Yeast for promoting longevity and / or Anti-ageing

Abstract

A yeast cell for use in the promotion of longevity and / or anti-ageing, wherein the yeast cell has been treated with electromagnetic waves in the range of 1 GHz to 300 GHz, or said yeast cell has been grown from a yeast cell that has been treated with electromagnetic waves in the range of 1 GHz to 300 GHz, and composition comprising such a yeast cell. The present disclosure also relates to the use of such a yeast cell or such a composition for promoting longevity and / or anti-ageing as well as to a method of promoting longevity and / or anti-ageing, wherein the method comprises the step of administrating, to a subject in need thereof, a pharmaceutical effective amount of such a yeast cell according or such a composition.

Description

[0001] YEAST FOR PROMOTING LONGEVITY AND / OR ANTI- AGEING

[0002] TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] The present disclosure relates to a yeast cell for promoting longevity and / or anti-ageing.

[0004] BACKGROUND

[0005] Longevity, i.e. the duration of life, is determined by an individual’s genetics, environment and lifestyle and several biological processes have been shown to be involved in aging and regulation of an individual’s lifespan. One such process is autophagy (or autophagocytosis), a cytoplasmic degradation process that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional cell components, which are sequestered by a double membrane structure, autophagosome, and delivered to the lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy thus controls the turnover of organelles and proteins within an individual cell. This process allows the orderly degradation and recycling of cellular components and is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and for protecting cells against stress.

[0006] Autophagy is the main regulatory factor for cells and the body to adapt to various endogenous and exogenous stresses, and the process has crucial roles during development and disease.

[0007] Further, evidence indicates that autophagy also has a direct role in modulating ageing. Autophagy enables eukaryotic cells to adapt to the surging cellular stress parameters during ageing and, thereby, delays age-associated deteriorations in structure and function. The autophagic flux declines with increasing age and, in turn, these decreases in autophagy contribute to the ageing process itself and therewith promote senescence. It has been shown that tissue-specific overexpression of single autophagy genes is sufficient to extend lifespan. Further, selective types of autophagy may play a role for longevity by targeting dysfunctional cellular components and preventing their accumulation. Moreover, autophagy stimulation in select tissues can have beneficial, systemic effects on lifespan. Pharmacological treatments have been shown to extend lifespan through activation of autophagy, indicating autophagy could be a potential and promising target to modulate animal lifespan.

[0008] There is a need for new compositions and methods allowing for increasing longevity, especially by stimulation of autophagy.

[0009] An object of the present invention is to provide such compositions.

[0010] SUMMARY

[0011] According to a first aspect, the above and other objects of the invention are achieved, in full or at least in part, by a yeast cell as defined by claim 1. According to this claim, the above object is achieved by a yeast cell for use in the promotion of longevity and / or anti-ageing, wherein the yeast cell has been treated with electromagnetic waves in the range of 1 GHz to 300 GHz, or said yeast cell has been grown from a yeast cell that has been treated with electromagnetic waves in the range of 1 GHz to 300 GHz.

[0012] According to one embodiment, promoting longevity and / or anti-ageing is manifested as one or more effects of the group consisting of anti-inflammaging, promotion of autophagy, anti-sarcopenia, promotion of neurotrophins, promotion of antioxidant action, and promotion of survival.

[0013] Thus, such a yeast cell may be for promoting one or more of anti-inflammaging, autophagy, anti-sarcopenia, promotion of neurotrophins, promotion of antioxidant action, and promotion of survival. Specifically, such a yeast cell may be for promoting one or more of anti-inflammaging, increased autophagy, and anti-sarcopenia.

[0014] Thus, according to the present disclosure, promoting longevity and / or anti-ageing may be manifested as anti-inflammaging.

[0015] Thus, according to the present disclosure, promoting longevity and / or anti-ageing may be manifested as promotion of autophagy or increased autophagy.

[0016] Thus, according to the present disclosure, promoting longevity and / or anti-ageing may be manifested as anti-sarcopenia.

[0017] Thus, according to the present disclosure, promoting longevity and / or anti-ageing may be manifested as promotion of neurotrophins. Thus, according to the present disclosure, promoting longevity and / or anti-ageing may be manifested as promotion of antioxidant action.

[0018] Thus, according to the present disclosure, promoting longevity and / or anti-ageing may be manifested as promotion of survival.

[0019] According to another embodiment, promoting longevity and / or anti-ageing is manifested as one or more effect of the group consisting of anti-inflammaging, increased autophagy, and anti-sarcopenia.

[0020] The yeast cell may have been grown for several generations, such as up to 300, 200 or 100 generations, from a yeast cell that has been treated with electromagnetic waves in the range of 1 GHz to 300 GHz.

[0021] Thus, according to yet another embodiment, said yeast cell is a yeast cell that has been grown from a yeast cell that has been treated with electromagnetic waves in the range of 1 GHz to 300 GHz, wherein the yeast cell has been grown up to 300 generations after being treated with electromagnetic waves. The yeast cell may have been grown up to 300, 200 or 100 generations, such as up to 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55 or 50 generations, such as 47, 45, 42, 40, 37, 35, 32, 30, 27, 25, 22, 20, 17, 15, 12, 10, 7 or 5 generations.

[0022] Thus, the yeast cells may be treated with electromagnetic waves as described herein and thereafter grown for several generations, such as up to 300, 200 or 100 generations, such as up to 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55 or 50 generations, such as 47, 45, 42, 40, 37, 35, 32, 30, 27, 25, 22, 20, 17, 15, 12, 10, 7 or 5 generations.

[0023] Typically, the yeast cell used in the applications described herein have been grown for 10 to 50, such as from 15 to 40, such as from 20 to 30, such as from 25 to 30, such as 26, 27, 28 or 29 generations. Preferably, the yeast cells used in the applications described herein may have been grown for 25 to 30 generations, more preferably for 27 generations. According to a further embodiment, said electromagnetic waves are in the range from about 1 GHz to about 200 GHz, such as 10 to 100 GHz, such as 30 to 70 GHz, such as 40 to 65 GHz, such as 45 to 60 GHz, such as 50 to 55 GHz, such as 52 to 54 GHz, such as 53 to 54 GHz.

[0024] According to another embodiment, said electromagnetic waves are chosen from group consisting of: 30 GHz, 31 GHz, 32 GHz, 33 GHz, 34 GHz, 35 GHz, 36 GHz, 37 GHz, 37.5 GHz, 38 GHz, 39 GHz, 40 GHz, 41 GHz, 42 GHz, 43 GHz, 44 GHz, 45 GHz, 46 GHz, 47 GHz, 48 GHz, 49 GHz, 50 GHz, 51 GHz, 52 GHz, 53 GHz,

[0025] 54 GHz, 55 GHz, 56 GHz, 57 GHz, 58 GHz, 59 GHz, 60 GHz, 61 GHz, 62 GHz,

[0026] 63 GHz, 64 GHz, 65 GHz, 66 GHz, 67 GHz, 68 GHz, 69 GHz, 70 GHz, 71 GHz,

[0027] 72 GHz, 73 GHz, 74 GHz, 75 GHz, 76 GHz, 77 GHz, 78 GHz, 79 GHz, 80 GHz,

[0028] 81 GHz, 82 GHz, 83 GHz, 84 GHz, 85 GHz, 86 GHz, 87 GHz, 88 GHz, 89 GHz and

[0029] 90 GHz.

[0030] According to yet another embodiment, said electromagnetic waves have a power density below 1 mW / cm2; preferably said electromagnetic waves have a power density of between 0.004 mW / cm2and 0.2 mW / cm2.

[0031] According to one embodiment, said electromagnetic waves are modulated in a frequency within the range of 0.01% to about 0.5% of the average frequency.

[0032] According to another embodiment, said yeast cell has been treated with electromagnetic waves for a time period of from 10 minutes to 240 minutes, such as from 20 minutes to 130 minutes, such as from 20 minutes to 120 minutes, such as from 30 minutes to 90 minutes, such as from 35 minutes to 85 minutes, such as 45 minutes to 80 minutes, such as 20 minutes, such as 30 minutes, such as 40 minutes, such as 50 minutes, such as 60 minutes, such as 70 minutes, such as 80 minutes.

[0033] According to a further embodiment, said yeast cell is of the genus Saccharomyces, such as a yeast cell being selected from the group consisting of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis or Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

[0034] According to one embodiment, said yeast cell is Saccharomyces carlsbergensis DSM 34143 or Saccharomyces cerevisiae DSM 33148.

[0035] According to another embodiment, said yeast cell is dried yeast or grown from a dried yeast. In a second aspect, there is provided a composition for use in the promotion of longevity and / or anti-ageing, the composition comprising at least one yeast cell according to the present disclosure and an excipient and / or carrier.

[0036] According to one embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one vitamin and / or at least one mineral.

[0037] According to another embodiment, the composition is for oral intake.

[0038] According to a further embodiment, the composition is a liquid composition. According to yet another embodiment, the composition comprises the yeast cell in an amount of from 10x 106CFUs / ml to 50* 106CFUs / ml, preferably from 20x l06CFUs / ml to 40 106CFUs / ml, such as 30 106CFUs / ml.

[0039] According to a further embodiment, the composition is a powder composition.

[0040] In a third aspect, there is provided a use of a yeast cell according to the present disclosure or a composition according to the present disclosure for promoting longevity and / or anti-ageing.

[0041] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a method for promoting longevity and / or antiageing, wherein the method comprises the step of administrating, to a subject in need thereof, a pharmaceutical effective amount of a yeast cell according to the present disclosure or a composition according to the present disclosure.

[0042] Further advantageous features of the invention and its embodiments are defined in the appended claims and in the detailed description.

[0043] Other objectives, features and advantages of the present invention will appear from the following detailed disclosure, from the attached claims, as well as from the drawings. It is noted that the invention relates to all possible combinations of features.

[0044] Generally, all terms used in the claims are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the technical field, unless explicitly defined otherwise herein. All references to “a / an / the [element, component, step, etc.]” are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of said element, component, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any method disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless explicitly stated.

[0045] As used herein, the term “comprising” and variations of this term are not intended to exclude other additives, components, integers or steps.

[0046] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0047] Further objects, features and advantages will appear from the following detailed description, with reference being made to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0048] Fig. 1 A is a diagram showing a growth curve of untreated yeast cells.

[0049] Fig. IB is a diagram showing a growth curve of treated cells. Figs. 2A to 2F are diagrams showing the effect of compositions according to the present disclosure on mRNA-expression of Beclinl, ATG7, p62, ARG-1, SOD1, and GPX (un-paired Student’s t-test: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.005) in relation to control; # p<0.05, ## p<0.01, ### p<0.005) in relation to LPS-treated cells.

[0050] Figs. 3A to 3C are diagrams showing the effect of compositions according to the present disclosure on the amount of LC3-II, NRF2 and mTOR (un-paired Student’s t- test: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.005) in relation to control; # p<0.05, ## p<0.01, ### p<0.005) in relation to LPS-treated cells.

[0051] Figs. 4A to 4C are diagrams showing the effect of compositions according to the present disclose on the survival and motility (measured as pharyngeal contractions and locomotor capacity) of Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes (** p<0.01, *** p<0.001).

[0052] Fig. 5 shows the result of a Smurf assay performed in C. elegans nematodes.

[0053] Fig. 6A shows mitochondria visualized in GFP-expressing C. elegans nematodes.

[0054] Fig. 6B shows the results of Mitotracker staining in C. elegans nematodes.

[0055] Fig. 6C shows the ratio of mitochondrial DNA to nuclear DNA in C. elegans nematodes (ns: not significant).

[0056] Fig. 6D shows MitoSOX staining in C. elegans nematodes.

[0057] Fig. 7A shows the oxygen consumption in C. elegans nematodes (*** p<0.001 in relation to Control 1).

[0058] Fig. 7B shows the ATP-levels in C. elegans nematodes (*** p<0.001; ns: not significant in relation to Control 1).

[0059] Fig. 8 is a diagram showing the effect of a composition according to the present disclosure on mRNA-expression in C. elegans nematodes of daf-16, skn-1, gst-4, sod-3 and daf-2 (* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001; ns: not significant in relation to Control 1).

[0060] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0061] The use of low-intensity electromagnetic millimeter waves within non-traditional areas, such as medicine, biology and biotechnology is a trend that originated in Russia in the middle of the 1960s. It has now surprisingly been found that a yeast cell that has been treated with electromagnetic waves in the range of 1 GHz to 300 GHz (a so called treated yeast cell or treated yeast) or a yeast cell grown from a treated yeast cell are effective in promoting longevity and / or anti-ageing. According to the present disclosure, longevity and / or anti-ageing may be manifested as one or more effects of the group consisting of anti-inflammaging, promotion of autophagy, anti-sarcopenia, promotion of neurotrophins, promotion of antioxidant action, and promotion of survival. Specifically, longevity and / or anti-ageing may be manifested as anti-inflammaging, increased autophagy, and / or anti-sarcopenia.

[0062] An advantage with the yeast cell according to the present disclosure is that it allows for improved and cost-effective promotion of longevity and / or anti-ageing. The yeast cell has not been genetically modified.

[0063] The yeast cells may have been grown from a yeast cell that has been treated with electromagnetic waves in the range of 1 GHz to 300 GHz for several generations, such as up to 300, 200 or 100 generations, such as up to 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55 or 50 generations, such as 47, 45, 42, 40, 37, 35, 32, 30, 27, 25, 22, 20, 17, 15, 12, 10, 7 or 5 generations. Thus, the yeast cells may be treated with electromagnetic waves as described herein and thereafter grown for several generations, such as up to 300, 200 or 100 generations, such as up to 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55 or 50 generations, such as 47, 45, 42, 40, 37, 35, 32, 30, 27, 25, 22, 20, 17, 15, 12, 10, 7 or 5 generations.

[0064] Typically, the yeast cells used in the applications described herein have been grown for 10 to 50, such as from 15 to 40, such as from 20 to 30, such as from 25 to 30, such as 26, 27, 28 or 29 generations. Preferably, the yeast cells used in the applications described herein may have been grown for 25 to 30 generations, more preferably for 27 generations.

[0065] The electromagnetic waves may be delivered with any electronic or photonic device known within the art. The electromagnetic waves may have a power density below 1 mW / cm2, such as about 0.1 mW / cm2, such as between 0.004 mW / cm2and 0.2 mW / cm2.

[0066] According to yet another embodiment, said electromagnetic waves are in the range from about 1 GHz to about 200 GHz, such as 10 to 100 GHz, such as 30 to 70 GHz, such as 40 to 65 GHz, such as 45 to 60 GHz, such as 50 to 55 GHz, such as 52 to 54 GHz, such as 53 to 54 GHz. The oscillation frequency may be within the range from about 35 to about 65 GHz. The oscillation frequency may be 42.2 GHz. The oscillation frequency may be 53.3 to 53.7 GHz.

[0067] The electromagnetic waves may be delivered with any electronic or photonic device known within the art. The electromagnetic waves may have a power density below 1 mW / cm2, such as between 0.004 mW / cm2and 0.2 mW / cm2, such as about 0.1 mW / cm2.

[0068] According to a further embodiment, said electromagnetic waves are chosen from group consisting of: 30 GHz, 31 GHz, 32 GHz, 33 GHz, 34 GHz, 35 GHz, 36 GHz, 37 GHz, 37.5 GHz, 38 GHz, 39 GHz, 40 GHz, 41 GHz, 42 GHz, 43 GHz, 44 GHz, 45 GHz, 46 GHz, 47 GHz, 48 GHz, 49 GHz, 50 GHz, 51 GHz, 52 GHz, 53 GHz,

[0069] 54 GHz, 55 GHz, 56 GHz, 57 GHz, 58 GHz, 59 GHz, 60 GHz, 61 GHz, 62 GHz,

[0070] 63 GHz, 64 GHz, 65 GHz, 66 GHz, 67 GHz, 68 GHz, 69 GHz, 70 GHz, 71 GHz,

[0071] 72 GHz, 73 GHz, 74 GHz, 75 GHz, 76 GHz, 77 GHz, 78 GHz, 79 GHz, 80 GHz,

[0072] 81 GHz, 82 GHz, 83 GHz, 84 GHz, 85 GHz, 86 GHz, 87 GHz, 88 GHz, 89 GHz and

[0073] 90 GHz. Preferably, said electromagnetic waves are chosen from group consisting of: 37.5 GHz or 75 GHz. The skilled person realizes that the frequencies above are lifted / depressed to the closest complete number without decimal points. Thus, e.g. 40 GHz shall be understood as 40±0.5. The electromagnetic waves may be delivered with any electronic or photonic device known within the art. The electromagnetic waves may have a power density below 1 mW / cm2, such as between 0.004 mW / cm2and 0.2 mW / cm2, such as about 0.1 mW / cm2.

[0074] In one specific embodiment, the oscillation frequency is 42194±10 MHz and linearly modulated within a 100 MHz band around this frequency. The electromagnetic waves may be delivered with any electronic or photonic device known within the art. The electromagnetic waves may have a power density below 1 mW / cm2, such as between 0.004 mW / cm2and 0.2 mW / cm2, such as about 0.1 mW / cm2.

[0075] In another specific embodiment, the oscillation frequency is 53534±10 MHz and linearly modulated within a 50 MHz band around this frequency. The electromagnetic waves may be delivered with any electronic or photonic device known within the art. The electromagnetic waves may have a power density below 1 mW / cm2, such as between 0.004 mW / cm2and 0.2 mW / cm2, such as about 0.1 mW / cm2.

[0076] In another specific embodiment, the oscillation frequency is 60124±10 MHz and linearly modulated within a 50 MHz band around this frequency. The electromagnetic waves may be delivered with any electronic or photonic device known within the art. The electromagnetic waves may have a power density below 1 mW / cm2, such as between 0.004 mW / cm2and 0.2 mW / cm2, such as about 0.1 mW / cm2.

[0077] According to one embodiment, said electromagnetic waves have a power density below 1 mW / cm2; preferably said electromagnetic waves have a power density of between 0.004 mW / cm2and 0.2 mW / cm2. Thus, the electromagnetic waves may have a power density of about 0.1 mW / cm2.

[0078] According to another embodiment, said electromagnetic waves are modulated in a frequency within the range of 0.01% to about 0.5% of the average frequency.

[0079] According to a further embodiment, said yeast cell has been treated with electromagnetic waves for a time period of from 10 minutes to 240 minutes, such as from 20 minutes to 130 minutes, such as from 20 minutes to 120 minutes, such as from 30 minutes to 90 minutes, such as from 35 minutes to 85 minutes, such as 45 minutes to 80 minutes, such as 20 minutes, such as 30 minutes, such as 40 minutes, such as 50 minutes, such as 60 minutes, such as 70 minutes, such as 80 minutes. In some cases, the yeast cell has been treated with electromagnetic waves for a time period of 30 minutes to 50 minutes, more preferred for 40 minutes.

[0080] Preferably, the yeast cell has been treated with electromagnetic waves for a time period of 30 minutes to 110 minutes, such as 40 minutes to 105 minutes, such as 50 minutes to 100 minutes, such as 60 to 95 minutes, such as 70 to 90 minutes, such as 75 to 85 minutes, more preferred for 80 minutes.

[0081] According to a specific embodiment, said yeast cell has been treated with electromagnetic waves in the range from 30 GHz to 90 GHz, for a time period of from 20 minutes to 60 minutes.

[0082] Said yeast cell may have been treated with electromagnetic waves in the range from 35 GHz to 80 GHz, for a time period of from 30 minutes to 50 minutes. Said yeast cell may have been treated with electromagnetic waves of 37.5 GHz, for a time period of from 30 minutes to 50 minutes, preferably 40 minutes.

[0083] Said yeast cell may have been treated with electromagnetic waves of 75 GHz, for a time period of from 30 minutes to 50 minutes, preferably 40 minutes.

[0084] According to a preferred specific embodiment, said yeast cell has been treated with electromagnetic waves in the range from 30 GHz to 90 GHz, for a time period of from 60 minutes to 100 minutes.

[0085] Said yeast cell may have been treated with electromagnetic waves in the range from 35 GHz to 80 GHz, for a time period of from 70 minutes to 90 minutes.

[0086] Said yeast cell may have been treated with electromagnetic waves of 37.5 GHz, for a time period of from 70 minutes to 90 minutes, preferably 80 minutes.

[0087] Said yeast cell may have been treated with electromagnetic waves of 75 GHz, for a time period of from 70 minutes to 90 minutes, preferably 80 minutes.

[0088] According to yet another embodiment, said yeast cell is of the genus Saccharomyces, such as a yeast cell being selected from the group consisting of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An advantage with this is that such yeast may be readily available at a low cost.

[0089] The yeast cell may be Saccharomyces cerevisiae S Ivovskaja-Milmed. This strain has been deposited as DSM 33148. The strain has previously been deposited as Y2483.

[0090] The yeast cell may be Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. This strain (treated as described herein) has been deposited as DSM 34143. Thus, the strain deposited as DSM 34143 is a treated yeast.

[0091] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, a composition for use in the treatment and / or alleviation of inflammation and / or symptoms caused by inflammation is provided, the composition comprising at least one yeast cell according to the present disclosure and an excipient and / or a carrier. The composition may contain sterile wort, preferably 5 to 20 wt%, such as 8 to 15 wt%, such as 10 to 12 wt, such as 11 wt%. The composition may contain a carbohydrate, such as glucose and / or saccharose.

[0092] According to one embodiment, the composition further comprises at least one vitamin and / or at least one mineral. The vitamin may be chosen from the group consisting of A-vitamin, C-vitamin and D-vitamin or combinations thereof. The mineral may be chosen from the group consisting of zinc, magnesium and selenium and combinations thereof. The mineral may be in the form of a salt.

[0093] According to one embodiment, the composition is for oral intake. This is advantageous since it allows the patient to administer the composition him- or herself. Furthermore, oral intake gives a systemic effect via uptake in the gastrointestinal tract. The composition for oral intake may be a suspension.

[0094] The treated yeast may be distributed to the subject in any form suitable, such as a liquid, a powder, a gel or as pill.

[0095] A single dose may comprise 10* 106CFU / dose to 20,000* 106CFU / dose, such as 100* 106CFU / dose to 17,000* 106CFU / dose, such as 200* 106CFU / dose to 15,000* 106CFU / dose, such as 300* 106CFU / dose to 12,000* 106CFU / dose, such as 500* 106CFU / dose to 10,000* 106CFU / dose, such as 500* 106CFU / dose to 8,000* 106CFU / dose, such as 1,000* 106CFU / dose to 6,000* 106CFU / dose, such as 2,000* 106CFU / dose to 5,000* 106CFU / dose, such as 3,000* 106CFU / dose to 4,000* 106CFU / dose. CFU = colony forming unit.

[0096] Preferably, a single dose for humans comprises from 100* 106CFU / dose to 6,000* 106CFU / dose, such as 300* 106CFU / dose to 3,000* 106CFU / dose, such as 600* 106CFU / dose to l,000* 106CFU / dose.

[0097] Preferably, a single dose for a larger mammal, such as a horse or cow, comprises from 6,000* 106CFU / dose to 20,000* 106CFU / dose, such as 8,000* 106CFU / dose to 18,000* 106CFU / dose, such as 10,000* 106CFU / dose to 15,000* 106CFU / dose, such as 12,000* 106CFU / dose.

[0098] Preferably, a single dose for a smaller mammal, such as a rabbit, cat or dog, comprises 10* 106CFUs / dose to 1,500* 106CFUs / dose, such as 100* 106CFU / dose to 1,000* 106CFU / dose, such as 200* 106CFU / dose to 800* 106CFU / dose, such as 300* 106CFU / dose to 600* 106CFU / dose, such as 500* 106CFU / dose.

[0099] Yeast cells according to the present disclosure may be administered in an amount of from 50* 106CFUs / day to 10,000* 106CFUs / day, such as 100* 106CFUs / day, such as 100* 106CFUs / day to 8,000* 106CFUs / day, such as 500* 106CFUs / day to 5,000* 106CFUs / day, such as 700* 106CFUs / day to 4,000* 106CFUs / day, such as 800x l06CFUs / day to 3,000 106CFUs / day, such as 900* 106CFUs / day to 2,000* 106CFUs / day, such as 1,000* 106CFUs / day to 1,500* 106CFUs / day.

[0100] Yeast cells according to the present disclosure may be administered to a human in an amount of from 500* 106CFUs / day to 1,500* 106CFUs / day, such as 750* 106CFUs / day to 1,500* 106CFUs / day, such as 800* 106CFU / day to 1,200* 106CFU / day, such as 900* 106CFUs / day.

[0101] Yeast cells according to the present disclosure may be administered to a larger mammal, such as a horse or cow, in an amount of from 1,000* 106CFUs / day to 10,000* 106CFUs / day, such as 2,000* 106CFUs / day to 8,000* 106CFUs / day, such as 3,000* 106CFUs / day to 6,000* 106CFUs / day, such as 4,000* 106CFUs / day to 5,000* 106CFUs / day.

[0102] Yeast cells according to the present disclosure may be administered a smaller mammal, such as a rabbit, cat or dog, in an amount of from 10* 106CFUs / day to 2,000* 106CFUs / day, such as 50* 106CFUs / day to 1,500* 106CFUs / day, such as 100* 106CFUs / day to 1,000* 106CFUs / day, such as 200* 106CFUs / day to 800* 106CFUs / day, such as 300* 106CFUs / day to 600* 106CFUs / day, such as 400* 106CFUs / day to 500* 106CFUs / day.

[0103] Yeast cells according to the present disclosure may be administered in an amount of from 200* 106CFUs / week to 70,000* 106CFUs / week, such as 300* 106CFUs / week to 50,000* 106CFUs / week, such as 500* 106CFUs / week to 25,000* 106CFUs / week, such as 1,000* 106CFUs / week to 20,000* 106CFUs / week, such as 1,500* 106CFUs / week to 15,000* 106CFUs / week, such as 3,000* 106CFUs / week to 10,000* 106CFUs / week, such as 5,000 * io6CFUs / week to 7,500* 106CFUs / week, such as 6,000* 106CFUs / week.

[0104] Yeast cells according to the present disclosure may be administered to a human in an amount of from 3,500* 106CFUs / week to 9,000* 106CFUs / week, such as from 4,500* 106CFUs / week to 8,000* 106CFUs / week, such as 5,000* 106CFUs / week to 7,000* 106CFUs / week, such as 6,000* 106CFUs / week.

[0105] Yeast cells according to the present disclosure may be administered to a larger mammal, such as a horse or cow, in an amount of from 7,000* 106CFUs / week to 70,000* 106CFUs / week, such as 10,000* 106CFUs / week to 50,000* 106CFUs / week, such as 15,000* 106CFUs / week to 40,000* 106CFUs / week, such as 20,000* 106CFUs / week to 30,000* 106CFUs / week, such as 22,000* 106CFUs / week to 27,000* 106CFUs / week, such as 24,000* 106CFUs / week to 26,000* 106CFUs / week, such as 25,000* 106CFUs / week.

[0106] Yeast cells according to the present disclosure may be administered a smaller mammal, such as a rabbit, cat or dog, in an amount of from 70* 106CFUs / week to 14,000* 106CFUs / week, such as 100* 106CFUs / week to 10,000* 106CFUs / week, such as 300* 106CFUs / week to 6,000* 106CFUs / week, such as 500* 106CFUs / week to 4,000* 106CFUs / week, such as 700* 106CFUs / week to 3,000* 106CFUs / week, such as 1,000* 106CFUs / week to 2,000* 106CFUs / week.

[0107] The time period for treatment may be at least two weeks, at least three weeks, at least four weeks, at least five weeks, at least six weeks, at least seven week, at least eight week, at least nine week, at least ten weeks, at least 15 weeks, or at least 20 weeks. In certain cases the treatment may be longer than 20 weeks.

[0108] According to one embodiment, the composition is a liquid composition.

[0109] In one specific embodiment, the composition is in the form of a malt beverage or in any kind of beverage comprising the treated yeast or yeast cells grow from treated yeast.

[0110] According to one embodiment, the liquid composition comprises the yeast cell in an amount of from 10* 106CFUs / ml to 50 * 106CFUs / ml, preferably from 20* 106CFUs / ml to 40* 106CFUs / ml, such as 30* 106CFUs / ml. Such a composition may be administered one, two, three, four, five, six or seven times a week, preferably two or three times a week. In one preferred embodiment a total 200 ml of a composition comprising 30* 106CFUs / ml is administered per week, divided into two or three portions. In another preferred embodiment a total 200 ml of a composition comprising 40* 106CFUs / ml is administered per week, divided into two or three portions.

[0111] According to one embodiment, the composition is a powder composition.

[0112] In certain cases, the powder composition may comprise viable, dried yeast. The dried yeast may be prepared from a suspension of yeast cells in wort, such as 5 to 20 wt%, such as 8 to 15 wt%, such as 10 to 12 wt, such as 11 wt%. Drying of yeast is a standard procedure well known to the skilled person. In certain cases, the powder composition may comprise viable, freeze-dried treated yeast. The freeze-dried yeast may be prepared from a suspension of yeast cells in wort, such as 5 to 20 wt%, such as 8 to 15 wt%, such as 10 to 12 wt, such as 11 wt%. Freeze- drying of yeast is a standard procedure well known to the skilled person.

[0113] In other cases, the powder composition may comprise viable, spray-dried treated yeast. The spray-dried yeast may be prepared from a suspension of yeast cells in wort, such as 5 to 20 wt%, such as 8 to 15 wt%, such as 10 to 12 wt, such as 11 wt%. Spraydrying of yeast is a standard procedure well known to the skilled person.

[0114] Alternatively, the powder composition may comprise viable treated yeast that has been dried in sterile warm air. Drying in sterile warm air is a gentle way of drying the yeast cells. The yeast dried in sterile warm air may be prepared from a suspension of yeast cells in wort, such as 5 to 20 wt%, such as 8 to 15 wt%, such as 10 to 12 wt, such as 11 wt%. To protect the yeast cells during the drying process, an emulsifier has been added to the yeast cells before drying in warm air.

[0115] The powder composition may comprise carbohydrates, such as glucose and / or saccharose.

[0116] Preferably, the powder composition comprises 2* 1010CFUs / mg to 4x io10CFUs / mg, such as 2.5* 1010CFUs / mg to 3.5* 1010CFUs / mg, such as 2.7x lO10CFUs / mg to 3.2 1010CFUs / mg, such as 2.8 1010CFUs / mg to 3.U 1010CFUs / mg, such as 2.9>< 1O10CFUs / mg to 3.0>< 1010CFUs / mg.

[0117] Preferably, the powder composition has a moisture content of less than 10 wt%, such as less than 7.5 wt%, such as less than 5 wt%, such as less than 4 wt%, such as less than 3.9 wt%, such as less than 3.8 wt%, such as 3.7 wt%.

[0118] The powder composition may be administered one, two, three, four, five, six or seven times a week. Preferably, the powder composition is administered two to four, such as three times, per week. Alternatively, the powder composition may be administered one, two, three or four times a day, preferably two to three times a day.

[0119] The powder composition may be suspended in a liquid, such as water or aqueous beverage, such as a juice, before intake. The liquid may comprise carbohydrates, such as glucose and / or saccharose. When the powder composition comprises carbohydrates, such as glucose and / or saccharose, the powder composition may be suspended in water. The powder composition is preferably suspended to a concentration of from 10* 106CFUs / ml to 50 * 106CFUs / ml, preferably from 20* 106CFUs / ml to 40x l06CFUs / ml, such as 30x 106CFUs / ml.

[0120] The powder composition may be formulated as a capsule or tablet for oral intake. Preferably, such a capsule or tablet comprises from 300x 106CFU / capsule or tablet to 7,500x 106CFU / capsule or tablet, such as 400x 106CFU / capsule or tablet to 7,000x 106CFU / capsule or tablet, such as 500x 106CFU / capsule or tablet to 6,500x 106CFU / capsule or tablet, such as 750x 106CFU / capsule or tablet to 6,000x l06CFU / capsule or tablet, such as l,000x l06CFU / capsule or tablet to 5,000x 106CFU / capsule or tablet, such as 2,000x 106CFU / capsule or tablet to 4,000x 106CFU / capsule or tablet, such as 2,500x 106CFU / capsule or tablet to 3,500x l06CFU / capsule or tablet, such as 3,000x l06CFU / capsule or tablet.

[0121] Such a capsule or tablet may be administered one, two, three, four, five, six or seven times a week, preferably two or three times a week.

[0122] Such a capsule or tablet for intake two or three times a week preferably comprises from l,000x l06CFU / capsule or tablet to 5,000x l06CFU / capsule or tablet, such as 2,000x 106CFU / capsule or tablet to 4,000x 106CFU / capsule or tablet, such as 3,000x 106CFU / capsule or tablet. More preferably, such a capsule or tablet for intake two or three times a week comprises 4,000x 106CFU / capsule or tablet.

[0123] Alternatively, one capsule or tablet may be administrated orally once a day. Such a capsule or tablet for daily intake preferably comprises from comprising 100x 106CFUs to 3,000x l06CFUs, such as 200x l06CFUs to 2,500x l06CFUs, such as 300x l06CFUs to 2,000x l06CFUs, 500x l06CFUs to l,500x l06CFUs, such as 750x l06CFUs to l,500x l06CFUs, such as 800x l06CFU / capsule to l,200x l06CFU / capsule, such as 900x l06CFUs, is administered per day.

[0124] The composition according to the present disclosure is obtainable by a method comprising the steps: preparing a growth medium; sterilizing or pasteurizing the growth medium; growing yeast cells in the growth medium; and treating the yeast with electromagnetic waves, wherein the electromagnetic waves are in the range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz. The electromagnetic waves are preferably within the range from about 1 to 300 GHz, such as 1 to 200 GHz, more preferably 10 to 100 GHz, such as 20 to 80 GHz such as 30 to 70 GHz, such as 35 to about 65 GHz, such as 40 to 65 GHz, such as 45 to 60 GHz, such as 50 to 55 GHz, such as 52 to 54 GHz, such as 53 to 54 GHz, such as 30 GHz, 31 GHz, 32 GHz, 33 GHz, 34 GHz, 35 GHz, 36 GHz, 37 GHz, 37.5 GHz, 38 GHz, 39 GHz, 40 GHz, 41 GHz, 42 GHz, 43 GHz, 44 GHz, 45 GHz, 46 GHz,

[0125] 47 GHz, 48 GHz, 49 GHz, 50 GHz, 51 GHz, 52 GHz, 53 GHz, 54 GHz, 55 GHz,

[0126] 56 GHz, 7 GHz, 58 GHz, 59 GHz, 60 GHz, 61 GHz, 62 GHz, 63 GHz, 64 GHz, 65 GHz, 66 GHz, 67 GHz, 68 GHz, 69 GHz, 70 GHz, 71 GHz, 72 GHz, 73 GHz,

[0127] 74 GHz, 75 GHz, 76 GHz, 77 GHz, 78 GHz, 79 GHz, 80 GHz, 81 GHz, 82 GHz,

[0128] 83 GHz, 84 GHz, 85 GHz, 86 GHz, 87 GHz, 88 GHz, 89 GHz and 90 GHz.

[0129] Preferably, said electromagnetic waves are within the range from 37.5 GHz to

[0130] 75 GHz.

[0131] Preferably, said electromagnetic waves are within the range from 50 GHz to 55 GHz, such as between 53 and 54 GHz, preferably linearly modulated within 100 MHz band around this frequency.

[0132] Preferably, the oscillation frequency is 53534±10 MHz and linearly modulated within a 50 MHz band around this frequency.

[0133] Preferably, the oscillation frequency is 42194±10 MHz and linearly modulated within 100 MHz band around this frequency.

[0134] In one preferred embodiment, the oscillation frequency is 42194±10 MHz and linearly modulated within a 100 MHz band around this frequency.

[0135] In another preferred embodiment, the oscillation frequency is 53534±10 MHz and linearly modulated within a 50 MHz band around this frequency.

[0136] In another preferred embodiment the oscillation frequency is 60124±10 MHz and linearly modulated within a 50 MHz band around this frequency.

[0137] The electromagnetic waves may be delivered with any electronic or photonic device known within the art, such as a YAV-1 therapeutic device, based on an IMP ATT diode oscillator.

[0138] The electromagnetic waves may have a power density below 1 mW / cm2, such as between 0.004 mW / cm2and 0.2 mW / cm2, e.g. about 0.1 mW / cm2.

[0139] The present disclosure also provides a composition for use in the promotion of longevity and / or anti-ageing, the composition comprising at least one yeast cell according to the present disclosure and an excipient and / or carrier. According to the present disclosure, longevity and / or anti-ageing may be manifested as one or more effects of the group consisting of anti-inflammaging, promotion of autophagy, anti- sarcopenia, promotion of neurotrophins, promotion of antioxidant action, and promotion of survival. Specifically, longevity and / or anti-ageing may be manifested as anti- inflammaging, increased autophagy, and / or anti-sarcopenia.

[0140] The composition may further comprise at least one vitamin and / or at least one mineral.

[0141] The composition may be for oral intake.

[0142] The composition may be a liquid composition. The liquid composition may comprise the yeast cell in an amount of from 10x 106CFUs / ml to 50* 106CFUs / ml, preferably from 20* 106CFUs / ml to 40* 106CFUs / ml, such as 30* 106CFUs / ml.

[0143] Alternatively, the composition may be a powder composition. Typically, a powder composition ha a longer shelf life than a liquid composition. Further, a powder composition may be stored at room temperature.

[0144] The present disclosure also provides a method for promoting longevity and / or antiageing, wherein the method comprises the step of administrating, to a subject in need thereof, a pharmaceutical effective amount of a yeast cell according to the present disclosure or a composition according to the present disclosure. According to the present disclosure, longevity and / or anti-ageing may be manifested as one or more effects of the group consisting of anti-inflammaging, promotion of autophagy, anti- sarcopenia, promotion of neurotrophins, promotion of antioxidant action, and promotion of survival. Specifically, longevity and / or anti-ageing may be manifested as anti- inflammaging, increased autophagy, and / or anti-sarcopenia.

[0145] The subject may be any mammal, such as e.g. a human. Further, the mammal may be a domestic mammal, such as a horse, a cow, a camel, a cat or a dog. EHF energy is thus transferred into the treated subject in form of treated yeast externally stimulated by EHF radiation.

[0146] The invention can be implemented in any suitable form including food products, feed, other drink products, etc., or any combination of these, without departing from the gist of the invention. EHF-treatment

[0147] The effect of the EHF (extremely high frequency) treatment is shown in Fig. 1 (also described in WO 2011 / 023769).

[0148] Fig. 1 A is a growth curve of untreated cells. N / No (Y axis) is the ratio of the number of cells N in the culture to the starting number No and t (in hours, X axis) is the culture-development time. Fig. IB is a growth curve of treated cells. The frequencies of the oscillations generated by the cells can be synchronized by corresponding reorganization of the information structures of the cells, which causes differences in the division-cycle durations of individual cells to be practically eliminated with the result of "steps" on the growth curve. It is apparent from Fig. IB that after each division cycle the number of cells is doubled synchronously, so that the dependence of the number of cells on time is represented by a step curve.

[0149] Table 1 is an overview of the minimum time (to, min) needed to synchronize cell division of all cells at different power density levels (P, mW / cm2) with a radiation frequency 42.2 GHz.

[0150] Table 1. The minimum time (to, min) needed to synchronize cell division of all cells at different power density levels (P, mW / cm2) with a radiation frequency 42.2 GHz. Table 2 is an overview of time required (to, min) to synchronize cell division of 15 per cent of the cells at different power density levels (P, mW / cm2) with a radiation frequency of 42.2 GHz.

[0151] Table 2. Time required (to, min) to synchronize cell division of 15 per cent of the cells at different power density levels (P, mW / cm2) with a radiation frequency of 42.2 GHz

[0152] Thus, a preferred EHF treatment time is between 20 and 120 minutes.

[0153] The method may further comprise the step of growing the treated yeast cells in the growth medium. The growth may be aborted at any time, when a desired cell concentration is achieved.

[0154] The growth medium may be wort, i.e. a tonic malt beverage obtained from wort and yeast. Any kind of yeast may be used. Any kind of wort may be used. Alternatively, the wort is obtained from a brewery or is made from barley malt or made from wort concentrates.

[0155] The wort may be pasteurized such as by heating it to between 70 and 75°C for more than 30 minutes. The wort may then be stored in sealed containers up to two weeks at temperatures between 18 and 20°C.

[0156] S. cerevisiae may be revived by suspension in a small volume of sterilized 11 wt% wort. It is important that no other microorganisms contaminate the wort. The revived culture is subsequently inoculated on a number of Petri dishes with agarized wort, to obtain pure yeast culture. This may be confirmed by microscope.

[0157] Prior to EHF -treatment, yeast from one of the dishes with sterile pure culture are transferred into a tube containing sterile 11 wt% wort, such as between 5 and 50 mL, such as between 6 and 40 mL, such as between 7 and 30 mL, such as between 8 and 20 mL, such as between 9 and 15 mL, such as between 10 to 12 mL. The cultures are grown until skim appears, typically at 25 to 28°C during 20 to 24 hours.

[0158] The yeast culture is then treated in an EHF-field. This may be done by first filling sterile Petri dishes with yeast suspension. The dish is then covered and placed in an EHF -unit. Such a unit may be any unit generating electromagnetic oscillations in the EHF-range. EHF-treating time is less than 240 minutes, such as less than 130 minutes, such as less than 120 minutes, such as less than 110 minutes, such as less than 100 minutes, preferably less than 90 minutes, such as 85 minutes, such as 80 minutes, such as 70 minutes, such as 60 minutes, such as 50 minutes, such as 40 minutes, such as 30 minutes, such as 20 minutes. The power density of EHF-oscillations is preferably about 0.1 mW / cm2. The oscillation frequency is within the range of 30 to 300 GHz. The electromagnetic waves may be within the range from about 30 to 90 GHz, such as 35 to about 65 GHz, such as 45 to 60 GHz, such as 50 to 55 GHz, such as 52 to 54 GHz, such as 53 to 54 GHz, such as 30 GHz, 31 GHz, 32 GHz, 33 GHz, 34 GHz, 35 GHz, 36 GHz, 37 GHz, 37.5 GHz, 38 GHz, 39 GHz, 40 GHz, 41 GHz, 42 GHz, 43 GHz, 44 GHz, 45 GHz, 46 GHz, 47 GHz, 48 GHz, 49 GHz, 50 GHz, 51 GHz, 52 GHz, 53 GHz, 54 GHz, 55 GHz, 56 GHz, 57 GHz, 58 GHz, 59 GHz, 60 GHz, 61 GHz, 62 GHz, 63 GHz, 64 GHz, 65 GHz, 66 GHz, 67 GHz, 68 GHz, 69 GHz, 70 GHz, 71 GHz, 72 GHz, 73 GHz, 74 GHz, 75 GHz, 76 GHz, 77 GHz, 78 GHz, 79 GHz, 80 GHz, 81 GHz, 82 GHz, 83 GHz, 84 GHz, 85 GHz, 86 GHz, 87 GHz, 88 GHz, 89 GHz or 90 GHz. Preferably, said electromagnetic waves are within the range from 37.5 GHz or 75 GHz.

[0159] In a specific embodiment, the oscillation frequency is 42194±10 MHz and linearly modulated within a 100 MHz band around this frequency.

[0160] In a specific embodiment, the oscillation frequency is 53.3 to 53.7 GHz and linearly modulated within a 100 MHz band around this frequency. In another specific embodiment, the oscillation frequency is 53534±10 MHz and linearly modulated within a 50 MHz band around this frequency.

[0161] In yet another specific embodiment, the oscillation frequency is 60124±10 MHz and linearly modulated within a 50 MHz band around this frequency.

[0162] The electromagnetic waves may be delivered with any electronic or photonic device known within the art, such as a YAV-1 therapeutic device, based on an IMP ATT diode oscillator.

[0163] The frequency modulation of the electromagnetic waves may be from 0% to about 0.5% of the respective average frequency, such as 0.5% of the respective average frequency.

[0164] After treatment in the EHF-unit, the abovementioned treated suspension is transferred to a tube, such as a 50 to 100 mL tube, containing sterile 11 wt% wort. The cells are allowed to grow until skim appears, typically during 20 to 24 hours at 25 to 28°C. This is the seed material.

[0165] The seed material is then added to pasteurized or sterilized wort, typically 2 to 3 L, filled in containers (tube, can, etc.) of nominal capacity slightly larger than the amount word, typically 4 to 5 L, and cultivated until a cell concentration of 30* 106cells / mL is achieved, typically after 20 to 24 hours at 25 to 28°C.

[0166] If large volumes of beverage are produced, the above-mentioned treatment may be implemented in several stages by adding the result of a previous cultivation cycle as seeding material to sterile wort with a ration of 1 : 10 seeding material: wort. The cells are allowed to grow until skim appears, typically during 20 to 24 hours at 25 to 28°C. The last stage of the beverage production stage is deemed to be finished when a cell concentration no less than 30 million cells / mL is achieved.

[0167] Upon completion of the production stage, the beverage is ready for consumption and may be transferred to suitable transport vessels, e.g. bottles or cans. If storage is required, the beverage may be cooled to about 2 to 6 °C, such as 2 to 4 °C and may then be stored, such as up to three weeks.

[0168] Saccharomyces carlsbergensis may be treated in the same manner as described above. Treated yeast cells

[0169] The following is an enabling embodiment of a production procedure. However, many different alternate production procedures are possible, which will be recognized by a person skilled in the art.

[0170] Wort was obtained from a brewery and the weight fraction of dry matter in the diluted wort was adjusted to 11 wt% (11 wt% wort).

[0171] The wort was sterilized in an autoclave chamber with a pressure of 0.05 MPa for 20 minutes and stored between 18 and 20°C.

[0172] Yeast, S. cerevisiae (DSM 34143) was revived by suspension in a small volume of sterilized 11 wt% wort under sterile conditions.

[0173] The yeast was inoculated on a number of Petri dishes with agarized wort, to obtain pure yeast culture. This was confirmed by microscope.

[0174] Prior to EHF -treatment, yeast from one of the dishes with pure culture sterile was transferred into the tube containing 11 mL of sterile 11 wt% wort. The cultures were grown at 28°C during 20 to 24 hours until skim appeared.

[0175] The yeast culture was then treated in an EHF-field. This was done by first filling sterile Petri dishes with yeast suspension. The dish was then covered and placed in an EHF -unit, generating electromagnetic oscillations in the EHF-range. EHF -treating time was 80 minutes. The power density of EHF-oscillations was kept near 0.1 mW / cm2. The oscillation frequency was 53534±10MHz and was linearly modulated within a 50 MHz band around this frequency. The electromagnetic radiation was generated by a YAV-1 therapeutic device, based on an IMP ATT diode oscillator.

[0176] After treatment in the EHF -unit, the abovementioned treated suspension was transferred to a tube of 75 mL containing sterile 11 wt% wort. The cells were allowed to grow during 22 hours at 28°C until skim appears. This was the seed material.

[0177] The seed material was then added to 3 L pasteurized or sterilized wort filled in tubes of nominal capacity of 5 L and cultivated until a cell concentration of 30* 106CFUs / mL was achieved. These treated yeast cells were used in the studies described below.

[0178] The treated yeast cells may alternatively be freeze-dried or air-dried and formulated into capsules. EXPERIMENTAL DATA

[0179] Compositions according to the present disclosure were evaluated in an in vitro model using B V2 microglial cells and in an in vivo model using Caenorhabditis elegans.

[0180] IN VITRO MODEL

[0181] Compositions according to the present disclosure were evaluated in an in vitro model using BV2 microglial cells. In summary, compositions according to the present disclosure (i.e. compositions comprising treated yeast cells according to the present disclosure) show compositions according to the present disclosure increase Beclin-1- mRNA and ATG-7-mRNA expression both in the presence and in the absence of LPS, supporting the hypothesis that compositions according to the present disclosure promote autophagic activity.

[0182] Compositions according to the present disclosure (i.e. compositions comprising treated yeast cells according to the present disclosure) show an autophagy-inducing effect by increasing the expression of ATG7, Beclinl, and LC3-II.

[0183] Material

[0184] Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) High Glucose, Aurogene; Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), Corning; Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Escherichia coli O111 :B4, Sigma; Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) w / o Calcium, w / o Magnesium, Aurogene; QIAzol Lysis Reagent 50ml, Qiagen. Autophagy ELISA Kit (LC3-II Quantitation, Cell Biolabs, INC, San Diego, CA, USA); IK 10940 Mouse NRF2 (NF- E2-related factor 2) ELISA Kit Immunological Sciences.

[0185] Compositions

[0186] Composition A: treated yeast cells (Saccharomyces carlsbergensis deposited as DSM 34143) in wort, in yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD), supplemented with 2% (weigth / volume) glucose. dried treated yeast cells (Saccharomyces carlsbergensis deposited as

[0187] DSM 34143) in yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD), supplemented with 2%

[0188] (weigth / volume) glucose. dried treated yeast cells (Saccharomyces carlsbergensis deposited as

[0189] DSM 34143) in powder form.

[0190] Untreated yeast cells dried untreated yeast cells (Saccharomyces carlsbergensis) in yeast extract peptone dextrose (YEPD), supplemented with 2% (weigth / volume) glucose.

[0191] Method

[0192] To evaluate the effect of compositions according to the present disclosure on processes, especially autophagy, influencing longevity, an in vitro model based on BV-2 cells (microglial cells derived from C57 / BL6 murine) was used. To evaluate the effect in an unchallenged, healthy state, the cells were exposed to compositions of the present disclosure. To evaluate the effect of the compositions in a challenged state, such as during increased stress or during the later stages of aging, the cells were also stimulated with LPS (lipopolysaccharide), a compound known to induce inflammation. LPS induces several types of tissue injury, including neurodegeneration, myocardial injury, cellular senescence, gut dysbiosis, and various types of inflammation. It is postulated that the application and estimation of markers for either decreased or increased effects of LPS will provide a measure of reversal of LPS toxicity in the amelioration of the above tissue injuries thereby promoting autophagy to preserve tissue integrity. Aging is associated with a significant shift in immune system reactivity ("inflammageing"), as basal inflammation increases but protective responses to infection are compromised. LPS has been applied as an instrument to induce inflammageing in the laboratory. Further, LPS is consistently associated with anti-longevity in animal studies. Gut microbiota modulates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and various metabolites that affect the host metabolism, including skeletal muscle tissues, and are considered to play a role in the sarcopenia etiology. Sarcopenia is a muscle condition defined by low muscle strength, muscle quality or quantity, and physical performance. Both oxidative stress and chronic anti-inflammageing are implicated in the etiology of sarcopenia. Sarcopenia has a high prevalence among the elderly and is associated to increased mortality. Mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, metabolic alterations, declines in cellular sternness, and altered intracellular signaling as well as neurological factors are implicated among the determinants of sarcopenia within ageing populations.

[0193] Dav 1 : 1,000,000 BV-2 cells grown in DMEM High Glucose medium + 10 % FBS were plated in 6 well plates (1,000,000 cells / mL). Each well contained 1 mL medium. The plates were placed at 37°C over night.

[0194] Day 2: Compositions according to the present disclosure as well as control compositions (untreated yeast cells comprising) were added to the BV-2 cells at a concentration of 103CFUs per well and incubated at 37°C for 45 minutes. In control experiments, the BV-2 cells were left untreated and incubated at 37°C for 45 minutes. After this pretreatment, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (50 ng / mL PBS) was added to a final concentration of 1 ng / mL and the cells were incubated for 4h at 37°C. After 4h, the supernatant was recovered in autoclaved 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes, centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 5 min at 4 °C and the pellet was removed, and then stored at -80°C. The adherent cells were washed with sterile PBS, detached and recovered by adding 700 pL of Qiazol and stored at -80°C until further analysis.

[0195] Analysis of mRNA expression: RNA was extracted from the frozen ceslls. The extracted RNA was reverse transcribed and analysed by real-time RT-PCR.

[0196] ELISA: Autophagy ELISA Kit (LC3-II Quantitation, Cell Biolabs, INC, San Diego, CA, USA); IK 10940 Mouse NRF2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) ELISA Kit Immunological Sciences; mTOR GENLISA™ELISA kit (Krishgen BioSystems).

[0197] Analysed genes and proteins

[0198] The mRNA expression of Beclin-1, ATG-7, p62 and ARG-1 were analysed by RT-PCR and the protein amounts of LC3-II and NRF2 were analysed by ELISA.

[0199] ARG-1 is the gene encoding arginase, involved in immunologic cross reactivity, i.e. the extent to which different antigens appear similar to the immune system. ARG-1 is a marker of anti-inflammatory polarized innate immunity cells. Inflammageing is characterized by an increased expression of pro-inflammatory markers. Beclin-1 promotes the induction of autophagy, inhibits apoptosis and promotes survival during stress. It is a positive regulator of autophagy due to its critical role in the biogenesis of autophagosomes, the double-membrane vesicles that enclose degradation targets and fuse with lysosomes.

[0200] ATG-7 is essential for autophagosome formation. p62, also called sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1), is an ubiquitin-binding protein. Also, p62 binds directly to LC3 and is degraded by autophagy. p62 may serve to link ubiquitinated proteins to the autophagic machinery to enable their degradation in the lysosome. Since p62 accumulates when autophagy is inhibited, and decreased levels can be observed when autophagy is induced, p62 may be used as a marker to study autophagic flux. p62 is involved in the transport of ubiquitinated proteins to the autophagosome (autophagy) and binds Keapl thus dissociating the NRF2 complex and allowing the translocation of NRF2 (see below) into the nucleus. iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) has been shown to be an important mediator of TNFa-induced cachectic muscle loss, and studies suggest that it may also play a role in sarcopenia. Further, aging is accompanied by increased iNOS expression

[0201] SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1) converts the radical superoxide into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide and thus has an antioxidant effect, which may contribute to anti-aging and longevity.

[0202] GPX (glutathione peroxidase) plays a critical role in the reduction of lipid and hydrogen peroxides. If GPX activity is decreased, more hydrogen peroxide is present, leading to tissue damage and activation of inflammatory pathways. It has been hypothesized that increased free radical damage contributes to aging.

[0203] IL-ip, IL-6, and TNF-a are pro-inflammatory cytokines.

[0204] IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine.

[0205] LC3, also called microtubule-associated protein lA / lB-light chain 3 is a soluble protein that is distributed ubiquitously in mammalian tissues and cultured cells. During autophagy, a cytosolic form of LC3 (LC3-I) is conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine to form LC3 -phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (LC3-II), which is recruited to autophagosomal membranes. Autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes to form autolysosomes, and LC3-II in autolysosomal lumen is degraded. NRF2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2 -related factor 2) is a transcription factor involved in the upregulation of the expression of p62. In the nucleus, NRF2 binds to AREs, inducing the transcription of genes coding for antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, the p62 gene in the promoter region includes the ARE sequences where NRF2 binds. Thus, NRF2 stimulates the production of p62. NRF2 is a key regulator of cellular antioxidant response and can induce autophagy. mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) is a protein kinase that controls cellular metabolism, catabolism, immune responses, autophagy, survival, proliferation, and migration, to maintain cellular homeostasis. mTOR is inhibits autophagy.

[0206] Results

[0207] The results presented in Figs. 2 to 3 are the results from a study using Saccharomyces carlsbergensis (deposited as DSM 34143) and treated as described above.

[0208] In Figs. 2 to 3: un-paired Student’s t-test: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.005, **** p<o 0001 in relation to control; # p<0.05, ## p<0.01, ### p<0.005 in relation to LPS-treated cells. mRNA-expression on Beclinl : As can be seen in Fig. 2A, compositions according to the present disclosure led to an increased mRNA expression of the gene encoding Beclinl, which is an essential component in autophagy. On the contrary, untreated yeast cells did not have this effect. Notably, also in the cells challenged with LPS, the expression of these genes increased. Thus, these results indicate that compositions according to the present disclosure promote autophagy by increasing the mRNA expression of the gene encoding Beclinl. mRNA-expression on ATG-7: As can be seen in Fig. 2B, compositions according to the present disclosure led to an increased mRNA expression of the gene encoding ATG-7, which is an essential component in autophagy. On the contrary, untreated yeast cells did not have this effect. Notably, also in the cells challenged with LPS, the expression of these genes increased. Thus, these results indicate that compositions according to the present disclosure promote autophagy by increasing the mRNA expression of the gene encoding ATG-7. mRNA-expression of p62: As can be seen in Fig. 2C, compositions according to the present disclosure led to an increased mRNA expression of the gene encoding p62, a protein that is degraded by autophagy. Hence, an increased mRNA-expression of the gene encoding p62 may be seen as the cells reaction to decreasing p62-protein levels due to increased autophagy. Notably, also in the cells challenged with LPS, the expression of these genes increased. On the contrary, untreated yeast cells did not have this effect. Thus, these results indicate that compositions according to the present disclosure promote autophagy by increasing the mRNA expression of the gene encoding p62. mRNA-expression of ARG-1 : As can be seen in Fig. 2D, compositions according to the present disclosure led to an increased mRNA expression of the gene encoding ARG-1 in the cells challenged with LPS. On the contrary, untreated yeast cells did not have this effect. Inflammageing is characterized by an increased expression of pro- inflammatory markers. Thus, the increased expression of anti-inflammatory markers such as ARG-1 demonstrates that a composition according to the present disclosure may counteract inflammaging (inflammation underlying ageing). mRNA-expression of iNOS: Compositions according to the present disclosure led to a decrease of the LPS-induced increase in iNOS (data not shown). On the contrary, untreated yeast cells did not have this effect (data not shown). These results demonstrate that a composition according to the present disclosure may counteract cellular aging.

[0209] Thus, yeast cells according to the present disclosure increase the expression of ARG-1 (see Fig. 2D) and reduce the expression of iNOS (data not shown) in LPS- treated cells, reverting the cells toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype. mRNA-expression of SOD1 and GPX: As can be seen in Fig. 2E, compositions according to the present disclosure led to an increase of expression of SOD1. On the contrary, untreated yeast cells did not have this effect. These results demonstrate that a composition according to the present disclosure may contribute to an increased antioxidant effect, which may contribute to an anti-aging effect. As can be seen in Fig. 2F, compositions according to the present disclosure led to an increase of expression of GPX. On the contrary, untreated yeast cells did not have this effect. These results demonstrate that a composition according to the present disclosure may contribute to an increased antioxidant effect, which may contribute to an anti-aging effect.

[0210] Treatment with LPS significantly reduced the mRNA expression of SOD1 and GPX, see Figs. 2E and 2F, respectively. However, there is an increase in the mRNA- expression of SOD1 and GPX in cells that have been treated with yeast cells according to the present disclosure (Compositions A, B and C) both in the presence and absence of LPS. SOD1 mRNA-expression increased significantly in cells treated with Composition B and dried yeast cells according to the present disclosure (Composition C) in the presence of LPS. While GPX mRNA-expression increased significantly in cells treated with Composition B and Composition C compared with the control group. In the presence of LPS, an increase in GPX mRNA-expression is observed to be significant with the addition of Composition C. Treatment with untreated yeast cells significantly decreases SOD1 mRNA-expression both in the presence and absence of LPS. The same treatment does not appear to modulate GPX expression. Thus, in the presence of LPS, compositions according to the present disclosure increase the expression of antioxidants, thereby promoting an anti-ageing effect. mRNA-expression of IL- l b, IL-6, TNF-q and IL-10: The production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-ip, IL-6 and TNF-a and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL- 10 was also evaluated in the presence of yeast cells according to the present disclosure and after stimulation with LPS.

[0211] Yeast cells according to the present disclosure, especially in the dried form (Composition C), were able to counteract the expression of IL-6 mRNA (data not shown). Also, the expression of mRNA for TNF-a (data not shown) was reduced markedly in the presence of yeast cells according to the present disclosure that, by itself, completely lacked the ability to induce the synthesis of these two proinflammatory cytokines. Therefore, yeast cells according to the present disclosure counteract LPS activity since the levels of mRNAs IL-ip (data not shown), IL-6 (data not shown), and TNF-a (data not shown) measured by qRT-PCR were reduced in the presence of the yeast cells. Finally, yeast cells according to the present disclosure, whether in suspension (Composition A) or in the dried form (Composition C), promoted the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL- 10 (data not shown), thereby further demonstrating reinforced immune defense effect of yeast cells according to the present disclosure.

[0212] Detection of LC3-II: LC3-II was analysed and quantified by ELISA in order to evaluate the induction of autophagy and autophagosome formation. As can be seen in Fig. 3 A, compositions according to the present disclosure led to an increased amount of the protein conjugate LC3-II. On the contrary, untreated yeast cells did not have this effect. Notably, also in the cells challenged with LPS, the amount of the protein conjugate LC3-II was increased. LC3-II is formed during autophagy and recruited to autophagosomal membranes. Thus, the demonstrated increase of the amounts of LC3-II indicate that that compositions according to the present disclosure promote autophagy.

[0213] Detection of NRF2: NRF2 was analysed and quantified by ELISA in order to evaluate the induction of autophagy and antioxidant actions in conjunction with antiaging. As can be seen in Fig. 3B, yeast cells according to the present disclosure induced decreased levels of NRF2 in the LPS-challenged cells. On the contrary, untreated yeast cells did not have this effect. Thus, yeast cells according to the present disclosure appears to promote longevity through installment of antioxidant functioning. NRF2 is a key regulator of cellular antioxidant responses associated with autophagy.

[0214] Detection of mTOR: mTOR was analysed and quantified by ELISA in order to evaluate the induction of autophagy in conjunction with anti-aging. As can be seen in Fig. 3C, yeast cells according to the present disclosure induced decreased levels of mTOR in the LPS-challenged cells. On the contrary, untreated yeast cells did not have this effect. Thus, yeast cells according to the present disclosure appears to promote longevity through reduced inhibition of autophagy.

[0215] Taken together, the results demonstrate that compositions according to the present disclosure increase autophagy, thereby mitigating aging and the negative consequences of aging such as inflammaging and sarcopenia.

[0216] Thus, compositions according to the present disclosure promote longevity. IN VIVO MODEL

[0217] Compositions according to the present disclosure were evaluated in an in vivo model using C. elegans (a nematode) (Pompa et al.).

[0218] Compositions

[0219] Composition B (dried treated yeast cells grown in YPD as described above overnight at 28°C) was spread onto the nematode plates.

[0220] Control 1 : Untreated yeast cells (5. cerevisiae in YPD as described above) were spread onto the nematode plates.

[0221] Control 2: Untreated yeast cells (Saccharomyces carlsbergensis in YEPD as described above) were spread onto the nematode plates.

[0222] Method

[0223] The wild type nematodes were fed the various diets from hatching embryos. The percentage of living and dead nematodes was monitored daily (results are shown in Fig. 4A). Nematodes treated with Composition B (i.e. yeast cells according to the present disclosure) exhibited a significantly longer life span compared to nematodes treated with the Control 1 yeast cells.

[0224] Results

[0225] The number of pharyngeal contractions was measures at day 2 and day 10 under a Zeiss Axi overt 25 microscope as number of pumpings per 30 seconds (results are shown in Fig. 4B). The pharyngeal pumping rate reflects neuromuscular activity and feeding behaviour and measures the grinder contractions associated with their ability to intake food, which normally declines with age. At day 10 (a stage corresponding to advanced age in C. elegans) nematodes treated with Composition B (i.e. yeast cells according to the present disclosure) exhibited a significantly higher pharyngeal contraction rate compared to nematodes treated with the control yeast cells, indicating a delay in neuromuscular decline. Control 2 yeast cells resulted in higher number of pharyngeal contractions than Control 1 yeast cells, but not as high as Composition B. The locomotor capacity was measures at day 2 and day 10 by placing nematodes in 10 pL of M9 buffer and counting the number of body thrashes per 30 seconds (results are shown in Fig. 4C). At day 10 nematodes treated with Composition B (i.e. yeast cells according to the present disclosure) exhibited a significantly higher locomotor capacity compared to nematodes treated with the control yeast cells, indicating improved lifespan. Control 2 yeast cells resulted in higher locomotor capacity than Control 1 yeast cells, but not as high as Composition B. As can be seen in Figs. 4A to 4C, dried treated yeast cells grown in YPD (Composition B) were found to significantly extend the survival of the population compared to the control (Untreated yeast cells, Control 1). The results demonstrate that a composition according to the present disclosure promotes longevity.

[0226] Age-related intestinal degeneration in in C. elegans was evaluated using the Smurf assay, a method in which aged nematodes are fed a non-absorbable blue dye (erioglaucine disodium salt) which is taken up by permeable membranes. Results are shown in Fig. 5. In healthy nematodes with an intact intestinal barrier, the dye remains restricted to the gut lumen. In contrast, in aged or unhealthy nematodes, the dye leaks into surrounding tissues, indicating barrier dysfunction. Nematodes treated with Composition B displayed a narrow gut lumen and intact intestinal barrier, with no visible dye leakage. In contrast, nematodes treated with Control 1 or Control 2 showed a dilated lumen and dye diffusion into adjacent tissues, consistent with advanced ageing and intestinal deterioration. Thus, preserved gut barrier integrity was present in 10-day- old nematodes treated with Composition B (i.e. yeast cells according to the present disclosure), in contrast to dye leakage observed in nematodes treated with the control yeast cells, indicating delayed intestinal degeneration in nematodes treated with Composition B (i.e. yeast cells according to the present disclosure).

[0227] Mitochondrial morphology in C. elegans treated with Composition B (i.e. yeast cells according to the present disclosure) was investigated using a transgenic strain expressing GFP (green fluorescent protein) under the myo-3 promoter, allowing visualization of mitochondria in muscle cells. The results are shown in Fig. 6A. In 10- days adults nematodes treated with Control 1 or Control 2, mitochondrial networks appeared fragmented and degraded with age. In contrast, nematodes treated with Composition B (i.e. yeast cells according to the present disclosure) maintained larger, more rounded mitochondria, suggesting improved mitochondrial health. These morphological changes are likely associated with the observed pro-longevity phenotype. This finding is consistent with improved energy balance and resistance to mitochondrial aging. Together, these findings indicate that treatment with yeast cells according to the present disclosure promotes resistance to aging-associated decline in C. elegans through modulation of key signalling pathways, preservation of mitochondrial integrity, and maintenance of physiological functions such as feeding and movement.

[0228] Mitochondrial functionality was evaluated using Mitotracker staining, which reflects mitochondrial membrane potential. MitoTracker dyes are fluorescent probes used to visualize mitochondria in live cells. The dyes accumulate in the mitochondrial membrane mitochondrial distribution and dynamics within cells to be observed. The results are shown in Fig. 6B. At day 10 of adulthood, nematodes treated with Composition B (i.e. yeast cells according to the present disclosure) exhibited a notably higher fluorescence intensity compared to control groups (Control 1 and Control 2), indicating higher mitochondrial membrane potential and improved functional status. This indicates that treatment with yeast cells according to the present disclosure not only preserves mitochondrial structure but also maintains their bioenergetic function. The increased membrane potential suggests a healthier, more polarized mitochondrial population, consistent with the delay in functional decline observed in locomotion and feeding behaviour.

[0229] To assess whether yeast cells according to the present disclosure influence mitochondrial quantity or genetic stability, the ratio of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to nuclear DNA (chrDNA) was measured in both young (1-day-old) and aged (10-day-old) nematodes. The results are shown in Fig. 6C. The results revealed no significant differences across treatment groups or timepoints, suggesting that yeast cells according to the present disclosure do not alter the number of mitochondria, but rather supports their functional maintenance over time, preserving mitochondrial quantity and genetic stability. The stable mtDNA / chrDNA ratio reinforces the conclusion that mitochondrial quality, rather than quantity, is being preserved. To assess the impact of yeast cells according to the present disclosure on mitochondrial oxidative stress, the MitoSOX Red assay was employed, a fluorogenic dye specifically targeted to mitochondria in live cells that fluoresces upon oxidation by superoxide radicals. MitoSOX Red is a cell-permeant probe that selectively accumulates in mitochondria and, upon oxidation by superoxide, produces a fluorescent signal, allowing visualization and quantification of superoxide levels in mitochondria. Results are shown in Fig. 6D. At day 10 of adulthood, C. elegans nematodes treated with Composition B (i.e. yeast cells according to the present disclosure) exhibited significantly lower MitoSOX fluorescence intensity compared to control groups (Control 1 and Control 2). This reduction indicates decreased mitochondrial superoxide production, suggesting that yeast cells according to the present disclosure effectively mitigate mitochondrial oxidative stress during aging. The preservation of mitochondrial function, as evidenced by maintained membrane potential (Fig. 6B) and morphology (Fig. 6A), likely contributes to the reduced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby enhancing cellular resilience and longevity.

[0230] Measurements of oxygen consumption and ATP-levels provides additional insight into mitochondrial metabolism. C. elegans nematodes treated with Composition B (i.e. yeast cells according to the present disclosure) exhibited a statistically significant increase of oxygen consumption rate and ATP production on day 1 compared to controls (Control 1 and Control 2), see Figs. 7A and 7B, respectively. These marked increases reflect the effects of compositions according to the present disclosure upon the developing nematodes and is referred to as a potentiation of the growth spurt. As a rule of thumb, an elevated development is generally accompanied by a more advantageous ageing.

[0231] C. elegans nematodes treated with Composition B (i.e. yeast cells according to the present disclosure) exhibited slightly lower oxygen consumption rates on day 10 compared to controls (Control 1 and Control 2), along with moderately reduced ATP production, see Figs. 7A and 7B, respectively. These findings point toward a metabolic shift toward greater efficiency, with reduced respiratory activity and ATP demand. Such a shift is often associated with reduced oxidative stress and improved cellular resilience, both of which contribute to extended health span and lifespan. These findings are consistent with a more efficient, low-output metabolic state that supports longevity through reduced oxidative stress.

[0232] A series of experiments was carried out to investigate the molecular pathways activated in response to treatment of C. elegans nematodes with Composition B (i.e. yeast cells according to the present disclosure), compared to controls (Control 1 and Control 2). Transcript levels were analysed using real-time PCR, which revealed a significant activation of the IIS (Insulin / IGF-1 Signalling) (daf-2) and MAPK (Mitogen- Activated Protein Kinase) (skn-1) pathways in C. elegans nematodes with Composition B (see Fig. 8). These pathways are known to be involved in the regulation of development, stress response, and lifespan extension. In particular, increased expression of the downstream antioxidant and detoxification enzymes SOD-3 (a superoxide dismutase) and GST-4 (a glutathione-S-transferase) was observed, suggesting an enhanced stress resistance and detoxification capacity, and antioxidant response induced by Composition B.

[0233] Taken together, the results demonstrate that yeast cells according to the present disclosure promote longevity by influencing the organism in multiple ways.

[0234] REFERENCES

[0235] Nakamura, S. et al., Autophagy and Longevity. Mol Cells 41(1): 65-72 (2018). doi: 10.14348 / molcells.2018.2333

[0236] Hall DT, Ma JF, Di Marco S, Gallouzi I. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in muscle wasting syndrome, sarcopenia, and cachexia. Aging (Albany NY). 2011 Aug 7; 3:702-715

[0237] Hansen, M. et al. Autophagy as a promoter of longevity: insights from model organisms. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 19, 579-593 (2018). doi: 10.1038 / s41580-018-0033-y

[0238] Pompa, L. et al., In Vitro Probiotic Properties and In Vivo Anti-Ageing Effects of Lactoplantibacillus plantarum PFA2018AU Strain Isolated from Carrots on Caenorhabditis elegans. Microorganisms. 2023 Apr 21 ; 11 (4): 1087. doi: 10.3390 / microorganismsl 1041087

[0239] * * *

Claims

CLAIMS1. A yeast cell for use in the promotion of longevity and / or anti-ageing, wherein the yeast cell has been treated with electromagnetic waves in the range of1 GHz to 300 GHz, or said yeast cell has been grown from a yeast cell that has been treated with electromagnetic waves in the range of 1 GHz to 300 GHz.

2. The yeast cell for use according to claim 1, wherein promoting longevity and / or anti-ageing is manifested as one or more effects of the group consisting of anti- inflammaging, promotion of autophagy, anti-sarcopenia, promotion of neurotrophins, promotion of antioxidant action, and promotion of survival.

3. The yeast cell for use according to claim 1 or 2, wherein promoting longevity and / or anti-ageing is manifested as one or more effects of the group consisting of anti-inflammaging, increased autophagy, and anti-sarcopenia.

4. The yeast cell for use according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said yeast cell is a yeast cell that has been grown from a yeast cell that has been treated with electromagnetic waves in the range of 1 GHz to 300 GHz, wherein the yeast cell has been grown up to 300 generations after being treated with electromagnetic waves.

5. The yeast cell for use according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said electromagnetic waves are in the range from about 1 GHz to about 200 GHz, such as 10 to 100 GHz, such as 30 to 70 GHz, such as 40 to 65 GHz, such as 45 to 60 GHz, such as 50 to 55 GHz, such as 52 to 54 GHz, such as 53 to 54 GHz.

6. The yeast cell for use according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said electromagnetic waves are chosen from group consisting of: 30 GHz, 31 GHz, 32 GHz, 33 GHz, 34 GHz, 35 GHz, 36 GHz, 37 GHz, 37.5 GHz, 38 GHz, 39 GHz, 40 GHz,41 GHz, 42 GHz, 43 GHz, 44 GHz, 45 GHz, 46 GHz, 47 GHz, 48 GHz, 49 GHz, 50 GHz, 51 GHz, 52 GHz, 53 GHz, 54 GHz, 55 GHz, 56 GHz, 57 GHz, 58 GHz,59 GHz, 60 GHz, 61 GHz, 62 GHz, 63 GHz, 64 GHz, 65 GHz, 66 GHz, 67 GHz,68 GHz, 69 GHz, 70 GHz, 71 GHz, 72 GHz, 73 GHz, 74 GHz, 75 GHz, 76 GHz,77 GHz, 78 GHz, 79 GHz, 80 GHz, 81 GHz, 82 GHz, 83 GHz, 84 GHz, 85 GHz,86 GHz, 87 GHz, 88 GHz, 89 GHz and 90 GHz.

7. The yeast cell for use according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein said electromagnetic waves have a power density below 1 mW / cm2; preferably said electromagnetic waves have a power density of between 0.004 mW / cm2and0.2 mW / cm2.

8. The yeast cell for use according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein said electromagnetic waves are modulated in a frequency within the range of 0.01% to about 0.5% of the average frequency.

9. The yeast cell for use according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein said yeast cell has been treated with electromagnetic waves for a time period of from10 minutes to 240 minutes, such as from 20 minutes to 130 minutes, such as from 20 minutes to 120 minutes, such as from 30 minutes to 90 minutes, such as from 35 minutes to 85 minutes, such as 45 minutes to 80 minutes, such as 20 minutes, such as 30 minutes, such as 40 minutes, such as 50 minutes, such as 60 minutes, such as 70 minutes, such as 80 minutes.

10. The yeast cell for use according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein said yeast cell is of the genus Saccharomyces, such as a yeast cell being selected from the group consisting of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis or Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

11. The yeast cell for use according to claim 10, wherein said yeast cell is Saccharomyces carlsbergensis DSM 34143 or Saccharomyces cerevisiae DSM 33148.

12. The yeast cell for use according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein said yeast cell is dried yeast or grown from a dried yeast.

13. A composition for use in the promotion of longevity and / or anti-ageing, the composition comprising at least one yeast cell according to any one of the previous claims and an excipient and / or a carrier.

14. The composition for use according to claim 13, wherein the composition further comprises at least one vitamin and / or at least one mineral.

15. The composition for use according to claim 13 or 14, wherein the composition is for oral intake.

16. The composition for use according to any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the composition is a liquid composition.

17. The composition for use according to claim 16, wherein the composition comprises the yeast cell in an amount of from 10x 106CFUs / ml to 50* 106CFUs / ml, preferably from 20* 106CFUs / ml to 40* 106CFUs / ml, such as 30* 106CFUs / ml.

18. The composition for use according to any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the composition is a powder composition.

19. Use of a yeast cell according to any one of claims 1 to 12 or a composition according to any one of claims 13 to 18 for promoting longevity and / or anti-ageing.

20. Method for promoting longevity and / or anti-ageing, wherein the method comprises the step of administrating, to a subject in need thereof, a pharmaceutical effective amount of a yeast cell according to any one of claims 1 to 12 or a composition according to any one of claims 13 to 18.

Images