereof may comprise HSV (e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) gD or fragment or variant thereof and HSV (e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) gB or fragment or variant thereof, respectively. In some embodiments, two or more recombinant polypeptides or trimers thereof may comprise gD-Trimer and gB-Trimer or trimers thereof, respectively.
[0144] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a monovalent or multivalent (e.g., bi-valent, tri-valent or quadrivalent) vaccine comprising the fusion polypeptide or trimer thereof disclosed herein.
[0145] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a monovalent vaccine comprising an HSV (e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) viral antigen-Trimer, e.g. gD-Trimer, gD-gB-Trimer, gD-gB (WT) -Trimer, gD-gB (Mutant) -Trimer, gD (F) -gB-Trimer, gD (F) -gB (WT) -Trimer, gD (F) -gB (Mutant) -Trimer, or trimer thereof disclosed herein. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a bi-valent vaccine comprising HSV (e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) viral antigen -Trimers disclosed herein selected from gD-Trimer, gD-gB (WT) -Trimer, gD-gB (Mutant) -Trimer, gD (F) -gB (WT) -Trimer, and gD (F) -gB (Mutant) -Trimer. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a bi-valent vaccine comprising at least one HSV glycoprotein-Trimer comprising a first HSV viral antigen and at least one HSV glycoprotein-Trimer comprising a second HSV viral antigen. In some embodiments, the first and second HSV viral antigens are from the same or different HSV viral surface antigens (or glycoproteins) of the different HSV species, subtypes and / or strains (e.g., HSV-2 and HSV-1) , or from the same or different HSV viral surface antigens (or glycoproteins) of the same HSV species, subtypes and / or strains (e.g., HSV-2 or HSV-1) .
[0146] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a tri-valent vaccine comprising an HSV (e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) viral antigen-Trimers disclosed herein. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a tri-valent vaccine comprising at least one HSV viral antigen -Trimer comprising a first HSV viral antigen, at least one HSV viral antigen -Trimer comprising a second HSV viral antigen, and at least one HSV viral antigen -Trimer comprising a third HSV viral antigen. In some embodiments, the first, second and third HSV glycoprotein antigens are from the same HSV viral antigen of one or more virus species or strains / subtypes, or from two, three, or more different HSV viral antigen of one or more virus species or one or more strains / subtypes of the same virus species. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a quadrivalent vaccine comprising HSV (e.g., HSV-1 and / or HSV-2) viral antigen -Trimers disclosed herein. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is quadrivalent vaccine comprising at least one HSV viral antigen -Trimer comprising a first HSV viral antigen, at least one HSV viral antigen -Trimer comprising a second HSV viral antigen, at least one HSV viral antigen -Trimer comprising a third HSV viral antigen, and at least one HSV viral antigen -Trimer comprising a fourth HSV viral antigen. In some embodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth HSV glycoprotein antigens are from the same HSV viral antigen of one or more virus species or strains / subtypes, or from two, three, four, or more different HSV viral antigen of one or more virus species or one or more strains / subtypes of the same virus species.
[0147] In some embodiments, provided herein is an immunogenic composition or vaccine comprising a recombinant polypeptide comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-28 and an amino acid sequence having at least or about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-28, or trimer thereof. In some embodiments, provided herein is an immunogenic composition or vaccine comprising a combination of any two or more of the recombinant polypeptides comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-28 and an amino acid sequence having at least or about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-28, or trimers thereof. In some embodiments, provided herein is an immunogenic composition comprising one or two recombinant polypeptides having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 and / or 4 or trimers thereof.
[0148] In some embodiments, a unit dose of the immunogenic composition may comprise from about 10 μg to about 100 μg of the HSV-2 antigen, preferably from about 25 μg to about 75 μg of the HSV antigen, preferably from about 40 μg to about 60 μg of the HSV antigen, or about 50 μg of the HSV antigen. In some embodiments, the dose contains 3 μg of the HSV antigen. In other embodiments, the dose contains 9 μg of the HSV antigen. In further embodiments, the dose contains 30 μg of the HSV antigen.
[0149] In some instances, it may be desirable to combine a disclosed viral immunogen or fusion protein or trimer, with other pharmaceutical products (e.g., vaccines) which induce protective responses to other agents (e.g., pathogens) . For example, a composition including a recombinant HSV antigen as described herein, e.g., the fusion protein or trimer thereof, can be administered simultaneously (typically separately) or sequentially with other vaccines recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP; cdc. gov / vaccines / acip / index. html) for the targeted age group (e.g., infants from approximately one to six months of age) , such as an influenza vaccine or a varicella zoster vaccine. As such, a disclosed viral immunogen including a recombinant HSV viral antigen described herein may be administered simultaneously or sequentially with vaccines against, for example, hepatitis B (HepB) , diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTaP) , pneumococcal bacteria (PCV) , Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) , polio, influenza and rotavirus.
[0150] Multivalent or combination vaccines provide protection against multiple pathogens. In some aspects, multivalent vaccines can protect against multiple strains and / or subtypes of the same pathogen. In some aspects, multivalent vaccines protect against multiple pathogens, such as the combination vaccine Tdap, which protects against strains of tentus, pertussis, and diphtheria. Multivalent vaccines are highly desirable to minimize the number of immunizations required to confer protection against multiple pathogens or pathogenic strains, to reduce administration costs, and to increase coverage rates. This can be particularly useful, for example, when vaccinating babies or children.
[0151] In some embodiments, the vaccine, e.g., comprising an immunogenic composition described herein, is a multivalent vaccine. In some embodiments, the antigenic material for incorporation into the multivalent vaccine compositions is derived from HSV strains or types, for examples as described herein (see, e.g., Section I) . Antigens for incorporation into the multivalent vaccine compositions may be derived from one strain or subtype of HSV or multiple strains or subtypes, for example, between two and five strains or subtypes, in order to provide a broader spectrum of protection. In one embodiment, antigens for incorporation into the multivalent vaccine compositions are derived from multiple strains or subtypes of HSV. Other useful antigens include live, attenuated and inactivated viruses such as inactivated polio virus (Jiang et al., J. Biol. Stand., (1986) 14: 103-9) , attenuated strains of Hepatitis A virus (Bradley et al., J. Med. Virol., (1984) 14: 373-86) , attenuated measles virus (James et al., N. Engl. J. Med., (1995) 332: 1262-6) , and epitopes of pertussis virus (for example, ACEL-IMUNE acellular DTP, Wyeth-Lederle Vaccines and Pediatrics) .
[0152] In some aspects, the vaccine provided herein is a universal vaccine. In some embodiments, a universal vaccine is a vaccine which protects against multiple strains or subtypes of the same virus, such as multiple strains or subtypes of HSV, e.g., HSV-1 and HSV-2. Development of an effective universal HSV vaccine would reduce cost and labor.
[0153] In some aspects, a universal vaccine is one comprised of multiple epitopes derived from distinct viral strains or subtypes, for example, containing HSV-2 gD protein peptide epitope and HSV-1 gB protein peptide epitope. In some aspects, a universal vaccine is comprised of a single epitope that is conserved across distinct viral strains or subtypes. For example, a universal vaccine can be based on the relatively conserved domain (s) of the HSV protein.
[0154] Immunogenic compositions comprising a disclosed viral immunogen (e.g., a disclosed recombinant polypeptide or trimer thereof or nucleic acid molecule encoding a protomer of disclosed recombinant polypeptide or trimer thereof) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are also provided. In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises trimerized recombinant polypeptides provided herein, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises a protein complex comprising a plurality of trimerized recombinant polypeptides provided herein, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises a protein nanoparticle provided herein, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises a VLP as provided herein, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises an isolated nucleic acid provided herein, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises a vector as provided herein, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises a virus as provided herein, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises a pseudovirus provided herein, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises a cell as provided herein, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition, such as described herein, is a vaccine. In some embodiments, the vaccine is a prophylactic vaccine. In some embodiments, the vaccine is a therapeutic vaccine. In some embodiments, the vaccine is a prophylactic vaccine and a therapeutic vaccine. Such pharmaceutical compositions can be administered to subjects by a variety of administration modes known to the person of ordinary skill in the art, for example, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intra-arterial, intra-articular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, sublingual, tonsillar, oropharyngeal, or other parenteral and mucosal routes. In several embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions including one or more of the disclosed recombinant immunogens are immunogenic compositions. Actual methods for preparing administrable compositions will be known or apparent to those skilled in the art and are described in more detail in such publications as Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19th Ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1995.
[0155] Thus, the fusion protein or trimer thereof described herein can be formulated with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers to help retain biological activity while also promoting increased stability during storage within an acceptable temperature range. Potential carriers include, but are not limited to, physiologically balanced culture medium, phosphate buffer saline solution, water, emulsions (e.g., oil / water or water / oil emulsions) , various types of wetting agents, cryoprotective additives or stabilizers such as proteins, peptides or hydrolysates (e.g., albumin, gelatin) , sugars (e.g., sucrose, lactose, sorbitol) , amino acids (e.g., sodium glutamate) , or other protective agents. The resulting aqueous solutions may be packaged for use as is or lyophilized. Lyophilized preparations are combined with a sterile solution prior to administration for either single or multiple dosing.
[0156] Formulated compositions, especially liquid formulations, may contain a bacteriostat to prevent or minimize degradation during storage, including but not limited to effective concentrations (usually 1%w / v) of benzyl alcohol, phenol, m-cresol, chlorobutanol, methylparaben, and / or propylparaben. A bacteriostat may be contraindicated for some patients; therefore, a lyophilized formulation may be reconstituted in a solution either containing or not containing such a component.
[0157] The immunogenic compositions or vaccines of the disclosure can contain as pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles substances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sodium lactate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sorbitan monolaurate, and triethanolamine oleate.
[0158] The immunogenic composition or vaccine may do not include an adjuvant or optionally include an adjuvant to enhance an immune response of the host. Suitable adjuvants are, for example, toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, alum (aluminum hydroxide) , AlPO4, alhydrogel, Lipid-Aand derivatives or variants thereof, oil-emulsions, saponins, neutral liposomes, liposomes containing the vaccine and cytokines, non-ionic block copolymers, and chemokines. Non-ionic block polymers containing polyoxyethylene (POE) and polyxylpropylene (POP) , such as POE-POP-POE block copolymers, MPLTM (3-O-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A; Corixa, Hamilton, Ind. ) and IL-12 (Genetics Institute, Cambridge, Mass. ) , among many other suitable adjuvants well known in the art, may be used as an adjuvant (Newman et al., 1998, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 15: 89-142) . These adjuvants have the advantage in that they help to stimulate the immune system in a non-specific way, thus enhancing the immune response to a pharmaceutical product. In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions or vaccines of the disclosure may include or be administered with one, two or more adjuvants.
[0159] For immunogenic compositions or vaccine compositions, examples of suitable adjuvants include, e.g., aluminum hydroxide, lecithin, Freund's adjuvant, MPLTM and IL-12. In some embodiments, the vaccine compositions or nanoparticle immunogens disclosed herein can be formulated as a controlled-release or time-release formulation. This can be achieved in a composition that contains a slow-release polymer or via a microencapsulated delivery system or bioadhesive gel. The various pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared in accordance with standard procedures well known in the art.
[0160] In some embodiments, the adjuvant may comprise a water-in oil adjuvant or an oil-in-water adjuvant, e.g., a water-in oil emulsion or an oil-in-water emulsion. In some embodiments, the adjuvant may comprise a metabolizable oil (e.g., squalene) and alpha tocopherol in the form of an oil-in-water emulsion, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween-80) . In some embodiments, the adjuvant formulation can comprise from about 2%to about 10%squalene, from about 2 to about 10%alpha tocopherol (e.g., D-alpha-tocopherol) and from about 0.3 to about 3%polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. In some embodiments, the adjuvant formulation can comprise about 5%squalene, about 5%tocopherol, and about 0.4%polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions of the disclosure can contain 3 de-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A (3D-MPL) , and an adjuvant in the form of an oil in water emulsion, which adjuvant contains a metabolizable oil, alpha tocopherol, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoleate. In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions or vaccines of the disclosure can contain QS21 (extract of Quillaja saponaria Molina: fraction 21) , 3D-MPL and an oil in water emulsion wherein the oil in water emulsion comprises a metabolizable oil, alpha tocopherol and polyoxyethelene sorbitan monooleate. In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions or vaccines of the disclosure can contain QS21, 3D-MPL and an oil in water emulsion wherein the oil in water emulsion has the following composition: a metabolisible oil, such as squalene, alpha tocopherol and Tween-80. In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions or vaccines of the disclosure can contain an adjuvant in the form of a liposome composition.
[0161] In some embodiments, the adjuvant may comprise a metabolizable oil (e.g., squalene) , polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween-80) , and Span 85. In some embodiments, the adjuvant formulation can comprise about 5% (w / v) squalene, about 0.5% (w / v) polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, and about about 0.5% (w / v) Span 85.
[0162] In some embodiments, the adjuvant may comprise Quillaja saponins, cholesterol, and phosphorlipid, e.g., in the form of a nanoparticle composition. In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions or vaccines of the disclosure can contain a mixture of separately purified fractions of Quillaja saponaria Molina which are subsequently formulated with cholesterol and phospholipid.
[0163] In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions or vaccines of the disclosure can contain an adjuvant selected from the group consisting of MF59TM, Matrix-ATM, Matrix-CTM, Matrix-MTM, AS01, AS02, AS03, and AS04.
[0164] In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions or vaccines of the disclosure can contain a toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist, wherein the TLR9 agonist is an oligonucleotide of from 8 to 35 nucleotides in length comprising an unmethylated cytidine-phospho-guanosine (also referred to as CpG or cytosine-phosphate-guanosine) motif, and the recombinant HSV antigen and the oligonucleotide are present in the immunogenic composition in amounts effective to stimulate an immune response against the HSV antigen in a mammalian subject, such as a human subject in need thereof. TLR9 (CD289) recognizes unmethylated cytidine-phospho-guanosine (CpG) motifs found in microbial DNA, which can be mimicked using synthetic CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) . CpG-ODNs are known to enhance antibody production and to stimulate T helper 1 (Th1) cell responses (Coffman et al., Immunity, 33: 492-503, 2010) . Optimal oligonucleotide TLR9 agonists often contain a palindromic sequence following the general formula of: 5’ -purine-purine-CG-pyrimidine-pyrimidine-3’ , or 5’ -purine-purine-CG-pyrimidine-pyrimidine-CG-3’ . U.S. Patent No. 6,589,940, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the CpG oligonucleotide is linear. In other embodiments, the CpG oligonucleotide is circular or includes hairpin loop (s) . The CpG oligonucleotide may be single stranded or double stranded. In some embodiments, the CpG oligonucleotide may contain modifications. Modifications include but are not limited to, modifications of the 3’ OH or 5’ OH group, modifications of the nucleotide base, modifications of the sugar component, and modifications of the phosphate group. Modified bases may be included in the palindromic sequence of the CpG oligonucleotide as long as the modified base (s) maintains the same specificity for its natural complement through Watson-Crick base pairing (e.g., the palindromic portion is still self-complementary) . In some embodiments, the CpG oligonucleotide comprises a non-canonical base. In some embodiments, the CpG oligonucleotide comprises a modified nucleoside. In some embodiments, the modified nucleoside is selected from the group consisting of 2’ -deoxy-7-deazaguanosine, 2’ -deoxy-6-thioguanosine, arabinoguanosine, 2’ -deoxy-2’ substituted-arabinoguanosine, and 2’ -O-substituted-arabinoguanosine. The CpG oligonucleotide may contain a modification of the phosphate group. For example, in addition to phosphodiester linkages, phosphate modifications include, but are not limited to, methyl phosphonate, phosphorothioate, phosphoramidate (bridging or non-bridging) , phosphotriester and phosphorodithioate and may be used in any combination. Other non-phosphate linkages may also be used. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides comprise only phosphorothioate backbones. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides comprise only phosphodiester backbones. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises a combination of phosphate linkages in the phosphate backbone such as a combination of phosphodiester and phosphorothioate linkages. Oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones can be more immunogenic than those with phosphodiester backbones and appear to be more resistant to degradation after injection into the host (Braun et al., J Immunol, 141: 2084-2089, 1988; and Latimer et al., Mol Immunol, 32: 1057-1064, 1995) . The CpG oligonucleotides of the present disclosure include at least one, two or three internucleotide phosphorothioate ester linkages. In some embodiments, when a plurality of CpG oligonucleotide molecules are present in a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one excipient, both stereoisomers of the phosphorothioate ester linkage are present in the plurality of CpG oligonucleotide molecules. In some embodiments, all of the internucleotide linkages of the CpG oligonucleotide are phosphorothioate linkages, or said another way, the CpG oligonucleotide has a phosphorothioate backbone. Exemplary CpG oligonucleotides, such as 5’ -TGACTGTGAACGTTCGAGATGA-3’ , are disclosed in US Patent Nos. 7,255,868, 7,479,285, 7,785,610, 8,003,115, 8,114,418, 8,222,398, 8,333,980, 8,597,665, 8,669,237, and 9,028,845, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes.
[0165] The adjuvant comprised in or administered with the immunogenic composition or vaccine may comprise one or more adjuvants, which may be used in combination and may include, but are not limited to, alum (aluminum salts) , oil-in-water emulsions, CpG oligonucleotide, liposomes, and microparticles, such as poly (lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles (Shah et al., Methods Mol Biol, 1494: 1-14, 2017) . In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions or vaccines further comprises an aluminum salt adjuvant to which the recombinant HSV antigen is adsorbed. In some embodiments, the aluminum salt adjuvant comprises one or more of the groups consisting of amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, and potassium aluminum sulfate. In some embodiments, the aluminum salt adjuvant comprises one or both of aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate. In some embodiments, the aluminum salt adjuvant comprises aluminum hydroxide. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the immunogenic composition or vaccines comprises from about 0.25 to about 0.50 mg Al3+, or about 0.35 mg Al3+. In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition further comprises an additional adjuvant. Other suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, squalene-in-water emulsion (e.g., MF59 or AS03) , TLR3 agonists (e.g., poly-IC or poly-ICLC) , TLR4 agonists (e.g., bacterial lipopolysaccharide derivatives such monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) , and / or a saponin such as Quil A or QS-21, as in AS01 or AS02) , a TLR5 agonist (bacterial flagellin) , and TLR7, TLR8 and / or TLR9 agonists (imidazoquinoline derivatives such as imiquimod, and resiquimod) (Coffman et al., Immunity, 33: 492-503, 2010) . In some embodiments, the additional adjuvant comprises MPL and alum (e.g., AS04) . For veterinary use and for production of antibodies in non-human animals, mitogenic components of Freund’s adjuvant (both complete and incomplete) can be used.
[0166] In some embodiments, the one or more adjuvants may comprise CpG oligonucleotide or Alum, or both. In some embodiments, the one or more adjuvants may comprise CpG oligonucleotide or a oil-in-water adjuvant, or both. In some embodiments, the oil-in-water adjuvant is a squalene-in-water emulsion comprises squalene, α-tocopherol and polysorbate 80 (i.e., CAS-1) . In some embodiments, the oil-in-water adjuvant is a squalene-in-water emulsion comprises squalene, Span 85 and polysorbate 80.
[0167] In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions or vaccines comprise pharmaceutically acceptable excipients including for instance, solvents, bulking agents, buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, and preservatives (Pramanick et al., Pharma Times, 45: 65-77, 2013) . In some embodiments the immunogenic compositions or vaccines may comprise an excipient that functions as one or more of a solvent, a bulking agent, a buffering agent, and a tonicity adjusting agent (e.g., sodium chloride in saline may serve as both an aqueous vehicle and a tonicity adjusting agent) .
[0168] In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions or vaccines comprise an aqueous vehicle as a solvent. Suitable vehicles include for instance sterile water, saline solution, phosphate buffered saline, and Ringer’s solution. In some embodiments, the composition is isotonic.
[0169] The immunogenic compositions or vaccines may comprise a buffering agent. Buffering agents control pH to inhibit degradation of the active agent during processing, storage and optionally reconstitution. Suitable buffers include for instance salts comprising acetate, citrate, phosphate or sulfate. Other suitable buffers include for instance amino acids such as arginine, glycine, histidine, and lysine. The buffering agent may further comprise hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the buffering agent maintains the pH of the composition within a range of 6 to 9. In some embodiments, the pH is greater than (lower limit) 6, 7 or 8. In some embodiments, the pH is less than (upper limit) 9, 8, or 7. That is, the pH is in the range of from about 6 to 9 in which the lower limit is less than the upper limit.
[0170] The immunogenic compositions or vaccines may comprise a tonicity adjusting agent. Suitable tonicity adjusting agents include for instance dextrose, glycerol, sodium chloride, glycerin and mannitol.
[0171] The immunogenic compositions or vaccines may comprise a bulking agent. Bulking agents are particularly useful when the pharmaceutical composition is to be lyophilized before administration. In some embodiments, the bulking agent is a protectant that aids in the stabilization and prevention of degradation of the active agents during freeze or spray drying and / or during storage. Suitable bulking agents are sugars (mono-, di-and polysaccharides) such as sucrose, lactose, trehalose, mannitol, sorbital, glucose and raffinose.
[0172] The immunogenic compositions or vaccines may comprise a preservative. Suitable preservatives include for instance antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. However, in preferred embodiments, the immunogenic composition or vaccines is prepared under sterile conditions and is in a single use container, and thus does not necessitate inclusion of a preservative.
[0173] In some embodiments, the composition or vaccines can be provided as a sterile composition. The pharmaceutical composition typically contains an effective amount of a disclosed recombinant immunogen and can be prepared by conventional techniques. Typically, the amount of immunogen in each dose of the immunogenic composition is selected as an amount which induces an immune response without significant, adverse side effects. In some embodiments, the composition can be provided in unit dosage form for use to induce an immune response in a subject. A unit dosage form contains a suitable single preselected dosage for administration to a subject, or suitable marked or measured multiples of two or more preselected unit dosages, and / or a metering mechanism for administering the unit dose or multiples thereof. In other embodiments, the composition further includes an adjuvant. IV. Methods of Inducing an Immune Response
[0174] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for generating an immune response to a protein of HSV in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the recombinant polypeptide, trimer, complex, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, VLP, cell, immunogenic composition or vaccine provided herein. In some embodiments, the method is for generating an immune response to a surface antigen of a HSV (e.g., an gD-contained protein or antigenic fragment thereof, and optionally one or more sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-28 or antigenic fragment thereof) in a subject, wherein the surface antigen comprises an gD-contained protein or antigenic fragment thereof.
[0175] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for preventing or treating infection by HSV (e.g., HSV-2 and / or HSV-1) , comprising immunizing a subject with an effective amount of the recombinant polypeptide, trimer, complex, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, VLP, cell, immunogenic composition or vaccine provided herein.
[0176] In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide, trimer, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, VLP or cell provided herein comprises, encodes or expresses a recombinant polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-28..
[0177] In some embodiments, the subject is administered or immunized with an effective amount of a combination of two or more recombinant polypeptides, trimers, complexes, protein nanoparticles, isolated nucleic acids, vectors, viruses, pseudoviruses, VLPs or cells provided herein. In some embodiments, the recombinant polypeptide, trimer, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, VLP or cell provided herein comprises, encodes or expresses a recombinant polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-28. In some embodiments, the subject is administered or immunized with an effective amount of the recombinant polypeptide, trimer, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, VLP or cell comprising, encoding or expressing a recombinant polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 4, and / or SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0178] The disclosed recombinant immunogens (e.g., recombinant HSV gD-contained glycoprotein antigen, e.g., a gD-Trimer, gD-gB (WT) -Trimer, gD-gB (Mutant) -Trimers, gD (F) -gB (WT) -Trimer, gD (F) -gB (Mutant) -Trimer or an glycoprotein described herein) , the trimer, complex, the immunogenic composition, the vaccine, the nucleic acid molecule (such as an DNA molecule) or vector encoding a protomer of a disclosed recombinant HSV glycoprtoein antigen, or the protein nanoparticle or virus like particle, the virus, the pseudovirus or the cell comprising a disclosed recombinant polypeptide, e.g., a recombinant HSV gD-contained antigen, can be administered to a subject to induce an immune response to the corresponding HSV G antigen in the subject. In a particular example, the subject is a human. The immune response can be a protective immune response, for example a response that inhibits subsequent infection with the corresponding HSV. Elicitation of the immune response can also be used to treat or inhibit infection and illnesses associated with the corresponding HSV.
[0179] A subject can be selected for prevention or treatment that has, or is at risk for developing infection with the HSV, for example because of exposure or the possibility of exposure to the HSV. Following administration or immunization of a disclosed recombinant immunogen, the subject can be monitored for infection or symptoms associated with HSV, or both.
[0180] Typical subjects intended for prevention or treatment with the therapeutics and methods of the present disclosure include humans, as well as non-human primates and other animals. To identify subjects for prophylaxis or treatment according to the methods of the disclosure, accepted screening methods are employed to determine risk factors associated with a targeted or suspected disease or condition, or to determine the status of an existing disease or condition in a subject. These screening methods include, for example, conventional work-ups to determine environmental, familial, occupational, and other such risk factors that may be associated with the targeted or suspected disease or condition, as well as diagnostic methods, such as various ELISA and other immunoassay methods to detect and / or characterize HSV infection. These and other routine methods allow the clinician to select patients in need of therapy using the methods and pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure. In accordance with these methods and principles, a composition can be administered according to the teachings herein, or other conventional methods, as an independent prophylaxis or treatment program, or as a follow-up, adjunct or coordinate treatment regimen to other treatments.
[0181] The administration or immunization of a disclosed recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus or cell provided herein can be for prophylactic or therapeutic purpose. When provided prophylactically, the disclosed therapeutic agents are provided in advance of any symptom, for example, in advance of infection. The prophylactic administration of the disclosed therapeutic agents serves to prevent or ameliorate any subsequent infection. When provided therapeutically, the disclosed therapeutic agents are provided at or after the onset of a symptom of disease or infection, for example, after development of a symptom of infection with HSV corresponding to the HSV glycoprotein antigen, or after diagnosis with the HSV infection. The therapeutic agents can thus be provided prior to the anticipated exposure to HSV so as to attenuate the anticipated severity, duration or extent of an infection and / or associated disease symptoms, after exposure or suspected exposure to the virus, or after the actual initiation of an infection.
[0182] The recombinant immunogens described herein, and immunogenic compositions thereof, are provided to a subject in an amount effective to induce or enhance an immune response against the glycoprotein antigen in the subject, preferably a human. The actual dosage of disclosed recombinant immunogen will vary according to factors such as the disease indication and particular status of the subject (for example, the subject's age, size, fitness, extent of symptoms, susceptibility factors, and the like) , time and route of administration, other drugs or treatments being administered concurrently, as well as the specific pharmacology of the composition for eliciting the desired activity or biological response in the subject. Dosage regimens can be adjusted to provide an optimum prophylactic or therapeutic response.
[0183] In some embodiments, The administration or immunization of a disclosed recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus or cell provided herein may be administered via topical, transdermal, subcutaneous (e.g., subcutaneous injection) , intradermal, oral, intranasal (e.g., intranasal spray) , intratracheal, sublingual, buccal, rectal, vaginal, inhaled, intravenous (e.g., intravenous injection) , intraarterial, intramuscular (e.g., intramuscular injection) , intracardiac, intraosseous, intraperitoneal, transmucosal, intravitreal, subretinal, intraarticular, peri-articular, local, or epicutaneous administration.
[0184] An immunogenic composition or vaccine is administered in a single dose or a series of doses (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 doses) separated by intervals of weeks (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 weeks) or months (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 months) . An immunogenic composition or vaccine including one or more of the disclosed recombinant immunogens can be used in coordinate (or prime-boost) vaccination protocols or combinatorial formulations. In certain embodiments, novel combinatorial immunogenic compositions and coordinate immunization protocols employ separate immunogens or formulations, each directed toward eliciting an anti-viral immune response, such as an immune response to HSV glycoprotein antigen. Separate immunogenic compositions or vaccines that elicit the anti-viral immune response can be combined in a polyvalent immunogenic composition administered to a subject in a single immunization step, or they can be administered separately (in monovalent immunogenic compositions or vaccines) in a coordinate (or prime-boost) immunization protocol. In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition or vaccine including one or more of the disclosed recombinant immunogens can be used re-vaccination. In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition or vaccine including one or more of the disclosed recombinant immunogens can be used as a boost vaccination, where the prime vaccination is performed with a immunogen other than the recombinant immunogens provided herein.
[0185] There can be several boosts, and each boost can be a different disclosed recombinant immunogen. In some examples that the boost may be the same immunogen as another boost, or the prime. The prime and boost can be administered as a single dose or multiple doses, for example two doses, three doses, four doses, five doses, six doses or more can be administered to a subject over days, weeks or months. Multiple boosts can also be given, such one to five (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 boosts) , or more. Different dosages can be used in a series of sequential immunizations. For example a relatively large dose in a primary immunization and then a boost with relatively smaller doses.
[0186] In some embodiments, the boost can be administered about two, about three to eight, or about four, weeks following the prime, or about several months after the prime. In some embodiments, the boost can be administered about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 10, about 12, about 18, about 24, months after the prime, or more or less time after the prime. Periodic additional boosts can also be used at appropriate time points to enhance the subject's “immune memory. ” The adequacy of the vaccination parameters chosen, e.g., formulation, dose, regimen and the like, can be determined by taking aliquots of serum from the subject and assaying antibody titers during the course of the immunization program. In addition, the clinical condition of the subject can be monitored for the desired effect, e.g., prevention of infection or improvement in disease state (e.g., reduction in viral load) . If such monitoring indicates that vaccination is sub-optimal, the subject can be boosted with an additional dose of immunogenic composition, and the vaccination parameters can be modified in a fashion expected to potentiate the immune response.
[0187] In some embodiments, the prime-boost method can include DNA-primer and protein-boost vaccination protocol to a subject. The method can include two or more administrations of the nucleic acid molecule or the protein.
[0188] For protein therapeutics, typically, each human dose will comprise 1-200 μg of protein.
[0189] The amount utilized in an immunogenic composition is selected based on the subject population (e.g., infant or elderly, which may be over 60 years old) . An optimal amount for a particular composition can be ascertained by standard studies involving observation of antibody titers and other responses in subjects. It is understood that a therapeutically effective amount of a disclosed recombinant immunogen, such as a disclosed recombinant HSV glycoprotein antigen, e.g., trimer, protein, viral vector, or nucleic acid molecule in a immunogenic composition, can include an amount that is ineffective at eliciting an immune response by administration of a single dose, but that is effective upon administration of multiple dosages, for example in a prime-boost administration protocol.
[0190] Upon administration of a disclosed recombinant immunogen of this disclosure, the immune system of the subject typically responds to the immunogenic composition by producing antibodies specific for the HSV glycoprotein peptide included in the immunogen. Such a response signifies that an immunologically effective dose was delivered to the subject.
[0191] In some embodiments, the antibody response of a subject will be determined in the context of evaluating effective dosages / immunization protocols. In most instances it will be sufficient to assess the antibody titer in serum or plasma obtained from the subject. Decisions as to whether to administer booster inoculations and / or to change the amount of the therapeutic agent administered to the individual can be at least partially based on the antibody titer level. The antibody titer level can be based on, for example, an immunobinding assay which measures the concentration of antibodies in the serum which bind to an antigen including, for example, the recombinant HSV glycoprotein antigen, e.g., a gD-Trimer, gD-gB (WT) -Trimer, gD-gB (Mutant) -Trimer, gD (F) -gB (WT) -Trimer, gD (F) -gB (Mutant) -Trimer.
[0192] The HSV infection does not need to be completely eliminated or reduced or prevented for the methods to be effective. For example, elicitation of an immune response to a HSV with one or more of the disclosed recombinant immunogens can reduce or inhibit infection with the HSV by a desired amount, for example, by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or even at least 100% (elimination or prevention of detectable infected cells) , as compared to infection with the HSV in the absence of the immunogen. In additional examples, HSV replication can be reduced or inhibited by the disclosed methods. HSV replication does not need to be completely eliminated for the method to be effective. For example, the immune response elicited using one or more of the disclosed recombinant immunogens can reduce replication of the corresponding HSV by a desired amount, for example, by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or even at least 100% (elimination or prevention of detectable replication of the HSV) , as compared to replication of the HSV in the absence of the immune response.
[0193] In some embodiments, the disclosed recombinant immunogen is administered to the subject simultaneously with the administration of the adjuvant. In other embodiments, the disclosed recombinant immunogen is administered to the subject after the administration of the adjuvant and within a sufficient amount of time to induce the immune response.
[0194] One approach to administration of nucleic acids is direct immunization with plasmid DNA, such as with a mammalian expression plasmid. Immunization by nucleic acid constructs is well known in the art and taught, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,578 (which describes methods of immunizing vertebrates by introducing DNA encoding a desired antigen to elicit a cell-mediated or a humoral response) , and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,593,972 and 5,817,637 (which describe operably linking a nucleic acid sequence encoding an antigen to regulatory sequences enabling expression) . U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,103 describes several methods of delivery of nucleic acids encoding immunogenic peptides or other antigens to an organism. The methods include liposomal delivery of the nucleic acids (or of the synthetic peptides themselves) , and immune-stimulating constructs, or ISCOMSTM, negatively charged cage-like structures of 30-40 nm in size formed spontaneously on mixing cholesterol and Quil ATM (saponin) . Protective immunity has been generated in a variety of experimental models of infection, including toxoplasmosis and Epstein-Barr virus-induced tumors, using ISCOMSTM as the delivery vehicle for antigens (Mowat and Donachie, Immunol. Today 12: 383, 1991) . Doses of antigen as low as 1 μg encapsulated in ISCOMSTM have been found to produce Class I mediated CTL responses (Takahashi et al., Nature 344: 873, 1990) .
[0195] In some embodiments, a plasmid DNA vaccine is used to express a disclosed recombinant immunogen in a subject. For example, a nucleic acid molecule encoding a disclosed recombinant immunogen can be administered to a subject to induce an immune response to the HSV glycoprotein antigen. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule can be included on a plasmid vector for DNA immunization, such as the pVRC8400 vector (described in Barouch et al., J. Virol, 79, 8828-8834, 2005, which is incorporated by reference herein) .
[0196] In another approach to using nucleic acids for immunization, a disclosed recombinant HSV gD-contained glycoprotein antigen, e.g., trimer, protein, can be expressed by attenuated viral hosts or vectors or bacterial vectors. Recombinant vaccinia virus, adeno-associated virus (AAV) , herpes virus, retrovirus, cytogmeglo virus or other viral vectors can be used to express the peptide or protein, thereby eliciting a CTL response. For example, vaccinia vectors and methods useful in immunization protocols are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,722,848. BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) provides another vector for expression of the peptides (see Stover, Nature 351: 456-460, 1991) .
[0197] In one embodiment, a nucleic acid encoding a disclosed recombinant HSV glycoprotein antigen is introduced directly into cells. For example, the nucleic acid can be loaded onto gold microspheres by standard methods and introduced into the skin by a device such as Bio-Rad's HELIOSTM Gene Gun. The nucleic acids can be “naked, ” consisting of plasmids under control of a strong promoter. Typically, the DNA is injected into muscle, although it can also be injected directly into other sites. Dosages for injection are usually around 0.5 μg / kg to about 50 mg / kg, and typically are about 0.005 mg / kg to about 5 mg / kg (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,466) .
[0198] For example, the nucleic acid can be loaded onto gold microspheres by standard methods and introduced into the skin by a device such as Bio-Rad's HELIOSTM Gene Gun. The nucleic acids can be “naked, ” consisting of plasmids under control of a strong promoter. Typically, the DNA is injected into muscle, although it can also be injected directly into other sites. Dosages for injection are usually around 0.5 μg / kg to about 50 mg / kg, and typically are about 0.005 mg / kg to about 5 mg / kg (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,466) .
[0199] In another embodiment, an mRNA-based immunization protocol can be used to deliver a nucleic acid encoding a disclosed recombinant HSV glycoprotein antigen directly into cells. In some embodiments, nucleic acid-based vaccines based on mRNA may provide a potent alternative to the previously mentioned approaches. mRNA vaccines preclude safety concerns about DNA integration into the host genome and can be directly translated in the host cell cytoplasm. Moreover, the simple cell-free, in vitro synthesis of RNA avoids the manufacturing complications associated with viral vectors. Two exemplary forms of RNA-based vaccination that can be used to deliver a nucleic acid encoding a disclosed recombinant HSV gD-contained antigen include conventional non-amplifying mRNA immunization (see, e.g., Petsch et al., “Protective efficacy of in vitro synthesized, specific mRNA vaccines against influenza A virus infection, ” Nature biotechnology, 30 (12) : 1210-6, 2012) and self-amplifying mRNA immunization (see, e.g., Geall et al., “Nonviral delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccines, ” PNAS, 109 (36) : 14604-14609, 2012; Magini et al., “Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral Challenge, ” PLoS One, 11 (8) : e0161193, 2016; and Brito et al., “Self-amplifying mRNA vaccines, ” Adv Genet., 89: 179-233, 2015) .
[0200] In some embodiments, administration of a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the disclosed recombinant immunogens to a subject induces a neutralizing immune response in the subject. To assess neutralization activity, following immunization of a subject, serum can be collected from the subject at appropriate time points, frozen, and stored for neutralization testing. Methods to assay for neutralization activity are known to the person of ordinary skill in the art and are further described herein, and include, but are not limited to, plaque reduction neutralization (PRNT) assays, microneutralization assays, flow cytometry based assays, single-cycle infection assays. In some embodiments, the serum neutralization activity can be assayed using a panel of HSV pseudoviruses.
[0201] In some embodiments, administration of a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the disclosed recombinant immunogens to a subject induces a neutralizing immune response in the subject. To assess neutralization activity, following immunization of a subject, serum can be collected from the subject at appropriate time points, frozen, and stored for neutralization testing. Methods to assay for neutralization activity are known to the person of ordinary skill in the art and are further described herein, and include, but are not limited to, plaque reduction neutralization (PRNT) assays, microneutralization assays, flow cytometry based assays, single-cycle infection assays. In some embodiments, the serum neutralization activity can be assayed using a panel of HSV pseudoviruses.
[0202] In some embodiments, a neutralizing immune response induced by the disclosed recombinant immunogens herein generates a neutralizing antibody against HSV. In some embodiments, the neutralizing antibody herein binds to a cellular receptor or coreceptor of a HSV or component thereof. In some embodiments, the viral receptor or coreceptor is an HSV receptor or coreceptor, preferably a human HSV receptor such as HSV receptor or coreceptor. In some embodiments, the neutralizing antibody herein modulates, decreases, antagonizes, mitigates, blocks, inhibits, abrogates and / or interferes with at least one HSV activity or binding, or with a HSV receptor activity or binding, in vitro, in situ and / or in vivo, such as HSV release, HSV receptor signaling, membrane HSV cleavage, HSV activity, HSV production and / or synthesis. In some embodiments, the disclosed recombinant immunogens herein induce neutralizing antibodies against HSV that modulate, decrease, antagonize, mitigate, block, inhibit, abrogate and / or interfere with HSV binding to a HSV receptor or coreceptor, such as a functional cellular receptor such as herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) , a TNF receptor family member, or nectin-1, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. V. Methods of Detection and Diagnosis
[0203] Also provided are methods for detecting antibodies to a HSV in a subject with the disclosed recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex provided herein. In some embodiments, the HSV comprises HSV-2 and / or HSV-1. In some embodiments, the HSV-2 is a mammal HSV-2, e.g., a human HSV-2. In some embodiments, the HSV-1 is a mammal HSV-1, e.g., a human HSV-1. In some embodiments, the antibodies comprise polyclonal antibodies and / or monoclonal antibodies. In some embodiments, the antibodies are neutralizing antibodies.
[0204] In some embodiments, the subject is an individual to be tested for the presence of antibodies to HSV. The subject may or may not have HSV infection. The subject may or may not be suspected of having HSV infection or of having been exposed to HSV. In some embodiments, the subject may be a mammal, e.g., human.
[0205] In some embodiments, the method may comprise detecting antibodies to a HSV from a sample of a subject. In some embodiments, the sample may be a body secretion sample (e.g., a fluid) of a subject, such as a blood, sera, plasma, whole blood, saliva, blister fluid, or milk; or a sample from a tissue or an organ of the subject. The sample may be refrigerated or frozen before assay.
[0206] In some embodiments, the method comprises: (1) contacting the sample with a HSV viral surface antigen joined by in-frame fusion to a protein trimerization tag provided herein; (2) detecting the binding of the antibodies to the HSV viral antigen.
[0207] Any entity comprising or encoding or expressing HSV viral surface antigen joined by in-frame fusion to a protein trimerization tag, such as recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus or cell of the present invention, can be used to practice the above detecting method as long as it binds to antibodies against HSV.
[0208] As used herein, the term contacting refers to the introduction of the sample to the HSV viral surface antigen joined by in-frame fusion to a protein trimerization tag, for example, by combining or mixing them, such that the HSV viral surface antigen joined by in-frame fusion to a protein trimerization tag is able to come into physical contact with antibodies in the sample, if present. When antibodies against HSV are present in the sample, an antibody / antigen complex is then formed, which can be detected. Binding of the antibodies in the sample to the HSV viral surface antigen is accomplished under conditions suitable to form a complex. Such conditions (e.g., appropriate concentrations, buffers, temperatures, reaction times) as well as methods to optimize such conditions are known to those skilled in the art.
[0209] Binding can be measured using a variety of methods standard in the art including, but not limited to, agglutination assays, precipitation assays, enzyme immunoassays (e.g., ELISA) , immunoprecipitation assays, immunoblot assays and other immunoassays as described, for example, in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, (Cold Spring Harbor Labs Press, 1989) , and Harlow et al., Antibodies, a Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Labs Press, 1988) , both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. These references also provide examples of complex formation conditions. Binding can also be measured using competitive binding assay, such as competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay or competitive ligand-receptor binding assay.
[0210] In some embodiments, the HSV viral surface antigen may comprise a gD-contained viral antigen. In some embodiments, the antibodies may comprise antibodies against HSV gD, e.g., HSV-2 gD and / or HSV-1 gD.
[0211] In some embodiments, the HSV viral surface antigen or recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus or cell can be labeled with a detection agent.
[0212] Examples of the detection agent include, but are not limited to, a radioactive label, a fluorescent label, a chemiluminescent label, a chromophoric label, an enzyme label, a phosphorescent label, an electronic label; a metal sol label, a colored bead, a physical label, a magnetic agent or a ligand, e.g., colloidal gold, a fluorescein, a radioisotope, a phosphatase (e.g., alkaline phosphatase) , biotin, avidin, a peroxidase (e.g., horseradish peroxidase) , beta-galactosidase, and biotin-related compounds or avidin-related compounds (e.g., streptavidin or ImmunoPure7 NeutrAvidin) . In some embodiments, the detection agent an enzyme, e.g., beta-D-galactosidase, glucose oxidase, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-lactamase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, urease, uricase, superoxide dismutase, luciferase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, galactose oxidase, acetylcholine-sterase, enterokinase, tyrosinase, and xanthine oxidase; or a detection particle, e.g., an enzymatic particle (such as a nanoparticle) , polystyrene particle (such as a microsphere) , latex particle, particle comprising gold (such as a nano-gold particle) , colloidal gold particle, metal particle (such as an iron oxide nanoparticle) , magnetic particle, fluorescently detectable particle, or semi-conductor particle (such as a nanocrystal) .
[0213] In some embodiments, the HSV viral surface antigen (or recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus or cell) can be bound to a colloid gold labeled antibody recognizing the trimerization domain (e.g., C-terminal portion of collagen) for colloid gold labelling.
[0214] In some embodiments, the HSV viral surface antigen or recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus or cell can be immobilized, e.g., on a substrate or a solid surface.
[0215] Suitable materials for a substrate or a solid surface include, but are not limited to, plastic, glass, gel, celluloid, fabric, paper, and particulate materials. Examples of materials for a substrate or a solid surface include, but are not limited to, latex, polystyrene, nylon, nitrocellulose, agarose, cotton, PVDF (poly-vinylidene-fluoride) , and magnetic resin. Suitable shapes for substrate or a solid surface material include, but are not limited to, a well (e.g., microtiter dish well) , a microtiter plate, a dipstick, a strip, a bead, a lateral flow apparatus, a membrane, a filter, a tube, a dish, a celluloid-type matrix, a magnetic particle, and other particulates. Illustrative substrates or solid surfaces include, for example, a test strip (e.g., a lateral flow device) , an ELISA plate, a dipstick, an immunodot strip, a radioimmunoassay plate, an agarose bead, a plastic bead, a latex bead, a cotton thread, a plastic chip, an immunoblot membrane, an immunoblot paper, a flow-through membrane. For descriptions of examples of substrate or solid surface materials, see, for example, Kemeny, D. M. (1991) A Practical Guide to ELISA, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y. pp 33-44, and Price, C. and Newman, D. eds. Principles and Practice of Immunoassay, 2nd edition (1997) Stockton Press, NY, N.Y., both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0216] In some embodiments, the binding can be measured using a secondary antibody which specifically binds to the antibodies against HSV. In some embodiments, the secondary antibody may be an antibody from a different species than the species from with the anti-HSV antibody to be tested is derived. In some embodiments, the secondary antibody may be an anti-IgG antibody, e.g., an anti-human IgG antibody from a non-human mammal (e.g., an anti-human IgG antibody from mouse, rabbit, goat, sheep, swine, dog, cat, etc) when the antibodies against HSV to be tested is human antibodies. In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting the sample to be tested with the HSV viral surface antigen (or recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus or cell) and the secondary antibody, and detecting the complex of the HSV viral surface antigen, antibody against HSV and secondary antibody. Detection of the complex of the HSV viral surface antigen, antibody against HSV and secondary antibody indicates the presence of the antibody against HSV.
[0217] In some embodiments, any one or two of the HSV viral surface antigen (or recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus or cell) and the secondary antibody can be labeled with a detection agent, which can be used to detect the complex of the HSV viral surface antigen, antibody against HSV and secondary antibody.
[0218] In some embodiments, any one or two of the HSV viral surface antigen (or recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus or cell) and the secondary antibody can be immobilized, e.g., on a substrate or a solid surface.
[0219] In some embodiments, the HSV viral surface antigen (or recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus or cell) is labeled with a detection agent (e.g., colloid gold) and the secondary antibody is immobilized to capture the complex of the HSV viral surface antigen and the antibody to be tested.
[0220] In some embodiments, and the secondary antibody is labeled with a detection agent (e.g., colloid gold) and the HSV viral surface antigen (or recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus or cell) is immobilized to capture the complex of the antibody to be tested and the secondary antibody.
[0221] In some embodiments, the binding can be measured using a lateral flow assay. flow immunoassays are widely used in many different areas of analytical chemistry and medicine, for example, in clinical diagnosis to determine the presence of an analyte of interest in a sample, such as a bodily fluid. Previous lateral flow immunoassay work is exemplified by U.S. patents and patent application publications: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,602,040; 5,622,871; 5,656,503; 6,187,598; 6,228,660; 6,818,455; 2001 / 0008774; 2005 / 0244986; U.S. Pat. No. 6,352,862; 2003 / 0207465; 2003 / 0143755; 2003 / 0219908; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,714,389; 5,989,921; 6,485,982; Ser. No. 11 / 035,047; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,656,448; 5,559,041; 5,252,496; 5,728,587; 6,027,943; 6,506,612; 6,541,277; 6,737,277 B1; 5,073,484; 5,654,162: 6,020,147; 4,956,302; 5,120,643; 6,534,320; 4,942,522; 4,703,017; 4,743,560; 5,591,645; and RE 38,430 E.
[0222] A lateral flow assay is capable of detecting a functional attribute of an analyte, e.g., an interaction-blocking characteristic. In some embodiments, the analyte is an antibody, e.g., a neutralizing (or blocking) antibody, e.g., an antibody that interrupts the interaction of two or more molecular components such as a viral protein and a cell-surface protein in a host. In some embodiments, the antibody is an anti-HSV (e.g., HSV-2 and / or HSV-1) antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an anti-gB and / or anti-gD antibody, wherein the gD and / or gB is from HSV (e.g., HSV-2 and / or HSV-1) .
[0223] A lateral flow device may be a chromatographic strip comprising one or more test zones, and optionally one or more control zones. In some embodiments, the chromatographic strip is a membrane. In some embodiments, the chromatographic strip is a porous membrane. The pore size of the chromatographic strip may vary widely. In some embodiments, the chromatographic strip comprises pores of about 1 μm to about 20 μm, such any of about 1 μm to about 10 μm, about 5 μm to about 15 μm, or about 10 μm to about 20 μm. In some embodiments, the chromatographic strip comprises a bibulous material. In some embodiments, the chromatographic strip comprises a non-bibulous material. In some embodiments, the chromatographic strip comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a cellulose, cellulose blend, nitrocellulose, cellulose ester, mixed nitrocellulose ester, polyester, acrylonitrile copolymer, rayon, glass fiber, polyethylene terephthalate fibers, polypropylene, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the membrane is a nitrocellulose membrane.
[0224] In some embodiments, the chromatographic strip, or a portion thereof, is treated with a blocker, e.g., to increase specificity of any binding interactions. In some embodiments, the blocker comprises casein, bovine serum albumin (BSA) , methylated BSA, whole animal serum, non-fat dry milk, or a combination thereof. When the chromatographic strip is blocked, the charge of a chromatographic strip, such as nitrocellulose, is neutralized and thus, no additional proteins or components thereof can bind to the blocked chromatographic strip. Additionally, the chromatographic structure of the chromatographic strip is altered and the flow may be more like a gliding or sliding flow instead of the flow of traditional chromatography.
[0225] Certain components of the test strips described herein comprise a detection agent to facilitate identification (qualitatively and / or quantitatively) of said components at certain zones of the test strips (e.g., a test zone, control zone) . In some embodiments, the molecular component of a molecular binding system is a labeled with a detection agent. In some embodiments, the other component such as in the sample binding zone (e.g., an antibody, an antigen, a ligand or an receptor) is labeled with a detection agent. In some embodiments, wherein two or more component of a test strip are labeled with a detection agent, each component is labeled with a unique detection agent that can be differentiated from other detection agents of the test strip (e.g., based on color) .
[0226] In some embodiments, the detection agent comprises an enzyme. In some embodiments, the detection agent comprises a polymeric enzyme comprising a plurality of enzymes. In some embodiments, the enzyme is selected from the group consisting of beta-D-galactosidase, glucose oxidase, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-lactamase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, urease, uricase, superoxide dismutase, luciferase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, galactose oxidase, acetylcholine-sterase, enterokinase, tyrosinase, and xanthine oxidase.
[0227] In some embodiments, the detection agent comprises a detection particle. In some embodiments, the detection particle comprises an enzymatic particle (such as a nanoparticle) , polystyrene particle (such as a microsphere) , latex particle, particle comprising gold (such as a nano-gold particle) , colloidal gold particle, metal particle (such as an iron oxide nanoparticle) , magnetic particle, fluorescently detectable particle, or semi-conductor particle (such as a nanocrystal) .
[0228] In some embodiments, the test strip further comprises an absorbent zone. Generally, the absorbent zone is configured, e.g., to remove excess fluid from the chromatographic strip in a reversible or non-reversible manner. In some embodiments, the absorbent zone is configured to be a reversible dessicant (allowing back flow of fluid from the absorbent zone) . In some embodiments, the absorbent zone is configured to be a non-reversible dessicant. In some embodiments, the absorbent zone comprises a wicking pad. In some embodiments, the wicking pad comprises a bibulous material. In some embodiments, the wicking pad comprises a filter paper, glass fiber filter, or the like.
[0229] In some embodiments, the absorbent zone is located downstream of the chromatographic strip. In some embodiments, the absorbent zone is in capillary communication with the chromatographic strip.
[0230] In some embodiments, the test strip further comprising a sample loading zone comprising a sample pad. In some embodiments, the sample pad is in capillary communication with one or more downstream components of a test strip.
[0231] In some embodiments, the sample loading zone is configured to receive a sample.
[0232] In some embodiments, one of the HSV viral surface antigen (or recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, VLP or cell) and the secondary antibody is immobilized on the capture zone, and the other is labeled with a detection agent (e.g., colloid gold) and is comprised in the sampled pad. The sample of the subject loaded to the sample loading zone can flow through the device to the absorbent zone, simultaneously or subsequently with the reagent that can specifically bind to the antibody to be tested and pre-prepared in the sample loading zone. The color development of the capture zone indicates the presence of the antibody to be tested.
[0233] In some embodiments, the lateral flow device further comprises a control zone, on which a first control binding partner (e.g. an antigen, antibody, ligand or receptor) is immobilized, and the sample loading zone further comprises a second control binding partner (e.g., an antigen, antibody, ligand or receptor) that can specifically bind to the first control binding partner and is labeled with a detection agent (e.g., colloid gold) . In some embodiments, the first and second control binding partner are antigen and antibody (e.g., IgG from a non-human species and an antibody against said IgG) , respectively. In some embodiments, the IgG from a non-human species is labeled with a detection agent (e.g., colloid gold) and is comprised in the sample loading zone, and antibody against said IgG is immobilized on the control zone. In some embodiments, the IgG from a non-human species is labeled with a detection agent (e.g., colloid gold) and is comprised in the sample loading zone, and the antibody against said IgG is immobilized on the control zone. In some embodiments, the IgG from a non-human species is immobilized on the control zone, and antibody against said IgG is labeled with a detection agent (e.g., colloid gold) and is comprised in the sample loading zone. In some embodiments, the IgG from a non-human species is IgG of a non-human mammal (e.g., mouse, rabbit, goat, sheep, swine, dog, cat, etc) . In some embodiments, antibody against said IgG is an antibody of another non-human mammal, e.g., mouse, rabbit, goat, sheep, swine, dog, cat, etc.
[0234] In some embodiments, the binding can be measured using a HSV receptor which specifically binds to the HSV viral surface antigen (e.g., HSV gD) . In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting the sample to be tested with the HSV viral surface antigen (or recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, VLP or cell) and the HSV receptor, and detecting the complex of the HSV viral surface antigen and the HSV receptor. A neutralizing antibody can compete with HSV receptor for binding to the HSV viral surface antigen, and thereby can be detected as a readout for inhibition of a HSV viral surface antigen binding to a soluble HSV receptor. Therefore, if a binding complex of HSV receptor and HSV viral surface antigen is detected, the neutralizing antibody to be tested is not present in the sample. If no binding complex of the HSV receptor and HSV viral surface antigen is detected, the neutralizing antibody to be tested is present in the sample.
[0235] In some embodiments, the HSV receptor may be a soluble HSV receptor. In some embodiments, the HSV receptor may be herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) or Nectin-1, or fragment or variant thereof, or a fusion comprising the same, as long as it can specifically binds to the HSV viral surface antigen (e.g., HSV gD) . In some embodiments, the HSV receptor is a mammal HSV receptor, e.g., a human HSV receptor, e.g., human HVEM or human Nectin-1. In some embodiments, the HSV receptor may be a soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of the HSV receptor which specifically binds to the HSV viral surface antigen (e.g., HSV gD) . In some embodiments, the HSV receptor may be a soluble portion (e.g., ectodomain) of HVEM or Nectin-1, or fragment or variant thereof, or a fusion comprising the same. In some embodiments, the HSV receptor may be fused to another polypeptide, e.g., a Fc domain (e.g., a Fc domain of IgG such as human IgG) or a trimerization domain (e.g., as described herin) . In some embodiments, the HSV receptor may be a fusion of HVEM ectodomain or Nectin-1 ectodomain and a Fc domain (e.g., a Fc domain of IgG such as human IgG) , wherein HVEM ectodomain or Nectin-1 ectodomain may fused at its N-terminal or C-terminal to the Fc (e.g., HVEM-Fc or Nectin-1-Fc) . In some embodiments, the HSV receptor may be a fusion of HVEM ectodomain or Nectin-1 ectodomain and a trimerization tag (e.g., a C-terminal portion of collagen) , wherein HVEM ectodomain or Nectin-1 ectodomain may fused at its N-terminal or C-terminal to the trimerization tag (e.g., HVEM-Trimer or Nectin-1-Trimer) . In some embodiments, a HVEM-Fc has a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30.In some embodiments, a Nectin-1-Fc has a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29.
[0236] In some embodiments, any one or two of the HSV viral surface antigen (or recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, VLP or cell) and the HSV receptor can be labeled with a detection agent, which can be used to detect the complex of the HSV viral surface antigen and the HSV receptor.
[0237] In some embodiments, any one or two of the HSV viral surface antigen (or recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, VLP or cell) and the HSV receptor can be immobilized, e.g., on a substrate or a solid surface.
[0238] In some embodiments, the HSV viral surface antigen (or recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, VLP or cell) is labeled with a detection agent (e.g., colloid gold) and the HSV receptor is immobilized to capture the HSV viral surface antigen.
[0239] In some embodiments, and the HSV receptor is labeled with a detection agent (e.g., colloid gold) and the HSV viral surface antigen (or recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, VLP or cell) is immobilized to capture the antibody to be tested or the HSV receptor.
[0240] In some embodiments, the binding involving the HSV receptor can be measured using a lateral flow device (e.g., a strip described herein) .
[0241] In some embodiments, one of the HSV viral surface antigen (or recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, VLP or cell) and the HSV receptor is immobilized on the capture zone, and the other is labeled with a detection agent (e.g., colloid gold) and is prepared in the sampled loading zone. The sample of the subject loaded to the sample loading zone can flow through the device to the absorbent zone, simultaneously or subsequently with the reagent pre-prepared in the sample loading zone. No color development or only lighter color development in the capture zone indicates the presence of the antibody to be tested.
[0242] In some embodiments, the lateral flow device used for detection of the binding involving the HSV receptor may further comprise a control zone, on which a first control binding partner (e.g. an antigen, antibody, ligand or receptor) is immobilized, and the sample loading zone further comprises a second control binding partner (e.g., an antigen, antibody, ligand or receptor) that can specifically bind to the first control binding partner and is labeled with a detection agent (e.g., colloid gold) . In some embodiments, the first and second control binding partner are antigen and antibody (e.g., IgG from a non-human species and an antibody against said IgG) , respectively. In some embodiments, the IgG from a non-human species is labeled with a detection agent (e.g., colloid gold) and is prepared in the sample loading zone, and antibody against said IgG is immobilized on the control zone. In some embodiments, the IgG from a non-human species is labeled with a detection agent (e.g., colloid gold) and is prepared in the sample loading zone, and the antibody against said IgG is immobilized on the control zone. In some embodiments, the IgG from a non-human species is immobilized on the control zone, and antibody against said IgG is immobilized on the control zone. In some embodiments, the IgG from a non-human species is labeled with a detection agent (e.g., colloid gold) and is prepared in the sample loading zone, and the antibody against said IgG is labeled with a detection agent (e.g., colloid gold) and is prepared in the sample loading zone. In some embodiments, the IgG from a non-human species is IgG of a non-human mammal (e.g., mouse, rabbit, goat, sheep, swine, dog, cat, etc) . In some embodiments, antibody against said IgG is an antibody of another non-human mammal, e.g., mouse, rabbit, goat, sheep, swine, dog, cat, etc. VI. Articles of Manufacture or Kits
[0243] Also provided are articles of manufacture or kits containing the disclosed recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, VLP or cell provided herein. The articles of manufacture may include a container and a label or package insert on or associated with the container. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, test tubes, IV solution bags, etc. The containers may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic. In some embodiments, the container has a sterile access port. Exemplary containers include an intravenous solution bags, vials, including those with stoppers pierceable by a needle for injection. The article of manufacture or kit may further include a package insert indicating that the compositions can be used to treat a particular condition such as a condition described herein (e.g., HSV infection) . Alternatively, or additionally, the article of manufacture or kit may further include another or the same container comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer. It may further include other materials such as other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, and / or syringes.
[0244] The label or package insert may indicate that the composition is used for treating an HSV infection in an individual. The label or a package insert, which is on or associated with the container, may indicate directions for reconstitution and / or use of the formulation. The label or package insert may further indicate that the formulation is useful or intended for subcutaneous, intravenous, or other modes of administration for treating or preventing a HSV infection in an individual.
[0245] The container in some embodiments holds a composition which is by itself or combined with another composition effective for treating, preventing and / or diagnosing the condition. The article of manufacture or kit may include (a) a first container with a composition contained therein (i.e., first medicament) , wherein the composition includes the disclosed recombinant immunogen or trimer thereof, complex, immunogenic composition, vaccine, protein nanoparticle, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, VLP or cell provided herein; and (b) a second container with a composition contained therein (i.e., second medicament) , wherein the composition includes a further agent, such as an adjuvant (e.g. CpG, alum, and / or CAS-1) or otherwise therapeutic agent, and which article or kit further comprises instructions on the label or package insert for treating the subject with the second medicament, in an effective amount. CAS-1 comprises α-tocopherol, squalene and polysorbate 80 in an oil-in-water emulsion.
[0246] The container in some embodiments holds a composition which is by itself n effective for treating, preventing and / or diagnosing the condition. The composition comprises HSV antigen fusion proteins and one or more adjuvants disclosed herein, e.g., section III. TERMINOLOGY
[0247] Unless defined otherwise, all terms of art, notations and other technical and scientific terms or terminology used herein are intended to have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the claimed subject matter pertains. In some cases, terms with commonly understood meanings are defined herein for clarity and / or for ready reference, and the inclusion of such definitions herein should not necessarily be construed to represent a substantial difference over what is generally understood in the art.
[0248] The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues, and are not limited to a minimum length. Polypeptides, including the provided receptors and other polypeptides, e.g., linkers or peptides, may include amino acid residues including natural and / or non-natural amino acid residues. The terms also include post-expression modifications of the polypeptide, for example, glycosylation, sialylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation. In some aspects, the polypeptides may contain modifications with respect to a native or natural sequence, as long as the protein maintains the desired activity. These modifications may be deliberate, as through site-directed mutagenesis, or may be accidental, such as through mutations of hosts which produce the proteins or errors due to PCR amplification.
[0249] The term “in-frame fusion” refers to the joining of two or more Open Reading Frames (ORFs) to form a continuous longer ORF in a manner that preserves the correct reading frame of the original ORF, which means the expression of a fused nucleotide sequence resulting in the acquisition of a single polypeptide chain without any transpositions.
[0250] The term “furin site” is also referred to as furin protease cleavage site or furin cleavage sequence and refers to the amino acid sequence of a peptide or protein that serves as a recognition sequence for enzymatic protease cleavage by furin or furin-like proteases. Typically, a furin protease cleavage site has a consensus sequence Arg-X-X-Arg, X is any amino acid. The cleavage site is positioned after the carboxy-terminal arginine (Arg) residue in the sequence.
[0251] The term “variant” or “mutant” is also referred to as a function variant and refers to, in the context of proteins or polypeptides, a polypeptide having a sequence identity of at least at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%with a parental polypeptide and having the same or substantially the same function as the parental peptide. A functional variant of parental peptide may also refer to a polypeptide that has additions, deletions and / or substitutions of one or more (such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more) amino acids compared to a parental polypeptide and has the same or substantially the same function as the parental peptide. In some embodiments, a variant or mutant of a HSV viral antigen (e.g., gD, gB or combination thereof) comprise at least one epitope of the HSV viral antigen, e.g., at least one neutralizing epitope.
[0252] The term “C-propeptide of collagens” refers to the C-terminal globular, and non-triple-helical domain of collagens, which is capable of self-assembly into trimers. In contrast to the triple helical region of collagens, the C-propeptide does not contain any glycine repeat sequence and is normally proteolytically removed from procollagen precursor upon procollagen secretion before collagen fibril formation.
[0253] The term “glycine repeats” refers to the central linear triple helix forming region of collagen which contains hundreds of (Gly-X-Y) n repeats in amino acid sequence. These repeats are also rich in proline at X or / and Y positions. Upon the removal of N-and C-propeptides, the glycine-repeats containing collagen triple helices can assemble into higher order of insoluble collagen fibrils, which make up the main component of the cell matrix.
[0254] As used herein, a “subject” is a mammal, such as a human or other animal, and typically is human. In some embodiments, the subject, e.g., patient, to whom the agent or agents, cells, cell populations, or compositions are administered, is a mammal, typically a primate, such as a human. In some embodiments, the primate is a monkey or an ape. The subject can be male or female and can be any suitable age, including infant, juvenile, adolescent, adult, elder people (e.g., over 60 years old) and geriatric subjects. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-primate mammal, such as a rodent.
[0255] As used herein, “treatment” (and grammatical variations thereof such as “treat” or “treating” ) refers to complete or partial amelioration or reduction of a disease or condition or disorder, or a symptom, adverse effect or outcome, or phenotype associated therewith. Desirable effects of treatment include, but are not limited to, preventing occurrence or recurrence of disease, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of any direct or indirect pathological consequences of the disease, preventing metastasis, decreasing the rate of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission or improved prognosis. The terms do not imply complete curing of a disease or complete elimination of any symptom or effect (s) on all symptoms or outcomes.
[0256] As used herein, “delaying development of a disease” means to defer, hinder, slow, retard, stabilize, suppress and / or postpone development of the disease (such as cancer) . This delay can be of varying lengths of time, depending on the history of the disease and / or individual being treated. In some embodiments, sufficient or significant delay can, in effect, encompass prevention, in that the individual does not develop the disease. For example, a late stage cancer, such as development of metastasis, may be delayed.
[0257] “Preventing, ” as used herein, includes providing prophylaxis with respect to the occurrence or recurrence of a disease in a subject that may be predisposed to the disease but has not yet been diagnosed with the disease. In some embodiments, the provided cells and compositions are used to delay development of a disease or to slow the progression of a disease.
[0258] As used herein, to “suppress” a function or activity is to reduce the function or activity when compared to otherwise same conditions except for a condition or parameter of interest, or alternatively, as compared to another condition. For example, cells that suppress tumor growth reduce the rate of growth of the tumor compared to the rate of growth of the tumor in the absence of the cells.
[0259] An “effective amount” of an agent, e.g., a pharmaceutical formulation, cells, or composition, in the context of administration, refers to an amount effective, at dosages / amounts and for periods of time necessary, to achieve a desired result, such as a therapeutic or prophylactic result.
[0260] A “therapeutically effective amount” of an agent, e.g., a pharmaceutical formulation or cells, refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve a desired therapeutic result, such as for treatment of a disease, condition, or disorder, and / or pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic effect of the treatment. The therapeutically effective amount may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the subject, and the populations of cells administered. In some embodiments, the provided methods involve administering the cells and / or compositions at effective amounts, e.g., therapeutically effective amounts.
[0261] A “prophylactically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic result. Typically but not necessarily, since a prophylactic dose is used in subjects prior to or at an earlier stage of disease, the prophylactically effective amount will be less than the therapeutically effective amount. In the context of lower tumor burden, the prophylactically effective amount in some aspects will be higher than the therapeutically effective amount. Effective amount of a vaccine or other agent that is sufficient to generate a desired response, such as reduce or eliminate a sign or symptom of a condition or disease, such as pneumonia. For instance, this can be the amount necessary to inhibit viral replication or to measurably alter outward symptoms of the viral infection. In general, this amount will be sufficient to measurably inhibit virus (for example, HSV-1 and / or 2) replication or infectivity. When administered to a subject, a dosage will generally be used that will achieve target tissue concentrations that has been shown to achieve in vitro inhibition of viral replication. In some embodiments, an “effective amount” is one that treats (including prophylaxis) one or more symptoms and / or underlying causes of any of a disorder or disease, for example to treat a HSV infection. In some embodiments, an effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In some embodiments, an effective amount is an amount that prevents one or more signs or symptoms of a particular disease or condition from developing, such as one or more signs or symptoms associated with coronaviral infections.
[0262] As used herein, the terms “antigen” or “immunogen” are used interchangeably to refer to a substance, typically a protein, which is capable of inducing an immune response in a subject. The term also refers to proteins that are immunologically active in the sense that once administered to a subject (either directly or by administering to the subject a nucleotide sequence or vector that encodes the protein) is able to evoke an immune response of the humoral and / or cellular type directed against that protein. Unless otherwise noted, the term “vaccine immunogen” is used interchangeably with “protein antigen” or “immunogen polypeptide” .
[0263] The term “conservatively modified variant” applies to both amino acid and nucleic acid sequences. With respect to particular nucleic acid sequences, conservatively modified variants refer to those nucleic acids which encode identical or essentially identical amino acid sequences, or where the nucleic acid does not encode an amino acid sequence, to essentially identical sequences. Because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, a large number of functionally identical nucleic acids encode any given protein. For polypeptide sequences, “conservatively modified variants” refer to a variant which has conservative amino acid substitutions, amino acid residues replaced with other amino acid residue having a side chain with a similar charge. Families of amino acid residues having side chains with similar charges have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine) , acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid) , uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine) , nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan) , beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine) .
[0264] Epitope refers to an antigenic determinant. These are particular chemical groups or peptide sequences on a molecule that are antigenic, such that they elicit a specific immune response, for example, an epitope is the region of an antigen to which B and / or T cells respond. Epitopes can be formed both from contiguous amino acids or noncontiguous amino acids juxtaposed by tertiary folding of a protein.
[0265] Unless otherwise noted, a fusion protein is a recombinant protein containing amino acid sequence from at least two unrelated proteins that have been joined together, via a peptide bond, to make a single protein. Thus, it does not encompass the naturally existing HSV surface antigen that is termed fusion (F) protein as described herein. The unrelated amino acid sequences can be joined directly to each other or they can be joined using a linker sequence. As used herein, proteins are unrelated, if their amino acid sequences are not normally found joined together via a peptide bond in their natural environment (e.g., inside a cell) . For example, the amino acid sequences of a viral antigen and the amino acid sequences of a collagen or procollagen are not normally found joined together via a peptide bond.
[0266] Immunogen is a protein or a portion thereof that is capable of inducing an immune response in a mammal, such as a mammal infected or at risk of infection with a pathogen. Administration of an immunogen can lead to protective immunity and / or proactive immunity against a pathogen of interest.
[0267] Immunogenic composition refers to a composition comprising an immunogenic polypeptide that induces a measurable CTL response against virus expressing the immunogenic polypeptide, or induces a measurable B cell response (such as production of antibodies) against the immunogenic polypeptide.
[0268] Sequence identity or similarity between two or more nucleic acid sequences, or two or more amino acid sequences, is expressed in terms of the identity or similarity between the sequences. Sequence identity can be measured in terms of percentage identity; the higher the percentage, the more identical the sequences are. Two sequences are “substantially identical” if two sequences have a specified percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same (i.e., 60%identity, optionally 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identity over a specified region, or, when not specified, over the entire sequence) , when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window, or designated region as measured using one of the following sequence comparison algorithms or by manual alignment and visual inspection. Optionally, the identity exists over a region that is at least about 50 nucleotides (or 10 amino acids) in length, or more preferably over a region that is 100 to 500 or 1000 or more nucleotides (or 20, 50, 200 or more amino acids) in length.
[0269] The term "sequence identity" , as used herein, refers to the percentage of identical nucleotide or amino acid residues at corresponding positions in two or more sequences when the sequences are aligned to maximize sequence matching, i.e., taking into account gaps and insertions. The alignment of the sequences and the calculation of percentage of the sequence identity can be carried out with suitable computer programs known in the art. Such programs include, but are not limited to, BLAST, ALIGN, ClustalW, EMBOSS Needle, etc. An example of a local alignment program is BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) with defaulted parameters, which is available from the webpage of National Center for Biotechnology Information which can currently be found at http: / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / / and which was firstly described in Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215; 403-410. Examples of a global alignment program (which optimizes the alignment over the full-length of the sequences) are EMBOSS Needle and EMBOSS Stretcher programs based on the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm with defaulted parameters (Needleman, Saul B.; and Wunsch, Christian D. (1970) , "A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequence of two proteins" , Journal of Molecular Biology 48 (3) : 443-53) , which are both available at http: / / www. ebi. ac. uk / Tools / psa / .
[0270] Vaccine refers to a pharmaceutical composition that elicits a prophylactic or therapeutic immune response in a subject. In some cases, the immune response is a protective immune response. Typically, a vaccine elicits an antigen-specific immune response to an antigen of a pathogen, for example a viral pathogen, or to a cellular constituent correlated with a pathological condition. A vaccine may include a polynucleotide (such as a nucleic acid encoding a disclosed antigen) , a peptide or polypeptide (such as a disclosed antigen) , a virus, a cell or one or more cellular constituents. In some embodiments, vaccines or vaccine immunogens or vaccine compositions are expressed from fusion constructs and self-assemble into nanoparticles displaying an immunogen polypeptide or protein on the surface.
[0271] Virus-like particle (VLP) refers to a non-replicating, viral shell, derived from any of several viruses. VLPs are generally composed of one or more viral proteins, such as, but not limited to, those proteins referred to as capsid, coat, shell, surface and / or envelope proteins, or particle-forming polypeptides derived from these proteins. VLPs can form spontaneously upon recombinant expression of the protein in an appropriate expression system. Methods for producing particular VLPs are known in the art. The presence of VLPs following recombinant expression of viral proteins can be detected using conventional techniques known in the art, such as by electron microscopy, biophysical characterization, and the like. See, for example, Baker et al. (1991) Biophys. J. 60: 1445-1456; and Hagensee et al. (1994) J. Virol. 68: 4503-4505. For example, VLPs can be isolated by density gradient centrifugation and / or identified by characteristic density banding. Alternatively, cryoelectron microscopy can be performed on vitrified aqueous samples of the VLP preparation in question, and images recorded under appropriate exposure conditions.
[0272] The term “about” as used herein refers to the usual error range for the respective value readily known to the skilled person in this technical field. Reference to “about” a value or parameter herein includes (and describes) embodiments that are directed to that value or parameter per se.
[0273] As used herein, the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, “a” or “an” means “at least one” or “one or more. ”
[0274] The term "comprise" and variations thereof, such as "comprises" and "comprising" , as well as “contain” , “containing” , “have” , “having” , “include” and “including” means including the recited steps or elements, but not excluding other steps or elements. “Consisting of” means excluding any step or element not specified. “Consisting essentially of" means not excluding steps or elements that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed invention. The term "comprise" and its variants also include the cases of "consisting of ......" and "consisting essentially of ......" .
[0275] Unless otherwise indicated, nucleic acids are written left to right in 5’ to 3’ orientation; amino acid sequences are written left to right in N-terminus to C-terminus orientation, respectively.
[0276] Throughout this disclosure, various aspects of the claimed subject matter are presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the claimed subject matter. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible sub-ranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within the claimed subject matter. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges, and are also encompassed within the claimed subject matter, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the claimed subject matter. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
[0277] As used herein, a composition refers to any mixture of two or more products, substances, or compounds, including cells. It may be a solution, a suspension, liquid, powder, a paste, aqueous, non-aqueous or any combination thereof.
[0278] The term “vector, ” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of propagating another nucleic acid to which it is linked. The term includes the vector as a self-replicating nucleic acid structure as well as the vector incorporated into the genome of a host cell into which it has been introduced. Certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of nucleic acids to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “expression vectors. ” Exemplary Embodiments
[0279] Embodiment 1. A protein comprising a plurality of recombinant polypeptides, each recombinant polypeptide comprising a surface antigen of a HSV linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen, wherein the C-terminal propeptides of the recombinant polypeptides form inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds.
[0280] Embodiment 2. The protein of embodiment 1, wherein the HSV is HSV-1 or HSV-2.
[0281] Embodiment 3. The protein of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the surface antigen comprises a HSV gD-contained protein peptide or a fragment or epitope thereof, wherein the epitope is optionally a linear epitope or a conformational epitope, and wherein the protein comprises three recombinant polypeptides.
[0282] Embodiment 4. The protein of embodiment 3, wherein the surface antigen comprises a signal peptide, gD protein, gD-gB (WT) protein, gD-gB (Mutant) protein, gD (F) -gB (WT protein) , gD (F) -gB (Mutant) protein, or any combination thereof.
[0283] Embodiment 5. The protein of embodiment 3, wherein the surface antigen comprises a signal peptide, a receptor binding domain (RBD) peptide, a receptor binding motif (RBM) peptide, a fusion peptide (FP) , or any combination thereof.
[0284] Embodiment 6. The protein of any of embodiments 3-5, wherein the surface antigen comprises a receptor binding domain (RBD) of the gD and / or gB protein.
[0285] Embodiment 7. The protein of any of embodiments 3-7, wherein the surface antigen does not comprise a transmembrane (TM) domain peptide and / or a cytoplasm (CP) domain peptide.
[0286] Embodiment 8. The protein of any of embodiments 1-7, wherein the surface antigen is soluble or does not directly bind to a lipid bilayer, e.g., a membrane or viral envelope.
[0287] Embodiment 9. The protein of any of embodiments 1-8, wherein the surface antigens are the same or different among the recombinant polypeptides of the protein.
[0288] Embodiment 10. The protein of any of embodiments 1-9, wherein the surface antigen is directly fused to the C-terminal propeptide, or is linked to the C-terminal propeptide via a linker, such as a linker comprising glycine-X-Y repeats, wherein X and Y and independently any amino acid and optionally proline or hydroxyproline.
[0289] Embodiment 11. The protein of any of embodiments 1-10, which is soluble or does not directly bind to a lipid bilayer, e.g., a membrane or viral envelope.
[0290] Embodiment 12. The protein of any of embodiments 1-11, wherein the protein is capable of binding to a cell surface receptor of a subject, optionally wherein the subject is a mammal such as a primate, e.g., human.
[0291] Embodiment 13. The protein of any of embodiments 1-12, wherein the C-terminal propeptide is of human collagen.
[0292] Embodiment 14. The protein of any of embodiments 1-13, wherein the C-terminal propeptide comprises a C-terminal polypeptide of proα1 (I) , proα1 (II) , proα1 (III) , proα1 (V) , proα1 (XI) , proα2 (I) , proα2 (V) , proα2 (XI) , or proα3 (XI) , or a fragment thereof.
[0293] Embodiment 15. The protein of any of embodiments 1-14, wherein the C-terminal propeptides are the same or different among the recombinant polypeptides.
[0294] Embodiment 16. The protein of any of embodiments 1-15, an amino acid sequence at least 90%identical thereto capable of forming inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds and trimerizing the recombinant polypeptides.
[0295] Embodiment 17. The protein of any of embodiments 1-16, wherein the surface antigen in each recombinant polypeptide is in a prefusion conformation or a post fusion conformation.
[0296] Embodiment 18. The protein of any of embodiments 1-17, wherein the recombinant polypeptide comprises any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-28 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical thereto.
[0297] Embodiment 19. An immunogen comprising the protein of any of embodiments 1-30.
[0298] Embodiment 20. A protein nanoparticle comprising the protein of any of embodiments 1-33 directly or indirectly linked to a nanoparticle.
[0299] Embodiment 21. A virus-like particle (VLP) comprising the protein of any of embodiments 1-30.
[0300] Embodiment 22. An isolated nucleic acid encoding one, two, three or more of the recombinant polypeptides of the protein of any of embodiments 1-30, wherein a polypeptide encoding the surface antigen is fused in-frame to a polypeptide encoding the C-terminal propeptide of collagen.
[0301] Embodiment 23. The isolated nucleic acid of embodiment 21 or 22, which is operably linked to a promoter.
[0302] Embodiment 24. The isolated nucleic acid of any of embodiments 21-23, which is a DNA molecule.
[0303] Embodiment 25. The isolated nucleic acid of any of embodiments 21-24, which is an RNA molecule, optionally an mRNA molecule such as a nucleoside-modified mRNA, a non-amplifying mRNA, a self-amplifying mRNA, or a trans-amplifying mRNA.
[0304] Embodiment 26. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid of any of embodiments 25-29.
[0305] Embodiment 27. The vector of embodiment 26, which is a viral vector.
[0306] Embodiment 28. A virus, a pseudovirus, or a cell comprising the vector of embodiment 30 or 31, optionally wherein the virus or cell has a recombinant genome.
[0307] Embodiment 29. An immunogenic composition comprising the protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, or cell of any one of embodiments 1-28, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0308] Embodiment 30. A vaccine comprising the immunogenic composition of embodiment 41 and optionally an adjuvant, wherein the vaccine is optionally a subunit vaccine, and / or optionally wherein the vaccines is a prophylactic and / or therapeutic vaccine.
[0309] Embodiment 31. The vaccine of embodiment 30, wherein the vaccine comprises a plurality of different adjuvants.
[0310] Embodiment 32. A method of producing a protein, comprising: expressing the isolated nucleic acid or vector of any one of embodiments 21-27 in a host cell to produce the protein of any of embodiments 1-18; and purifying the protein.
[0311] Embodiment 33. The protein produced by the method of embodiment 32.
[0312] Embodiment 34. A method for generating an immune response to a surface antigen of a HSV in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine of any one of embodiments 1-31 to generate the immune response.
[0313] Embodiment 35. The method of embodiment 34, for treating or preventing infection with the HSV.
[0314] Embodiment 36. The method of embodiment 34 or 35, wherein generating the immune response inhibits or reduces replication of the HSV in the subject.
[0315] Embodiment 37. The method of any of embodiments 34-36, wherein the immune response comprises a cell-mediated response and / or a humoral response, optionally comprising production of one or more neutralizing antibody, such as a polyclonal antibody or a monoclonal antibody.
[0316] Embodiment 38. The method of any of embodiments 34-38, wherein the immune response is against the surface antigen of the HSV but not against the C-terminal propeptide.
[0317] Embodiment 39. The method of any of embodiments 34-38, wherein the administering does not lead to antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) in the subject due to prior exposure to one or more HSV.
[0318] Embodiment 40. The method of any of embodiments 34-39, wherein the administering does not lead to antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) in the subject when subsequently exposed to one or more HSV.
[0319] Embodiment 41. The method of any of embodiments 34-40, further comprising a priming step and / or a boosting step.
[0320] Embodiment 42. The method of any of embodiments 34-41, wherein the administering step is performed via topical, transdermal, subcutaneous, intradermal, oral, intranasal (e.g., intranasal spray) , intratracheal, sublingual, buccal, rectal, vaginal, inhaled, intravenous (e.g., intravenous injection) , , intraarterial, intramuscular (e.g., intramuscular injection) , intracardiac, intraosseous, intraperitoneal, transmucosal, intravitreal, subretinal, intraarticular, peri-articular, local, or epicutaneous administration.
[0321] Embodiment 43. The method of any of embodiments 34-42, wherein the effective amount is administered in a single dose or a series of doses separated by one or more interval.
[0322] Embodiment 44. The method of any of embodiments 34-43, wherein the effective amount is administered without an adjuvant.
[0323] Embodiment 45. The method of any of embodiments 34-43, wherein the effective amount is administered with an adjuvant or a plurality of adjuvants.
[0324] Embodiment 46. A method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the protein of any one of embodiments 1-31 to generate in the subject a neutralizing antibody or neutralizing antisera to the HSV.
[0325] Embodiment 47. The method of embodiment 46, wherein the subject is a mammal, optionally a human or a non-human primate.
[0326] Embodiment 48. The method of embodiment 46 or 47, further comprising isolating the neutralizing antibody or neutralizing antisera from the subject.
[0327] Embodiment 49. The method of embodiment48, further comprising administering an effective amount of the isolated neutralizing antibody or neutralizing antisera to a human subject via passive immunization to prevent or treat an infection by the HSV.
[0328] Embodiment 50. The method of any of embodiments 46-49, wherein the neutralizing antibody or neutralizing antisera comprises polyclonal antibodies to the HSV surface antigen, optionally wherein the neutralizing antibody or neutralizing antisera is free or substantially free of antibodies to the C-terminal propeptide of collagen.
[0329] Embodiment 51. The method of any of embodiments 46-50, wherein the neutralizing antibody comprises a monoclonal antibody to the HSV surface antigen, optionally wherein the neutralizing antibody is free or substantially free of antibodies to the C-terminal propeptide of collagen.
[0330] Embodiment 52. The protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine of any one of embodiments 1-31, for use in inducing an immune response to a HSV in a subject, and / or in treating or preventing an infection by the HSV.
[0331] Embodiment 53. Use of the protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine of any one of embodiments 1-31, for inducing an immune response to a HSV in a subject, and / or for treating or preventing an infection by the HSV.
[0332] Embodiment 54. Use of the protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, isolated nucleic acid, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine of any one of embodiments 1-31, for the manufacture of a medicament or a prophylactic for inducing an immune response to a HSV in a subject, and / or for treating or preventing an infection by the HSV.
[0333] Embodiment 55. A method for analyzing a sample, comprising: contacting a sample with the protein of any of embodiments 1-31, and detecting a binding between the protein and an analyte capable of specific binding to the surface antigen of the HSV.
[0334] Embodiment 56. The method of embodiment 55, wherein the analyte is an antibody, a receptor, or a cell recognizing the surface antigen.
[0335] Embodiment 57. The method of embodiment 55 or 56, wherein the binding indicates the presence of the analyte in the sample, and / or an infection by the HSV in a subject from which the sample is derived.
[0336] Embodiment 58. A kit comprising the protein of any of embodiments 1-21 and a substrate, pad, or vial containing or immobilizing the protein, optionally wherein the kit is an ELISA or lateral flow assay kit. EXAMPLES
[0337] The following examples are included for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Example 1: Methods
[0338] Animal studies, facilities, and ethics statements. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) BALB / c female mice (6–8 weeks old) and female Guinea pigs (4–6 weeks old) were procured from Charles River Co., LTD for immunogenicity studies. The animals were housed in pathogen-free facilities located at the Chengdu Hi-tech Incubation Park’s animal care center. They were provided with unrestricted access to food and water and maintained under controlled conditions, including a 12-hour light / dark cycle, temperatures ranging from 16–26 ℃, and humidity levels between 40–70%. All mouse experiments adhered to international standards for animal research and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at Clover Biopharmaceuticals.
[0339] Mouse immunizations. Nine-week-old female BALB / c mice, obtained from Charles River Laboratories in Beijing, received three intramuscular injections of 50 μL each, administered at two-week intervals. Two weeks after the final dose of the HSV-2 vaccine, blood and spleen samples were collected to evaluate humoral immune responses.
[0340] Guinea Pigs immunizations and challenge. Female Guinea pigs, aged between four to six weeks from Charles River Laboratories in Beijing, were given three intramuscular injections (100 μL each) at two-week intervals. On day 42, prior to the HSV-2 challenge, the animals were anesthetized, and the vaginal vault was swabbed clean. A dose of 20 μL containing 1x106 TCID50 of the HSV-2 G strain was carefully instilled into the vaginal vault. The Guinea pigs were monitored daily for signs of disease, and the severity of primary genital skin lesions was assessed using a lesion score scale, with scores ranging from 0 (indicating no disease) to 4 (indicating severe vesiculoulcerative skin disease in the perineal area) . The scoring criteria were as follows: 0 points for no visible lesions; 1 point for 1-2 scattered small blisters; 2 points for 3 or more scattered small blisters; 3 points for clustered blisters that have burst to form erosions; 4 points for obvious ulcers; and 5 points in the event of death.
[0341] Adjuvants. CAS-1 and MF-59 were manufactured by Clover Biopharmaceuticals. AS01B and AS01E were purchased from GSK Vaccines. CpG 1018 was purchased from Dynavax Technologies. CpG 1018 (CPG) , a TLR-9 agonist, is a synthetic CpG-B class oligonucleotide having a phosphorothioate-backbone and the sequence 5′-TGACTGTGAACGTTCGAGATGA-3′(SEQ ID NO: 32) . Alum hydroxide was manufactured under GMP by Croda. The candidate vaccine antigens were mixed with the adjuvants by gentle inversion in 1: 1 ratio by volume preceding each immunization.
[0342] Protein expression and purification. To produce the secreted gD-His, gD-Trimer, gB-His, gB-Trimer, and gD-gB-Trimer fusion proteins, the cDNAs encoding the signal peptide+ectodomains of the HSV-2 gD protein (amino acids 1–331, GenBank: QBH77835.1) and gB protein (amino acids 1–727, GenBank: YP_009137179.1) were synthesized using Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster) -optimized codons by GenScript, wherein the ectodomain of the HSV-2 gD protein is amino acids 26-331 and the ectodomain of the HSV-2 gB protein is amino acids 23-727. A His6 tag was added to the 3’ end of the gD or gB ectodomains, separated by a 10-amino-acid linker sequence, (Gly-Ser) 5 (SEQ ID NO: 33) , to construct gD-His and gB-His. The cDNAs for the gD and gB ectodomains were subcloned into the pTRIMER expression vector (GenHunter Corporation) at the Hind III and Bgl II sites, enabling in-frame fusion of the soluble gD or gB proteins with the Trimer-Tag (amino acids 1156–1464 from human Type I (α) collagen with mutant BMP-1 site) as previously described. For the gD-gB-Trimer fusion protein, the gB sequence (amino acids 23–727) was linked to the 3’ end of gD, followed by the Trimer-Tag coding sequence, to create the in-frame fusion of the soluble gD-gB protein with the Trimer-Tag.
[0343] The expression vectors for gD-His, gD-Trimer, gB-His, gB-Trimer, and gD-gB-Trimer were stably transfected into the GH-CHO (dhfr- / -) cell line (GenHunter Corporation) using electroporation (Celetrix Model LE+) . The cells were cultured in SFM-4 CHO serum-free medium (Cytiva BioSciences) and subjected to selection with 10 nM methotrexate (MTX, Sigma) . The fusion proteins were produced in shake flasks using a fed-batch process supplemented with Cell Boost 7A / 7B (Cytiva) as per the manufacturer’s guidelines. The sequences of gD-Trimer, gB-Trimer and gD-gB-Trimer without a signal peptide are set forth in SEQ ID Nos: 1, 2, 4, respectively.
[0344] After centrifugation at 4000g for 30 minutes to remove cells, the clarified culture medium was collected, and the Trimer fusion proteins were purified to homogeneity via chromatographic methods. A Protein A affinity column (MabSelect PrismA, GE Healthcare) preloaded with D6-Fc (Clover Biopharmaceuticals) was employed to capture the Trimer fusion proteins, leveraging the high-affinity interaction between D6 and the Trimer-Tag. Unbound impurities were removed, and the Trimer fusion proteins were eluted with 0.6–0.8 M NaCl in phosphate-buffered saline.
[0345] The gD-His and gB-His proteins were purified using a Ni-affinity column (GE Healthcare) . Elution was achieved with 60 mM imidazole for gD-His and 80 mM imidazole for gB-His, both prepared in phosphate-buffered saline.
[0346] For the Nectin1-Fc and HVEM-Fc expression vectors, the genes encoding the ectodomains of human Nectin1 and HVEM were synthesized and subcloned into the pGH-hFc expression vector (GenHunter Corporation) at the Hind III and Bgl II restriction sites. This allowed for an in-frame fusion with the human IgG Fc domain. The vectors were transfected into the GH-CHO (dhfr- / -) cell line and cultured under the previously described conditions. Nectin1-Fc and HVEM-Fc were produced in shake flasks and purified using protein A affinity chromatography with MabSelect PrismA (GE Healthcare) .
[0347] Similarly, Nectin1-Trimer and HVEM-Trimer expression vectors were generated by subcloning the synthesized cDNAs into the pTRIMER vector (GenHunter Corporation) and transfecting them into the GH-CHO cell line. These proteins were produced and purified using the same methods as the other Trimer fusion proteins.
[0348] Lastly, a His6 tag was appended to the 3’ end of the human LIGHT ectodomain, separated by a (Gly-Ser) 5 (SEQ ID NO: 33) linker, to construct the LIGH-His protein. The expression vector was transfected into the GH-CHO cell line, and the protein was produced and purified using a nickel (Ni) column, with elution in 60 mM imidazole in phosphate-buffered saline.
[0349] SEC-HPLC. The purity of the gD-His, gD-Trimer, gB-Trimer, and gD-gB-Trimer proteins was assessed using Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC-HPLC) on an Agilent 1260 Infinity HPLC system equipped with a TSK gel G3000SWxL column (Tosoh) . The mobile phase used for separation was phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) . Proteins were monitored at a wavelength of 280 nm throughout a 20-minute run time, with a flow rate of 1 mL / min. This method enabled the analysis of protein homogeneity and allowed for the determination of purity by evaluating the chromatographic profile, ensuring the presence of a single peak corresponding to the respective protein.
[0350] Receptor-binding studies of gD to human Nectin1 and HVEM. Proteins (1 μg / mL) including Nectin1-Fc, Nectin1-Trimer, HVEM-Fc, and HVEM-Trimer were immobilized onto an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) plate (Thermo) overnight at 4℃. The plates were then blocked with 2%non-fat dry milk at 37℃ for 2 hours to prevent nonspecific binding.Following three washes with PBS containing 0.05%Tween 20 (PBST) to remove unbound proteins, the plates were incubated with a range of concentrations of biotin-labeled gD-His, gD-Trimer, and gD-gB-Trimer at 37℃ for 1 hour. After another set of three washes with PBST, the plates were treated with a 1: 5000 dilution of streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase (SA-HRP) conjugate (Jackson, diluted 1: 5000) at 37℃ for 1 hour to facilitate the detection of the bound biotin-labeled proteins. Following three additional washes with PBST to remove excess SA-HRP, 3, 3’ , 5, 5’ -Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate (Thermo Scientific) was added to develop the signal, allowing for colorimetric detection of the protein interactions.
[0351] HVEM activity assay. The HVEM expression vector was constructed by subcloning a synthetic cDNA template (GenScript) , encoding the full-length human HVEM sequence, into the Hind III and XbaI restriction sites of the pCLV-puro expression vector (Clover Biopharmaceuticals) . This vector was then stably introduced into the HEK293-NFKB-Luc cell line (Clover Biopharmaceuticals) using electroporation (Celetrix Model LE+) . The transfected cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10%FBS and selected for puromycin resistance using 2 μg / mL puromycin (Solarbio) .
[0352] Subsequently, freshly trypsinized HEK293-NFKB-Luc cells stably expressing HVEM were seeded into each well at a density of 40, 000 cells per well. After an 8-hour incubation with serially diluted (3-fold) concentrations of gD or LIGHT protein at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator, the cells were lysed, and luciferase activity was measured using a Luciferase Assay System (Vazyme) , following the manufacturer’s instructions. The assay quantified the activation of the NF-κB pathway as an indirect measure of the binding and functional interaction between HVEM and gD / LIGHT.
[0353] Negative staining electron microscopy. Sample Treatment Prior to Negative Staining Preparation: The sample is diluted to an appropriate concentration for negative staining and mixed thoroughly by repeated pipetting to ensure uniform dilution.
[0354] Negative Staining Grid Preparation: Protein samples are applied to glow-discharge hydrophilized negative staining grids (Beijing XinXingBaiRui Technology Co., Ltd, catalog number: T11032) . After allowing the grids to stand, excess sample is removed with filter paper, and the grids are rinsed with deionized water. Subsequently, the grids are stained at room temperature using the staining solution, and any remaining liquid at the edges of the grid is absorbed with filter paper before allowing the grids to air-dry naturally.
[0355] Data Collection and Processing: Sample observation and data collection are conducted on a Thermo Fisher Talos L120 with a C120 kV TEM. The electron detector used is a CETA direct electron counting detector. Data collection is performed in super-resolution mode using SerialEM software. The contrast transfer function (CTF) is corrected using the Cistem software to mitigate the effects of varying defocus and radiation damage. Particles are automatically extracted from the micrographs using a box size that is 2-3 times larger than the longest diameter of the particles. Poor-quality particles, such as those with inadequate staining, particles that are too close to each other, or particles near the edge of the micrograph, are discarded. The remaining particles are subjected to 2D classification using the Cistem software,
[0356] Neutralization antibody assays. Duplicate 2-fold serial dilutions of heat-inactivated serum samples (50 μL per well) were prepared in 96-well microtiter plates. Then, 60 μL of a solution containing 100 TCID50 of the HSV-2 strain G was added to each well. For complement-dependent neutralization assays, 10%guinea pig serum was incorporated into the culture medium. The plates were incubated for an additional two days at 37℃ under a 5%CO2 atmosphere to allow viral infection. After the incubation period, the culture medium was discarded, and the plates were processed for staining with crystal violet. The plates were then rinsed and examined for the appearance of viral plaques. The neutralization titer was calculated as the reciprocal of the serum dilution that resulted in a 50%reduction in cytolysis of the cell monolayers.
[0357] ADCC assay. Screening for Mouse ADCC Effector Cell Line: The pNFAT-TA-Luc vector (Beyotime) was stably integrated into the Jurkat cell line using electroporation (Celetrix Model LE+) , and the cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10%FBS. Following transfection, the cells were subjected to selection with 1 mg / mL G418 (Sigma) . After the stable NFAT-Luc cell line was established, the mouse Fcγ3A gene (GenScript) was introduced via electroporation, and the cells were then selected with 2 μg / mL puromycin (Solarbio) .
[0358] Screening of Target Cells Expressing HSV gD and gB Proteins: The full-length sequences of gD and gB were cloned into the pLV vector and used to produce lentiviral particles. The 293 cell line was infected with the lentivirus and subsequently selected using 2 μg / mL puromycin (Solarbio) .
[0359] For the assay, freshly trypsinized target cells were added to each well at a density of 10,000 cells per well and incubated overnight. Heat-inactivated immune serum (collected on Day 42) or control preimmune serum (Day 0) was diluted 1: 10 in DMEM and added to the target cells. These were then co-cultured with mouse ADCC effector cells at a target-to-effector cell ratio of 1: 15 and incubated at 37℃ with 5%CO2 for an additional 6 hours. Following the incubation, the cells were lysed, and luciferase activity was measured using a Luciferase Assay System (Vazyme) , in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
[0360] Cell mediated immunity. Two weeks following the final HSV-2 vaccination, mice were humanely euthanized, and their spleens were harvested. The splenocytes were prepared into a single-cell suspension and plated into a 96-well ELISPOT plate, pre-coated with antibodies against IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 (MABTECH) . The cells were then plated at different cell densities: 1×105, 5×104, 5×105, and 1×106 cells per well for IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5, respectively. The cells were stimulated with gD / gB proteins at a concentration of 100 nM, or a positive control (PMA / ionomycin) to measure background responses with no sample added. The ELISPOT plate was incubated overnight at 37℃ with 5%CO2. Development of the plate was conducted according to the manufacturer’s protocol, using the Substrate solution BCIP / NBT (Sigma-Aldrich) . The spots were quantified using an ImmunoSpot Analyzer, S6 Entry (C. T. L. Ltd. ) , and the results were expressed as the number of spot-forming units (SFU) per well.
[0361] Statistical analysis. Data organization and statistical evaluation were conducted using Prism 10.1.2 software (GraphPad Software) . For comparative analysis between two experimental groups, a two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test was applied. When evaluating multiple groups, the one-way ANOVA is utilized for conducting multiple comparisons. A p-value of less than 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. Non-significant results are denoted as “ns” . Example 2: Results
[0362] Expression, Purification, and Purity Analysis of HSV-2 Trimeric gD-Trimer and gD-gB-Trimer Antigens
[0363] We engineered DNA constructs for the production of recombinant HSV-2 gD-His, gD-Trimer, gB-His, gB-Trimer, and gD-gB-Trimer proteins in CHO cells (Fig. 1, Fig. 2) . A His6 tag was added to the C-terminus of the HSV-2 gD or gB ectodomain to create the gD-His or gB-His fusion protein, separated by a 10-amino-acid linker composed of (Gly-Ser) 5 (SEQ ID NO: 33) (Fig. 1C, E, Fig. 2A, C) . The cDNAs encoding the ectodomains of HSV-2 gD and gB were subcloned into the pTRIMER expression vector to enable in-frame fusion of the soluble gD or gB proteins with the Trimer-Tag (Fig. 1D, F, Fig. 2B, D, E) . For the gD-gB-Trimer construct, the gB sequence, encoding amino acids 23–727, was fused to the 3'end of gD, followed by the Trimer-Tag coding sequence, allowing for the in-frame fusion of the soluble gD-gB protein with the Trimer-Tag (Fig. 1G, Fig. 2F, G) . The Furin site (RRAR (SEQ ID NO: 31) ) has also been incorporated into the gD-gB-Trimer fusion protein, located at the junction between the gD and gB proteins (Fig. 1H, Fig. 2H, I) . Following stable transfection into CHO cells, we conducted a screening process to identify high-titer production clones and employed a fed-batch, serum-free cell culture technique in shake flasks.
[0364] To isolate highly pure Trimer fusion proteins, we utilized a chromatography technique leveraging the high-affinity interaction between Trimer and its receptor Endo180 within the critical binding domain 6 (D6) . The D6-Fc fusion protein was immobilized onto a Protein A column, where it was captured by the resin through high-affinity binding with the human IgG1 Fc domain of D6-Fc. Subsequently, the serum-free cell culture medium, rich in Trimer fusion proteins secreted by CHO cells, was applied to the Protein A column with the pre-immobilized D6-Fc. After removing any unbound host cell proteins (HCP) and other impurities through washing, the bound Trimer fusion proteins were purified to near homogeneity in a single step using moderate salt elution, which preserved the D6-Fc interaction with the Protein A column. SDS-PAGE analysis under both non-reducing and reducing conditions confirmed that the purified gD-Trimer consisted of disulfide bond-linked trimers, whereas gD-His remained a monomer (Fig. 3A, B) , as produced by CHO cells. Similarly, the gB-Trimer and gD-gB-Trimer were also found to be disulfide bond-linked trimers (Fig. 3C, D) .
[0365] The purity of the proteins was assessed by size-exclusion SEC-HPLC. gD-His exhibited a purity of roughly 90%in the main peak (Fig. 3E) . In contrast, the gD-Trimer, gB-Trimer, and gD-gB-Trimer achieved purities exceeding 95%, as confirmed by size-exclusion SEC-HPLC (Fig. 3F, G, H, respectively) .
[0366] Characterization of HSV-2 Trimeric gD-Trimer and gD-gB-Trimer Antigens
[0367] Negative-stain electron microscopy and 2D classification were performed on gD-His and gD-Trimer, revealing that the gD-His particles were substantially smaller than those of gD-Trimer, indicative of the formation of a trimeric structure in gD-Trimer (Fig. 4A, B) . Similarly, negative-stain electron microscopy and 2D classification of gB-Trimer and gD-gB-Trimer also showed that both gB and gD adopted trimeric configurations (Fig. 4C, D) . We have employed cryo-electron microscopy to elucidate the structure of the gD-gB-Trimer (Fig. 5A-J) , wherein gB is observed in a post-fusion conformation (Fig. 6A-F) . Despite the limited structural orientations, precise determination of the gD structure was not feasible. However, the results revealed the trimeric structure of gD, displaying both the top and side views of the gD trimer (Fig. 7A, B) .
[0368] ELISA assays were used to determine the EC50 values for the binding of monomeric and trimeric gD to their receptors Nectin1 and HVEM. The results demonstrated that the binding affinity of the trimeric gD was significantly higher than that of the monomeric gD (Fig. 8A, B) . The binding capabilities of gD-Trimer and gD-gB-Trimer to the gD receptors were essentially equivalent (Fig. 8A, B) . Monomeric gD was largely unable to activate the HVEM pathway, whereas trimeric gD activated the HVEM pathway more strongly than the natural HVEM ligand LIGHT (Fig. 8C, D) . Activation of the HVEM pathway contributes to the generation of ADCC-mediating antibodies, and gD-Trimer may facilitate a higher proportion of ADCC-active antibodies, which are primarily responsible for the clearance and prevention of HSV-2 infection.
[0369] Comparison of Immunogenicity for gD-gB-Trimer in the presence of different adjuvants.
[0370] The choice of adjuvant has a significant impact on the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines, as it can not only enhance the intensity of the immune response but also alter the type of immunity. In order to identify the optimal adjuvant, we have conducted a comparative screening of various adjuvants. Mice were immunized with the gD-gB-Trimer complex, in conjunction with various adjuvants: CpG / CAS-1 (aproprietary adjuvant with properties similar to AS03) , CpG / Alum, AS01B, and AS01E. The immunization regimen was conducted on three separate occasions, specifically on days 0, 14, and 28, to evaluate the immunogenicity of the vaccine formulation (Fig. 9A) , and serum binding antibodies, HSV-2 neutralizing antibodies, and ADCC activity were assessed on Day 42. The results revealed that CpG / CAS-1 induced the highest levels of binding antibodies (Fig. 9B) . There were no significant differences in neutralizing antibody titers and proportions among CpG / CAS-1, CpG / Alum, AS01B, and AS01E (Fig. 9C, D) . However, in terms of ADCC activity, CpG / CAS-1, AS01B, and AS01E showed significantly higher levels than CpG / Alum (Fig. 9E, F) . Considering the immunogenicity and the availability of the adjuvants, we identified CpG / CAS-1 as the most promising adjuvant candidate.
[0371] Immunogenicity of gD-Trimer in Mice
[0372] The immunogenicity of gD-Trimer was evaluated in BALB / c mice. Mice were immunized intramuscularly with a three-dose prime-boost regimen (on Days 0, 14, and 28) using gD-Trimer and gD-His (Fig. 10A) , both adjuvanted with CpG / CAS-1. On Day 42, serum samples were tested for gD-binding antibodies, HSV-2 neutralizing antibodies, and ADCC activity. No significant differences in gD-binding antibody titers were observed between the mice immunized with monomeric and trimeric gD (Fig. 10B) . However, the neutralizing antibody response in the gD-Trimer group was significantly higher than that in the monomeric gD group (Fig. 10C) . The ADCC activity in the serum of mice on Day 42 revealed that gD-Trimer induced a significantly higher response than monomeric gD (Fig. 10D, E) , which aligns with the role of gD-Trimer in activating the HVEM pathway, thereby facilitating the production of ADCC-active antibodies.
[0373] Immunogenicity of gD-gB-Trimer in Mice
[0374] Glycoprotein D (gD) acts as a ligand for HSV entry into cells and plays a pivotal role in the process of HSV infecting cells. In addition to the receptor binding by gD, the trimeric glycoprotein B (gB) is essential for fusion functionality during HSV infection, and gB is critical for complement-dependent neutralizing antibodies and cellular immunity. To enhance immunogenicity, we constructed a gD-gB-Trimer fusion protein.
[0375] Following the immunization schedule on Days 0, 14, and 28 (Fig. 11A) , we compared the immune responses of gD-His / gB-His+MF-59 (Chiron) , gD-His+CpG / CAS-1, gD-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1, gB-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1, gD-Trimer / gB-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1, and gD-gB-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1. Blood samples were collected on Day 42 for cellular immune assessment. The Day 42 serum was tested for complement-dependent and complement-independent HSV-2 neutralizing antibodies and ADCC activity. The results revealed that the complement-independent HSV-2 neutralizing antibody titers were highest in the gD-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1 group, followed by the gD-gB-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1 group, with no significant difference between the two (Fig. 11B) . In contrast, the gD-His / gB-His+MF-59 (Chiron) and gB-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1 groups exhibited nearly undetectable levels of complement-independent neutralizing antibodies (Fig. 11B) . Complement-dependent HSV-2 neutralizing antibodies were largely dependent on gB, with groups immunized with gB as the antigen showing significantly higher titers (Fig. 11C) . Neither monomeric nor trimeric gD as the antigen induced higher complement-dependent neutralizing antibodies, with the trimeric gD formulation actually inducing lower titers (Fig. 11C) .
[0376] Regarding ADCC activity in the immune sera, the gD-His / gB-His+MF-59 (Chiron) group induced almost no ADCC activity. Consistent with previous findings, gD-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1 induced higher ADCC activity than gD-His+CpG / CAS-1 (Fig. 11D, E) . gB-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1 induced the strongest ADCC activity, followed by gD-Trimer / gB-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1 and gD-gB-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1, with no significant differences among the three (Fig. 11D, E) . The gD-His / gB-His+MF-59 (Chiron) group induced a balanced Th1 and Th2 cell-mediated immune response without a clear bias (Fig. 12A, B) . In contrast, all CpG / CAS-1 adjuvanted immunizations skewed the cellular immune response towards a Th1 phenotype (Fig. 12A, B) . Although gB induced the primary cellular immune response, gD also contributed to a certain degree of cellular immunity (Fig. 12A, B) . Considering the levels of complement-dependent and complement-independent HSV-2 neutralizing antibodies, ADCC activity, and cellular immune capabilities induced in mice, the gD-gB-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1 combination emerged as the optimal HSV-2 vaccine formulation.
[0377] Immunogenicity of gD-gB-Trimer in Guinea Pigs
[0378] The immunogenicity of the HSV-2 gD-gB-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1 vaccine was further evaluated in guinea pigs. The guinea pigs (n=6 per group) were administered intramuscular injections of gD-gB-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1, gD-His / gB-His+MF-59 (Chiron) , or a saline control on Days 0, 14, and 28, as depicted in Figure 13A. Serum samples were obtained on Day 42, 14 days after the last immunization, followed by a vaginal challenge with the HSV-2 G strain, as shown in Figure 13A. We assessed the levels of complement-dependent and complement-independent HSV-2 neutralizing antibodies in the Day 42 serum. The data revealed that the gD-gB-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1 group exhibited significantly higher titers of both complement-dependent and complement-independent HSV-2 neutralizing antibodies compared to the gD-His / gB-His+MF-59 (Chiron) group (Fig. 13B, C) . Following the HSV-2 challenge, the saline control group experienced a marked decrease in body weight, whereas the gD-gB-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1 and gD-His / gB-His+MF-59 (Chiron) groups showed normal weight gain (Fig. 13D) . The saline control group also displayed a significant increase in genital skin lesions, whereas the gD-gB-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1 and gD-His / gB-His+MF-59 (Chiron) groups showed minimal to no lesions (Fig. 13E) . Consequently, both the gD-gB-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1 and gD-His / gB-His+MF-59 (Chiron) groups demonstrated robust protection against HSV-2 infection, although the gD-gB-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1 group outperformed the gD-His / gB-His+MF-59 (Chiron) group in terms of complement-independent HSV-2 neutralizing antibody titers.
[0379] Conclusion The trimeric gD-gB-Trimer+CpG / CAS-1 formulation is a promising vaccine candidate against HSV-2. It demonstrated robust immunogenicity, inducing balanced complement-dependent and complement-independent neutralizing antibodies, strong ADCC activity, and a Th1-skewed cellular immune response in both mice and guinea pigs. These findings underscore its potential as an effective and balanced approach to prevent HSV-2 infections. Example 3: Detection of HSV Binding and Neutralizing Antibodies Using Colloidal Gold Assay.
[0380] For HSV binding antibody: 1) A burgundy colored conjugate pad containing recombinant HSV-2 gD-gB-Trimer and rabbit IgG conjugated with colloidal gold (Fig 14A) . 2) . The nitrocellulose membrane strip containing a test line (T line) and a control line (C line) . The T line is coated with Mouse anti-Human IgG and the C line is coated with goat anti-rabbit IgG polyclonal antibody (Fig 14A) .
[0381] When an adequate volume of test specimen is dispensed into the well, the specimen migrates by capillary action across the cassette, if there is an appropriate concentration of HSV IgG antibody in the sample, it will bind to the colloidal gold-conjugate HSV-2 gD-gB-Trimer on the test strip and move on the nitrocellulose membrane with the effect of lateral flow chromatography to the T line bind with mouse anti-human IgG antibody to form a colloidal gold complex, forming a burgundy-colored T line (Fig 14 B, C, D, E) . If there is no HSV IgG antibody in the specimen, or the amount is too small, the colloidal gold-conjugate HSV-2 gD-gB-Trimer moves on the nitrocellulose membrane with the effect of lateral flow chromatography and it does not bind to mouse anti-human IgG at the T line (Fig 14 B, C, D, E) . The results were judged according to the presence or absence of burgundy-colored T line. The colloidal gold-conjugate rabbit IgG continues to move forward until the quality C line, where the colloidal gold-conjugate rabbit IgG combines with the goat anti-rabbit IgG polyclonal antibody, forming a neat and uniform burgundy band, which indicating that the detection reaction system is effective (Fig 14 B, C, D, E) .
[0382] For HSV Neutralizing antibody:
[0383] 1) A burgundy colored conjugate pad containing recombinant HSV-2 gD-gB-Trimer and rabbit IgG conjugated with colloidal gold (Fig 15A) .
[0384] 2) The nitrocellulose membrane strip containing a test line (T line) and a control line (C line) . The T line is coated with recombinant Nectin-1 or HVEM receptor protein and the C line is coated with goat anti-rabbit IgG polyclonal antibody (Fig 15A) .
[0385] When an adequate volume of test specimen is dispensed into the well, the specimen migrates by capillary action across the cassette, If there is no HSV neutralizing antibodies in the specimen, or the amount is too small, the colloidal gold-conjugate HSV-2 gD-gB-Trimer will move on the nitrocellulose membrane with the effect of lateral flow chromatography to the T line. It combines with recombinant Nectin-1 or HVEM to form a colloidal gold complex, forming a burgundy-colored T line (Fig 15 B, C, D, E) . If neutralizing antibodies present in specimen, it will bind to colloidal gold-conjugate HSV-2 gD-gB-Trimer and competitively prevents the binding of colloidal gold-conjugate HSV-2 gD-gB-Trimer to recombinant Nectin-1 or HVEM, thus reducing the color development of T line, or T line even disappears (Fig 15 B, C, D, E) . The colloidal gold-conjugate rabbit IgG continues to move forward until the quality C line, where the colloidal gold-conjugate rabbit IgG combines with the goat anti-rabbit IgG polyclonal antibody, forming a neat and uniform burgundy band, which indicating that the detection reaction system is effective (Fig 15 B, C, D, E) . SEQUENCES
Claims
1.A fusion polypeptide comprising a soluble HSV viral surface antigen joined by in-frame fusion to a protein trimerization tag which is capable of self-trimerization.2.The fusion polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the protein trimerization tag is selected from a group consisting of C-terminal portion of pro-collagen capable of forming a disulfide bond linked homotrimer, T4 foldon of fibritin from bacteria phage T4, and leucine zipper from yeast GCN4.3.The fusion polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the pro-collagen is selected from a group consisting of proα1 (I) , proα1 (II) , proα1 (III) , proα1 (V) , proα1 (XI) , proα2 (I) , proα2 (V) , proα2 (XI) , or proα3 (XI) .4.The fusion polypeptide of claim 2 or 3, wherein the C-terminal portion of pro-collagen is a C-propeptide without any linked glycine-repeat triple helical regions of the pro-collagen.5.The fusion polypeptide of claim 2 or 3, wherein the C-terminal portion of pro-collagen comprises a glycine-repeat triple helical region of collagen linked to a C-propeptide.6.The fusion polypeptide of any one of claims 2-5, wherein the C-terminal portion of a mutated or deleted BMP-1 protease recognition sequence.7.The fusion polypeptide of any one of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the soluble a HSV viral surface antigen comprises an ectodomain of a HSV viral surface antigen or fragment or variant thereof.8.The fusion polypeptide of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the soluble HSV viral surface antigen comprises the ectodomain of gD or a fragment or variant thereof.9.The fusion polypeptide of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the soluble HSV viral surface antigen comprises the ectodomain of gB or fragment or variant thereof.10.The fusion polypeptide of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the ectodomain of a HSV viral surface antigen comprises a fusion of the ectodomain of gD or fragment or variant thereof and the ectodomain of gB fusion or fragment or variant thereof.11.The fusion polypeptide of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the fusion polypeptide comprises a sequence set forth in any one of the SEQ ID Nos: 1-28 or a sequence having at least 80%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-28.12.The fusion polypeptide of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the fusion polypeptide further comprises a signal peptide.13.A polynucleotide encoding the fusion polypeptide of any one of claims 1-12.14.A vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 13.15.A cell expressing the fusion polypeptide of any one of claims 1-12 or comprising the polynucleotide of claim 12 or the vector of claim 13.16.A vaccine comprising the fusion polypeptide of claims 1-12.17.The vaccine of claim 16, wherein the vaccine comprises two or more of the fusion polypeptides of claims 1-12.18.The vaccine of claim 17, wherein the vaccine comprises a fusion polypeptide comprising the ectodomain of gD or a fragment or variant thereof, and a fusion polypeptide comprising the ectodomain of gB or a fragment or variant thereof.19.A method for preventing or treating infection by Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV) selected from human HSV-1 and HSV-2 via immunization of a subject with a vaccine of any one of claims 16-18.20.The method of claim 19, wherein the vaccine is administered without an adjuvant. 21.The method of claim 19, wherein the vaccine is administered with one or more adjuvants.22.The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more adjuvants is CpG or Alum, or both.23.The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more adjuvants is CpG or a oil-in-water adjuvant, or both.24.The method of claim 23, wherein the oil-in-water adjuvant is a oil-in-water emulsion comprises squalene, α-tocopherol and polysorbate 80.25.The method of claim 23, wherein the oil-in-water adjuvant is a oil-in-water emulsion comprises squalene, Span 85 and polysorbate 80.26.The method of any one of claims 19-25, wherein the vaccine is administered via intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.27.The method of any one of claims 19-26, wherein the vaccine is administered in a single dose or a series of doses separated by intervals of weeks or months.28.A method for detecting an antibody to a HSV from sample of a mammal comprising the steps of(1) contacting the sample with the fusion polypeptide of any one of claims 1-12.(2) detecting the antibody bound to the HSV viral surface antigen in the fusion polypeptide.29.The method of claim 28, wherein the antibody is a neutralizing antibody.30.The method of claim 28 or 29, wherein the method comprises detecting binding of the antibody to the HSV viral surface antigen in the fusion polypeptide with a secondary antibody.31.The method of claim 28 or 29, wherein the method comprises detecting a neutralizing antibody as a readout for inhibition of the binding of the HSV viral surface antigen in the fusion polypeptide to a soluble HSV receptor.32.The method of claim 31, wherein the soluble HSV receptor is fused to a Fc domain or a trimerization domain.33.The method of claim 31 or 32, wherein the soluble HSV receptor is Nectin-1 or HVEM.34.The method of any one of claims 31-33, wherein the soluble HSV receptor has a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID Nos: 29-30.35.The method of any one of claims 28-34, wherein the fusion polypeptide is labeled with a detection agent.36.The method of any one of claims 28-35, wherein the fusion polypeptide is bound to an antibody recognizing the C-terminal portion of collagen, wherein the antibody recognizing the C-terminal portion of collagen is labeled with a detection agent.37.The method of claim 35 or 36, wherein the detection agent is colloid gold.38.The method of any one of claims 28-37, wherein the antibody to a HSV is detected by a lateral flow assay.
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