Terminal and base station

Abstract

This terminal is provided with: a reception unit that receives a notification about a reference timing with respect to a measurement timing in a sample-based measurement; and a control unit that performs measurement at a timing based on the reference timing.

Description

Terminal and base station

[0001] The present invention relates to positioning techniques in wireless communication systems.

[0002] In 3GPP (registered trademark) (3rd Generation Partnership Project), a wireless communication method called 5G or NR (New Radio) (hereinafter, this wireless communication method will be referred to as "NR") is being studied in order to realize a larger system capacity, a higher data transmission speed, a lower latency in wireless sections, etc. In 5G, various wireless technologies and network architectures are being studied to meet the requirement of achieving a throughput of 10 Gbps or more while reducing the latency in wireless sections to 1 ms or less (Non-Patent Document 1).

[0003] In addition, NR positioning, which uses a reference signal (RS) to perform positioning, is being studied. Furthermore, positioning using an AI (Artificial Intelligence) / ML (Machine Learning) model (called AI / ML positioning) is being studied.

[0004] 3GPP TS 38.300 V18.0.0 (2023-12)

[0005] In AI / ML positioning, a terminal or a base station reports measurement results of received signals to the network. The reported measurement results are used, for example, as input to an AI / ML model. Measurement methods include sample-based measurement and path-based measurement.

[0006] Although sample-based measurements can be beneficial in terms of positioning accuracy compared to path-based measurements, conventional techniques have problems with sample-based measurements, such as timing differences in measurements (sampling) between devices performing measurements or between measurement results used in model training and measurement results used in model inference.

[0007] The present invention has been made in view of the above points, and has an object to provide a technique for preventing measurement timing differences from occurring in sample-based measurements.

[0008] According to the disclosed technology, a terminal is provided that includes a receiving unit that receives notification of a reference timing for measurement timing in sample-based measurement, and a control unit that performs measurement at a timing based on the reference timing.

[0009] According to the disclosed technique, a technique is provided for preventing timing differences in sample-based measurements from occurring in sample-based measurements.

[0010] FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining a wireless communication system in an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining a wireless communication system in an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining a configuration in which a plurality of base stations are present. FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining a problem. FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining an example of a basic operation. FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining a first embodiment. FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining a second embodiment. FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining a second embodiment. FIG. 8 is a diagram for explaining an AI / ML model. FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining an AI / ML model. FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining an example of the functional configuration of a base station 10 and an LMF 30 in an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 11 is a diagram for explaining an example of the functional configuration of a terminal 20 in an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 12 is a diagram for explaining an example of the hardware configuration of a base station 10 or a terminal 20 or an LMF 30 in an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 13 is a diagram for explaining an example of a vehicle.

[0011] Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. Note that the embodiment described below is an example, and the embodiment to which the present invention is applied is not limited to the following embodiment. In the following description, " / " means "or" unless it is clear from the context that it has a different meaning.

[0012] (System Configuration) Fig. 1 is a diagram for explaining a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Fig. 1, the wireless communication system according to the embodiment of the present invention includes a base station 10 and a terminal 20. The core network is also provided with an LMF 30, which is capable of communicating with the base station 10. The LMF 30 may communicate with the base station 10 via an AMF. The LMF 30 is an example of a network device (which may also be called a network node). The base station 10 is also an example of a network device. The LMF 30 may also be called a management device.

[0013] 1 illustrates one base station 10 and one terminal 20, this is an example, and there may be a plurality of each. For example, there may be a plurality of base stations 10 that transmit reference signals received by the terminal 20. One, some, or all of the plurality of base stations 10 may be airborne devices (e.g., satellites, HAPS).

[0014] The source of the reference signal may be called a transmission reception point (TRP). A TRP may be called a transmission point or a reception point. A TRP may be called a base station.

[0015] The base station 10 is a communication device that provides one or more cells and performs wireless communication with the terminal 20. The physical resources of a wireless signal are defined in the time domain and the frequency domain, and the time domain may be defined by the number of OFDM symbols, and the frequency domain may be defined by the number of subcarriers or the number of resource blocks. Furthermore, a TTI (Transmission Time Interval) in the time domain may be a slot, or a TTI may be a subframe. Note that a cell and a CC may be considered synonymous.

[0016] The base station 10 is capable of performing carrier aggregation, which aggregates multiple cells (multiple CCs (component carriers)) to communicate with the terminal 20. In carrier aggregation, one PCell (primary cell) and one or more SCells (secondary cells) are used.

[0017] The base station 10 transmits synchronization signals, system information, and the like to the terminal 20. The synchronization signals are, for example, NR-PSS and NR-SSS. The system information is transmitted, for example, via NR-PBCH or PDSCH, and is also referred to as broadcast information. As shown in FIG. 1, the base station 10 transmits control signals or data to the terminal 20 via DL (Downlink) and receives control signals or data from the terminal 20 via UL (Uplink). Note that, here, signals transmitted via control channels such as PUCCH and PDCCH are referred to as control signals, and signals transmitted via shared channels such as PUSCH and PDSCH are referred to as data, but these nomenclatures are merely examples. In addition, UCI (Uplink Control Information) is transmitted via PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0018] The terminal 20 is a communication device equipped with a wireless communication function, such as a smartphone, a mobile phone, a tablet, a wearable terminal, or an M2M (Machine-to-Machine) communication module. As shown in FIG. 1, the terminal 20 receives control signals or data from the base station 10 via DL and transmits control signals or data to the base station 10 via UL, thereby utilizing various communication services provided by the wireless communication system. The terminal 20 may be referred to as a UE, and the base station 10 may be referred to as a gNB.

[0019] The terminal 20 is capable of performing carrier aggregation, which aggregates multiple cells (multiple CCs (component carriers)) to communicate with the base station 10. In carrier aggregation, one PCell (primary cell) and one or more SCells (secondary cells) are used. Also, a PUCCH-SCell having a PUCCH may be used.

[0020] The LMF (Location Management Function) 30 is a function (device) responsible for communication control related to location information services defined in 5GC. The LMF 30 may also be called a location management server, a location management device, or a management device. The LMF 30 can receive, for example, measurement results (phase, received power, time difference, angle, etc.) of a reference signal from the terminal 20 or the base station 10 and calculate the position of the terminal 20. The LMF 30 can also provide setting information or control information related to positioning to the terminal 20 and the base station 10.

[0021] Fig. 2 shows an example of the configuration of a wireless communication system when DC (Dual Connectivity) is implemented. As shown in Fig. 2, a base station 10A serving as a Master Node (MN) and a base station 10B serving as a Secondary Node (SN) are provided. The base station 10A and the base station 10B are each connected to a core network 40. A terminal 20 can communicate with both the base station 10A and the base station 10B.

[0022] The cell group provided by the base station 10A, which is an MN, is called an MCG (Master Cell Group), and the cell group provided by the base station 10B, which is an SN, is called an SCG (Secondary Cell Group). In addition, in DC, the MCG is composed of one PCell and one or more SCells, and the SCG is composed of one PSCell (Primary SCell) and one or more SCells.

[0023] The processing operations in this embodiment may be performed in the system configuration shown in Fig. 1, the system configuration shown in Fig. 2, or other system configurations. Fig. 3 shows an example in which terminal 20 performs positioning by receiving reference signals from multiple base stations 10A to 10C. For example, the position of terminal 20 can be determined by determining the distances (or angles) between terminal 20 and multiple base stations.

[0024] The distance between the terminal 20 and the base station can be calculated, for example, from the arrival time of the signal or the wave number of the carrier wave of the signal (wave number x wavelength).

[0025] The positioning calculation for determining the position from the measurement results may be performed by the terminal 20, the LMF 30, or the base station 10.

[0026] (Regarding AI / ML Positioning) As described above, positioning using an AI / ML model is being considered. The AI / ML model may also be called a "model" or a "machine learning model." The model is, for example, a neural network model.

[0027] For example, when inference is performed using the AI / ML model, the base station 10 / LMF 30 holds the AI / ML model, receives measurement results of reference signals at the terminal 20, and inputs the measurement results into the AI / ML model to acquire location information from the AI / ML model. Alternatively, the terminal 20 may hold the AI / ML model. In this case, the terminal 20 inputs measurement results of reference signals into the AI / ML model to acquire location information from the AI / ML model.

[0028] Furthermore, learning of the AI / ML model may be performed by the terminal 20 / base station 10 / LMF 30, or may be performed by a device other than the "terminal 20 / base station 10 / LMF 30".

[0029] In Rel-19 AI / ML-based positioning, the time-domain channel measurements for model input include, for example, the measurement methods shown in (a) and (b) below.

[0030] (a) Sample-based measurements where the timing information is an integer multiple of the sampling periods.

[0031] (b) Path-based measurements, where the timing information depends on the timing of the detected path and may not be an integer multiple of the sampling period.

[0032] Elements of the channel measurements for model input may include power and phase as well as timing information.

[0033] (Regarding Samples) The existing specifications (TS38.133) contain the following description regarding samples (e.g., samples for RSTD measurement).

[0034] T ＲＳＴＤ，ｉ is the measurement period for PRS RSTD measurements on positioning frequency layer i as defined below.

[0035] N in the above formula ｓａｍｐｌｅ is the number of PRS RSTD samples, and takes the value:

[0036] N ｓａｍｐｌｅ N = 1: If the UE supports [M-sample measurements], the LMF requests the UE to perform positioning measurements with a reduced number of samples, and one additional sample is not required by the UE for Rx AGC. ｓａｍｐｌｅ = 2: If the UE supports [M-sample measurements], the LMF requests the UE to perform positioning measurements with a reduced number of samples, and one additional sample is required by the UE for Rx AGC. Nsample = 4: If neither of these is true. Analysis In the prior art, the UE obtains samples in PRS occasions and processes them every PRS period. Within a PRS occasion, PRS resources may be repeated. The motivation for using more than one PRS occasion in defining the measurement period is to use muting and channel variation to ensure that there is at least one PRS occasion that satisfies the secondary condition.

[0037] In AI / ML-based positioning, the first Nt consecutive time-domain samples are understood as CIR (channel input response) / PDP (power delay profile) that are mapped to Nt samples (basically 256 / 128 / 64, which are truncated IFFT sizes) with a sampling period of 8.14 ns (1 / 4096 * 30 kHz). The "samples" in this embodiment are assumed to be such samples, but are not limited to this. In relation to the above, TR38.843 states the following:

[0038] "[TR38.843] If the model input is the CIR, then each input value of the CIR is a complex number, i.e., it contains two real values, either {real, imaginary} or {magnitude, phase}. If the model input is the PDP, then each input value of the PDP is a real value. Optionally, companies can use delay profile (DP) as a type of information for model input. DP is a degenerated version of PDP, where the path power is not provided." (About the Issues) As mentioned above, in AI / ML positioning, sample-based measurements can be beneficial in terms of positioning accuracy compared to path-based measurements. However, in conventional technologies, when sample-based measurements are introduced, a difference in the timing at which sampling starts causes a difference between learning and inference.

[0039] For example, ambiguity exists when devices from different vendors observe the same channel but generate different measurement reports. More specifically, in Figure 4, assume that device A performs measurement A and device B performs measurement B. Measurement A and measurement B have the same sampling period, but different sampling start points, resulting in different measurement reports.

[0040] This embodiment describes a technique for maintaining consistency in the sampling start point between devices in sample-based measurements. That is, this embodiment describes a technique for preventing differences in sampling (measurement) timing between devices in sample-based measurements, or for correcting any differences in sampling timing.

[0041] (Basic Operation Example) Hereinafter, first to third embodiments will be described as embodiments relating to the technology for solving the above problems, but first, a basic operation example common to the first and second embodiments will be described with reference to Fig. 5. In Fig. 5, the network 50 is, for example, the base station 10 or the LMF 30. In other words, the "network 50" in Fig. 4 may be replaced with the "base station 10" or the "LMF 30".

[0042] Here, it is assumed that the network 50 is equipped with an AI / ML model for positioning, and that measurement results are transmitted from the terminal 20 to the network 50 and used as input to the AI / ML model. The input to the AI / ML model may be an input for inference or an input for learning.

[0043] 5 illustrates an example in which the terminal 20 measures a DL (downlink) signal and reports the measurement result to the NW (network), but the present invention is not limited to this example. The sample-based measurement technique of this embodiment can also be applied to a case in which the base station 10 measures an UL signal and reports the measurement result to the NW (specifically, the LMF 30).

[0044] 5, the terminal 20 transmits capability information to the network 50. The capability information enables the network 50 to transmit setting information according to the capabilities of the terminal 20, or to assume that it will receive measurement results in a format according to the capabilities of the terminal 20. Note that S101 may not be performed.

[0045] In S102, the network 50 transmits setting information to the terminal 20. The setting information is, for example, information on a sampling start point, which will be described later. The notification / instruction of information in S102 may be performed by any of RRC, MAC CE, and DCI.

[0046] In S103, the terminal 20 receives a signal transmitted from the network 50 (here, the base station 10). In this embodiment, this signal is a reference signal for positioning. However, this signal is not limited to a reference signal for positioning. For example, this signal may be a synchronization signal.

[0047] In S104, the terminal 20 performs measurements and in S105 reports the measurement results to the network 50.

[0048] (Outline of the embodiments) The following describes the first to third embodiments. In the first to third embodiments, as an example, the terminal 20 performs sample-based measurements on DL signals and reports the measurement results to the LMF 30, and the base station 10 performs measurements on UL signals and reports the measurement results to the LMF 30.

[0049] In addition, both the terminal 20 and the base station 10 receive information about the sampling start point from the LMF 30 and report information about the sampling start point to the LMF 30. Therefore, hereinafter, the subject of the operation will be described as "terminal 20 / base station 10." Note that the "LMF 30" may also be called a network or a network node.

[0050] The outline of each embodiment is as follows.

[0051] First embodiment: The reference timing of the sampling start point is notified to the terminal 20 / base station 10.

[0052] Second embodiment: The terminal 20 / base station 10 reports the delta between the sampling point and the reference point.

[0053] Third embodiment: Absolute measurement timing values ​​are reported to the terminal 20 / base station 10.

[0054] (First Embodiment) First, the first embodiment will be described. In the first embodiment, the reference timing of the sampling start point is notified / instructed from the LMF 30 to the terminal 20 / base station 10. "The reference timing is notified" means, for example, that the terminal 20 / base station 10 receives a signal, and the reception timing of that signal is the reference timing. Alternatively, "the reference timing is notified" may mean that a slot / symbol or the like indicating the reference timing is notified.

[0055] The terminal 20 / base station 10 performs sample-based measurements (e.g., measurements at a sampling period) from a sampling start point based on this reference timing, for example.

[0056] The reference timing for the sampling start point may be reported to the LMF 30 by the terminal 20 / base station 10.

[0057] Furthermore, the terminal 20 / base station 10 may request notification of the sampling start point from the LMF 30. Furthermore, when the terminal 20 / base station 10 receives notification of the measurement timing from the LMF 30, the sampling start point associated with the reference timing may or may not be prioritized over the notified measurement timing.

[0058] Various examples (alternatives are abbreviated as "Alt.") in the first embodiment will be described below. The examples shown below may be implemented in any combination. Note that "Alt." stands for "Alternatives." The measurement timing (sampling points) for each Alt. is shown in FIG. 6. In FIG. 6 (and FIG. 8), black circles indicate reference timings, and short vertical bars indicate sampling points.

[0059] <Regarding Reference Timing> Alt. 1-1a: The reference timing is only relative to the sampling start point.

[0060] Alt. 1-1b: The reference timing is used for all measurement points in sample-based measurements. In other words, in this case, the terminal 20 / base station 10 performs measurements every time it receives notification of the reference timing.

[0061] <Metric Measurement> Next, a description will be given of metric measurement. Note that a metric is an object of measurement, and is, for example, any one or more of delay, power, and phase.

[0062] Alt. 1-2a: When the terminal 20 / base station 10 receives notification of the reference timing, it measures the metric at that timing.

[0063] Alt. 1-2b: The terminal 20 / base station 10 measures the metric N [ms / slots / frames] after the timing at which the terminal 20 / base station 10 receives notification of the reference timing (i.e., the reference timing). This is an example that takes processing time into consideration.

[0064] Alt. 1-2b-1: The terminal 20 / base station 10 may not perform sample-based measurement until N [ms / slots / frames] has elapsed since receiving notification of the reference timing.

[0065] Alt. 1-2b-2: The terminal 20 / base station 10 may perform sample-based measurement even before N [ms / slots / frames] have elapsed since receiving notification of the reference timing.

[0066] <Conditions> The terminal 20 / base station 10 may be configured to receive notification of the reference start timing only when one or more conditions are satisfied.

[0067] For example, the terminal 20 / base station 10 may report assistance information (e.g., an IFFT size that may be implemented in the terminal 20 / base station 10) to the LMF 30. For example, when the LMF 30 determines that a condition is met based on the assistance information, it notifies the terminal 20 / base station 10 of the reference timing.

[0068] Note that the LMF 30 may know other information (e.g., SCS) for determining whether to notify the reference start timing.

[0069] The terminal 20 / base station 10 may be instructed by the LMF 30 to take into account information about the sampling start point (which may be any of the information in the first to third embodiments) when the sampling periodicity is equal to or greater than a threshold. The threshold may be defined in a specification or may be determined by the LMF 30.

[0070] <Regarding Information to be Reported> The terminal 20 / base station 10 may report information in option 1 or option 2 below to the LMF 30.

[0071] Option 1: Information indicating that the sampling start point associated with the reference timing is the same value (at a specific period / time).

[0072] Option 2: Information indicating that the sampling start point associated with the reference timing is a specific value (at a specific period / specific time). Note that the specific value may be notified by an ID.

[0073] The terminal 20 / base station 10 may be instructed / configured by the LMF 30 to report the results obtained by the measurement method shown in Option 1 or Option 2 below.

[0074] Option 1: A measurement method that uses the same value (at a specific period / time) as the sampling starting point relative to a reference timing.

[0075] Option 2: A measurement method that uses a specific value (at a specific period / time) as a sampling start point associated with a reference timing. The specific value may be signaled by an ID.

[0076] <Effects of First Embodiment> According to the first embodiment, in sample-based measurement, it is possible to prevent measurement timing differences from occurring between devices and the like.

[0077] (Second Embodiment) Next, a second embodiment will be described. In the second embodiment, the terminal 20 / base station 20 reports the difference (difference time) between the sampling point and the reference point to the LMF 30. The reference point here may be the reference timing of the first embodiment or a predetermined reference timing. The sampling point is the timing at which the terminal 20 / base station 20 performs sample-based measurement.

[0078] The LMF 30 may notify the terminal 20 / base station 10 of the difference between the sampling point and the reference point. The terminal 20 / base station 10 may also report the difference between the sampling point and the reference point to the LMF 30 in addition to the measurement value (metric) measured at the sample point.

[0079] The delta may also be specified in the specification. For example, in TS38.215, delta may be defined as the time difference between a sampling point and its nearest or immediately following reference point. For example, in TS37.355, 38.455, 38.822, or 38.133, the delta value / range may be defined. The value may be a value in a table or expressed by an equation. An example of a table-based definition of the delta value to be reported is shown in FIG. 7.

[0080] The difference between the sampling point and the reference point may be support information for model input (for either learning or inference) / output (including monitoring). For example, in cases 1 / 2a / 2b, the LMF 30 may notify the terminal 20 of the difference. Also, in cases 3a / b, the LMF 30 may notify the base station 10 of the difference. Various examples (Alt.) will be described below. The sampling points (measurement timing) of each Alt. described below are shown in FIG. 8.

[0081] <Regarding Reporting of Differences> Alt. 2-1a: The terminal 20 / base station 10 reports to the LMF 30 only the difference between the reference point and the sampling start point.

[0082] Alt. 2-1b: The terminal 20 / base station 10 reports to the LMF 30 the difference between the reference point and each of all measurement points in the sample-based measurement.

[0083] Alt. 2-1b-1: In Alt. 2-1b, each difference has its own reference point.

[0084] Alt. 2-1b-2: In Alt. 2-1b, there is a single common reference point (eg, sampling start point) for all differences.

[0085] <Regarding Metric Measurement> Alt. 2-2a: When the terminal 20 / base station 10 receives notification of the reference timing described in the first embodiment, it measures the metric at that timing.

[0086] Alt. 2-2b: The terminal 20 / base station 10 measures the metric N [ms / slots / frames] after the timing at which the reference timing is notified (i.e., the reference timing). This is an example that takes into account the processing time for measuring the difference.

[0087] Alt. 2-2b-1: The terminal 20 / base station 10 may not perform sample-based measurement until N [ms / slots / frames] has elapsed since receiving notification of the reference timing.

[0088] Alt. 2-2b-2: The terminal 20 / base station 10 may perform sample-based measurement without differential measurement before N [ms / slots / frames] have elapsed since receiving notification of the reference timing.

[0089] <Effects of the second embodiment> According to the first embodiment, even if a timing difference occurs in measurement between devices, etc. in sample-based measurement, the timing difference can be corrected using the difference between the sample point (measurement timing) and the reference point.

[0090] (Third Embodiment) Next, a third embodiment will be described. In the third embodiment, an absolute measurement timing value (absolute time at which measurement is performed) is notified / instructed from the LMF 30 to the terminal 20 / base station 10. The terminal 20 / base station 10 performs sample-based measurement at the timing (time) of the absolute measurement timing value. In the third embodiment, to ensure time consistency between the terminal 20 / base station 10 and the LMF 30, a synchronization clock may be provided to the LMF 30 and the terminal 20 / base station 10. Furthermore, the synchronization clock may be provided from the LMF 30 to the terminal 20 / base station 10.

[0091] <About absolute measurement timing values> Alt. 3-1a: Absolute measurement timing values ​​are only relative to the sampling start point.

[0092] Alt. 3-1b: The absolute measurement timing value is for all measurement points in the sample-based measurement. In other words, in this case, the terminal 20 / base station 10 performs measurements at the timing of each absolute measurement timing value.

[0093] <Regarding Metric Measurement> Alt. 3-2a: The terminal 20 / base station 10 measures the metric at the timing of the absolute measurement timing value.

[0094] Alt. 3-2b: The terminal 20 / base station 10 measures the metric N [ms / slots / frames] after the timing of the absolute measurement timing value. This is an example that takes processing time into consideration.

[0095] Alternative 3-2b-1: The terminal 20 / base station 10 may not perform sample-based measurement until N [ms / slots / frames] have elapsed from the timing of the absolute measurement timing value.

[0096] Alt. 3-2b-2: The terminal 20 / base station 10 may perform sample-based measurements regardless of the absolute measurement timing value even before N [ms / slots / frames] have elapsed from the timing of the absolute measurement timing value.

[0097] <Effects of the Third Embodiment> According to the third embodiment, in sample-based measurements, it is possible to prevent differences in measurement timing between devices.

[0098] (Other Examples) Examples applicable to any of the first to third embodiments will be described below.

[0099] "PRS (Positioning Reference Signal)" may be interpreted as "DL-PRS", "UL-PRS (e.g., SRS for positioning, SRS)", etc.

[0100] "SRS" may be replaced with "SRS for MIMO" or "SRS for positioning", etc. "PFL" may be replaced with "CC", etc. "NW" may be replaced with "gNB", "TRP", "LMF", etc. "Configured / instructed from the NW" may be replaced with "configure / activate / indicated from the NW by RRC / MAC-CE / DCI".

[0101] (Regarding AI / ML Models) In this specification, AI / ML model information means information including at least one of the following information, which can be associated with each AI / ML model: Figure 9 shows examples of inputs to and outputs from the model.

[0102] (1) Examples of input / output information for the AI / ML model include the following:

[0103] (1-1) Data content (e.g., RSRP, SINR, amplitude / phase information in the channel / precoding matrix, AoA, AoD, ZoA, ZoD, location information) (1-2) Environmental information about the data ("frequency information, e.g., band ID," "environment type, e.g., indoor or outdoor," "UMi or UMa") (1-3) Input / output data type (e.g., constant value, floating-point number) (1-4) Input / output bit width (e.g., 64 bits for each input value) (1-5) Input / output quantization interval (e.g., 1 dBm for L1-RSRP) (1-6) Possible range of input / output (e.g., [0, 1]) (2) Information about processing before / after the input / output values ​​includes, for example, the following information.

[0104] (2-1) Whether to apply normalization (z-score normalization, min-max normalization, etc.) (2-2) Parameters for normalization (mean and variance used for z-score normalization, or minimum / maximum values ​​for min-max normalization) (2-3) Whether to apply one-hot coding (2-4) Selection rules for whether to use as training data (3) Examples of parameter information for AI / ML models include the following information. Figure 10 shows an example of an AI / ML model.

[0105] (3-1) Weight information in AI / ML models (e.g., neuron coefficients) (3-1-1) Bit width of weight information, quantization interval for weights, range that weights can occupy (3-1-2) Weight parameters of AI models, difference value from AI model before update (for update) (3-1-3) Weight initialization method: 0 initialization, random initialization (normal, uniform, truncated normal), Xavier initialization, He initialization (3-2) Structure of AI / ML models (3-2-1) Number of layers (3-2-2) Layer type (e.g., convolutional layer, activation layer, dense layer, normalization layer, pooling layer, attention layer) (3-2-2-1) Layer information (e.g., number of neurons in each layer, kernel size, stride of pooling / convolutional layer, pooling method (maxpool, average pool), residual block information, number of heads, normalization method (batch normalization, instance normalization, layer Normalization), activation function information (Sigmoid, Tanh, ReLU, Leaky ReLU, Maxout, Softmax)) (3-2-3) Time series specific parameters (bidirectional, time step) (3-2-4) Functions for learning (3-2-4-1) Type of function (e.g., L2 regularization, dropout function) (3-2-4-2) Where to place the function (e.g., after which layer to place the function) (3-3) Type of AI / ML model as model component (e.g., residual network, transformer model, CRBlock, RNN, LSTM, GRU) (3-4) Function of AI / ML model as model component (e.g., decoder / encoder) (4) Learning (training) information for AI / ML models includes, for example, the following information.

[0106] (4-1) Information for optimization algorithm (4-1-1) Type of optimizer (e.g., SGD, Adagrad, Adam) (4-1-2) Parameters of optimizer (e.g., learning rate, momentum information) (4-2) Information on loss function (4-2-1) Information on metric in loss function (e.g., MAE, MSE, cross-entropy loss, NLL Loss, KL divergence) (4-3) Which parameters should be frozen or updated for learning (4-4) Which parameters should be initial parameters for learning (4-5) Method of learning / updating AI / ML model (4-5-1) (Recommended) number of epochs, batch size (4-5-2) Number of data to be used for learning AI / ML model (5) Information for inference in AI / ML model, for example, the following information:

[0107] (5-1) Branch pruning (5-2) Parameter quantization (5-3) Functions of the AI / ML model (e.g., time-domain beam prediction, spatial-domain beam prediction, autoencoder for CSI feedback) (5-4) Performance related to the AI / ML model (5-4-1) Expected value of the loss function defined for the AI / ML model (Regarding reception of information) In this specification, the UE can receive the following types of information from the NW (the NW here may be a gNB):

[0108] (1) Information via higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC message / LPP message) (2) MAC CE As the MAC CE, a MAC CE having a new LCID in the subheader may be used, or a MAC CE that is an extension of an existing MAC CE (e.g., introducing a new octet) may be used.

[0109] (3) DCI Details of DCI are as follows:

[0110] - DCI field: existing DCI field or newly introduced DCI field - RNTI: DCI with CRC scrambled by existing RNTI or newly introduced RNTI - DCI format: existing DCI format or newly introduced DCI format (4) Combination of the above information In addition, in this embodiment, the UE can receive information from the NW with the following periodic types.

[0111] Option 1: Periodic Option 2: Semi-persistent (triggered by UE or gNB instruction) Option 3: Aperiodic (triggered by UE or gNB instruction) (Regarding information transmission) In this specification, the UE can transmit the following types of information to the NW (the NW here may be a gNB):

[0112] (1) Information via higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC message / LPP message) (2) MAC CE As the MAC CE, a MAC CE having a new LCID in the subheader may be used, or a MAC CE that is an extension of an existing MAC CE (e.g., introducing a new octet) may be used.

[0113] (3) UCI ​​Details of the UCI are as follows:

[0114] -UCI on PUCCH or PUSCH (4) Combination of the above information In addition, in this embodiment, the UE can transmit (report) information to the NW in the following periodicity types.

[0115] Option 1: Periodic Option 2: Semi-persistent (triggered by UE or gNB instruction) Option 3: Aperiodic (triggered by UE or gNB instruction) (Application of proposals) The following describes which proposals are applied or which options or alternatives are used.

[0116] (1) Set by higher layer parameters (2) Determined by related higher layer parameters (3) Indicated by MAC CE or DCI (4) Determined based on UE capabilities (5) Set in the specification (6) Based on conditions set in the specification (7) Determined by setting higher layer parameters / MAC CE / DCI and reporting UE capabilities (8) Combination of the above decisions Throughout the proposal, multiple options / alternatives may also be combined into one option / alternative.

[0117] (Device Configuration) Next, a description will be given of an example of the functional configuration of the base station 10 / LMF 30 and the terminal 20 that execute the processes and operations described above. The base station 10 / LMF 30 and the terminal 20 include functions for implementing all of the above-described embodiments. However, the base station 10, the LMF 30, and the terminal 20 may each be provided with only the functions of any of the embodiments.

[0118] <Base Station 10> Fig. 11 is a diagram showing an example of the functional configuration of the base station 10. As shown in Fig. 11, the base station 10 has a transmitting unit 110, a receiving unit 120, a setting unit 130, and a control unit 140. The functional configuration shown in Fig. 11 is merely an example. As long as the operations related to the embodiment of the present invention can be performed, the names of the functional divisions and functional units may be any. Furthermore, the transmitting unit 110 and the receiving unit 120 may be collectively referred to as a communication unit. The transmitting unit 110 and the receiving unit 120 may be referred to as a transmitter and a receiver, respectively.

[0119] The transmitting unit 110 includes a function of generating a signal to be transmitted to the terminal 20 side and transmitting the signal wirelessly. The transmitting unit 110 can also transmit a signal to another network device such as the LMF 30. The receiving unit 120 includes a function of receiving various signals transmitted from the terminal 20 and acquiring, for example, information of a higher layer from the received signal. The receiving unit 120 can also receive signals from a network device such as the LMF 30. The transmitting unit 110 also has a function of transmitting, to the terminal 20, NR-PSS, NR-SSS, NR-PBCH, DL / UL control signals, DCI via PDCCH, data via PDSCH, and the like.

[0120] The setting unit 130 stores preset setting information and various setting information to be transmitted to the terminal 20 in a storage device provided in the setting unit 130, and reads out the information from the storage device as needed.

[0121] The control unit 140 includes a measurement function. A functional unit related to signal transmission in the control unit 140 may be included in the transmitting unit 110, and a functional unit related to signal reception in the control unit 140 may be included in the receiving unit 120. The function of measuring UL signals may be included in the receiving unit 120 or the control unit 140.

[0122] Furthermore, the LMF 30 may also have the configuration shown in Fig. 11. When the configuration shown in Fig. 11 is an LMF, the transmitter 110 transmits signals to other network devices (including base stations), and the receiver 120 receives signals from other network devices (including base stations).

[0123] <Terminal 20> Fig. 12 is a diagram showing an example of the functional configuration of the terminal 20. As shown in Fig. 12, the terminal 20 has a transmitting unit 210, a receiving unit 220, a setting unit 230, and a control unit 240. The functional configuration shown in Fig. 12 is merely an example. As long as the operations related to the embodiment of the present invention can be performed, the names of the functional divisions and functional units may be any. The transmitting unit 210 and the receiving unit 220 may be collectively referred to as a communication unit.

[0124] The transmitter 210 creates a transmission signal from the transmission data and transmits the transmission signal wirelessly. The receiver 220 receives various signals wirelessly and acquires higher layer signals from the received physical layer signals. The receiver 220 also has the function of receiving NR-PSS, NR-SSS, NR-PBCH, DL / UL / SL control signals, DCI via PDCCH, data via PDSCH, etc. transmitted from the base station 10. Furthermore, for example, the transmitting unit 210 may transmit a PSCCH (Physical Sidelink Control Channel), a PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared Channel), a PSDCH (Physical Sidelink Discovery Channel), a PSBCH (Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel), or the like to another terminal 20 as D2D communication, and the receiving unit 220 may receive the PSCCH, the PSSCH, the PSDCH, the PSBCH, or the like from the other terminal 20.

[0125] The setting unit 230 stores various setting information received from the base station 10 or other terminals by the receiving unit 220 in a storage device provided in the setting unit 230, and reads the information from the storage device as needed. The setting unit 230 also stores setting information that is set in advance.

[0126] The control unit 240 controls the terminal 20. The control unit 240 includes measurement and positioning functions. A functional unit in the control unit 240 related to signal transmission may be included in the transmitting unit 210, and a functional unit in the control unit 240 related to signal reception may be included in the receiving unit 220. Alternatively, the transmitting unit 210 may be called a transmitter, and the receiving unit 220 may be called a receiver. The function of measuring DL signals may be included in the receiving unit 220 or the control unit 240.

[0127] This specification discloses at least the matters described in the appendix below.

[0128] <Additional Notes> (Additional Item 1) A terminal comprising: a receiving unit that receives notification of reference timing for measurement timing in sample-based measurement; and a control unit that performs measurement at timing based on the reference timing. (Additional Item 2) The terminal according to Additional Item 1, wherein the control unit performs measurement a predetermined time after the reference timing. (Additional Item 3) A terminal comprising: a control unit that performs sample-based measurement at a certain measurement timing; and a transmitting unit that reports a difference between the measurement timing and the reference timing to a network. (Additional Item 4) A terminal comprising: a receiving unit that receives an absolute measurement timing value in sample-based measurement; and a control unit that performs measurement at timing based on the absolute measurement timing value. (Additional Item 5) The terminal according to Additional Item 4, wherein the control unit performs measurement a predetermined time after the absolute measurement timing value. (Additional Item 6) A base station comprising: a receiving unit that receives notification of reference timing for measurement timing in sample-based measurement; and a control unit that performs measurement at timing based on the reference timing.

[0129] Any of the configurations described above can prevent timing differences from occurring in sample-based measurements. Furthermore, according to supplementary item 3, even if a timing difference occurs, it can be corrected. According to supplementary items 2 and 5, it is possible to perform measurements that take processing time into consideration.

[0130] (Hardware Configuration) The block diagrams (FIGS. 11 and 12) used to explain the above embodiments show functional blocks. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Furthermore, the method for realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using a single device that is physically or logically coupled, or may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wires, wirelessly, etc.) and these multiple devices. The functional block may be realized by combining software with the single device or the multiple devices.

[0131] Functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, determination, assessment, calculation, computation, processing, derivation, investigation, search, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, selection, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, consideration, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating, mapping, and assignment. For example, a functional block (component) that performs transmission is called a transmitting unit or transmitter. As mentioned above, there are no particular limitations on how these functions are implemented.

[0132] For example, the base station 10, the LMF 30, the terminal 20, etc. according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that performs processing of the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Fig. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware configuration of the base station 10, the terminal 20, and the LMF 30 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The base station 10 and the terminal 20 described above may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, a storage device 1002, an auxiliary storage device 1003, a communication device 1004, an input device 1005, an output device 1006, a bus 1007, etc.

[0133] In the following description, the term "apparatus" can be read as a circuit, a device, a unit, etc. The hardware configurations of the base station 10, the terminal 20, and the LMF 30 may be configured to include one or more of the apparatuses shown in the drawings, or may be configured to exclude some of the apparatuses.

[0134] Each function in the base station 10, terminal 20, and LMF 30 is realized by loading specified software (programs) onto hardware such as a processor 1001, a memory device 1002, etc., so that the processor 1001 performs calculations, controls communication by the communication device 1004, and controls at least one of reading and writing data in the memory device 1002 and the auxiliary memory device 1003.

[0135] The processor 1001 controls the entire computer by running, for example, an operating system. The processor 1001 may be configured as a central processing unit (CPU) including an interface with peripheral devices, a control device, an arithmetic unit, a register, etc. For example, the above-mentioned control unit 140, control unit 240, etc. may be realized by the processor 1001.

[0136] Furthermore, the processor 1001 reads programs (program codes), software modules, data, etc. from at least one of the auxiliary storage device 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the storage device 1002 and executes various processes in accordance with the programs. The programs used are those that cause a computer to execute at least some of the operations described in the above-described embodiments. For example, the control unit 140 of the base station 10 may be implemented by a control program stored in the storage device 1002 and running on the processor 1001. Furthermore, for example, the control unit 240 of the terminal 20 may be implemented by a control program stored in the storage device 1002 and running on the processor 1001. While the above-described various processes have been described as being executed by one processor 1001, they may also be executed simultaneously or sequentially by two or more processors 1001. The processor 1001 may be implemented by one or more chips. The programs may also be transmitted from a network via a telecommunications line.

[0137] The storage device 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be configured, for example, by at least one of a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a random access memory (RAM), etc. The storage device 1002 may also be called a register, a cache, a main memory, etc. The storage device 1002 can store executable programs (program codes), software modules, etc. for implementing a communication method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0138] The secondary storage device 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium, and may be, for example, at least one of an optical disk such as a CD-ROM (Compact Disc ROM), a hard disk drive, a flexible disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a compact disk, a digital versatile disk, a Blu-ray (registered trademark) disk), a smart card, a flash memory (e.g., a card, a stick, a key drive), a floppy (registered trademark) disk, a magnetic strip, etc. The above-mentioned storage medium may be, for example, a database, a server, or other appropriate medium including at least one of the storage device 1002 and the secondary storage device 1003.

[0139] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmission / reception device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as, for example, a network device, a network controller, a network card, or a communication module. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include a high-frequency switch, a duplexer, a filter, a frequency synthesizer, etc. to realize at least one of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD). For example, a transmission / reception antenna, an amplifier unit, a transmission / reception unit, a transmission path interface, etc. may be realized by the communication device 1004. The transmission / reception unit may be implemented as a transmission unit and a reception unit that are physically or logically separated.

[0140] The input device 1005 is an input device (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a switch, a button, a sensor, etc.) that receives input from the outside. The output device 1006 is an output device (e.g., a display, a speaker, an LED lamp, etc.) that outputs to the outside. Note that the input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be integrated into one device (e.g., a touch panel).

[0141] Furthermore, each device such as the processor 1001 and the storage device 1002 is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or may be configured using different buses between each device.

[0142] Furthermore, the base station 10, the terminal 20, and the LMF 30 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), or a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of the functional blocks may be realized by the hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these pieces of hardware.

[0143] Furthermore, the terminal 20, the base station 10, or the LMF 30 may be provided in a vehicle 2001. Fig. 14 shows a configuration example of the vehicle 2001. As shown in Fig. 14, the vehicle 2001 includes a drive unit 2002, a steering unit 2003, an accelerator pedal 2004, a brake pedal 2005, a shift lever 2006, front wheels 2007, rear wheels 2008, an axle 2009, an electronic control unit 2010, various sensors 2021 to 2029, an information service unit 2012, and a communication module 2013. The terminal 20, the base station 10, or the LMF 30 according to each aspect / embodiment described in the present disclosure may be applied to a communication device mounted on the vehicle 2001, and may be applied to the communication module 2013, for example.

[0144] The drive unit 2002 is configured, for example, by an engine, a motor, or a hybrid of an engine and a motor. The steering unit 2003 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels and the rear wheels based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by the user.

[0145] The electronic control unit 2010 is composed of a microprocessor 2031, a memory (ROM, RAM) 2032, and a communication port (IO port) 2033. Signals are input to the electronic control unit 2010 from various sensors 2021 to 2029 provided in the vehicle 2001. The electronic control unit 2010 may also be called an ECU (Electronic Control Unit).

[0146] The signals from the various sensors 2021 to 2029 include a current signal from a current sensor 2021 that senses the current of the motor, a rotation speed signal of the front and rear wheels obtained by a rotation speed sensor 2022, an air pressure signal of the front and rear wheels obtained by an air pressure sensor 2023, a vehicle speed signal obtained by a vehicle speed sensor 2024, an acceleration signal obtained by an acceleration sensor 2025, an accelerator pedal depression amount signal obtained by an accelerator pedal sensor 2029, a brake pedal depression amount signal obtained by a brake pedal sensor 2026, a shift lever operation signal obtained by a shift lever sensor 2027, and a detection signal for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc. obtained by an object detection sensor 2028.

[0147] The information service unit 2012 is composed of various devices, such as a car navigation system, an audio system, speakers, a television, and a radio, for providing (outputting) various types of information, such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, and one or more ECUs for controlling these devices. The information service unit 2012 uses information acquired from external devices via the communication module 2013 or the like to provide various types of multimedia information and multimedia services to the occupants of the vehicle 2001. The information service unit 2012 may include input devices (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a switch, a button, a sensor, a touch panel, etc.) that accept input from the outside, and may also include output devices (e.g., a display, a speaker, an LED lamp, a touch panel, etc.) that output information to the outside.

[0148] The driving assistance system unit 2030 is composed of various devices that provide functions for preventing accidents and reducing the driving burden on the driver, such as millimeter-wave radar, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., GNSS, etc.), map information (e.g., high-definition (HD) maps, autonomous vehicle (AV) maps, etc.), gyro systems (e.g., IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit), INS (Inertial Navigation System), etc.), AI (Artificial Intelligence) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. In addition, the driving assistance system unit 2030 transmits and receives various information via the communication module 2013 to realize the driving assistance function or the autonomous driving function.

[0149] The communication module 2013 can communicate with the microprocessor 2031 and components of the vehicle 2001 via the communication port. For example, the communication module 2013 transmits and receives data via the communication port 2033 to and from the drive unit 2002, steering unit 2003, accelerator pedal 2004, brake pedal 2005, shift lever 2006, front wheels 2007, rear wheels 2008, axle 2009, microprocessor 2031 and memory (ROM, RAM) 2032 in the electronic control unit 2010, and sensors 2021 to 29, which are provided in the vehicle 2001. When the terminal 20, the base station 10, or the LMF 30 is included in the communication module 2013, the communication module 2013 can perform the operations described in the first to fourth embodiments.

[0150] The communication module 2013 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 2031 of the electronic control unit 2010 and can communicate with an external device. For example, it transmits and receives various information to and from the external device via wireless communication. The communication module 2013 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 2010. The external device may be, for example, a base station, a mobile station, or the like.

[0151] The communication module 2013 may transmit at least one of signals from the above-mentioned various sensors 2021-2028 input to the electronic control unit 2010, information obtained based on the signals, and information based on input from the outside (user) obtained via the information service unit 2012 to an external device via wireless communication. The electronic control unit 2010, the various sensors 2021-2028, the information service unit 2012, etc. may be referred to as input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 2013 may include information based on the above-mentioned input.

[0152] The communication module 2013 receives various information (traffic information, traffic signal information, vehicle-to-vehicle information, etc.) transmitted from external devices and displays it on an information service unit 2012 provided in the vehicle 2001. The information service unit 2012 may be called an output unit that outputs information (for example, outputs information to a device such as a display or speaker based on the PDSCH (or data / information decoded from the PDSCH) received by the communication module 2013). The communication module 2013 also stores the various information received from external devices in a memory 2032 that can be used by the microprocessor 2031. Based on the information stored in the memory 2032, the microprocessor 2031 may control the drive unit 2002, steering unit 2003, accelerator pedal 2004, brake pedal 2005, shift lever 2006, front wheels 2007, rear wheels 2008, axles 2009, sensors 2021 to 2029, etc. provided in the vehicle 2001.

[0153] (Supplementary Notes on the Embodiments) Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described above, the disclosed invention is not limited to such embodiments, and those skilled in the art will understand various modifications, alterations, alternatives, substitutions, and the like. While specific numerical examples have been used to facilitate understanding of the invention, unless otherwise specified, these numerical values ​​are merely examples, and any appropriate values ​​may be used. The division of items in the above description is not essential to the present invention; matters described in two or more items may be used in combination as needed, and matters described in one item may apply to matters described in another item (as long as there is no contradiction). Boundaries between functional units or processing units in the functional block diagram do not necessarily correspond to boundaries between physical components. The operations of multiple functional units may be performed by a single physical component, or the operations of a single functional unit may be performed by multiple physical components. The order of processing steps described in the embodiments may be reversed as long as there is no contradiction. For convenience of processing description, the base station 10, terminal 20, and LMF 30 have been described using functional block diagrams, but such devices may be realized by hardware, software, or a combination thereof. The software operated by the processor of the base station 10 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention and the software operated by the processor of the terminal 20 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention may each be stored in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), EPROM, EEPROM, register, hard disk (HDD), removable disk, CD-ROM, database, server, or any other suitable storage medium.

[0154] Furthermore, the notification of information is not limited to the aspects / embodiments described in the present disclosure, and may be performed using other methods. For example, the notification of information may be performed by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB)), other signals, or a combination thereof. Furthermore, the RRC signaling may be referred to as an RRC message, and may be, for example, an RRC Connection Setup message, an RRC Connection Reconfiguration message, or the like.

[0155] Each aspect / embodiment described in the present disclosure may be implemented using any of the following standards: LTE (Long Term Evolution), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4G (4th generation mobile communication system), 5G (5th generation mobile communication system), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG) (xG (x is, for example, an integer or a decimal number)), FRA (Future Radio Access), NR (new Radio), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), W-CDMA (registered trademark), GSM (registered trademark), CDMA2000, UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.17 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.19 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.20 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.21 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.22 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.23 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.24 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.25 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.26 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.27 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.28 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.29 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.30 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.31 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.32 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.33 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.34 ( The present invention may be applied to at least one of systems using 802.20, UWB (Ultra-Wide Band), Bluetooth (registered trademark), or other suitable systems, and next-generation systems that are extended, modified, created, or defined based on these systems. The present invention may also be applied to a combination of multiple systems (e.g., a combination of LTE and / or LTE-A with 5G).

[0156] The order of the procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc. of each aspect / embodiment described herein may be rearranged unless it is consistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present elements of various steps using an example order and are not limited to the particular order presented.

[0157] In this specification, a specific operation described as being performed by the base station 10 may be performed by its upper node in some cases. In a network consisting of one or more network nodes having the base station 10, it is clear that various operations performed for communication with the terminal 20 may be performed by at least one of the base station 10 and another network node other than the base station 10 (such as, but not limited to, an MME or an S-GW). Although the above example illustrates a case where there is one other network node other than the base station 10, the other network node may be a combination of multiple other network nodes (such as an MME and an S-GW).

[0158] The information, signals, etc. described in the present disclosure may be output from a higher layer (or a lower layer) to a lower layer (or a higher layer), or may be input / output via multiple network nodes.

[0159] Input and output information may be stored in a specific location (for example, memory) or may be managed using a management table. Input and output information may be overwritten, updated, or added to. Output information may be deleted. Input information may be sent to another device.

[0160] In the present disclosure, the determination may be made based on a value represented by one bit (0 or 1), a Boolean value (true or false), or a numerical comparison (e.g., comparison with a predetermined value).

[0161] Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.

[0162] Software, instructions, information, etc. may also be transmitted or received over a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using wired technologies (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)), and / or wireless technologies (such as infrared, microwave), then these wired and / or wireless technologies are included within the definition of transmission media.

[0163] The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0164] Note that terms described in this disclosure and terms necessary for understanding this disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, at least one of a channel and a symbol may be a signal (signaling). Furthermore, a signal may be a message. Furthermore, a component carrier (CC) may be called a carrier frequency, a cell, a frequency carrier, etc.

[0165] As used in this disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" are used interchangeably.

[0166] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc. described in the present disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, may be expressed using relative values ​​from a predetermined value, or may be expressed using other corresponding information. For example, a radio resource may be indicated by an index.

[0167] The names used for the above-described parameters are not intended to be limiting in any way. Furthermore, the mathematical expressions using these parameters may differ from those explicitly disclosed in this disclosure. The various channels (e.g., PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements may be identified by any suitable names, and therefore the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not intended to be limiting in any way.

[0168] In the present disclosure, terms such as "base station (BS)," "radio base station," "base station," "fixed station," "NodeB," "eNodeB (eNB)," "gNodeB (gNB)," "access point," "transmission point," "reception point," "transmission / reception point," "cell," "sector," "cell group," "carrier," and "component carrier" may be used interchangeably. A base station may also be referred to by terms such as a macrocell, a small cell, a femtocell, and a picocell.

[0169] A base station can accommodate one or more (e.g., three) cells. When a base station accommodates multiple cells, the overall coverage area of ​​the base station can be partitioned into multiple smaller areas, and each smaller area can also be provided with communication services by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (RRH: Remote Radio Head)). The terms "cell" or "sector" refer to part or all of the coverage area of ​​a base station and / or base station subsystem that provides communication services within that coverage.

[0170] In the present disclosure, the base station transmitting information to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to control or operate based on the information.

[0171] In this disclosure, the terms "Mobile Station (MS)," "user terminal," "User Equipment (UE)," "terminal," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0172] A mobile station may also be referred to by those skilled in the art as a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other suitable terminology.

[0173] At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be referred to as a transmitting device, a receiving device, a communication device, etc. At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device mounted on a mobile object, the mobile object itself, etc. The mobile object refers to a movable object, and may move at any speed. Naturally, this also includes cases where the mobile object is stationary. Examples of the mobile object include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcars, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones (registered trademark), multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and objects mounted thereon. The mobile object may also be a mobile object that moves autonomously based on an operational command. The mobile object may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane, etc.), an unmanned mobile object (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle, etc.), or a robot (manned or unmanned). At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device that does not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an IoT (Internet of Things) device such as a sensor.

[0174] Furthermore, a base station in the present disclosure may be read as a terminal. For example, the aspects / embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a terminal is replaced with communication between a plurality of terminals 20 (which may be referred to as, for example, D2D (Device-to-Device) or V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything)). In this case, the terminal 20 may be configured to have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Furthermore, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be read as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "side"). For example, terms such as an uplink channel and a downlink channel may be read as a side channel.

[0175] Similarly, the term "terminal" in the present disclosure may be read as "base station." In this case, the base station may be configured to have the functions of the terminal described above.

[0176] As used in this disclosure, the terms "determining" and "determining" may encompass a wide variety of actions. "Determining" and "determining" may include, for example, judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, searching, inquiring (e.g., searching in a table, database, or other data structure), ascertaining, and the like. "Determining" and "determining" may also include receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), and the like. Furthermore, "judgment" and "decision" can include regarding resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. as having been "judged" or "decided." In other words, "judgment" and "decision" can include regarding some action as having been "judged" or "decided." Furthermore, "judgment (decision)" can be interpreted as "assuming," "expecting," "considering," etc.

[0177] The terms "connected," "coupled," or any variation thereof, refer to any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include the presence of one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are "connected" or "coupled" to each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, "connected" may be read as "access." As used in this disclosure, two elements may be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to each other using one or more wires, cables, and / or printed electrical connections, as well as electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency range, microwave range, and optical (both visible and invisible) range, as some non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples.

[0178] The reference signal may be abbreviated as RS (Reference Signal) or may be called a pilot depending on the applicable standard.

[0179] As used in this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based only on," unless expressly stated otherwise. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based only on" and "based at least on."

[0180] As used in this disclosure, any reference to an element using a designation such as "first," "second," etc. does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements. Thus, a reference to a first and a second element does not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must in some way precede the second element.

[0181] The "means" in the configuration of each of the above devices may be replaced with "part," "circuit," "device," etc.

[0182] When the terms "include," "including," and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, similar to the term "comprising." Furthermore, when the term "or" is used in this disclosure, it is not intended to be an exclusive or.

[0183] A radio frame may be composed of one or more frames in the time domain. Each of the one or more frames in the time domain may be called a subframe. A subframe may further be composed of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

[0184] Numerology may be communication parameters that apply to the transmission and / or reception of a signal or channel, such as subcarrier spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, transmission time interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame structure, specific filtering operations performed by the transceiver in the frequency domain, specific windowing operations performed by the transceiver in the time domain, etc.

[0185] A slot may be composed of one or more symbols (such as an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol or a Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbol) in the time domain. A slot may be a time unit based on numerology.

[0186] A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or multiple symbols in the time domain. A minislot may also be called a subslot. A minislot may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called PDSCH (or PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using a minislot may be called PDSCH (or PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0187] The radio frame, subframe, slot, minislot, and symbol all represent time units for transmitting signals, and may be referred to by other names corresponding to the radio frame, subframe, slot, minislot, and symbol.

[0188] For example, one subframe may be called a transmission time interval (TTI), multiple consecutive subframes may be called a TTI, or one slot or one minislot may be called a TTI. That is, at least one of the subframe and the TTI may be a subframe (1 ms) in existing LTE, a period shorter than 1 ms (for example, 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing the TTI may be called a slot, minislot, or the like instead of a subframe. Furthermore, one slot may be called a unit time. The unit time may differ for each cell depending on the numerology.

[0189] Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, a base station performs scheduling to allocate wireless resources (such as frequency bandwidth and transmission power that can be used by each terminal 20) to each terminal 20 in TTI units. Note that the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0190] The TTI may be a transmission time unit for a channel-encoded data packet (transport block), a code block, a code word, etc., or may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the time interval (e.g., the number of symbols) to which a transport block, a code block, a code word, etc. is actually mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

[0191] When one slot or one minislot is called a TTI, one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more minislots) may be the minimum time unit for scheduling. Also, the number of slots (minislots) constituting the minimum time unit for scheduling may be controlled.

[0192] A TTI having a time length of 1 ms may be called a regular TTI (TTI in LTE Rel. 8-12), normal TTI, long TTI, regular subframe, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a regular TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, minislot, subslot, slot, etc.

[0193] In addition, a long TTI (e.g., a normal TTI, a subframe, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a time length of more than 1 ms, and a short TTI (e.g., a shortened TTI, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a TTI length shorter than the TTI length of a long TTI and greater than or equal to 1 ms.

[0194] A resource block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and the frequency domain, and may include one or more consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be the same regardless of the numerology, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be determined based on the numerology.

[0195] The time domain of an RB may include one or more symbols and may have a length of one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI. One TTI, one subframe, etc. may each be composed of one or more resource blocks.

[0196] Note that one or more RBs may also be called a physical resource block (PRB), a sub-carrier group (SCG), a resource element group (REG), a PRB pair, an RB pair, etc.

[0197] Furthermore, a resource block may be composed of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource region of one subcarrier and one symbol.

[0198] A Bandwidth Part (BWP) (which may also be referred to as a fractional bandwidth) may represent a subset of contiguous common resource blocks (RBs) for a given numerology on a given carrier, where the common RBs may be identified by their index relative to a Common Reference Point of the carrier. PRBs may be defined in a BWP and numbered within the BWP.

[0199] The BWP may include a BWP for UL (UL BWP) and a BWP for DL ​​(DL BWP). One or more BWPs may be configured for a UE within one carrier.

[0200] At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE may not expect to transmit or receive a given signal / channel outside the active BWP. Note that the terms "cell," "carrier," etc. in this disclosure may be read as "BWP."

[0201] The above-described structures of radio frames, subframes, slots, minislots, symbols, etc. are merely examples, and various changes may be made to the number of subframes included in a radio frame, the number of slots per subframe or radio frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, the number of symbols in a TTI, the symbol length, the cyclic prefix (CP) length, etc.

[0202] In this disclosure, where articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, the disclosure may include that the nouns following these articles are in the plural form.

[0203] In the present disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "coupled" may also be interpreted in the same way as "different."

[0204] The aspects / embodiments described in this disclosure may be used alone, in combination, or switched depending on the implementation. Notification of predetermined information (e.g., notification that "X is true") is not limited to explicit notification, but may be implicit (e.g., not notifying the predetermined information).

[0205] Although the present disclosure has been described in detail above, it is clear to those skilled in the art that the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described herein. The present disclosure can be implemented in modified and altered forms without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the claims. Therefore, the description of the present disclosure is intended to be illustrative and does not have any limiting meaning on the present disclosure.

[0206] This patent application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2024-067621, filed on April 18, 2024, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0207] 10 Base station 110 Transmitter 120 Receiver 130 Setting unit 140 Control unit 20 Terminal 210 Transmitter 220 Receiver 230 Setting unit 240 Control unit 30 LMF 1001 Processor 1002 Storage device 1003 Auxiliary storage device 1004 Communication device 1005 Input device 1006 Output device 2001 Vehicle 2002 Drive unit 2003 Steering unit 2004 Accelerator pedal 2005 Brake pedal 2006 Shift lever 2007 Front wheels 2008 Rear wheels 2009 Axle 2010 Electronic control unit 2012 Information service unit 2013 Communication module 2021 Current sensor 2022 RPM sensor 2023 Tire pressure sensor 2024 Vehicle speed sensor 2025 Acceleration sensor 2026 Brake pedal sensor 2027 Shift lever sensor 2028 Object detection sensor 2029 Accelerator pedal sensor 2030 Driving assistance system unit 2031 Microprocessor 2032 Memory (ROM, RAM) 2033 Communication port (IO port)

Claims

1. A terminal comprising: a receiving unit that receives notification of a reference timing for measurement timing in sample-based measurement; and a control unit that performs measurement at a timing based on the reference timing.

2. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the control unit performs the measurement after a predetermined time has elapsed from the reference timing.

3. A terminal comprising: a control unit that performs sample-based measurements at a certain measurement timing; and a transmission unit that reports to the network the difference between the measurement timing and a reference timing.

4. A terminal comprising: a receiving unit that receives an absolute measurement timing value in sample-based measurements; and a control unit that performs measurements at timings based on the absolute measurement timing value.

5. The terminal according to claim 4, wherein the control unit performs the measurement after a predetermined time has elapsed since the absolute measurement timing value.

6. A base station comprising: a receiving unit that receives notification of a reference timing for measurement timing in sample-based measurement; and a control unit that performs measurement at a timing based on the reference timing.

Images