A scalable process for the manufacture of 2, 2-BIS (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine tetrahydrochloride
The flow chemistry-based synthesis of 2, 2-bis(aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine addresses scalability and safety issues, providing high-purity products for Gadoquatrane production.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/101686
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-06-26
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-02
AI Technical Summary
Existing synthesis routes for 2, 2-bis(aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine are not scalable, hazardous, costly, and fail to provide high-quality products suitable for pharmaceutical use, particularly for the production of Gadoquatrane, a new gadolinium-based contrast agent.
A flow chemistry-based process that converts 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis(azidomethyl) propane to 2, 2-bis(aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine, avoiding isolation of hazardous intermediates and using Pd/C catalysts under controlled conditions to ensure high yield and purity.
The process enables large-scale, safe, and cost-effective production of high-purity 2, 2-bis(aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine tetrahydrochloride, meeting regulatory standards for pharmaceutical applications.
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Abstract
Description
A SCALABLE PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF 2, 2-BIS (AMINOMETHYL) PROPANE-1, 3-DIAMINE TETRAHYDROCHLORIDEFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to the items characterized in the claims, i.e. to a process for the preparation of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine tetrahydrochloride, to intermediates involved in said process such as 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane as well as their use in the preparation of Gadoquatrane, i.e. 2- [4, 10-bis (carboxylatomethyl) -7- [1-oxo-1- [ [2-oxo-2- [ [3- [ [2- [2- [4, 7, 10-tris (carboxylatomethyl) --1, 4, 7, 10-tetrazacyclododec-1-yl] propanoylamino] acetyl] amino] -2, 2-bis [ [ [2- [2- [4, 7, 10-tris (carboxylatomethyl) -1, 4, 7, 10-tetrazacyclododec-1-yl] propanoylamino] acetyl] amino] methyl] propyl] amino] ethyl] amino] propan-2-yl] -1, 4, 7, 10-tetrazacyclododec-1-yl] acetate, gadolinium (3+) .BACKGROUND
[0002] 1. Introduction
[0003] One of the most important topics in the field of Radiology is the development of new contrast agents. Due to the toxicity of gadolinium, there is an increased need for the provision of new contrast agents which can be administered in lower doses while at the same time maintaining beneficial physician and pharmacokinetic properties such as a high relaxivity. One such new, gadolinium-based contrast agent is Gadoquatrane (IUPAC-name 2- [4, 10-bis (carboxylatomethyl) -7- [1-oxo-1- [ [2-oxo-2- [ [3- [ [2- [2- [4, 7, 10-tris (carboxylatomethyl) --1, 4, 7, 10-tetrazacyclododec-1-yl] propanoylamino] acetyl] amino] -2, 2-bis [ [ [2- [2- [4, 7, 10-tris (carboxylatomethyl) -1, 4, 7, 10-tetrazacyclododec-1-yl] propanoylamino] acetyl] amino] methyl] propyl] amino] ethyl] amino] propan-2-yl] -1, 4, 7, 10-tetrazacyclododec-1-yl] acetate, gadolinium (3+) ) , which is suitable for intra-venous administration in a single dose and in lower amounts than other Gd-based contrast agents currently on the market. It is self-evident that regulatory and toxicological aspects call for a high purity of the drug substance and thus ultimately also for a high purity of the compound’s key building blocks, gadolinium 10- [4-carboxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-3-azabutyl] -1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecan-1, 4, 7-triacetic acid and 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine tetrahydrochloride. The synthesis of Gadoquatrane has been described, for example, in WO2016 / 193190 and WO2024 / 088910.
[0004] Due to the increased demand for new and safer contrast agents which can be administered in low doses, it is expected that the demand for Gadoquatrane will lie on the multi-metric ton range. Thus, the provision of a reliable, safe and scalable process for the manufacture of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine and in particular of its tetrahydrochloride salt, is critical.
[0005] 2. Description of the prior art, problem to be solved and its solution
[0006] As outlined in Scheme 1, the synthesis of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine has been described from pentaerythritol by different routes:
[0007] Scheme 1. Synthetic routes to 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine as described in the literature
[0008] Route A: the conversion of the alcohol functionalities of pentaerythritol into suitable leaving groups (i.e. bromide, mesylate) followed by reaction with an azide source at elevated temperatures yielding an intermediate tetraazide and subsequent reduction to the amine functionality either by Pd-catalyzed hydrogenation (e.g. Tetrahedron, 2003, vol. 59, #40, p. 7983 –7996; Chemical Communications, 2010, vol. 46, #1, p. 142 –144; RSC Advances, 2014, vol. 4, #43, p. 22561 –22566; Chemical Communications, 2020, vol. 56, #73, p. 10662 –10665) or by treatment with lithium aluminum hydride (Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1971, vol. 36, p. 3042 –3044) .
[0009] Route B: the conversion of the alcohol functionalities of pentaerythritol into suitable leaving groups (i.e. bromide, mesylate) followed by reaction with ammonia either in ethanol (Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas, 1938, vol. 57, p. 265, 276) at elevated temperatures or the use of ammonium hydroxide in acetonitrile (US10155064, 2018, B2) . Anderson and colleagues described the conversion of neopentylterachloride with supercritical ammonia under high pressure, partially using methanol as the co-solvent (J. Ind. Eng Chem. 2000, 39, 4011) .
[0010] Route C: the conversion of the alcohol functionalities of pentaerythritol into suitable leaving groups (i.e. bromide, mesylate) followed by reaction with para-toluenesulfonamide followed by hydrolysis under very acidic and harsh conditions (180 -200 ℃, sulphuric acid, Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 1989, vol. 67, p. 1650 –1656; Journal of the Chemical Society, 1938, p. 1588-1593) .
[0011] Route D: The direct conversion of pentaerythritol to the target compound by direct aminolysis in the presence of a catalyst and hydrogen at 210 ℃ under high pressure with 1, 4-dioxane as a solvent (CN111018716, 2020, A) .
[0012] While still allowing for the preparation of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine, the routes described above encompass several hurdles and significant drawbacks that restrict their use in the manufacture of the desired compound in the required quantities and, more importantly, with the required purity.
[0013] Synthetic route A has been described to proceed in a batch-wise process which includes the isolation of solid 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane by intermediate concentration to dryness upon extractive work-up and purification by column chromatography. This complicates its amenability to scale both from a cost as well as from a safety perspective given the environmental and safety hazard posed by such a small molecule comprising four (! ) azide moieties.
[0014] The process according to synthetic route C requires harsh conditions both from a temperature point of view (180-200℃) as well as from the chemical reagents employed (strong acids) , thus calling for the use of very specialized equipment, which limits its large-scale applicability and increases the production costs.
[0015] While synthetic routes B and D may appear promising by taking advantage of cheap and abundantly available ammonia as the nitrogen source and by not requiring any additional functional group manipulation, it is unclear how and in which quality the final compound is isolated.
[0016] Further, all processes according to routes A-D have only been described to be viable on a very limited scale (in most cases, less than 10 g, in one case, up to ~50 g) . Thus, the previously reported processes fail to provide a process for the preparation of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine which is amenable for scale-up and capable of providing a product which may meet the high-quality standards required by pharmaceutical agencies and regulatory authorities.
[0017] Thus, there is an unmet need to provide a process for the preparation of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine which:
[0018] · is reliable and amenable for scale-up in large quantities,
[0019] · avoids the use of of hazardous reagents and / or the isolation of highly energetic intermediates
[0020] · is cost efficient and provides a high overall yield,
[0021] · encompasses a purification process in order to provide the compound in high quality and purity to meet regulatory guidelines,
[0022] · is suitable for monitoring with analytical methods that provide for quality control and that easily allow for the presence and identification of impurities in view of the highly polar nature of the target compound which lacks any chromophores, thus severily limiting the analytical options.
[0023] Surprisingly, the process according to the present invention allows for the preparation of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine and overcomes the above-described disadvantages and drawbacks of the previously reported processes.
[0024] In particular, and given the scale, quality and purity requirements of the process which are critical in order to provide sufficient amounts of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine with sufficient quality and purity which allows for the reliable production of Gadoquatrane to reliably provision the market, and in particular healthcare professionals and medical institutions with this new contrast agent, the process of the present invention avoids the use of nitrogen nucleophiles such as ammonia which offer multiple reaction pathways and may therefore result in cumbersome side reactions. Even though sodium azide is used as the nucleophile, thus requiring the formation of the highly energetic intermediate 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane, the process of the present invention does not require the isolation of this hazardous compound. Instead, the highly energetic content of the tetraazide intermediate is reduced by keeping it in solution using a flow chemistry-based process. In particular, the flow chemistry-based process allows for the convenient and safe preparation of 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane, which is exposed to the high temperatures required for its formation from 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane only for a very short period of time and is continuously extracted into a different phase than that in which the reaction takes place. Given the highly energetic nature of 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane, this is particularly advantageous from a safety and environmental perspective.
[0025] DEFINITIONS
[0026] In the context of the present invention, the terms “flow chemistry” and / or “flow chemistry conditions” refer to condunct a chemical reaction not in a standard batch-process but rather in a contious fashion using pumps to flow reagents and reaction partners either as a solution or suspension through (micro) -reactors thereby e.g. allowing the handling of sensitive or highly energetic compounds in comparibly high dilution by simultaneously shortening reaction times, through using, e.g. higher temperatures. This also includes operations such as extractions being carried out in a continuous mode. Further information on flow chemistry can be found, e.g., in “Science of Synthesis: Flow Chemistry in organic synthesis, Editors Jamison, T.F., Koch, G., Thieme, 2018” .
[0027] The term “substituted” means that one or more hydrogen atoms on the designated atom or group are replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valency under the existing circumstances is not exceeded. Combinations of substituents and / or variables are permissible.
[0028] The term “optionally substituted” means that the number of substituents can be equal to or different from zero.
[0029] When groups in the compounds according to the invention are substituted, it is possible for said groups to be mono-substituted or poly-substituted with substituent (s) , unless otherwise specified. Within the scope of the present invention, the meanings of all groups which occur repeatedly are independent from one another. It is possible that groups in the compounds according to the invention are substituted with one, two or three identical or different substituents, particularly with one substituent.
[0030] Should a composite substituent be composed of more than one parts, e.g. (C1-C3-alkoxy) - (C2-C6-alkyl) -, it is possible for the position of a given part to be at any suitable position of said composite substituent, i.e. the C1-C3-alkoxy part can be attached to any carbon atom of the C2-C6-alkyl part of said (C1-C3-alkoxy) - (C2-C6-alkyl) -group. A hyphen at the beginning or at the end of such a composite substituent indicates the point of attachment of said composite substituent to the rest of the molecule.
[0031] The term “comprising” when used in the specification includes “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” .
[0032] If within the present text any item is referred to as “as mentioned herein” , it means that it may be mentioned anywhere in the present text.
[0033] The terms as mentioned in the present text have the following meanings:
[0034] The term “halogen atom” means a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom, particularly a fluorine, chlorine or bromine atom.
[0035] The compounds of the present invention may contain one or more asymmetric centers, depending upon the location and nature of the various substituents desired. Asymmetric carbon atoms may be present in the (R) or (S) configuration, which can result in racemic mixtures, mixtures in which one enantiomer is present in a greater amount than the other enantiomer, or single enantiomers in the case of a single asymmetric center. In the case of multiple stereogenic centers, diastereomeric mixtures, single diastereomers or single enantiomers can be synthesized. In certain instances, asymmetry may also be present due to restricted rotation about a given bond, axial chirality or coordination of the metal center.
[0036] The optical isomers can be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixtures according to conventional processes, for example, by the formation of diastereoisomeric salts using an optically active acid or base or formation of covalent diastereomers. Examples of appropriate acids are tartaric, diacetyltartaric, ditoluoyltartaric and camphorsulfonic acid. Mixtures of diastereoisomers can be separated into their individual diastereomers on the basis of their physical and / or chemical differences by methods known in the art, for example, by chromatography or fractional crystallisation. The optically active bases or acids are then liberated from the separated diastereomeric salts. A different process for separation of optical isomers involves the use of chiral chromatography (e.g., chiral HPLC columns) , with or without conventional derivatisation, optimally chosen to maximise the separation of the enantiomers. Suitable chiral HPLC columns are manufactured by Daicel, e.g., Chiracel OD and Chiracel OJ among many others, all routinely selectable. Enzymatic separations, with or without derivatisation, are also useful. The optically active compounds of this invention can likewise be obtained by chiral syntheses utilizing optically active starting materials and / or reagents and catalysts.
[0037] In order to describe different types of isomers reference is made to IUPAC Rules Section E (Pure Appl Chem 45, 11-30, 1976) .
[0038] The present invention includes all possible stereoisomers of the compounds of the present invention as single stereoisomers, or as any mixture of said stereoisomers, e.g. R-or S-isomers, or diastereoisomers, in any ratio. Isolation of a single stereoisomer, e.g. a single enantiomer or a single diastereomer, of a compound of the present invention may be achieved by any suitable state of the art method as described herein, such as chromatography, especially chiral chromatography, for example.
[0039] Further, the compounds of the present invention can exist in the form of a salt. Said salt may be either an inorganic or organic addition salt, particularly any pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic addition salt, customarily used in pharmaceutical formulations.
[0040] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a relatively non-toxic, inorganic or organic acid addition salt of a compound of the present invention. For example, see S.M. Berge, et al. “Pharmaceutical Salts, ” J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19. The production of especially neutral salts is described in US Patent No. 5,560,903.
[0041] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds according to the invention include salts with inorganic and / or organic bases or amino acids, in particular physiologically tolerable cations of inorganic and / or organic bases or amino acids, such as, inter alia, those of primary, secondary or tertiary amines. Examples may be, without being limited thereto, salts of sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, arginine, lysine, ammonia, creatinine, diethanolamine, ethanol amine, morpholine, glucamine, N, N-dimethylglucamine, N-methylglucamine, ornithine, histidine, imidazole, tromethamine, meglumine and the like. Particularly preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds according to the invention are their corresponding sodium salts.
[0042] Those skilled in the art will further recognize that salts of the claimed compounds may be prepared by reaction of the compounds with the appropriate inorganic or organic base via any of a number of known methods.
[0043] The present invention includes all possible salts of the compounds of the present invention as single salts, or as any mixture of said salts, in any ratio.
[0044] In the present text, in particular in the Experimental Section, for the synthesis of intermediates and of examples of the present invention, when a compound is mentioned as a salt form with the corresponding base or acid, the exact stoichiometric composition of said salt form, as obtained by the respective preparation and / or purification process, is, in most cases, unknown.
[0045] This applies analogously to cases in which synthesis intermediates or example compounds or salts thereof have been obtained, by the preparation and / or purification processes described, as solvates, such as hydrates with (if defined) unknown stoichiometric composition.DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0046] In accordance with a first aspect, the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine comprising
[0047] (i) providing 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane,
[0048] (ii) converting 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane to 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine under flow chemistry conditions,
[0049] (iii) isolating 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine as a hydrochloride salt, preferably as a tetrahydrochloride salt.
[0050] FURTHER EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
[0051] In step (i) , 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane is provided. Preferably, 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane is provided as a solution in a suitable solvent. Preferably, the solvent in which 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane is provided is an aliphatic hydrocarbon or an ether or a mixture of two or more thereof. Preferably, the solvent is an aliphatic hydrocarbon selected from n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, hexanes and cyclohexane or an ether selected from cyclopentyl-methyl-ether (CPME) , methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) , diethylether, diisopropylether and dibutylether or a mixture of two or more thereof. More preferably, the solvent is an aliphatic hydrocarbon selected from n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, hexanes and cyclohexane or a mixture of two or more thereof. Preferably, the solvent is an ether selected from cyclopentyl-methyl-ether (CPME) , methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) , diethylether, diisopropylether and dibutylether or a mixture of two or more thereof. More preferably, the solvent is heptane. Thus preferably, 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane is provided in step (i) as a solution in heptane. More preferably, 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane is provided in step (i) as a freshly prepared solution in heptane. More preferably, 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane is provided in step (i) under flow chemistry conditions. More preferably, 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane is provided in step (i) as a solution in heptane under flow chemistry conditions. More preferably, 1, 3-diazido-2, 2- bis (azidomethyl) propane is provided in step (i) as a freshly prepared solution in heptane under flow chemistry conditions.
[0052] In step (ii) , 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane is converted to 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine under flow chemistry conditions. In flow chemistry, a chemical reaction is run in a continuously flowing stream rather than in batch production.
[0053] The conversion of 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane to 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine is a reduction reaction, in which the azido groups of 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane are reduced to amino groups. Any reagent and reaction conditions suitable for the reduction of the azido groups of 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane to amino groups can be employed. Preferred suitable reagents for the reduction reaction are metal-based hydrogenation catalysts. Preferably, metal-based hydrogenation catalysts are catalysts based on a transition metal selected from Pd, Pt, Ir, Ru and Rh. Preferably, metal-based hydrogenation catalysts are based on Pd or Pt, such as palladium on carbon (Pd / C) , palladium hydroxide on carbon (Pd (OH) 2 / C) and Pt2O. Preferably, the reduction is carried out using hydrogen gas in the presence of a suitable metal-based hydrogenation catalyst. More preferably, the catalyst is palladium on carbon, i.e., Pd / C. Even more preferably, Pd / C is provided as a slurry in a suitable solvent. Preferred suitable solvents are alcohols, esters and cyclic ethers. More preferably, suitable solvents are alcohols, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, tetrahydrofurane and 2-methyl-tetrahydrofurane. More preferably, the solvent is selected from methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, 2-propanol, n-butanol, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, tetrahydrofurane and 2-methyl-tetrahydrofurane. Preferably, Pd / C is provided as a slurry in an alcohol selected from methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, 2-propanol and n-butanol. More preferably, the alcohol is 2-propanol, i.e., isopropanol. Thus more preferably, Pd / C is provided as a slurry in isopropanol.
[0054] The conversion in step (ii) may be carried out in any suitable solvent or solvent mixture of two or more solvents, as long as said suitable solvent or solvent mixture allows for the conversion of 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane to 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine. If a solvent mixture is used, any ratio of the different solvents may be used, as long as the solvent ratio allows for the conversion of 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane to 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine. Preferably, the solvent in step (ii) is a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbon selected from n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, hexanes and cyclohexane and an alcohol selected from methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, 2-propanol and n-butanol. Preferably, the solvent in step (ii) is a mixture of heptane and isopropanol. More preferably, step (ii) is carried out in a mixture of heptane and isopropanol in a ratio of from 10: 1 to 1: 2, more preferably of from 6: 1 to 1: 1.5, most preferably in a ratio of from 4: 1 to 1: 1.
[0055] Under flow chemistry conditions, a chemical reaction is run in a continuously flowing stream. In step (ii) , 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane is converted to 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine under flow chemistry conditions. Regarding the flow chemistry conditions under which the conversion takes place and / or is carried out, no limitations apply as long as said conditions are suitable for the conversion of 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane to 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine under flow chemistry conditions. Preferably, a residue time up to 24 hours is used. More preferably, a residue time of from 5 minutes to 4 hours, more preferably of from 5 minutes to 2 hours, more preferably of from 5 minutes to 60 minutes is used. Preferably, a temperature of from 20 ℃ to 120 ℃, more preferably of from 30 ℃ to 100 ℃, more preferably of from 40 ℃ to 80 ℃, more preferably of from 40 ℃ to 60 ℃ is used.
[0056] Optionally and / or preferably, the reaction stream in step (ii) is filtered prior to its conversion to a hydrochloride salt in step (iii) . More preferably, the reaction stream in step (ii) is continuously filtered to obtain a clear solution containing 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine.
[0057] In step (iii) , 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine is isolated as a hydrochloride salt, preferably as a tetrahydrochloride salt. Preferably, 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine obtained in step (ii) is provided as a solution in a suitable solvent mixture. Preferably, said solvent mixture comprises an aliphatic hydrocarbon selected from n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, hexanes and cyclohexane and an alcohol selected from methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, 2-propanol and n-butanol. Preferably, the solvent in step (iii) is a mixture of heptane and isopropanol. More preferably, 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine obtained in step (ii) is provided as a solution in a mixture of heptane and isopropanol in a ratio of from 10: 1 to 1: 2, more preferably of from 6: 1 to 1: 1.5, most preferably in a ratio of from 4: 1 to 1: 1. For the isolation of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine as a hydrochloride salt, 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine is reacted with hydrochloric acid. Preferably, the isolation of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine as a hydrochloride salt comprises the reaction of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine with an excess of hydrochloric acid, preferably at least a fivefold, more preferably at least a tenfold excess of hydrochloric acid.
[0058] The isolation of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine as a hydrochloride salt in step (iii) may comprise a purification step. Said purification step may comprise suspending and / or dissolving the crude hydrochloride salt of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine in a first solvent or solvent mixture and then adding a second solvent or solvent mixture to induce crystallization. Preferably, said first solvent is water. Preferably, the second solvent is an alcohol selected from methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, 2-propanol (isopropanol) and n-butanol. More preferably, the second solvent is isopropanol. Preferably, the ratio of the first solvent and of the second solvent ranges of from 1: 10 to 0: 1, more preferably of from 1: 5 to 1: 1, more preferably of from 1: 4 to 1: 1.25, more preferably of from 1: 3 to 1: 2. If the first solvent is water and the second solvent is isopropanol, the ratio of water and of isopropanol ranges of from 1: 10 to 0: 1, more preferably of from 1: 5 to 1: 1, more preferably of from 1: 4 to 1: 1.25, more preferably of from 1: 3 to 1: 2. Temperature adjustments may be beneficial to induce crystallization, i.e., the crude hydrochloride salt of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine may be suspended and / or dissolved in the first solvent or solvent mixture and heated prior to adding the second solvent or solvent mixture. Preferably, the second solvent is added at a temperature in the range of from 40 ℃ to 100 ℃, more preferably in the range of from 65 ℃to 85 ℃, more preferably in the range of from 70 ℃ to 75 ℃. Preferably, the first solvent is water and the second solvent which is isopropanol added at a temperature in the range of from 40 ℃ to 100 ℃, more preferably in the range of from 65 ℃ to 85 ℃, more preferably in the range of from 70 ℃ to 75 ℃. Subsequently, the mixture may be cooled down to induce crystallization. If cooled down to induce crystallization, in step (iii) the mixture may be optionally and / or preferably cooled down to a temperature in the range of from -10 ℃ to 70 ℃, more preferably in the range of from 0 ℃ to 50 ℃, more preferably in the range of from 10 ℃ to 40 ℃, more preferably in the range of from 20 ℃ to 30 ℃.
[0059] In a further embodiment of the first aspect, the provision of 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane in step (i) comprises the reaction of 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane to 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane.
[0060] Thus, in a further embodiment of the first aspect, the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine comprising
[0061] (i) providing 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane by
[0062] (i-a) providing 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane,
[0063] (i-b) converting 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane to 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane under flow chemistry conditions,
[0064] (ii) converting 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane to 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine under flow chemistry conditions,
[0065] (iii) isolating 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine as a hydrochloride salt, preferably as a tetrahydrochloride salt.
[0066] Thus, in a further embodiment of the fist aspect, the provision of 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane in step (i) comprises the steps of (i-a) providing 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane, and (i-b) converting 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane to 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane under flow chemistry conditions. Steps (ii) and (iii) remain unchanged as described throughout this text, supra.
[0067] In step (i-a) , 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane is provided. Bromine is the preferred leaving group for the preparation of 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane, but alternative compounds with other suitable leaving groups can be used instead of 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane. There are no limitations to the leaving group as long as they lead to the desired compound, i.e., 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane. Other preferred suitable leaving groups are tosylate, mesylate and nosylate.
[0068] Preferably, 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane is provided in step (i-a) . Preferably, 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane is provided in step (i-a) as a solution in a suitable solvent or a mixture of two or more solvents. Preferably, the solvent is a solvent selected from DMSO, DMF, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and sulfolane or a mixture of two or more thereof. More preferably, the solvent is dimethyl formamide (DMF) or N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) . More preferably, the solvent is dimethyl formamide (DMF) . Thus preferably, 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane is provided in step (i-a) as a solution in dimethyl formamide. More preferably, 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane is provided in step (i) as a freshly prepared solution in dimethyl formamide (DMF) .
[0069] In step (i-b) , 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane is converted to 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane under flow chemistry conditions. Any reagent and reaction conditions suitable for the conversion of 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane to 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane can be employed. Suitable reagents for the substitution reaction are azide sources such as sodium azide, potassium azide or lithium azide. Preferably, the conversion of 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane to 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane in step (i-b) is carried out employing sodium azide as an azide source. Preferably, the azide source is provided as an aqueous solution in water.
[0070] The conversion of 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane to 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane in step (i-b) may be carried out in any suitable solvent or solvent mixture of two or more solvents, as long as said suitable solvent or solvent mixture allows for the conversion of of 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane to 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane. If a solvent mixture is used, any ratio of the different solvents may be used, as long as the solvent ratio allows for the conversion of of 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane to 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane. Preferably, the solvent in step (i-b) is the same solvent or mixture of solvents in which 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane is provided in step (i-a) (v. supra) . Preferably, the conversion of 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane to 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane in step (i-b) is carried out in a mixture of two solvents, wherein the first solvent is water and the second solvent is selected from DMSO, DMF, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and sulfolane. More preferably, 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane is provided in step (i-a) in DMF. More preferably, the conversion of 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane to 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane in step (i-b) is carried out in a mixture of water and DMF in a solvent ratio of from 1: 10 to 1: 1 by weight (w / w) , more preferably in a solvent ratio in the range of from 1: 5 to 1: 2 by weight (w / w) , more preferably in a solvent ratio of from 1: 4 to 1: 2.5 by weight (w / w) .
[0071] Regarding the flow chemistry conditions under which the conversion takes place and / or is carried out, no limitations apply as long as said conditions are suitable for the conversion of 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane to 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane under flow chemistry conditions. Preferably, a residue time of from 5 minutes to 4 hours, more preferably of from 5 minutes to 2 hours, more preferably of from 10 to 60 minutes, more preferably of from 20 to 40 minutes. Preferably, a temperature of from 100 ℃ to 190 ℃, more preferably of from 120 ℃ to 180 ℃, more preferably of from 140 ℃ to 180 ℃, more preferably of from 150 ℃ to 170 ℃ is used.
[0072] The conversion of 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane to 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane in step (i-b) preferably comprises the extraction of 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane from the reaction mixture. Preferably, the extraction is carried out using a solvent selected from an aliphatic hydrocarbon or an ether or a mixture of two or more thereof. Preferably, the extraction is carried out using an aliphatic hydrocarbon selected from n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, hexanes and cyclohexane or an ether selected from cyclopentyl-methyl-ether (CPME) , methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) , diethylether, diisopropylether and dibutylether or a mixture of two or more thereof. More preferably, the extraction is carried out using an aliphatic hydrocarbon selected from n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, hexanes and cyclohexane or a mixture of two or more thereof. Preferably, the extraction is carried out using an ether selected from cyclopentyl-methyl-ether (CPME) , methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) , diethylether, diisopropylether and dibutylether or a mixture of two or more thereof. More preferably, the extraction is carried out using heptane. Thus preferably, 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane is extracted from the reaction mixture using heptane. Thus, step (i-b) may comprise converting 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane to 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane, preferably converting 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane to 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane in a mixture of water and DMF and extracting the resulting 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane to provide 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane, preferably extracting the resulting 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane into heptane for its conversion to 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine as described for step (ii) , supra.
[0073] DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0074] Figure 1. X-Ray Powder Diffraction diffractogram of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine tetrahydrochloride.
[0075] Figure 2. Simulated X-Ray Powder Diffraction diffractogram of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine tetrahydrochloride.
[0076] Figure 3. HPLC chromatogram of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine as prepared according to Example 1 m (no final crystallization) .
[0077] Figure 4. HPLC Chromatogramm of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine as prepared according to Example 1.
[0078] EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
[0079] Chemical names were generated using the ACD / Name software from ACD / Labs. In some cases generally accepted names of commercially available reagents were used in place of ACD / Name generated names.
[0080] The following table 1 lists the abbreviations used in this paragraph and in the Examples section as far as they are not explained within the text body. Other abbreviations have their meanings customary per se to the skilled person.
[0081] Table 1: Abbreviations
[0082] Other abbreviations have their meanings customary per se to the skilled person.
[0083] The various aspects of the invention described in this application are illustrated by the following examples which are not meant to limit the invention in any way.
[0084] The example testing experiments described herein serve to illustrate the present invention and the invention is not limited to the examples given.
[0085] EXPERIMENTAL SECTION -GENERAL PART
[0086] All reagents, for which the synthesis is not described in the experimental part, are either commercially available, or are known compounds or may be formed from known compounds by known methods by a person skilled in the art.
[0087] The compounds and intermediates produced according to the methods of the invention may require purification. Purification of organic compounds is well known to the person skilled in the art and there may be several ways of purifying the same compound. In some cases, no purification may be necessary. In some cases, the compounds may be purified by crystallization. In some cases, impurities may be removed by trituration using a suitable solvent. In some cases, the compounds may be purified by chromatography, particularly flash column chromatography, using for example prepacked silica gel cartridges, e.g. Biotage SNAP cartridges or in combination with a Biotage autopurifier system ( or Isolera ) and eluents such as gradients of hexane / ethyl acetate or DCM / methanol. In flash column chromatography, unmodified ( “regular” ) silica gel may be used as well as aminophase functionalized silica gel. If reference is made to flash column chromatography or to flash chromatography in the experimental section without specification of a stationary phase, regular silica gel was used.
[0088] In some cases, the compounds may be purified by preparative HPLC using for example a Waters autopurifier equipped with a diode array detector and / or on-line electrospray ionization mass spectrometer in combination with a suitable prepacked reverse phase column and eluents such as gradients of water and acetonitrile which may contain additives such as trifluoroacetic acid, formic acid or aqueous ammonia.
[0089] In some cases, purification methods as described above can provide those compounds of the present invention which possess a sufficiently basic or acidic functionality in the form of a salt, such as, in the case of a compound of the present invention which is sufficiently basic, a trifluoroacetate or formate salt for example, or, in the case of a compound of the present invention which is sufficiently acidic, an ammonium salt for example. A salt of this type can either be transformed into its free base or free acid form, respectively, by various methods known to the person skilled in the art, or be used as salts in subsequent biological assays. It is to be understood that the specific form (e.g. salt, free base etc. ) of a compound of the present invention as isolated and as described herein is not necessarily the only form in which said compound can be applied to a biological assay in order to quantify the specific biological activity.
[0090] HPLC methods
[0091] HPLC method a (IPC 1: conversion of tetrabromide to tetraazide)
[0092] HPLC method b (IPC 2, conversion of tetraazide to tetraamine)
[0093] HPLC method c (IPC on wet neopentyltetraamine hydrochloride and determination of purity in final product)
[0094] HPLC Method d (purity of final drug substance)
[0095] Assay determination
[0096] Method A-a (Assay determination)
[0097] The assay is determined as described below:
[0098] NPTA free base (%) = 100.0 –TV –ROI –HCl –Sum VU
[0099] 1, 3-diamino-2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane tetrahydrochloride, in dry substance (%) = [NPTA free base (%) / 0.4755] * [100 / (100-TV) ]
[0100] TV = Loss on drying [%]
[0101] ROI = Residue on Ignition [%]
[0102] HCl = assay chloride ×1.0284
[0103] Sum VU = Summe sidecomponents in HPLC [%]
[0104] 0.4755 = Calculation Factor 1, 3-diamino-2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propanetetrahydrochloride to NPTA free Base
[0105] (MW NPTA free Base / MW2, 2bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine tetrahydrochloride = 132.21 / 278.05)
[0106] 1.0284 = Calculation factor chloride to hydrochloride
[0107] (MW HCl / MW Cl-= 36.461 / 35.453)
[0108] Method A-b (Assay determination by qNMR)
[0109] Dissolve 1, 3-diamino-2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane tetrahydrochloride at a suitable concentration in D2O. Use suitable measuring parameters (temperature, relaxation delay, pulse angle, acquisition time, spectral width, number of scans) and quantify by internal standard method using a suitable internal standard soluble in D2O.
[0110] Use a spectrometer frequency of at least 400 MHz.
[0111] Take into account the proton numbers for the evaluated signals and the molecular weights of the internal standard and 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine tetrahydrochloride.
[0112] Loss on Drying
[0113] Method L-a
[0114] according to Ph. Eur. 2.4.32
[0115] Test procedure 1.000 (0.900 –1.100) g sample are placed in a pre-weight weighing glass that has previously been dried at (105 ± 2) ℃ a drying cabinet for at least 30 minutes.
[0116] The weighing glass is heated to (105 ± 2) ℃ for 2 h in a drying cabinet and subsequently allowed to cool to room temperature in a desiccator with silica gel as a drying agent. Thereafter, the weighing glass is weighed.
[0117] Calculation Loss on drying [%] = [ [m [1] – (m [3] –m [2] ) ] *100] / m [1]
[0118] m [1] = Sample mass [g]
[0119] m [2] = Sample glas [g, Tara]
[0120] m [3] = Residue after drying with sample glas [g]
[0121] Method L-b:
[0122] Test procedure Accurately weigh about 1 g of sample, evenly spread it on the bottom of the weighing bottle with constant weight, dry at 105℃ for 3 hours, cool to room temperature for weighing, and calculate the loss on drying.
[0123] Calculation Loss on drying [%] = [ (m [1] -m [2] ) *100] / (m [1] –m [0] )
[0124] m [0] = constant weight of empty weighing bottle [g]
[0125] m [1] = sum weight of weighing bottle and sample before drying [g]
[0126] m [2] = sum weight of weighing bottle and sample after drying [g]
[0127] Residue on Ignition
[0128] Test procedure 1.0000 (0.9000 –1.1000) g sample are placed in a pre-weight porcelain crucible that has previously been glowed at (600 ± 25) C in a muffle 22olume22 overnight. The sample is chared in a pre-asher at lowest possible temperature. Then, the residue is chared and glowed at (600 ± 25) C in a muffle 23olume23 overnight.
[0129] The porcelain crucible is allowed to cool at ambient atmosphere for 5 min, subsequently placed in a dessicator with drying agent and further allowed to cool to room temperature. Thereafter, the porcelain crucible is weighed.
[0130] Calculation Residue on ignition [%] = [ (m [3] –m [2] ) *100] / m [1]
[0131] m [1] = Sample mass [g]
[0132] m [2] = porcelain crucible [g, Tara]
[0133] m [3] = Residue on ignition with porcelain crucible [g]
[0134] Palladium content
[0135] Pd content was determined according to Ph. Eur. 2.4.20 and Ph. Eur. 2.2.58 utilizing ICP-MS after dissolving the sample under aqueous acidic conditions and heat in a microwave oven.
[0136] Chloride content
[0137] Chloride content was determined by titration | potentiometric titration according to Ph. Eur. 2.2.20, USP <541>
[0138] Reagents Aqueous silver (I) nitrate solution (0.1M) , water, aqueous nitric acid (12.5 wt-%)
[0139] Apparatus Titration apparatus, i.e. Metrohm or Mettler
[0140] Electrode i.e. Ag / Ag electrode
[0141] Burette Piston burette with suitable volume, e.g. 20 mL
[0142] End of titration Automized via Titropocessor.
[0143] Calculation Assay chloride in % = (V*T*35.45*0.1*100) / (m*1000)
[0144] T = Titer silver (I) nitrate solution 0.1M
[0145] V = Consumption silver (I) nitrate solution [ml]
[0146] m = Sample weight [g]
[0147] 35.45 = Mass analytic equivalent = molecular mass chloride [g / mol]
[0148] 1 mL silver (I) nitrate solution 0.1M equals 3.545 mg chloride.
[0149] Instrumental set-up for the XRPD measurements
[0150] X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) data were recorded on a STOE STADI P diffractometer using monochromatized -radiation, a position sensitive detector, at generator settings of 40 kV and 40 mA. The samples were collected in transition mode, being prepared as a thin layer between two foils. The scanning range was between 2 ° and 40 ° 2 theta with a 0.5° step at 15 sec / step.
[0151] NMR Spectra
[0152] The multiplicities of proton signals in 1H NMR spectra given in the following paragraphs reflect the observed signal form and do not take into account any higher-order signal phenomena. As a rule, the chemical shift data refers to the center of the signal in question. In the case of wide multiplets, a range is specified. Signals hidden by solvent or water were either assigned tentatively or are not listed. Strongly broadened signals –e.g. caused by rapid rotation of molecular moieties or by interchanging protons –have also been assigned tentatively (often referred to as a broad multiplet or broad singlet) or are not shown.
[0153] The 1H-NMR data of selected compounds are listed in the form of 1H-NMR peaklists. Therein, for each signal peak the δ value in ppm is given, followed by the signal intensity, reported in round brackets. The δ value-signal intensity pairs from different peaks are separated by commas. Therefore, a peaklist is described by the general form: δ1 (intensity1) , δ2 (intensity2) , …, δi (intensityi) , ..., δn (intensityn) .
[0154] The Intensity of a sharp signal correlates with the height (in cm) of the signal in a printed NMR spectrum. When compared with other signals, this data can be correlated to the real ratios of the signal intensities. In the case of broad signals, more than one peak, or the center of the signal along with their relative intensity, compared to the most intense signal displayed in the spectrum, are shown. A 1H-NMR peaklist is similar to a classical 1H-NMR readout, and thus usually contains all the peaks listed in a classical NMR interpretation. Moreover, similar to classical 1H-NMR printouts, peaklists can show solvent signals, signals derived from stereoisomers of the particular target compound, peaks of impurities, 13C satellite peaks, and / or spinning sidebands. The peaks of stereoisomers, and / or peaks of impurities are typically displayed with a lower intensity compared to the peaks of the target compound (e.g., with a purity of >90%) . Such stereoisomers and / or impurities may be typical for the particular manufacturing process, and therefore their peaks may help to identify a reproduction of the manufacturing process on the basis of "by-product fingerprint" . An expert who calculates the peaks of the target compound by known methods (MestReC, ACD simulation, or by use of empirically evaluated expectation values) , can isolate the peaks of the target compound as required, optionally using additional intensity filters. Such an operation would be similar to peak-picking in classical 1H-NMR interpretation. A detailed description of the reporting of NMR data in the form of peaklists can be found in the publication “Citation of NMR Peaklist Data within Patent Applications” (cf. http: / / www. researchdisclosure. com / searching-disclosures, Research Disclosure Database Number 605005, 2014, 01 Aug 2014) . In the peak picking routine, as described in the Research Disclosure Database Number 605005, the paramete” “"MinimumHeig” ” " can be adjusted between 1%and 4%. However, depending on the chemical structure and / or depending on the concentration of the measured compound it may be reasonable to set the parameter "MinimumHeigt" <1%.
[0155] Example 1 –Synthesis of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine
[0156] Step 1: Tetra-Azidation and continuous extraction
[0157] In order to prepare the flow process, a solution A of 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane (CAS 3229-00-3, 94.9 kg, 1.0 eq., >98%purity by HPLC) in N, N-dimethylformamide (16 V, 1547 kg) and a solution B of sodium azide (CAS 26628-22-8, purchased from Shaowu Ronghui chemical Inc, 191.7 kg) in a mixture of N, N-dimethylformamide (805 kg) and water (767 kg) were prepared. The flow reactor (volume: 6.5 L) was heated to ~160 ℃ and the reactor was charged with water (pump A, flow rate: 19 ~ 20 L / h) and N, N-dimethylformamide (pump B, flow rate: 19 ~ 20 L / h) , both streams passing a pre-heater of 100 ℃. The pressure at both pumps was set to ~1 mPa and the system was equilibrated by running both streams for 15 min. Then, start dosing solution B (pump B, flow rate: 19.5 L / h) . After 3 minutes, start dosing solution A (pump A, flow rate: 19.5 L / h) . In such fashion, the reaction mixture passed the microreactor within 30 min and was thus exposed to 160 ℃ for 30 min. The mixture was cooled to 40 ℃passing a cooling device. The cooled mixture was continuously extracted in an extraction device adding heptane (flow rate: 43.9 L / h, total amount: 2676 kg) and additional water (flow rate: 9.8 L) into the extraction device. The 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane containing heptane layer was directed to a buffer tank. The azide containing, aqueous solution was continuously pumped (flow rate: 48.8 L / h) into the waste quench device (0.5 L Microreactor, heated to 60 ℃) with continuously adding an aqueous sodium chlorite solution (10 wt-%, flow rate: 15 L / h, total amount: 1367 kg) into the quench device. Upon complete consumption of the source vessel of solution A, dosing was stopped and pumping switched to N, N-dimethylformamide (pump A, flow rate: 19 ~ 20 L / h) . Three minutes later, dosing of solution B was stopped and pumping switched to water (pump B, flow rate: 19 ~ 20 L / h) . Ten minutes later, collection of the reaction mixture was stopped. The reactor was cooled to not more than 100 ℃ and upon reaching the temperature, pumping of water and N, N-dimethylformamide was continued for further 30 min. Thereafter, heating of the reactor was discontinued.
[0158] In-process control on conversion of 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane.
[0159] HPLC (method a) : 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane:
[0160] Rt = 13.74 min
[0161] Area-%: n.d. -%
[0162] Step 2: Hydrogenation
[0163] A slurry of Pd / C (purchased from Canan Technique Material (Hangzhou) Inc., 9.5 kg, 10%Pd, ~50 wt-%water) in isopropanol (2565 kg) was prepared. The flow reactor (micro reactor, volume 2 L) and a collection reactor were evacuated and subsequently flushed with nitrogen gas. Subsequently, isopropanol was dosed into the micro reactor and the reactor was heated to 50 ℃. The slurry of Pd / C in isopropanol was continuously pumped (pump A, flow rate: 14.6 L / h) into a pre-mixing device. A solution of 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane in heptane (continuously prepared as described for step 1) was continuously pumped (pump B, flow rate: 43.9 L / h) into the same pre-mixing device and the mixture was continuously dosed (flow rate: 43.9 L / h) from the pre-mixing device to the micro reactor to which a hydrogen gas stream of 464~585 L / h was applied, overall 3.8 kg hydrogen gas haven been consumed. According to the pumping rate, the reaction mixture passed the microreactor within ~10 min and the mixture was exposed to 50 ℃ and hydrogen gas for ~2 min. The reaction stream was continuously pumped over two fine filters to obtain a clear solution containing 1, 3-diamino-2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane that was directed to buffer tanks (total volume ~5000 L) .
[0164] In-process control on tetramine for conversion of 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane
[0165] HPLC (method b) : 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane
[0166] tR = 6.2 min
[0167] Area-%= n.d.
[0168] Step 3: HCl salt formation
[0169] The collected 1, 3-diamino-2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane solution in heptane / isopropanol was divided into several portions. Approximately ~1400 L was transferred to a 2000 L glass-lined reactor and the reactor was cooled to 10 to 12 ℃ (internal temperature) . To the mixture was added concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid (255.3 kg) within 30 to 60 min maintaining a temperature of 10 to 12 ℃. The formed suspension was stirred for an additional 2 h at this temperature before being filtered and washed with isopropanol (25 kg) . The wet material was dried under reduced pressure (~100 mbar) at ~41-43 ℃ (jacket temperature) for 16 h to obtain crude 1, 3-diamino-2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane tetrahydrochloride that was sampled for analysis.
[0170] HPLC (method c) : tR = 25.84 min
[0171] Purity (method c) : 89.77 Area-%
[0172] Loss on drying (method L-b) : 0.40%
[0173] Step 4: Purification
[0174] A 2000 L glass-lined reactor was charged with crude 1, 3-diamino-2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane tetrahydrochloride (60.0 kg) and water (478.5 kg) . The mixture was heated to 86 ℃ and then stirred for an additional 33 min. The mixture was filtered and transferred to a second 2000 L glass-lined reactor. The temperature was adjusted to 73 to 75 ℃ and isopropanol (1139 kg) was added within 1.3 h. The mixture was cooled to 27 ℃within 3 to 4 h and subsequently stirred for an additional 9.3 h at 24 to 27 ℃. The crystallized material was isolated by centrifugation and the wet cake was washed with isopropanol (50 kg) . The overall isolation process including washing lasted ~5.8 h. The wet product was dried under reduced pressure (~100 mbar) at 52 –54 ℃ (jacket temperature) for 16 h to yield the final compound (53.80 kg, 79%based on employed 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane) as a colorless, crystalline powder after sieving (20 mesh) .
[0175] XRPD –Table 2
[0176] Simulated XRPD pattern
[0177] An X-ray powder diffractogram was simulated from the published single crystal structure (CAN. J. CHEM. VOL. 63.1985, 586-592) available in the Cambridge Structural Database under Refcode ZZZUQC01. The simulation was performed using the Mercury software and a wavelength of 1.54056 Angstrom.
[0178] The experimentally obtained XRPD matched the one simulated from the published single crystal structure.
[0179] Further examples for the preparation of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine are summarized in Table 3.
[0180] Table 3.
[0181] n / a= not assessed.
[0182] $1 g of crude 1, 3-diamino-2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane tetrahydrochloride (purity by HPLC: 92.44%) was dissolved in 5V (5 mL) of solvent, heated to 50 ℃ and stirred for 3 h. The mixture was cooled, filtered and the purity of the filter cake was determined by HPLC. The yield was not determined.
[0183] $1The final recrystallization was carried out from water | methanol (v / v = 1 / 5) .
[0184] $2The final recrystallization was carried out from water | ethanol (v / v = 1 / 5) .
[0185] $3The final recrystallization was carried out from isopropanol.
[0186] $4The final recrystallization was carried out from acetonitrile.
[0187] $5The final recrystallization was carried out from methanol.
[0188] $6The final recrystallization was carried out from ethanol.
[0189] $7The final recrystallization was carried out from water | acetonitrile (v / v = 1 / 5) .
[0190] $8The final recrystallization was carried out from water | isopropanol (v / v = 1 / 3) .
[0191] #The flow process was carried out with erythritol tetratosylate (CAS 1522-89-0) instead of 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane. Work-up with water, extraction with heptane and hydrogenation were carried out in a batch process. No final purification from isopropanol / water was carried out.
[0192] ##As proof of concept, the reaction was carried out with 3- (2-nitrophenyl) sulfonyloxy-2, 2-bis [ (2-nitrophenyl) sulfonyloxymethyl] propyl] 2-nitrobenzenesulfonate instead of 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane. However, full reaction was carried out in batch. No final purification from isopropanol / water was carried out.
[0193] §Upon continuous extraction, a fed-batch hydrogenation was carried out. To this end, a 20 L reactor was charged with Pd / C (10 g, 10%Pd, ~50%water, purchased from Hindustan Palladium) and isopropanol (1 L) . The reactor was pressurized with Hydrogen gas at 20 bar and heated to 40 ℃. A solution of tetraazide (~2.7 wt-%) in heptane / isopropanol (4 / 1, total volume 13 L) , was added with a pump and the mixture is kept for 15 h before filtering to obtain a clear solution of 1, 3-diamino-2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane in heptane / isopropanol. Eight hydrogenation batches were combined for the hydrochloride formation carried out in a 200 L reactor. No final purification from isopropanol / water was carried out.
[0194] §§Assay for use was determined by qNMR, method A-b
[0195] §§§The example was carried out similarly as described above with hydrogenation in fed-batch mode as described in Example 1m. Extraction was carried out with n-pentane and pentane was continuously removed from the reaction mixture upon addition to the suspension of Pd / C in isopropanol. The such obtained mixture of partially reduced 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane in iso-propanol was introduced to another autoclave reactor, fresh Pd / C was added and hydrogenation was carried out at 20 bar and 40 ℃. The hydrogenation batches were combined to carry out precipitation. No final purification from isopropanol / water was carried out, but the crude material was dissolved in water and precipitated by the addition of concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid..
Claims
1.A process for the preparation of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine comprising(i) providing 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane,(ii) converting 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane to 2, 2-bis(aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine under flow chemistry conditions,(iii) isolating 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine as a hydrochloride salt, preferably as a tetrahydrochloride salt.2.The process according to claim 1, wherein step (i) comprises(i-a) providing 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane,(i-b) converting 1, 3-dibromo-2, 2-bis (bromomethyl) propane to 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis(azidomethyl) propane under flow chemistry conditions.3.The process according to any of claims 1 or 2, wherein step (ii) is carried out in a mixture of an aliphatic hydrocarbon selected from n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, hexanes and cyclohexane and an alcohol selected from methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, 2-propanol and n-butanol.4.The process according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein step (ii) is carried out in a mixture of heptane and isopropanol in a ratio of from 10: 1 to 1: 2, more preferably of from 6: 1 to 1: 1.5, most preferably in a ratio of from 4: 1 to 1: 1.5.The process according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein step (ii) comprises a residue time of up to 24 hours, preferably of from 5 minutes to 4 hours, more preferably of from 5 minutes to 2 hours.6.The process according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein step (ii) is carried out a temperature of from 20 ℃ to 120 ℃, more preferably of from 30 ℃ to 100 ℃, more preferably of from 40 ℃ to 80 ℃, most preferably of from 40 ℃ to 60 ℃.7.The process according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the isolation of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine in step (iii) comprises a purification step comprising suspending and / or dissolving the crude hydrochloride salt of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine in a first solvent or solvent mixture and then adding a second solvent or solvent mixture to induce crystallization.8.The process according to claim 7, wherein the first solvent is water and the second solvent is an alcohol selected from methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, 2-propanol and n-butanol.9.The process according to any of claims 2 to 8, wherein step (i-b) is carried out in a mixture of two solvents, wherein the first solvent is water and the second solvent is selected from DMSO, DMF, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and sulfolane.10.The process according to any of claims 2 to 9, wherein step (i-b) is carried out using a residue time of from 5 minutes to 4 hours, more preferably of from 5 minutes to 2 hours, more preferably of from 10 to 60 minutes, most preferably of from 20 to 40 minutes.11.The process according to any of claims 2 to 10, wherein step (i-b) is carried out a temperature of from 100 ℃ to 190 ℃, more preferably of from 120 ℃ to 180 ℃, more preferably of from 140 ℃ to 180 ℃, most preferably of from 150 ℃ to 170 ℃.12.The process according to any of claims 2 to 11, wherein step (i-b) comprises the extraction of 1, 3-diazido-2, 2-bis (azidomethyl) propane from the reaction mixture using a solvent selected from an aliphatic hydrocarbon or an ether or a mixture of two or more thereof, preferably wherein the solvent for the extraction is heptane.13.The process according to any of claims 1 to 12, wherein 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine is isolated in step (iii) as a crystallinetetrahydrochloride salt.14.Use of a process according to any of claims 1 to 13 for the preparation of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine.15.Use of 2, 2-bis (aminomethyl) propane-1, 3-diamine prepared according to the process of any of claims 1 to 14 for the preparation of Gadoquatrane.
Citation Information
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