Die coater having lip varying mechanism

Abstract

The disclosed invention relates to a die coater comprising: a lower block having a manifold for accommodating slurry; and an upper block coupled to the lower block, wherein a slit is formed along a TD side on the front surfaces of the lower block and the upper block, and a land part is provided between the manifold and the slit. The die coater comprises: a slot formed along the TD side below the land part of the lower block; and a plurality of lip varying mechanisms in which a solenoid extends from the bottom surface of the lower block and passes through the slot to perform a push operation of pushing the land part and a pull operation of pulling the land part.

Description

Die coater with lip variable mechanism

[0001] The present invention relates to a die coater having a lip variable mechanism capable of varying the profile along the TD side of a lip from which slurry is discharged.

[0002] This application claims the benefit of priority from Republic of Korea Patent Application No. 10-2024-0115416, dated August 27, 2024, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0003] Lithium secondary batteries are now widely used not only in small devices like portable electronic devices, but also in medium- to large-scale devices like battery packs for hybrid and electric vehicles, and energy storage systems (ESS). In particular, with growing concern over environmental issues, research is being conducted on electric and hybrid vehicles as alternatives to fossil fuel-powered vehicles like gasoline and diesel, a major source of air pollution.

[0004] Typically, lithium secondary batteries have an electrode assembly structure consisting of a positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator, impregnated with a lithium electrolyte. The electrode is formed by coating an electrode current collector with an electrode slurry containing an electrode active material. A coating device such as a die coater is used to coat the electrode slurry.

[0005] A die coater is structured so that slurry supplied from the outside is filled into an internal manifold and the slurry is discharged through a land portion at the front of the manifold. In this structure, there is a left-right deviation in the slurry loading depending on the seam fastening situation in the TD (Transverse Direction, the width direction of the electrode foil to which the slurry is applied) side. As one method to improve this left-right deviation, a bolt structure installed in multiple pieces along the TD side can be used to adjust the lip profile by causing deformation that pushes or pulls the land portion, thereby improving the deviation in the slurry loading.

[0006] These bolt-based lip variable structures require numerous adjustment considerations, such as thread pitch. Because they are performed manually, fine tuning and adjustments are labor-intensive. Furthermore, the bolt structure is quite complex, requiring both pushing and pulling forces to apply to the land. This complexity leads to significant variation in improvement effects, depending on the operator's skill level.

[0007] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a die coater having a novel structure capable of adjusting the lip profile of the die coater through an automated process.

[0008] However, the technical problems to be solved by the present invention are not limited to the problems described above, and other problems not mentioned can be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the description of the invention described below.

[0009] The present invention relates to a die coater comprising a lower block having a manifold for receiving slurry, and an upper block coupled to the lower block, wherein a slit is formed along a TD side on the front surfaces of the lower block and the upper block, and a land portion is provided between the manifold and the slit, wherein a slot is formed along the TD side below the land portion of the lower block, and a solenoid extending from a bottom surface of the lower block and passing through the slot includes a plurality of lip variable mechanisms that perform a push operation for pushing the land portion and a pull operation for pulling the land portion.

[0010] In one embodiment, the lip variable mechanism includes a solenoid including a mounting groove formed at a lower portion of the land portion through the slot, a solenoid head accommodated in the mounting groove, a solenoid rod extending from the solenoid head and having an outer diameter smaller than an outer diameter of the solenoid head, and an adjustment block having a through hole having a size between the outer diameter of the solenoid head and the outer diameter of the solenoid rod, and being fixed to an entrance of the mounting groove and forming a portion of the ceiling of the slot.

[0011] The above lip variable mechanism performs a pushing action in which the solenoid head pushes the ceiling of the mounting groove by advancing the solenoid rod, thereby pushing the land portion.

[0012] And, the lip variable mechanism performs a pull operation in which the solenoid head pushes the adjustment block downward by the backward movement of the solenoid rod, thereby pulling the land portion.

[0013] The above lip variable mechanism can be fixed by screwing the adjustment block to the entrance of the mounting groove.

[0014] In one embodiment, the lip variable mechanism has an adjustment block fixing groove formed in a step shape at the entrance of the mounting groove, the adjustment block being larger than the inner diameter of the mounting groove, and the adjustment block can be fixed to the adjustment block fixing groove by screw fastening.

[0015] The above lip variable mechanism can have an outer diameter of the solenoid head that corresponds to an inner diameter of the mounting groove.

[0016] The lower block has a machined hole extending from its bottom surface to the mounting groove, the inner diameter of the machined hole corresponding to the inner diameter of the mounting groove, and the solenoid rod can extend to the outside of the lower block through the machined hole.

[0017] The above processing hole may be provided with a guide bushing that induces forward and backward movement of the solenoid rod.

[0018] Alternatively, the machining hole may be provided with a displacement sensor that measures the forward and backward displacement of the solenoid rod.

[0019] And, it may include a control unit that acquires in real time the measurement values ​​of the displacement sensors respectively provided in the plurality of lip variable mechanisms, and adjusts the profile formed by the lip of the slit along the TD side based on the acquired measurement values ​​of the displacement sensors.

[0020] The die coater of the present invention, which has a plurality of lip variable mechanisms as described above, operates the lip variable mechanisms by pushing or pulling the land portion to change the lip profile, which is performed by a solenoid, and thus practically eliminates manual work by the operator, so that the lip profile adjustment does not require much effort as in the past, and the left-right deviation of the slurry loading can also be effectively adjusted.

[0021] The die coater of the present invention enables adjustment of the lip profile without manual work and, further, real-time adjustment of the lip profile through a lip variable mechanism equipped with a solenoid, and the die coater of the present invention ultimately contributes to improving the quality of secondary batteries.

[0022] However, the technical effects that can be obtained through the present invention are not limited to the above-described effects, and other effects that are not mentioned can be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the description of the invention described below.

[0023] The following drawings attached to this specification illustrate preferred embodiments of the present invention, and together with the detailed description of the invention described below, serve to further understand the technical idea of ​​the present invention, and therefore, the present invention should not be interpreted as being limited to matters described in such drawings.

[0024] Figure 1 is a drawing showing one embodiment of a die coater.

[0025] FIG. 2 is a drawing showing a lower block of a die coater having a lip variable mechanism according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line “AA” of Figure 2.

[0027] Fig. 4 is a drawing illustrating a case where the lip variable mechanism of Fig. 3 performs a push operation.

[0028] Fig. 5 is a drawing illustrating a case where the lip variable mechanism of Fig. 3 performs a full operation.

[0029] Figure 6 is an assembly structure diagram of the lip variable mechanism of Figure 3.

[0030] Figure 7 is a drawing showing another embodiment of a lip variable mechanism.

[0031] FIG. 8 is a drawing illustrating one embodiment of a die coater having a displacement sensor for a solenoid.

[0032] The present invention can be modified in various ways and has many embodiments, and specific embodiments will be described in detail below.

[0033] However, this is not intended to limit the present invention to a specific embodiment, but should be understood to include all modifications, equivalents, or substitutes included in the spirit and technical scope of the present invention.

[0034] In the present invention, it should be understood that terms such as “include” or “have” are intended to specify the presence of a feature, number, step, operation, component, part or combination thereof described in the specification, but do not exclude in advance the possibility of the presence or addition of one or more other features, numbers, steps, operations, components, parts or combinations thereof.

[0035] Additionally, in the present invention, when a part such as a layer, film, region, or plate is described as being "on" another part, this includes not only cases where it is "directly above" the other part, but also cases where there is another part in between. Conversely, when a part such as a layer, film, region, or plate is described as being "under" another part, this includes not only cases where it is "directly below" the other part, but also cases where there is another part in between. Furthermore, in the present application, "being placed on" may include cases where it is placed below as well as above.

[0036]

[0037] The present invention relates to a die coater comprising a lower block having a manifold for receiving slurry, and an upper block coupled to the lower block, wherein a slit is formed along a TD side on the front surfaces of the lower block and the upper block, and a land portion is provided between the manifold and the slit, wherein a slot is formed along the TD side below the land portion of the lower block, and a solenoid extending from a bottom surface of the lower block and passing through the slot includes a plurality of lip variable mechanisms that perform a push operation for pushing the land portion and a pull operation for pulling the land portion.

[0038] The die coater of the present invention, which has a plurality of lip variable mechanisms as described above, operates the lip variable mechanisms by pushing or pulling the land portion to change the lip profile, which is performed by a solenoid, and thus practically eliminates manual work by the operator, so that the lip profile adjustment does not require much effort as in the past, and the left-right deviation of the slurry loading can also be effectively adjusted.

[0039] Hereinafter, a specific embodiment of a die coater (10) according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the attached drawings. For reference, the directions of front / back, up / down / left / right, etc., used to designate relative positions in the following description are intended to aid understanding of the invention, and unless otherwise specifically defined, the directions depicted in the drawings are taken as a reference.

[0040]

[0041] [First Embodiment]

[0042] FIG. 1 is a drawing showing one embodiment of a die coater (10) composed of an upper block (100) and a lower block (200), and FIG. 2 is a drawing showing the lower block (200) of the die coater (10) according to one embodiment of the present invention. The die coater (10) of the present invention is provided with a lip variable mechanism (300) in the lower block (200), and the upper block (100) has a conventional structure. Therefore, in the following description, the die coater (10) of the present invention will be described focusing on the lower block (200).

[0043] The die coater (10) includes a lower block (200) having a manifold (210) for receiving slurry, and an upper block (100) coupled to the lower block (200). A slit (240) along the TD side is formed on the front surface of the mutually coupled lower block (200) and upper block (100). Here, the TD (Transverse Direction) side refers to the width direction of the electrode foil on which the slurry is applied by the slit (240) of the die coater (10), and is a direction orthogonal to the running direction (MD, Machine Direction) of the electrode foil.

[0044] In a die coater (10), the structure of a slit (240) is generally defined by at least one shim member (230) interposed between a lower block (200) and an upper block (100). In the lower block (200), a flat land portion (220) is formed between a manifold (210) and a slit (240). The slurry passing through the land portion (220) is discharged through the slit (240), and the discharge end of the slit (240) extending along the TD side is commonly referred to as a lip. The profile of the lip may have a curved shape rather than a straight line so as to adjust the left-right deviation of the slurry loading. The present invention can adjust this lip profile quite freely through a lip variable mechanism (300).

[0045] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a slot (320) is formed along the TD side below the land portion (220) of the lower block (200). The slot (320) is formed to reduce the rigidity of the land portion (220) located above it. That is, due to the slot (320) forming a deep groove, the land portion (220) is structured to easily undergo deformation toward or away from the upper block (100).

[0046] A plurality of lip variable mechanisms (300) are spaced apart from each other along a slot (320) extending toward the TD side. The lip variable mechanism (300) includes a solenoid (310) extending from the bottom surface of the lower block (200) and passing through the slot (320), and the solenoid (310) performs a push operation for pushing the land portion (220) and a pull operation for pulling the land portion (220). By the push operation and the pull operation of the solenoid (310), the shape of the slit (240) for discharging the slurry is locally changed, and since a plurality of lip variable mechanisms (300) are provided along the TD side, the overall lip profile can be changed.

[0047] The structure of the lip-changing mechanism is described in detail with reference to Fig. 3 as follows.

[0048] The lip variable mechanism (300) includes a mounting groove (330) formed at the lower portion of the land portion (220) through the slot (320). The mounting groove (330) forms a space inside the ceiling of the slot (320), and the ceiling of the mounting groove (330) is close to the land portion (220).

[0049] And, the lip variable mechanism (300) includes a solenoid (310) that moves forward and backward by electromagnetic force. The solenoid (310) includes a solenoid head (312) and a solenoid rod (314) extended from the solenoid head (312). As will be described later, for mounting the lip variable mechanism (300), the solenoid head (312) and the solenoid rod (314) form a two-piece structure that can be separated and fastened. The solenoid head (312) is accommodated in the mounting groove (330), and the solenoid rod (314) extends from the solenoid head (312) to the outside of the lower block (200). And, the solenoid rod (314) has an outer diameter smaller than that of the solenoid head (312).

[0050] An adjustment block (340) is interposed between the solenoid head (312) and the solenoid rod (314). The adjustment block (340) has a through hole (342) having a size (inner diameter) between the outer diameter of the solenoid head (312) and the outer diameter of the solenoid rod (314), and is fixed to the entrance of the mounting groove (330) to form a part of the ceiling of the slot (320). The through hole (342) of the adjustment block (340) is a structure fitted between the solenoid head (312) and the solenoid rod (314) and is fixed to the entrance of the mounting groove (330). Therefore, the through hole (342) of the adjustment block (340) does not cause any hindrance or interference to the forward and backward movement of the solenoid rod (314). On the other hand, for the solenoid head (312), the through hole (342) of the adjustment block (340) prevents the solenoid head (312) from passing through the adjustment block (340) when the solenoid (310) moves backward. Therefore, the solenoid head (312) in contact with the adjustment block (340) exerts a downward pressing force on the adjustment block (340).

[0051] The push-pull operation of the solenoid (310) based on the configuration of this lip variable mechanism (300) is described with reference to the drawing.

[0052] FIG. 4 is a drawing illustrating a case where the lip variable mechanism (300) of FIG. 3 performs a pushing action. The pushing action of the lip variable mechanism (300) is performed by the movement of the solenoid (310) moving forward toward the land portion (220). As the solenoid rod (314) moves forward, the solenoid head (312) also moves forward, and the advanced solenoid head (312) pushes the ceiling of the mounting groove (330). In other words, the pushing action of pushing the land portion (220) is performed by the advancement of the solenoid rod (314). As described above, the adjustment block (340) has no influence on the forward movement of the solenoid rod (314) and the solenoid head (312).

[0053] FIG. 5 is a drawing illustrating a case where the lip variable mechanism (300) of FIG. 3 performs a full operation. The full operation of the lip variable mechanism (300) is achieved by a backward movement of the solenoid (310) away from the land portion (220). The solenoid head (312) reaches the adjustment block (340) by the backward movement of the solenoid rod (314). As described above, due to the size of the through hole (342) provided in the adjustment block (340), the backward movement of the solenoid rod (314) is achieved without obstruction, but the solenoid head (312) cannot go beyond the through hole (342) and exerts a downward pressing force on the adjustment block (340). The adjustment block (340) is fixed to the entrance of the mounting groove (330) and forms a part of the ceiling of the slot (320), so that a pull action is performed to pull the land portion (220) above the slot (320) by the backward movement of the solenoid rod (314).

[0054] Here, the solenoid head (312) can form a slight clearance with respect to the ceiling of the adjustment block (340) and the mounting groove (330). This clearance facilitates the neutral state in which the solenoid head (312) does not apply force to either the adjustment block (340) or the ceiling of the mounting groove (330). The neutral state of the solenoid head (312), together with the push-pull operation, helps in adjusting the lip profile.

[0055] Fig. 6 is a drawing exemplarily showing the assembly structure of the lip variable mechanism (300) of Fig. 3. An important point in the assembly structure of this lip variable mechanism (300) is the structure in which the adjustment block (340) is inserted between the solenoid head (312) accommodated in the mounting groove (330) formed below the land portion (220) and the solenoid (310) extended outside the lower block (200), and the adjustment block (340) is fixed to the entrance of the mounting groove (330).

[0056] The lower block (200) has a machined hole (350) that starts from its bottom surface, passes through the slot (320), and then penetrates to the mounting groove (330). In other words, in order to form the mounting groove (330), a hole is machined from the bottom surface of the lower block (200) with a diameter corresponding to the inner diameter of the mounting groove (330), and as a result of this hole machining, a machined hole (350) remains in the lower block (200).

[0057] As described above, the solenoid head (312) and the solenoid rod (314) form a two-piece structure that can be separated and connected. When assembling the lip variable mechanism (300), only the separated solenoid head (312) is inserted into the mounting groove (330) through the machined hole (350).

[0058] With the solenoid head (312) seated in the mounting groove (330), the adjustment block (340) is inserted through the slot (320). The adjustment block (340) inserted through the slot (320) is aligned with the entrance of the mounting groove (330) and then fixed. For example, the adjustment block (340) may be fixed to the entrance of the mounting groove (330) by screw fastening. In this case, torque may be applied to the adjustment block (340) by a tool deeply inserted through the machined hole (350) so that the adjustment block (340) may be screw fastened to the entrance of the mounting groove (330). By fixing the adjustment block (340) in this way, the adjustment block (340) forms a part of the ceiling of the slot (320). In addition, the solenoid head (312) cannot be removed from the mounting groove (330) by the fixed adjustment block (340).

[0059] Finally, the solenoid rod (314) approaches the solenoid head (312) through the machined hole (350) and the through hole (342) of the adjustment block (340), and they are mutually coupled. For example, the solenoid rod (314) can be integrally coupled with the solenoid head (312) by screw fastening. Even with screw fastening, the solenoid rod (314) only moves forward and backward, so it is unlikely to loosen from the solenoid head (312).

[0060] In addition, a guide bushing (360) that guides forward and backward movement of the solenoid rod (314) may be provided in the processing hole (350). The space of the processing hole (350) is filled by the guide bushing (360), and the forward and backward movement of the solenoid rod (314) can be stably performed.

[0061] Fig. 7 is a drawing illustrating another embodiment of a lip variable mechanism (300). The lip variable mechanism (300) of Fig. 7 has an adjustment block fixing groove (332) formed in a step shape at the entrance of a mounting groove (330) and having an inner diameter larger than the inner diameter of the mounting groove (330). In addition, the adjustment block (340) is fixed to the adjustment block fixing groove (332) by screw fastening. In this embodiment, a separate adjustment block fixing groove (332) is provided for fixing the adjustment block (340) by screw fastening, so that the outer diameter of the solenoid head (312) can be made sufficiently large to correspond to the inner diameter of the mounting groove (330). Accordingly, the solenoid head (312) can perform a stable push-pull operation with respect to the land portion (220) with almost no loss of force. For reference, in the embodiment of FIG. 7, the inner diameter of the processing hole (350) may have a diameter corresponding to the inner diameter of the adjusting block fixing groove (332).

[0062]

[0063] [Second Embodiment]

[0064] Fig. 8 is a drawing showing one embodiment of a die coater (10) having a displacement sensor (400) for a solenoid (310). In the first embodiment described above, it was explained that the solenoid (310) provided in the lip variable mechanism (300) performs a push-pull operation with respect to the land portion (220) of the lower block (200), thereby eliminating manual work on the bolt structure for adjusting the lip profile, thereby solving the problem of requiring a lot of effort for fine tuning and adjustment.

[0065] In the second embodiment, a method is proposed to make progress in solving this problem by adjusting the lip profile in real time through automated control of a plurality of lip variable mechanisms (300), thereby more efficiently resolving the left-right deviation of slurry loading.

[0066] Referring to FIG. 7, a displacement sensor (400) for measuring the forward and backward displacement of the solenoid rod (314) is provided in the machining hole (350). In the illustrated form, by mounting the displacement sensor (400) having a similar shape to the guide bushing (360) in the machining hole (350), the displacement of the solenoid rod (314) moving relative to the displacement sensor (400) can be measured. The displacement sensor (400) can have any measuring method, such as a contact method or a non-contact method. For example, a linear variable displacement transducer (LVDT), an eddy current displacement sensor, a magnetic displacement sensor (400), etc. can be applied. In addition, such a displacement sensor (400) can be provided for all of the plurality of lip variable mechanisms (300) arranged on the slots (320) formed long along the front TD side of the lower block (200).

[0067] In this way, in an embodiment in which a displacement sensor (400) is provided for each lip variable mechanism (300), a control unit (500) that comprehensively controls all lip variable mechanisms (300) may be provided. The control unit (500) acquires in real time the measurement values ​​of the displacement sensors (400) respectively provided in the plurality of lip variable mechanisms (300), and can adjust the profile formed by the lip of the slit (240) along the TD side based on the acquired measurement values ​​of the displacement sensors (400). That is, by controlling each lip variable mechanism (300) to be in a push operation, a pull operation, or a neutral state, the overall shape of the lip profile along the TD side can be adjusted in various ways.

[0068] Real-time adjustment of the lip profile by the control unit (500) can be performed in various ways. For example, it can be performed by setting a reference value of the solenoid rod (314) in advance for each lip variable mechanism (300), monitoring in real time the change over time according to the accumulated operating time of the die coater (10), and performing adjustments for the lip variable mechanism (300) that falls outside the error range of the reference value as a result of the monitoring. Alternatively, the left-right deviation of the slurry loaded on the electrode foil can be observed in real time using a vision device or the like, and feedback control can be performed for each lip variable mechanism (300) in the direction of reducing the left-right deviation based on the observation result of the slurry loading.

[0069] In this way, the die coater (10) of the present invention enables adjustment of the lip profile without manual work and, further, real-time adjustment of the lip profile through the lip variable mechanism (300) equipped with a solenoid (310), and the die coater (10) of the present invention ultimately contributes to improving the quality of secondary batteries.

[0070]

[0071] The present invention has been described in more detail through drawings and examples. However, the configurations described in the drawings or examples described in this specification are merely embodiments of the present invention and do not represent all of the technical ideas of the present invention. Therefore, it should be understood that various equivalents and modified examples may exist as of the time of this application.

[0072] [Explanation of symbols]

[0073] 10: Die coater

[0074] 100: Upper block

[0075] 200: Lower block

[0076] 210: Manifold

[0077] 220: Land Department

[0078] 230: Absence of heart

[0079] 240: Slit

[0080] 300: Lip variable mechanism

[0081] 310: Solenoid

[0082] 312: Solenoid head

[0083] 314: Solenoid rod

[0084] 320: Slot

[0085] 330: Mounting groove

[0086] 332: Adjustment block fixing groove

[0087] 340: Adjustment block

[0088] 342: Through hole

[0089] 350: Machining hole

[0090] 360: Guide Bushing

[0091] 400: Displacement sensor

[0092] 500: Control Unit

[0093] TD: Transverse Direction

[0094] MD: Machine Direction

Claims

1. A die coater comprising a lower block having a manifold for receiving slurry, and an upper block coupled to the lower block, wherein a slit is formed along the TD side on the front surface of the lower block and the upper block, and a land portion is provided between the manifold and the slit. A slot is formed along the TD side of the land portion of the above lower block, A die coater comprising a plurality of lip variable mechanisms, each of which extends from the bottom surface of the lower block and passes through the slot to perform a push operation for pushing the land portion and a pull operation for pulling the land portion.

2. In paragraph 1, The above lip variable mechanism is, A mounting groove formed on the lower side of the land portion through the slot; The solenoid including a solenoid head accommodated in the mounting groove, and a solenoid rod extending from the solenoid head and having an outer diameter smaller than the outer diameter of the solenoid head; and An adjusting block having a through hole having a size between the outer diameter of the solenoid head and the outer diameter of the solenoid rod, and fixed to the entrance of the mounting groove to form a part of the ceiling of the slot; A die coater, including:

3. In paragraph 2, The above lip variable mechanism is, A die coater in which the solenoid head pushes the ceiling of the mounting groove by the advancement of the solenoid rod, thereby performing a pushing action of pushing the land portion.

4. In paragraph 2 or 3, The above lip variable mechanism is, A die coater in which the solenoid head pushes the adjustment block downward by the backward movement of the solenoid rod, thereby performing a pull operation of pulling the land portion.

5. In paragraph 2, The above lip variable mechanism is, A die coater, wherein the above adjustment block is fixed by screw fastening to the entrance of the above mounting groove.

6. In paragraph 5, The above lip variable mechanism is, At the entrance of the above mounting groove, an adjustment block fixing groove larger than the inner diameter of the above mounting groove is formed in the form of a step, A die coater in which the above adjustment block is fixed by screw fastening to the above adjustment block fixing groove.

7. In paragraph 6, The above lip variable mechanism is, A die coater, wherein the outer diameter of the above solenoid head corresponds to the inner diameter of the above mounting groove.

8. In paragraph 2, The above lower block is, It has a machined hole extending from the bottom to the above-mentioned mounting groove, The inner diameter of the above-mentioned processing hole corresponds to the inner diameter of the above-mentioned mounting groove, The above solenoid rod extends outside the lower block through the above processing hole, the die coater.

9. In paragraph 8, In the above processing hole, A die coater having a guide bushing that induces forward and backward movement of the above solenoid rod.

10. In paragraph 8, In the above processing hole, A die coater equipped with a displacement sensor that measures the forward and backward displacement of the above solenoid rod.

11. In paragraph 10, A die coater comprising a control unit that acquires in real time the measurement values ​​of displacement sensors provided in each of the plurality of lip variable mechanisms, and adjusts the profile formed by the lip of the slit along the TD side based on the acquired measurement values ​​of the displacement sensors.

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