Security label with acousto-magnetic (AM) and radio frequency identification (RFID) capabilities

Abstract

Certain aspects of the present disclosure may include a security label having an acousto-magnetic (AM) component having a magnetic resonator and being disposed in a cavity of the security label and a radio frequency identification (RFID) component having a chip and an antenna, the antenna at least partially surrounding the magnetic resonator of the AM component.

Description

SECURITY LABEL WITH ACOUSTO-MAGNETIC (AM) AND RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID) CAPABILITIESCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present application claims priority to, and the benefit of, United States Provisional Application No. 63 / 691,374 filed September 6, 2024 and entitled “SECURITY LABEL WITH ACOUSTO-MAGNETIC (AM) AND RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID) CAPABILITIES,” the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.BACKGROUND

[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to security labels. In some instances, retailers utilizes security labels (such as electronic article surveillance (EAS) tags or ultra- high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) tags) for loss prevention. A security label is in the active state until the associated article is properly purchased, at which point the security label is properly deactivated. When an active security label passes through a detection system, an alarm is triggered to alert store personnel about a potentially unpurchased product leaving the premise. However, it may be difficult to program EAS tags with inventory information, and RFID tags can be tampered with to reduce loss prevention capabilities. Therefore, improvements is desirable.SUMMARY

[0003] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the DETAILED DESCRIPTION. This summary is not intended to identify key features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[0004] Aspects of the present disclosure include a security label having an acousto- magnetic (AM) component having a magnetic resonator and being disposed in a cavity of the security label and a radio frequency identification (RFID) component having a chip and an antenna, the antenna at least partially surrounding the magnetic resonator of the AM component.

[0005] The present disclosure describes a security label including an Acousto-Magnetic (AM) component having a magnetic resonator positioned in a cavity, and a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) component having a chip and an antenna. The RFID component is positioned spaced apart from the magnetic resonator.

[0006] In some aspects, the RFID component is positioned outside the cavity.

[0007] In some aspects, at least a portion of the RFID component is within the cavity.

[0008] In some aspects, the AM component includes a first layer and a second layer defining the cavity. The magnetic resonator is placed between the first layer and the second layer.

[0009] In some aspects, the RFID component is placed below the second layer of the AM component.

[0010] In some aspects, the RFID component is an ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID component.

[0011] In some aspects, the security label is attached to an article away from an metallic component in the article.

[0012] The present disclosure discloses a method including steps of providing an Acousto-Magnetic (AM) component having a magnetic resonator positioned in a cavity and embedding a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) component with the AM component such that the RFID component is spaced apart from the magnetic resonator.

[0013] In some aspects, the step of embedding the RFID component includes embedding the RFID component outside the cavity.

[0014] In some aspects, the step of embedding the RFID component includes embedding the RFID component such that at least a portion of the RFID component is within the cavity.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] The features believed to be characteristic of aspects of the disclosure are set forth in the appended claims. In the description that follows, like parts are marked throughout the specification and drawings with the same numerals, respectively. The drawing figures are not necessarily drawn to scale and certain figures are shown in exaggerated or generalized form in the interest of clarity and conciseness. The disclosure itself, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objects and advantages thereof, will be best understood by reference to the following detailed description of illustrative aspects of the disclosure when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0016] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a security label according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0017] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a number of security labels according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0018] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a security label according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of another security label according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a security label with meandered RFID antenna according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a security label having a RFID component laminated on top of the security label according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a security label having a RFID component embedded within a top layer of the security label according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0023] FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating an example method for providing a security label according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0024] FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating another example method for providing a security label according to various aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] The following includes definitions of selected terms employed herein. The definitions include various examples and / or forms of components that fall within the scope of a term and that may be used for implementation. The examples are not intended to be limiting.

[0026] Retailers and supply-chain operators have long relied on electronic article surveillance (EAS) technologies, such as acousto-magnetic (AM) tags, to deter theft. Independently, they have adopted radio-frequency identification (RFID) labels — particularly ultra-high-frequency (UHF) labels — for inventory visibility, automated receiving, and point-of-sale analytics. Deploying these two technologies separately, however, presents a number of persistent challenges.

[0027] First, when AM and RFID devices are applied as distinct labels, each occupies its own footprint on the merchandise. This increases the total surface area consumed by security hardware, complicates aesthetic considerations, and can force a retailer to compromise on label placement to avoid metallic structures or packaging features that might impair performance.

[0028] Second, the parallel application of two different labels doubles the labor required during packaging, ticketing, or in-store tagging. Every additional handling step increases throughput time, labor cost, and the probability of improper application that could render either technology ineffective.

[0029] Third, the use of two separate labels drives up material consumption — multiple carriers, liners, and protective layers must be stocked, stored, and ultimately discarded. The resulting increase in bill-of-materials cost places downward pressure on gross margins and increases the environmental footprint of each tagged item.

[0030] Fourth, AM tags and RFID labels typically require independent deactivation or encoding stations. Store operators must ensure that the correct station is used for the correct tag, and any oversight can lead to false alarms at store exits, incomplete inventory data, or both. Moreover, maintaining separate systems complicates technology migration; retailers that wish to transition from AM to RFID (or vice-versa) face sunk costs and operational disruption associated with replacing legacy labels.

[0031] The present disclosure includes a security label that integrates both an acousto- magnetic (AM) component and a radio frequency identification (RFID) component within a single device. The RFID antenna at least partially surrounds or is positioned near the AM component. The combined technologies of the security label enable simultaneous loss-prevention and inventory-tracking functions. The security label described herein, by combining these technologies in one label, enables a reduction in application time, material cost, and / or operational complexity.

[0032] In an aspect, the label features a magnetic resonator housed within a cavity defined by overlapping layers, such as a first and second layer, to acoustically and magnetically isolate the AM element and preserve its detection sensitivity. An RFID component, including an integrated circuit (IC) and a conductive antenna, is positioned near but electrically isolated from the resonator. The antenna at least partially surrounds the cavity or is arranged to occupy peripheral areas of the label, minimizing overall dimensions and promoting a balanced radiation pattern for improved read range, even on packaging containing metal or liquid.

[0033] By controlling the spacing between the magnetic resonator and the RFID antenna, the design mitigates detuning and eddy-current losses. This separation preserves the resonant frequency (such as 58 kHz) of the AM element and allows the RFID component to operate across various frequency bands, including global UHF bands (e.g., 865-928MHz), without additional matching components. The result is a dual -technology label that performs reliably under both EAS and RFID systems.

[0034] In some implementations, the RFID antenna uses a meandered, folding, zig-zag, wave, or other non-linear configuration. A non-linear trace extends the electrical length within a compact footprint, lowering resonant frequency and improving impedance matching to the RFID chip, which increases read sensitivity. These alternative patterns provide flexibility to tailor performance for various packaging materials and form factors.

[0035] By sharing common structural layers — such as the substrate, adhesive, and liner — between the AM and RFID components, the label reduces the number of distinct materials utilized to form the label as compared to separate tags. This consolidation lowers unit cost, simplifies inventory management, and reduces environmental impact by decreasing material usage and waste.

[0036] In some implementations, the integrated label is manufactured on paperboard or other non-plastic substrates, offering a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional plastic. Paper-based substrates are compatible with high-speed roll-to-roll processing, and embedding both AM and RFID technologies in a single pass shortens production cycles and lowers conversion costs.

[0037] Operationally, based on the present disclosure, retail staff efficiently apply only one label per item. At checkout, a single point-of-sale event can simultaneously deactivate the AM component and encode or verify RFID data, streamlining workflow and reducing training requirements. For retailers transitioning between technologies, the dual -capable label eliminates the need to replace existing stock or modify gate hardware, as it functions within legacy AM infrastructure while enabling RFID analytics.

[0038] In summary, the security label of the present disclosure unifies theft deterrence and inventory intelligence, delivering benefits in size, cost, sustainability, and / or operational efficiency, while maintaining the performance of both AM and RFID technologies.

[0039] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a security label 100, according to some aspects of the present disclosure. In some aspects, the security label 100 is a device used to detect improper removal of merchandize from a store and / or to track inventory. The security label 100 is shown to include an AM component 110 and an RFID component 120. The AM component 110 includes a magnetic resonator 130 positioned in a cavity 140. The magnetic resonator 130 resonates in the cavity 140 when exposed to a magnetic field. Insome aspects, the magnetic resonator 130 resonates when exposed to a magnetic field oscillating at substantially the resonant frequency of the magnetic resonator 130. In one aspect, the resonant frequency of the magnetic resonator 130 is 58 kilohertz (kHz). Other frequencies are also possible . In some aspects of the present disclosure, a detection system (not shown) generates the magnetic field to which the magnetic resonator 130 responds.

[0040] In some aspects, the RFID component 120 includes a chip 150 and an antenna 160. The RFID component 120 is positioned at a particular distance from the magnetic resonator 130. In one aspect, as shown in FIG. 1, the chip 150 and the antenna 160 are positioned outside the cavity 140. In some other aspects, at least a portion of the RFID component 120 is within the cavity 140. For example, a portion of the antenna 160 passes through the cavity 140, optionally maintaining distance with the magnetic resonator 130.

[0041] The antenna 160 has suitable pattern. As shown in FIG. 1, the antenna 160 has a one-trace pattern. In some other aspects, the antenna 160 has a folding pattern, meandering pattern, or any other suitable pattern (as shown in examples below). Further, the antenna 160 has open ends or closed ends. In other aspects, the antenna 160 is configured to form a (closed) loop around the AM component 110. Such configuration can be read independently. Alternatively, the antenna loop is inductively coupled to a metallic pattern below the security label 100 or next to the security label 100. In some examples, the metallic pattern can be a part of the article to which the security label 100 is attached. The metallic pattern can be created on or into the article.

[0042] In some aspects, the RFID component 120 operates using RFID technology. In some aspects, operational frequency of the RFID component 120 ranges from: 400 megahertz (MHz) to 1 gigahertz (GHz), 800 MHz to 1 GHz, 850 MHz to 950 MHz, or 865MHz to 928MHz for UHF RFID tags; 1 MHz to 50 MHz, 2 MHz to 40 MHz, or 3 MHz to 30 MHz for high frequency (HF) RFID tags; and / or 100 kilohertz (kHz) to 300 kHz or 125 kHz to 135 kHz. Other frequencies and frequency range may also be implemented according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0043] In some aspects of the present disclosure, the security label 100 is made of nonplastic material. In one aspect, the security label 100 implements paperboard material for a substrate instead of plastic materials including polystyrene. In another aspect, the security label 100 is an AM label, and the RFID component is embedded in the AM label.

[0044] FIG. 2 is a schematic view depicting a number of security labels lOOa-lOOd according to various aspects of the present disclosure. The security labels lOOa-lOOd mayhave identical or different architectures and / or configurations. In some examples, the shapes and the sizes of the components (e.g., antenna pattern, RFID operating frequencies, etc.) on the security labels lOOa-lOOd may differ. The security labels 100a- lOOd are provided with weakening lines 170 to separate the security labels lOOa-lOOd from adjacent labels. Here, the number of security labels lOOa-lOOd may be manufactured together, and separated to attach to different merchandize.

[0045] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the security label 100 according to various aspects of the present disclosure. The AM component 120 includes a first layer 180 and a second layer 190 defining the cavity 140. The magnetic resonator 130 is positioned in the cavity 140. In an operative configuration of the security label 100, the first layer 180 is on top of the magnetic resonator 130, and the second layer 190 is below the magnetic resonator 130. Referring to FIG. 3, the RFID component 120 is positioned below the second layer 190. The RFID component 120 is placed on an inlay substrate 200 and / or provided with pressure sensitive adhesive layers. Further, the security label 100 includes a siliconized liner paper layer 210 below the RFID component 120.

[0046] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of another aspect of the security label 100 according to aspects of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 4, the RFID component 120 is positioned between the first layer 180 and the second layer 190, and spaced apart from the magnetic resonator 130.

[0047] FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a security label 500 according to certain aspects of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 5, the security label 500 includes an electronic article surveillance (EAS) tag 510 and a RFID device 520. The EAS tag 510 and the RFID device 520 is disposed in a cavity 540. In other aspects, the EAS tag 510 is disposed in different cavities of the security label 500.

[0048] In some aspects of the present disclosure, the EAS tag 510 includes a magnetic resonator 530 disposed in the cavity 540. The magnetic resonator 530 resonates in the cavity 540 in a presence of an external magnetic field. In some aspects, the magnetic resonator 530 resonates when exposed to a magnetic field oscillating at substantially the resonant frequency of the magnetic resonator 530. In one aspect, the resonant frequency of the magnetic resonator 530 may be 58 kilohertz (kHz). Other frequencies may also be possible. In some aspects of the present disclosure, a detection system (not shown) generates the magnetic field to which the magnetic resonator 530 responds. The detection system detects the absorption and / or resonance of the magnetic resonator 530 todetermine whether the EAS tag 510 is activated or deactivated. Other technologies may also be implemented for the EAS tag 510 according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0049] In some aspects of the present disclosure, the RFID device 520 includes an antenna 560 configured to receive electromagnetic waves carrying RFID signals (not shown) transmitted to the RFID device 520. The RFID device 520 includes a chip 550 configured to receive the RFID signals, and / or transmit response RFID signals in response to the received RFID signals according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0050] In certain aspects of the present disclosure and as described above, the antenna 560 includes a meandered configuration as shown in FIG. 5. Here, the meandering of the antenna 560 extends the lengths of the antenna 560 (compared to “straight” antennas). Other configurations for the antenna may also be implemented, including but not limited to folding patterns, zig-zag patterns, wave patterns, or other suitable patterns.

[0051] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another aspect of the security label 100 according to aspects of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 6, the RFID component 120 may be disposed over the first layer 180. In one aspect of the present disclosure, the RFID component may be coupled onto the top of the first layer 180 by adhesive, laminate (not shown), or other suitable mechanism. In one aspect of the present disclosure, the antenna 160 may printed (e.g., using conductive ink) on top of first layer 180. Next, the chip 150 may be disposed on top of the first layer 180 and electrically coupled to the printed antenna 160. Other methods may be used to dispose the RFID component 120 into and / or onto the security label 100.

[0052] FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of another aspect of the security label 100 according to aspects of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 7, the RFID component 120 may be embedded within the first layer 180 (or any of the other layers). In one aspect of the present disclosure, the RFID component may be sewn or woven into the first layer 180.

[0053] FIG. 8 is a flowchart depicting steps of a method 800 for forming a security label according to certain aspects of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 8, the method 800 includes providing an Acousto-Magnetic (AM) component having a magnetic resonator positioned in a cavity (Step 802). In certain aspects, the AM component includes a first layer and a second layer defining the cavity, which acoustically and magnetically isolates the resonator and preserves its detection sensitivity. The magnetic resonator is positionedin the cavity such that the magnetic resonator can resonate when exposed to a magnetic field. This arrangement ensures that the resonator 130 is securely housed and capable of responding to external magnetic fields at the resonant frequency of the resonator 130, such as 58 kHz, or other appropriate frequencies.

[0054] The method 800 includes embedding a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) component with the AM component such that the RFID component is disposed at a particular distance from the magnetic resonator (Step 804). The RFID component includes a chip and an antenna. The RFID component is positioned outside the cavity. In some other examples, at least a portion of the RFID antenna (for example, an antenna or portion of the antenna) is within the cavity. The spatial separation between the RFID component 120 and the magnetic resonator 130 is sufficient to prevent interference between the electromagnetic signals used by the RFID component 120 and the magnetic field interactions of the AM component 110. By controlling the spatial relationship between the magnetic resonator and the RFID antenna, the present disclosure ensures that the AM element retains its resonant characteristics and the RFID component operates efficiently across its designated frequency bands. The antenna 160 of the RFID component 120 may adopt various configurations, such as meandering, folding, or zigzag patterns, to optimize signal reception and transmission while maintaining the spatial arrangement.

[0055] This integration of technologies provided by method 800 enables the security label to provide both EAS and RFID functionalities within a compact, unified structure.

[0056] FIG. 9 is another flowchart depicting steps of a method 900 for forming a security label according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0057] At step 902, the method 900 includes providing an acousto-magnetic (AM) component having a magnetic resonator and being disposed in a cavity of the security label. This function can be performed by a manufacturing apparatus and / or an assembly process, which incorporates a magnetic resonator (such as element 130) into a defined cavity (element 140) within the security label structure. The cavity is typically formed by a first layer (element 180) and a second layer (element 190), as described in previous figures, to acoustically and magnetically isolate the resonator and preserve its detection sensitivity (see, e.g., Fig. 3).

[0058] At step 904, the method 900 includes embedding a radio frequency identification (RFID) component having a chip and an antenna into the security label, the antenna atleast partially surrounding the magnetic resonator of the AM component. This function is carried out by the manufacturing apparatus and / or assembly process, which positions the RFID component — comprising a chip (element 150) and an antenna (element 160) — in relation to the AM component so that the antenna at least partially surrounds the cavity containing the magnetic resonator. The RFID component may be placed outside the cavity or, in some configurations, at least a portion of the RFID antenna may be positioned within the cavity while maintaining the necessary spacing from the resonator, as described in prior figures (see, e.g., Fig. 1 and Fig. 5).

[0059] Aspects of the present disclosure includes the method above, wherein the RFID component is an ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID component.

[0060] Aspects of the present disclosure includes any of the methods above, wherein embedding the RFID component comprises disposing the RFID component outside the cavity.

[0061] Aspects of the present disclosure includes any of the methods above, wherein embedding the RFID component comprises disposing the RFID component at least partially inside the cavity.

[0062] Aspects of the present disclosure includes any of the methods above, wherein the security label comprises a first layer and a second layer, wherein the first layer and the second layer define the cavity and the magnetic resonator is disposed between the first layer and the second layer.

[0063] Aspects of the present disclosure includes any of the methods above, wherein embedding the RFID component comprises disposing the RFID component below the second layer of the security label.

[0064] Aspects of the present disclosure includes any of the methods above, wherein embedding the RFID component comprises disposing the RFID component above the second layer of the security label.

[0065] Aspects of the present disclosure includes any of the methods above, wherein the security label is configured to attach to an article.

[0066] Aspects of the present disclosure includes any of the methods above, wherein the antenna includes one of a meandering pattern, a folding pattern, a zig-zag pattern, or a wave pattern

[0067] In reference to a section of the security label, the RFID component is placed below the AM component, for example, below the second layer of the AM component. In someother aspects, the RFID component is placed between the first layer and the second layer of the AM component.

[0068] The security label of the present disclosure can be attached to an article at any suitable position. Area occupied by the security label (having a combination of AM and RFID components) on the article is smaller as compared to area occupied by two separate labels, i.e., an AM label and an RFID label, on the article. Thus, the security label of the present disclosure can be attached to an article such that the security label is away from metallic component(s) in the article to avoid interference between radio signals with metallic components.

[0069] In some other aspects, the security label is formed by initially configuring the RFID component, and further, the AM component is added such that the RFID component is spaced apart from the magnetic resonator of the AM component.

[0070] It is to be noted that the security label of the present disclosure is not limited to configurations and arrangements of AM and RFID components described hereinabove. The AM and RFID components can be arranged in any other suitable way in the security label.

[0071] The security label of the present disclosure has both AM and RFID capabilities. Thus, the security label can be used for both loss prevention and inventory management purposes. Further, attaching the security label to the article takes less time as only single label needs to be attached for AM and RFID technologies. Further, the security label reduces inventory. Both AM and RFID components of the security label leverage multiple common parts (for example, liner, adhesive, packaging, etc.), thereby reducing manufacturing cost.

[0072] Further, as the security label has AM and RFID capabilities, same label can be used in case of retailers switching from AM technology to RFID technology or vice versa resulting in reduced technology migration efforts.

[0073] While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred aspect, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made, and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular aspectdisclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all aspects falling within the scope of the appended claims.

[0074] It will be appreciated that various implementations of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives or varieties thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. Also that various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations, or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

Claims

CLAIMSWHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A security label, comprising: an acousto-magnetic (AM) component having a magnetic resonator and being disposed in a cavity of the security label; and a radio frequency identification (RFID) component having a chip and an antenna, the antenna at least partially surrounding the magnetic resonator of the AM component.

2. The security label of claim 1, wherein the RFID component is an ultra- high frequency (UHF) RFID component.

3. The security label of claim 1, wherein the RFID component is disposed outside the cavity.

4. The security label of claim 1, wherein the RFID component is disposed at least partially inside the cavity.

5. The security label of claim 1, further comprising: a first layer; and a second layer, wherein: the first layer and the second layer define the cavity, and the magnetic resonator is disposed between the first layer and the second layer.

6. The security label of claim 5, wherein the RFID component is disposed below the second layer of the security label.

7. The security label of claim 5, wherein the RFID component is disposed above the second layer of the security label.

8. The security label of claim 5, wherein the RFID component is disposed on top of or embedded within the first layer of the security label.

9. The security label of claim 1, wherein the security label is configured to attach to an article.

10. The security label of claim 1, wherein the antenna includes one of a meandering pattern, a folding pattern, a zig-zag pattern, or a wave pattern.

11. A method of providing a security label, comprising: providing an acousto-magnetic (AM) component having a magnetic resonator and being disposed in a cavity of the security label; and embedding a radio frequency identification (RFID) component having a chip and an antenna into the security label, the antenna at least partially surrounding the magnetic resonator of the AM component.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the RFID component is an ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID component.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein embedding the RFID component comprises disposing the RFID component outside the cavity.

14. The method of claim 11, wherein embedding the RFID component comprises disposing the RFID component at least partially inside the cavity.

15. The method of claim 11, wherein the security label comprises: a first layer; and a second layer, wherein: the first layer and the second layer define the cavity, and the magnetic resonator is disposed between the first layer and the second layer.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein embedding the RFID component comprises disposing the RFID component below the second layer of the security label.

17. The method of claim 15, wherein embedding the RFID component comprises disposing the RFID component above the second layer of the security label.

18. The method of claim 15, wherein embedding the RFID component comprises disposing the RFID component on top of the first layer of the security label or embedding the RFID component within the first layer of the security label.

19. The method of claim 11, wherein the security label is configured to attach to an article.

20. The method of claim 11, wherein the antenna includes one of a meandering pattern, a folding pattern, a zig-zag pattern, or a wave pattern.

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