An electrical wiring system

Abstract

Embodiments of the present invention provide an electrical wiring system. The system comprises a main controlling board, a plurality of inspection and distribution boxes or IDBL, a plurality of master nodes, a plurality of slave nodes, and one or more switches. The main controlling board is configured to receive input power. The plurality of IDBL is disposed of throughout the building and each IDBL connected to the SPL. Each master node in the plurality of master nodes associated with a sector of the building and connected to a corresponding IDBL Each master node is configured to supply power to one or more electrical loads via a power cable within its associated sector and the control or data cables are configured to transmit and receive control signals to one or more switches within its associated sector. Each slave node of the plurality of slave nodes, associated with one or more electrical loads mounted on ceiling.

Description

[0001] AN ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEM

[0002] TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003]

[0001] The present invention relates generally to the field of technologies in electrical power distribution and control systems and, more specifically, to an electrical wiring system that provides inspection and flexible electrical wiring system in buildings and facilities.

[0004] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0005]

[0002] Electrical wiring systems are fundamental to modem buildings and facilities, tasked with distributing power and facilitating control over various electrical loads such as lighting, appliances, motors, and other essential equipment. These systems are crucial for ensuring the safe and efficient operation of electrical devices and for managing energy consumption. Traditionally, they comprise a network of cables, switches, distribution panels, and control components that collaborate to deliver power to designated areas and enable user interaction.

[0006]

[0003] Historically, numerous methodologies have been developed for the design and installation of electrical wiring systems, each with specific benefits and inherent limitations. Conventional systems typically involve extensive runs of copper wires from a central switchboard or distribution panel to different sectors or rooms within a building. This traditional method not only escalates material costs due to the heavy use of copper but also renders the installation process labor- intensive and inflexible. Modifications to the wiring layout, such as adding new circuits or relocating switches, generally require significant structural alterations, including demolition and reconstruction of walls and ceilings. Additionally, the complexity of implementing advanced switching features like two-way or three-way configurations increases with the intricacy of the wiring layout.

[0007]

[0004] The integration of professional home automation systems into existing infrastructures poses another layer of complexity and expense, often necessitating the use of relays, dimmers, and centralized control systems. Such upgrades are not only costly but also resource-intensive, involving substantial rewiring efforts that may be prohibitive for many residential and commercial undertakings.

[0008]

[0005] The predominant issues with current electrical wiring methods include high material and installation costs, a lack of flexibility for future modifications or upgrades, and the difficulties associated with implementing sophisticated switching functionalities and inspection control systems. The extensive use of copper wiring not only has significant financial implications but also impacts the environment adversely during production and disposal. Traditional wiring setups, with their fixed nature and rigid switch locations, limit adaptability to evolving functional needs or aesthetic preferences. Moreover, running separate control wires from switches to loads further compounds the system’s complexity and rigidity.

[0009]

[0006] Therefore, there is a need in the art to address these drawbacks by providing an electrical wiring system to reduce reliance on extensive copper wiring, simplify modifications and upgrades, and seamlessly integrate advanced control and automation capabilities to meet the dynamic demands of modern buildings and facilities.

[0010] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0011]

[0007] According to first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electrical wiring system for a building divided into a plurality of sectors. The system comprises a main controlling board or SPL, a plurality of inspection and distribution boxes or IDBL, a plurality of master nodes, and a plurality of slave nodes. The main controlling board or SPL is configured to receive input power. The plurality of inspection and distribution boxes or IDBLs disposed throughout the building, each IDBL electrically connected to the SPL. The plurality of master nodes is associated with one or more sectors of the building and connected to the plurality of IDBL. Each master node is configured to supply power to one or more electrical loads via one or more wires within the connected one or more sectors. The control or data cables are configured to transmit and receive control signals to one or more switches within the connected one or more sectors. The plurality of slave nodes connected with one or more loads, each slave node is configured to control the one or more loads.

[0012]

[0008] In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the processing module is proximal to the main controlling board or SPL. It is configured to control the flow of power using control signals through the plurality of master nodes and the plurality of slave nodes to the one or more electrical loads.

[0013]

[0009] In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the system includes one or more sensors disposed throughout the building, selected from motion sensors, occupancy sensors, light sensors, smoke sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, or a combination thereof.

[0014]

[0010] In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the control or data cables are configured to support bidirectional data transmission between the processing module and each of the plurality of IDBLs, master nodes, and slave nodes, enabling the transmission of control signals from the processing module.

[0015] [Oil] In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the master nodes include sensors configured to detect electrical load parameters, switch states, or environmental conditions, and transmit corresponding status data to the processing module via the control or data cables.

[0016]

[0012] In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the system further comprises an emergency power cutoff module integrated into the SPL, configured to terminate power supply to all sectors upon detection of a fault condition or input from one or more sensors.

[0017]

[0013] In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the power cables or the one or more wires between the SPL and the plurality of IDBL are insulated with a fire-resistant material and equipped with fault detection circuitry to enhance safety and reliability in high-risk environments.

[0018]

[0014] In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, each master node is equipped with a manual override switch that allows for local control of power distribution to the associated electrical loads, independent of the control signals from the processing module.

[0019]

[0015] In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the slave nodes are configured to receive firmware updates or operational parameter modifications from the processing module via the control or data cables, enabling dynamic reconfiguration and adaptability.

[0020]

[0016] In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the power cables or the one or more wires connecting the SPL to the plurality of IDBLs and the slave nodes follow a minimum spanning tree algorithm to minimize wiring requirements.

[0021]

[0017] In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the system further comprises one or more common points (COPs), each COP associated with one or more sectors and connected to the plurality of IDBLs, wherein each cop comprises electronic circuitry and functions as a master node for its associated sectors.

[0022] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023]

[0018] So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present invention can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may have been referred to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.

[0024]

[0019] These and other features, benefits, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent by reference to the following text figure, with like reference numbers referring to like structures across the views, wherein:

[0025]

[0020] Figure 1 illustrates conventional wiring installed in a facility, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0026]

[0021] Figure 2 illustrates an alternate embodiment of conventional wiring installed in a larger facility, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0027]

[0022] Figure 3 illustrates a new electrical wiring system installed in a facility, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0028]

[0023] Figure 4 illustrates a detailed view of the electrical wiring system in Figure 3 installed in a larger facility, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0029]

[0024] Figure 5A-5B illustrates a schematic diagram of an electrical wiring system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0030]

[0025] Figure 6 illustrates a schematic diagram for a slave node of an electrical wiring system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0031]

[0026] Figure 7 illustrates a process flow diagram for the forward process of an electrical wiring system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and

[0032]

[0027] Figure 8 illustrates a process flow diagram for the backward process of an electrical wiring system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0033] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0034]

[0028] While the present invention is described herein by way of example using embodiments and illustrative drawings, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is not limited to the embodiments of drawing or drawings described and is not intended to represent the scale of the various components. Further, some components that may form a part of the invention may not be illustrated in certain figures, for ease of illustration, and such omissions do not limit the embodiments outlined in any way. It should be understood that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed. Still, on the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. As used throughout this description, the word "may" is used in a permissive sense (i.e., meaning having the potential to), rather than the mandatory sense, (i.e., meaning must). Further, the words "a" or "an" mean "at least one” and the word “plurality” means “one or more” unless otherwise mentioned. Furthermore, the terminology and phraseology used herein are solely used for descriptive purposes and should not be construed as limiting in scope. Language such as "including," "comprising," "having," "containing," or "involving," and variations thereof, is intended to be broad and encompass the subject matter listed after that, equivalents, and additional subject matter not recited, and is not intended to exclude other additives, components, integers or steps. Likewise, the term "comprising" is considered synonymous with the terms "including" or "containing" for applicable legal purposes. Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles, and the like is included in the specification solely to provide a context for the present invention. It is not suggested or represented that any or all of these matters form part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present invention.

[0035]

[0029] In this disclosure, whenever a composition or an element or a group of elements is preceded with the transitional phrase “comprising”, it is understood that we also contemplate the same composition, element, or group of elements with transitional phrases “consisting of’, “consisting”, “selected from the group of consisting of, “including”, or “is” preceding the recitation of the composition, element or group of elements and vice versa.

[0036]

[0030] The present invention is described hereinafter by various embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawing, wherein reference numerals used in the accompanying drawing correspond to the like elements throughout the description. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiment set forth herein. Rather, the embodiment is provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. In the following detailed description, numeric values and ranges are provided for various aspects of the implementations described. These values and ranges are to be treated as examples only and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims.

[0037]

[0031] The present invention introduces an electrical wiring system configured to address the inefficiencies and rigidities of conventional systems by enabling dynamic, flexible, and inspection control over electrical power flow. The system may include features such as the capability for real- time bidirectional communication between the control unit and various nodes within the network. It may allow for adaptive power management based on immediate environmental data and operational conditions. The present invention may enhance energy efficiency, reduce installation costs, and decrease the environmental impact associated with the use of traditional wiring materials. Additionally, the system may incorporate advanced safety protocols that detect and respond to faults more effectively than traditional models. The integration of firmware expendable nodes ensures the system's longevity and adaptability, allowing for future upgrades. The integration of technologies into the architecture of the system may make it a better solution for modern electrical power supply management in a building, providing adaptability, safety, and efficiency in electrical wiring installations.

[0038]

[0032] Referring to the drawings, the invention will now be described in more detail.

[0039]

[0033] Figure 1 illustrates a conventional electrical wiring system installed in a facility, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Figure 1, an embodiment of a conventional electrical wiring system (10) is installed in a facility such as, but not limited to, a building, or in a residential flat with one or more sections such as rooms or an area. It comprises, but not limited to, one or more switchboards (101) and one or more wires (102) running from the one or more switchboards (101) to supply power to one or more main sockets (103) in each sector of the facility.

[0040]

[0034] Figure 2 illustrates a conventional electrical wiring system installed in a large facility, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Figure 2, another embodiment of a conventional electrical wiring system the system (20) includes one or more wires

[0041] (102) running from one or more switchboard (101) to supply power to one or more loads (206). The one or more switches (202) may supply power to the one or more loads (206), main socket

[0042] (103), and sub-sockets (204) through one or more wires (102). The one or more wires (102) may include, but not limited to, active, neutral, and / or earth wires. In some embodiments the one or more wires (102) may be installed inside one or more conduits (303).

[0043]

[0035] The material for the one or more wires (102) for electrical power transfer selected may be selected from, but not limited to, copper, aluminum tinned copper silver nickel-coated copper. The material for the one or more control or data cables may be selected from, but not limited to, polyethylene or PE, polyvinyl chloride or PVC, fiber optic, cat5e / cat6 copper, shielded twisted pair, or STP. The material for the conduit or tube (303) may be selected from, but not limited to, PVC, metals, or alloys.

[0036] At the heart of this system (100) is the start point location or SPL (301), which may serve as the central command for input power management and signal distribution. The SPL (301) may connect to a plurality of inspection and distribution box locations or IDBLs (306) via one or more tubes or conduits (303) extending power and data into the building from a specific point or SPL (301). At the specific point, these one or more cables or wires branch out into one or more tubes (303) to supply power directly to the plurality of IDBLs (306). The one or more conduits (303) may carry the one or more wires (102). The one or more wires (102) may include active, neutral, and earth power wires, as well as communication and data cables (401). the one or more conduits (303) may extend to each of the plurality of Connection Points or COPs (309). The plurality of COPs (309) may be configured to distribute power and data through the one or more wires (102) and cables to the main sockets (103) located within its respective sector.

[0044]

[0037] In some embodiments separate the one or more conduits (303) may contain only communication / data cables (401). It may return from the plurality of IDBLs (306) to the SPL (301), completing a feedback loop necessary for the system (100) control and monitoring. The main sockets (103) in the system are primary electrical outlets that may be connected directly to the main power supply of a building. They may be typically distributed strategically throughout a facility to provide accessible points where electrical appliances and machinery may be plugged in. The main sockets (103) may be selected from, but not limited to, two-pin sockets, USB sockets, type M sockets, type C sockets, five-pin sockets, IEC 60311 industrial sockets, NEMA sockets, universal or international sockets, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments the main sockets (103) may have one or more switches (202) to control the electrical supply to the one or more loads (206), the one or more switches (202) are selected from, but not limited to, single-pole, double-pole, momentary, or smart switches (202) or a combination thereof.

[0045]

[0038] Figure 3 illustrates a detailed layout of the electrical wiring system (100) within a sector of a facility. As shown in Figure 3, the electrical wiring system (100) includes a plurality of master nodes or COPs (309) that are configured to supply power to the main socket (103) using one or more wires (102) in the one or more conduits (303). The plurality of master nodes or COPs (309) is configured to supply control signals to the one or more switches (202) using one or more communication or data cables (401). The one or more data cables (401) may be installed alongside the one or more wires (102) within the same conduit (303). The one or more wires (102) may be connected from the SPL (301) to supply power to one or more loads (206), and sub-sockets (204). The number of the plurality of Master Node or COP (309) and / or the plurality of slave nodes (310) may be dependent on one or more parameters such as, but not limited to, area or number of loads or load in the electrical system or sensitive of the one or more loads (206) in the electrical system.

[0039] Figure 4 illustrates a detailed view of the electrical wiring system in Figure 3 installed in a facility, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Figure 4, the electrical wiring system (100) involves the SPL (301) using the optimum number of the one or more wires (102) to supply power and one or more signals directly to distributed one or more slave nodes (310) controlling one or more loads (206). The present invention may employ one or more algorithms for optimizing the number of the one or more wires (102) such as, but not limited to, minimum spanning tree algorithm. In some embodiment, the plurality of slave nodes (310) is configured to supply power supply and / or control the one or more loads (206) on the ceiling of the facility.

[0046]

[0040] Figure 5A-5B illustrates a general diagram representing the connections in the electrical wiring system (100), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Figure 5A-5B, the system (100) includes connections between the SPL (301), IDBLs (306), master nodes (309), and their interconnections. In the system (100), the connections include the SPL (301), IDBLs (306), master nodes or COP1 and COP2 (309), and their interconnections. The system (100) may be installed in a flat or building connected with an electrical power supply from outside into the facility or the flat, with one or more physical sections such as, but not limited to, rooms or partitions. For example, assume sections A- J are sections in the flat, out of which B, C, and D are shown. Consider that section D may have an electrical load of 40 Amps, and sections B and C have a total of 30 Amps. Section D may have electrical load 2 of higher sensitivity and electrical load 1 with lower priority or lesser sensitivity. Section B and Section C have a common portion wall. The electrical power supply from outside may be from a distribution transformer and is supplied to the SPL (301). From the SPL, it may be further supplied to the IDBL (306) for distributing it to the one or more electrical loads (206). The IDBL (306) may be connected to one or more electrical loads (206) through one or more COPs (309). In this example, two master nodes COP1 and COP2 (309) may be used with a slave node (310). In this example, due to the construction of the flat and the power requirement, COP1 may be used to supply power to sections B and C, while COP2 may be configured to power electrical load 1 and electrical load 2, as shown in the Figure 5B. Similarly, in some embodiments, the SPL (301) may be configured to include a processing module. The processing module may interact or communicate with one or more components in the system (100) through one or more data cables in the conduit (303). The processing module maybe operably connected to the IDBL (306) with one or more master nodes COP1, COP2 (309), and one or more slave nodes to control the one or more electrical loads (206) disposed over the facility or the flat as shown in the Figure 5B.

[0047]

[0041] Figure 6 illustrates a plurality of slave nodes (310) circuit diagram of an electrical wiring system (100), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Figure 6, the system may include the plurality of slave nodes (310) connected in parallel combination to each other. The plurality of slave nodes (310) may be mounted in the ceiling infrastructure. The plurality of slave nodes (310) may serve as direct control units for one or more electrical loads (206), such as LED lighting, and are managed by the common points or COPs (309). The key components and signals within the system (100) may include, but not limited to, Shift Register Clear or SCLR, Serial Input Control or SIC, Serial Clock or SCK, Register Clock or RCK, and / or Output Enable or GR. The Shift Register Clear or SCLR may reset the register to ensure a clean start for new data operations. The Serial Input Control or SIC may handle the intake of control instructions. The Serial Clock or SCK may synchronize data transmission. The Register Clock or RCK may lock data from the Shift Register to the output pins and the Output Enable or GR may activate the node to control connected loads (206). It may ensure that each node may precisely manage its designated one or more loads (206) for effective and responsive performance.

[0048]

[0042] To understand the present invention, consider an example as follows:

[0049]

[0043] The electrical system (100) may be installed in a facility with one or more sectors. The physical subdivisions or areas of the overall facility are referred as sector A sector B, sector C, sector D and so on (as shown in Figure 4).

[0050]

[0044] Each sector may have its own dedicated master node or COP (309) that acts as the local controller for power distribution and data / control signals to the electrical loads and components within that specific sector of the building or plant. The one or more sectors may be determined based on one or more factors such as, but not limited to, electrical load requirement, physical layout / floor plan, functional areas, occupancy patterns, safety / risk factors, or a combination thereof. Some sectors may have common COP (309) if the electrical load requirement is low or the physical layout / floor plan may allow for it. The SPL (301) may be configured to directly feed the one or more loads (206) with power and data. The one or more loads (206) may be selected from, but not limited to, LED lights, heat lamps, resistive heating elements, motors for HVAC systems, pumps, cooling systems, or industrial machinery. The plurality of the master node or COPs (309) may be configured to act as a localized distributor, channeling power to main sockets (103) through one or more wires (102) selected from, but not limited to, active, neutral, and / or earth wires. The one or more wires (102) may be placed inside one or more conduits (303). The one or more main sockets (103), in turn, may be configured to provide power to sub-sockets within the sector via one or more wires (102).

[0045] The master node or COP (309) may be configured to deliver control signals to one or more switches (202) via communication / data wire (401) inside the one or more conduits (303). The one or more switches (202) may be configured to allow users to manually control the power supplied to the one or more loads (206), enabling or disabling electrical devices as needed, emphasizing a simplified approach to combining power distribution and data communication. The sector-centric or master-slave approach, as depicted in Figure 4 and Figure 5, may be configured to enhance the modularity of the system (100) and increase efficiency and responsiveness. The SPL (301) may serve as a nerve center for managing input power and distributing control signals across the network of control signals or data across the network. It may link to one or more common points (309), copl and cop2. It may facilitate the sector- specific delivery of electrical power and / or control signals.

[0051]

[0046] In some embodiments, the system may be configured to facilitate the implementation of advanced features using a processing module (not shown), such as energy-saving measures and automation capabilities, within the system (100). It may be placed proximal to the SPL (301). The processing module may include one or more components such as, but not limited to, a processor, a memory unit, or a communication module, or a combination thereof. The processing module may execute machine-readable instructions stored within the memory unit. The processing module may be one of, but not limited to, a general-purpose processing module, an application- specific integrated circuit or ASIC, or a field-programmable gate array or FPGA. The memory unit in the system may be configured to store machine -readable instructions that, when executed by the processing module, enable the computer system to perform a multitude of functions relevant. The memory unit can be selected from a group comprising, but not limited to, Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory or EPROM, Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory or EEPROM, and Flash memory. The memory unit can be loaded with machine-readable instructions from a non-transitory machine-readable medium, such as, but not limited to, CD- ROMs, DVD-ROMs, and Flash Drives. Alternatively, the machine -readable instructions can be loaded in the form of a computer software program into the memory unit.

[0052]

[0047] The COPs or master nodes (309) may be configured to manage localized electrical functions such as lighting and climate control, representing a pivotal element in the master- slave topology of the wiring system (100). In the layout, as shown in the Figure 5A, data lines marked as TF, TF-1, TB, and TB-1 may serve as conduits for communication, carrying instructions, and feedback between the SPL (301) and the COPs (309). Additionally, the system (100) may integrate clock lines - CLK-F1, CLK-B1, and CLK-B2 - which may synchronize the data transfer process, maintaining timing integrity essential for system (100) coordination. The Clock lines are dedicated lines or connections that provide a common clock or timing signal to synchronize data transfer between different components of the system (100). Having a shared clock signal may ensure that data is sent and received at the proper intervals, maintaining integrity during communication. To further manage data propagation, halt lines identified as HALT-B1, HALT-B2, HALT-F1, and HALT-F2 may be implemented. These may be vital for controlling the operation flow, pausing or halting data transmission as needed to ensure the processes are accurately executed without data loss or corruption. The inspection and distribution box location or IDBL (306) may act as a critical juncture within the system (100), distributing power and data from the SPL (301) to the COPs (309), and ultimately to each slave node of the plurality of slave nodes (310).

[0053]

[0048] The method of operation of the present invention may be understood in the form of a forward process and a backward process. A change detected by the forward process may trigger a response through the backward process, and vice versa. It may ensure that the system (100) remains responsive to both local inputs such as, but not limited to, a user turning on a light, and central commands such as, but not limited to, the SPL (301) adjusting settings to save energy. It may allow efficient, automated management of the electrical system. The forward process may involve transmitting and receiving control or data signals from the one or more switches (202) and other load controllers (such as master nodes or COPs) through to the SPL (301). It may be triggered when a user interacts with one or more switches (202) detecting a change, prompting the system (100) to adjust the one or more electrical loads (206) accordingly. In the backward process, one or more control signals may be sent from the SPL (301) back down to the one or more master nodes and one or more switches (202) to adjust the power flow or configuration based on the broader needs of the system or safety protocols. It may include turning off certain sectors during a fault or modifying settings based on energy consumption patterns.

[0054]

[0049] The processes may ensure the adaptability and efficiency of the system (100). The forward process is where the collection and communication of data from the sector may occur. The plurality of common points or COPs (309) may serve as the initial gathering points for data from the one or more switches (202), denoting the status or outputs of the sectors. The data may then be conveyed to the plurality of IDBLs (306), which may bear the responsibility of routing the information to the SPL (301). The SPL (301), after processing the incoming data, may issue commands that may reach the plurality of slave nodes (310). The plurality of slave nodes (310) may be the direct control units positioned in the ceiling, that may manage the electrical loads (206) such as lighting fixtures based on the directives of the SPL. The arrangement may showcase the integrated flow of communication from the user-operated one or more switches (202) up to the SPL (301), and then back down to the plurality of slave nodes (310). It may ensure that user input effectively translates into the one or more loads (206) for output.

[0055]

[0050] The backward process may convey control signals from the central command to the various operational nodes within the building. The SPL (301) may be depicted as the central hub, which may generate control signals based on the one or more information. The one or more information may be selected from, but not limited to, machine learning and pattern recognition, Integration with building management systems, system diagnostics and fault detection, Energy consumption analysis, User input processing, Sensor data analysis or a combination thereof. These signals may be transmitted to the Inspection and Distribution Box Location or IDBL (306), which acts as an intermediary. It may channel these instructions to the master nodes or common points or COPs (309). The circuit of the plurality of IDBLs (306) may include a Serial-In Parallel-Out or SIPO Shift Register, which may play a pivotal role in converting the serial control signals back into a parallel format suitable for the master nodes to act upon. This is where one or more switches (202) such as, but not limited to, relays and transistors, specifically the BC327 transistors. The one or more switches (202) may serve as the executing components that respond to the commands of the SPL (301) by actuating the processing module (not shown) accordingly. The diodes and resistors may ensure the proper flow of current and protect the circuit from any potential electrical mishaps.

[0056]

[0051] At the core of the processing capabilities of the SPL (301). It may include one or more components such as, but not limited to, an array of logic gates, comparators, or a combination thereof. The one or more components may be essential for performing the logical operations necessary to interpret real-time data inputs from across the facility. They may enable the SPL (301) to make swift decisions, controlling various operations from power distribution to emergency responses.

[0057]

[0052] In addition to the computational components, the SPL (301) may be equipped with voltage regulators, transformers, or one or more protection devices such as, but not limited to, Zener diodes or snubber circuits. These may be critical for maintaining a stable and consistent power supply and power conditioning to the internal circuitry of the SPL (301), ensuring that the vital components such as a processing module (not shown) may operate with precision and reliability. It may allow the SPL (301) to handle vast amounts of data without the risk of voltage spikes, current spikes, over- heating, or drops that could lead to errors or malfunctions.

[0058]

[0053] In some embodiments, the processing module may also include components such as, but not limited to, Arduino board, Atmel microcontroller, Raspberry Pi, DSPL, or other single -board computer. The entire setup depicted in Figure 4 and Figure 5A may be configured to be indicative of a robust system (100) that prioritizes inspection functionality. It may showcase how the SPL (301) may effectively manage not just power distribution, but also complex communication protocols, making it a pivotal component in the electrical wiring system (100).

[0059]

[0054] In the forward process, the circuit board is equipped with the processing module (not shown) and its components that contribute to efficient data handling and signal processing. It may include a comparator IC and one or more logic gates, Shift Registers such as, but not limited to, 74688 Comparator. It may verify the accuracy of incoming signals by comparing them against expected values and NOT Logic Gates may be utilized to invert signal states, essential for the correct processing of binary data. It may further include a 74HC173 PIPO (Parallel In Parallel Out) and 74HC166 PISO (Parallel In Serial Out) Shift Registers. They may be central to data storage and conversion, respectively, facilitating the effective movement of data through the circuit by converting parallel inputs to serial outputs for streamlined transmission. Additionally, capacitors and resistors play vital roles in modulating and timing electrical signals, ensuring that energy storage and flow are precisely managed to meet the circuit’s operational demands. Transitioning to the backward process, the circuitry may involve the 74HC595 SIPO Shift Register, which is pivotal in converting serialized data back to a parallel format for comprehensive processing. The process may be integral to implementing feedback and control signals within the system (100). Supporting this data transformation are low-level trigger relays and BC327 transistors, which may actuate changes in the power state of connected loads (206) based on the processed instructions. Additionally, 1N4148 Diodes and resistors may provide necessary safeguards against improper current flow and voltage spikes, ensuring the circuit’s longevity and reliability. It may also respond dynamically to operational feedback, adjusting one or more loads (206) in real-time.

[0060]

[0055] The plurality of slave nodes (310) circuit may include but not limited to, D-Flip-flops for storing the current state of the electrical loads (206). It may allow quick state changes based on new inputs, and low-level relays controlled by one or more switches (202) such as, but not limited to, BC327 transistors to switch one or more loads (206) on or off according to the processed commands.

[0061]

[0056] The system (100) may include a communication module (not shown) specifically configured to enable wireless connections with the one or more user devices, and the one or more service provider devices over the communication network. The communication module is pivotal in facilitating seamless wireless communication within the system, ensuring that data transfer and interactions between these components are efficient and secure. The wireless capabilities of the communication module extend to its integration with the one or more user devices, the one or more service provider devices, essential for the real-time data processing and secure data handling required by the system. The module supports various wireless communication protocols, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and NFC (Near Field Communication), allowing for flexible and robust connectivity options. These protocols enable the computer system to maintain continuous and reliable wireless connections, which are vital for the dynamic updating and real-time data processing functionalities of the system.

[0062]

[0057] In that sense, the communication network can be a short-range communication network and / or a long-range communication network. The communication interface includes, but is not limited to, a serial communication interface, a parallel communication interface, or a combination thereof. The communication network enables the seamless transfer of data and instructions between the components of the system. It may utilize various communication protocols and technologies, including, but not limited to, the Internet, intranets, virtual private networks (VPNs), and cloud-based services, ensuring that the system remains connected and responsive to the needs of the users.

[0063]

[0058] The protection and directionality in the system (100) may be ensured by 1N4148 Diodes, while Resistors regulate current flow for stable operations. The system may include a 74425 Tristate Buffer that manages multiple control signals, directing them as needed within the circuit. The vital components such as processing module, master node (309) and slave node (310) may be further supported by one or more components such as, but not limited to, voltage regulator IC such as 7805 regulator IC, rectifier IC such as 2W005G bridge rectifier, one or more filters, and a transformer such as TRAN-2P2S transformer, which may ensure stable voltage levels within the circuit, adapting incoming power to suitable levels for safe operations. The rectifier IC converts alternating current or AC to direct current or DC. They may provide a stable power supply for the digital components of the system (100). Additionally, a 2200uf Capacitor may store electrical energy, buffering against potential voltage fluctuations to ensure a consistent supply. The circuit for the slave node (310) ensures the efficient operation of electrical loads (206) and improves the system's (100) ability to monitor and optimize energy consumption in real-time. The detailed arrangement of these components within the slave node (310) circuits is critical for the seamless functionality and integration of the ceiling infrastructure within the larger electrical system, showcasing an advanced approach to modem electrical wiring solutions.

[0064]

[0059] Additionally, the system (100) may include one or more devices. The one or more devices may encompass a range of computing devices, including, but not limited to, desktop PCs, laptops, PDAs, and handheld computing devices such as smartphones and tablets. Each device is equipped with micro-processing modules that facilitate processing and communication capabilities, enabling them to interface seamlessly with the computer system through both wired and wireless connections. In some embodiments of the invention, the processing module may store data related to power consumption, faults occurrence, user habits, and installation layouts. It may analyze the data for optimization and logical suggestion.

[0065]

[0060] In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the one or more user devices and the one or more service provider devices are registered with the system, which is crucial for ensuring secure and personalized user interaction. During the registration process, the one or more user devices and one or more service provider devices capture and submit essential details to the computer system. The information may range from basic identification data, such as usernames and contact numbers, to more specific details like areas of interest, business information, and product specifications.

[0066]

[0061] Working Example:

[0067]

[0062] The invention mentioned above can be understood with the help of an example:

[0068]

[0063] In an exemplary embodiment, such as in a residential flat, the electrical wiring system (100) has been implemented according to the present invention. The residential flat may be divided into four sectors say A, B, C, and D according to the physical layout or rooms in the residential flat. The Start Point Location or SPL (301) may serve as the hub for input power received from the utility company, a processing module, located proximal to the SPL (301), acts as the main controlling board. The configuration may ensure centralized control over power distribution and data processing across the flat. It may include four Inspection and Distribution Box Locations or IDBL (306). They may be strategically placed throughout the flat, each connected to the SPL (301) through one or more conduits (303), as illustrated in Figure 3. Each of the four sections of the flat features its own dedicated master node or common point or COP, which is connected to the respective IDBL (306) through conduits. These COPs (309) play a crucial role in the master-slave topology of the system, acting as local controllers that manage the power distribution and data transmission to the individual electrical loads (206) within their respective sections, as shown in Figures 3 and 4.

[0069]

[0064] For example, in Sections B to J, the COP (309) may be responsible for powering 9 LED lights and an air conditioner through dedicated one or more wires for power supply or power cables (102) placed inside one or more conduits (303). It may further transmit and receive control signals to one or more switches (202) and one or more sensors (not shown) within the section through control / data cables, enabling both manual user interaction and automated control based on sensor input, as depicted in Figure 4. The one or more sensors may be selected from, but not limited to, motion sensors, occupancy sensors, light sensors, smoke sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, or a combination thereof.

[0070]

[0065] In the sections, one or more sensors such as daylight detecting photodiodes, phototransistors, or Light Dependent Resistors or LDRs are installed to automatically activate the LED lights when ambient light levels fall below a certain threshold or when motion is detected. This may ensure that lighting is used efficiently, only when necessary.

[0071]

[0066] Additionally, a temperature sensor in the sections may monitor the ambient temperature conditions. The readings or data from the sensor may be processed by the processing module, which may automatically adjust the air conditioning settings to maintain optimal comfort while enhancing energy efficiency.

[0072]

[0067] The operational framework of the system may be based on a master- slave topology, where the processing module proximal to the SPL (301) may oversee the overall functionality and strategy, and the COPs (309) act as local controllers for their respective sections, managing the direct power and control signals to the slave nodes (310) associated with each electrical load.

[0073]

[0068] In the event of an emergency or fault condition detected by the one or more sensors, such as smoke detectors, the processing module may activate an emergency power cutoff mechanism. This safety feature immediately terminates the power supply to all sections, ensuring safety.

[0074]

[0069] The architecture of the present invention (100) also supports hardware and instruction updates and operational modifications, which may be transmitted to the slave nodes (310) via the control / data cables. This may allow for dynamic reconfiguration or upgrades of system components, ensuring the system remains up-to-date and operates efficiently.

[0075]

[0070] In an exemplary embodiment within an industrial manufacturing plant, the inspection electrical wiring system may be implemented according to the present invention. The SPL (301) may serve as the central hub, receiving input power from the utility grid. A dedicated processing module may be situated within the SPL. It may act as the main controlling board, overseeing the centralized power distribution and data processing across the facility. To accommodate the large- scale industrial operations, multiple Inspection and Distribution Box Locations or IDBL (306) may be strategically positioned throughout the plant, each connected to the SPL (301) through robust, fire-resistant conduits. The strategical position may be determined using one or more algorithms such as, but not limited to, Dijkstra’s Algorithm, Reverse-Delete Algorithm, Kruskal’ s Algorithm, Minimum Spanning Tree Algorithm or a combination thereof.

[0076]

[0071] The application of the minimum spanning tree algorithm in designing the electrical wiring system of a building is a methodical approach that may enhance both efficiency and costeffectiveness. The process may begin with layout planning, where all necessary points for power delivery are identified. These necessary points include locations for light fixtures, HVAC units, and other ceiling-mounted devices that require electrical power. Once the critical points are mapped, the algorithm may be employed to ascertain the most efficient wiring routes from the SPL (301) across the ceiling. The step may help in minimizing the total length of wires required by determining the shortest and most direct paths possible.

[0077]

[0072] Following the layout dictated by the algorithm, the installation process may involve deploying one or more wires within one or more conduits (303) that connect the SPL (301) directly to each designated one or more loads (206). This strategic placement avoids unnecessary detours and excess use of materials, significantly reducing the amount of copper wiring needed. This direct connection approach not only saves on materials but also simplifies the installation process, eliminating the need for central switchboards and instead utilizing localized distribution boxes. Such modifications further streamline the system (100) and lower the overall installation costs.

[0078]

[0073] These conduits (303) not only may facilitate power transmission but also may incorporate fault detection circuitry to enhance safety and reliability in the high-risk industrial environment. The facility may be divided into several production sectors, each equipped with its own dedicated master node or common point (COP). These COPs (309) may be connected to their respective IDBL (306) through specialized conduits configured to withstand harsh industrial conditions. Acting as local controllers within the master-slave topology, the COPs (309) may manage the power distribution and data transmission to the individual electrical loads (206) and machinery within their designated sectors.

[0079]

[0074] For instance, in Sector A, which may house heavy-duty welding equipment and robotic assembly lines, the COP (309) may be responsible for supplying power to these high-demand loads (206) through dedicated one or more power Cables or wires (102) in the one or more conduits (303). Simultaneously, it may transmit and / or receive control signals to one or more switches (202), and one or more sensors. It may automate systems within the sector through robust one or more control / data cables (401). The one or more control / data cables may also be placed inside the same one or more conduits (303) or separate one or more conduits (303). It may enable manual operation and / or automated control based on the inputs from the one or more sensors and programmed production sequences stored in one or more memory units proximal to the SPL (301). The one or more sensors (not shown) may facilitate automation and optimize energy efficiency. It may be configured to suit the industrial environment for robust performance. In the sector A, infrared motion sensors and occupancy detectors may be installed to automatically activate lighting and ventilation systems only when personnel or machinery are present, conserving energy during idle periods.

[0080]

[0075] Additionally, thermal imaging cameras and temperature sensors may monitor critical equipment, allowing the processing module to adjust cooling systems or trigger preventive maintenance protocols based on operating conditions. The master-slave topology may be crucial in this industrial setting, with the SPL (301) acting as the overarching controller, dictating the overall functionality and operational strategies. The COPs (309) may function as localized masters, relaying power and control signals to the slave nodes (310) associated with each electrical load, machinery, and automated system within their respective sectors.

[0081]

[0076] In the event of an emergency situation, such as a fire or power surge, the system's sensors may promptly detect the fault condition and trigger the emergency power cutoff mechanism integrated into the SPL (301). This safety feature may instantly terminate the power supply to all sectors, minimizing the risk of accidents or equipment damage. Furthermore, the architecture may support remote firmware updates and operational parameter modifications, which can be transmitted to the plurality of slave nodes (310) via the secure control / data cables. This capability may allow for seamless integration with the plant's centralized control systems, enabling real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and optimization of production processes based on data analytics.

[0082]

[0077] Figure 7 illustrates a process flow diagram for the forward process of an electrical wiring system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Figure 7, the forward process flow of the electrical wiring system can be summarized in the following step:

[0083]

[0078] Step 1 (502) - Detection of the state change in a switch ON / OFF by the plurality of master nodes or COPs (309).

[0084]

[0079] Step 2 (504) - Transmission of the switch state data to the corresponding plurality of IDBL (306) by the plurality of COPs (309).

[0080] Step 3 (506) - The plurality of IDBL (306) in the system transmits the sector or plurality of sectors data to the centric nerve of the system SPL (301).

[0085]

[0081] Step 4 (508) - Processing the data from the IDBL (306) by the SPL (301) to determine which slave node from the plurality of slave nodes should be activated or deactivated.

[0086]

[0082] Step 5 (510) - The SPL (301) sends activation / deactivation commands to the relevant slave nodes (310).

[0087]

[0083] Step 6 (512) - The plurality of slave nodes (310) may execute the commands to control the electrical loads (206).

[0088]

[0084] Figure 8 illustrates a process flow diagram for the backward process of an electrical wiring system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Figure 8, the backward process flow of the electrical wiring system can be summarized in the following step:

[0089]

[0085] Step 1 (602) - The backward process starts with a state change of the one or more switches or breakers in the SPL (301) ON / OFF.

[0090]

[0086] Step 2 (604) - Transmission of the data or state change from the SPL (301) to the corresponding plurality of IDBLs (306).

[0091]

[0087] Step 3 (606) - Transmission of the data from the plurality of IDBLs (306) to the plurality of COPs (309) connected. Alternately, it can be understood as Each IDBL (306) transmits the received actuated data to the associated Master Nodes or COPs (309).

[0092]

[0088] Step 4 (608) -The master nodes / plurality of COPs (309) transmit commands to control power flow to the one or more sockets or switches and detect state changes in power flow.

[0093]

[0089] Step 5 (610) - The state changes at one or more sockets or switches (202) trigger the forward process to re-evaluate and update system (100) settings.

[0094]

[0090] Step 6 (612) - The data is transmitted back from the Master Nodes / COPs (309) to the IDBLs (306).

[0095]

[0091] Step 7 (614) - The SPL (301) sends new commands to the plurality of slave nodes (310) based on updated data to adjust electrical loads as necessary. The plurality of slave nodes (310) executes the received commands to control the electrical loads.

[0096]

[0092] The present invention offers a number of advantages, some of which are listed below:

[0093] Reduced Copper Wiring: The system (100) may minimize the use of extensive copper wiring, leading to significant cost savings on materials. It may be achieved through the strategic placement of IDBL (306) and the use of a minimum spanning tree algorithm for one or more wires (102) inside the one or more conduits (303) routing, reducing the overall wiring requirements. Lower installation costs, reduced environmental impact, and easier scalability for future expansions.

[0097]

[0094] Simplified Modifications and Upgrades: The modular design and centralized control architecture may allow for easy modifications and upgrades to the system. Changes can be implemented through software updates or configuration adjustments without the need for extensive rewiring or structural alterations. It may: Increase flexibility, adaptability to evolving needs, and extended lifespan of the system.

[0098]

[0095] Advanced Automation and Control: The integration of sensors, processing modules, and bidirectional communication enables advanced automation and inspection control capabilities. The system (100) may automatically adjust lighting, climate control, and other electrical loads (206) based on occupancy, environmental conditions, or user preferences. It may enhance energy efficiency, improve user comfort, and reduce operational costs.

[0099]

[0096] Scalability and Sectorization: The sectorized architecture and master-slave topology may allow for efficient scaling and expansion of the system. Each sector may operate independently under the control of its dedicated master node, enabling seamless integration of additional sectors as needed. It may Increase adaptability to changing building requirements, efficient resource allocation, and localized control for optimized performance.

[0100]

[0097] Centralized Monitoring and Management: The centralized control may be provided by the SPL (301) and processing module. It may allow for comprehensive monitoring and management of the entire system (100). Real-time data from various sensors and components may be analyzed, enabling predictive maintenance and optimized resource allocation. It may improve system reliability, reduce downtime, and enhance operational efficiency.

[0101]

[0098] Enhanced Safety Features: The system may incorporate robust safety features, such as emergency power cutoff mechanisms, fault detection circuitry, and fire-resistant insulation on Power Cables or one or more wires (102) inside the one or more conduits (303). These features may be particularly beneficial in high-risk environments like industrial facilities. It may increase protection against electrical hazards, minimize the risk of accidents, and compliance with safety regulations.

[0099] Remote Access and Firmware Updates: The ability to perform remote firmware updates and operational parameter modifications through the control / data cables may ensure that the system (100) may be easily upgraded or reconfigured without the need for on-site technicians. It may reduce maintenance costs, improve system performance, and seamless integration of new technologies.

[0102]

[0100] Robust and Reliable Communication: The communication feature in the system (100), may include clock lines, halt lines, and bidirectional data transmission. It may ensure reliable and robust data transfer between components, minimizing the risk of data loss or corruption. It may increase system stability, efficient coordination of operations, and minimize downtime due to communication errors.

[0103]

[0101] Seamless Integration with Building Systems: The flexible and modular configuration of the electrical wiring system may allow for seamless integration with other building systems, such as building management systems (BMS), automated manufacturing processes, or centralized control systems. It may enhance operational efficiency, improve coordination between various building systems, and the potential for advanced analytics and optimization.

[0104]

[0102] Therefore, the invention involves an electrical wiring system (100) configured for efficient power distribution and control in facilities like residential buildings or industrial plants. At its core is a centralized Start Point Location or SPL (301) that receives input power and manages signal distribution. The SPL (301) connects to multiple Inspection and Distribution Box Locations or IDBLs (306) via conduits carrying power cables and data / control cables. Each IDBL (306) branches out to dedicated master nodes or common points or COPs (309) for different sections of the facility. These COPs (309) act as localized controllers, routing power via active / neutral / earth wires to main electrical sockets while also transmitting control signals through data cables to switches, sensors, and slave nodes (310) that directly operate electrical loads like lights and machinery. A processing module proximal to the SPL (301) may enable advanced automation by analyzing sensor data and adaptively adjusting power and controls. The master-slave topology, bidirectional data communication, and integrated safety features may allow for efficient energy usage, remote monitoring / updates, and robust operation.

[0105]

[0103] In general, the word “module,” as used herein, refers to logic embodied in hardware or firmware, or to a collection of software instructions, written in a programming language, such as, for example, Java, C, or assembly. One or more software instructions in the modules may be embedded in firmware, such as an EPROM. It will be appreciated that modules may comprise connected logic units, such as gates and flip-flops, and may comprise programmable units, such as programmable gate arrays or processing modules. The modules described herein may be implemented as either software and / or hardware modules and may be stored in any type of computer-readable medium or other computer storage device.

[0106]

[0104] Further, while one or more operations have been described as being performed by or otherwise related to certain modules, devices, or entities, the operations may be performed by or otherwise related to any module, device, or entity. As such, any function or operation that has been described as being performed by a module could alternatively be performed by a different server, by the cloud computing platform, or a combination thereof. It is implied that the techniques of the present disclosure might be implemented using a variety of technologies. For example, the methods described herein may be implemented by a series of computer executable instructions residing on a suitable computer readable medium. Suitable computer readable media may include volatile (e.g., RAM) and / or non-volatile (e.g., ROM, disk) memory, carrier waves, and transmission media. Exemplary carrier waves may take the form of electrical, electromagnetic, or optical signals conveying digital data streams along a local network or a publicly accessible network such as the Internet.

[0107]

[0105] Further, the operations need not be performed in the disclosed order, although in some examples, an order may be preferred. Also, not all functions need to be performed to achieve the desired advantages of the disclosed system and method, and therefore not all functions are required.

[0108]

[0106] The terms and descriptions used herein are set forth by way of illustration only and are not meant as limitations. Examples and limitations disclosed herein are intended to be not limiting in any manner, and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art will recognize that many variations are possible within the spirit and scope of the disclosure, and their equivalents, in which all terms are to be understood in their broadest possible sense unless otherwise indicated.

[0109]

[0107] Various modifications to these embodiments are apparent to those skilled in the art from the description and the accompanying drawings. The principles associated with the various embodiments described herein may be applied to other embodiments. Therefore, the description is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown along with the accompanying drawings but is to provide the broadest scope of consistent with the principles and the novel and inventive features disclosed or suggested herein. Accordingly, the invention is anticipated to hold on to all other such alternatives, modifications, and variations that fall within the scope of the present invention and the appended claims.

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. An electrical wiring system for a building divided into a plurality of sectors, the system comprising: a main controlling board or SPL configured to receive input power; a plurality of inspection and distribution boxes or IDBLs disposed throughout the building, each IDBL electrically connected to the SPL; a plurality of master nodes associated with one or more sectors of the building and connected to the plurality of IDBL; wherein each master node is configured to supply power to one or more electrical loads via one or more wires within the connected one or more sectors; wherein the control or data cables are configured to transmit and receive control signals to one or more switches within the connected one or more sector; a plurality of slave nodes connected with one or more loads, each slave node is configured to control the one or more loads.

2. The system as claimed in claim 1, further includes a processing module proximal to the main controlling board or SPL, the processing module configured to control the flow of power using control signals through the plurality of master nodes and the plurality of slave nodes to the one or more electrical loads.

3. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the system includes one or more sensors disposed throughout the building, wherein the one or more sensors selected from motion sensors, occupancy sensors, light sensors, smoke sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, or a combination thereof.

4. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the control or data cables are configured to support bidirectional data transmission between the processing module and each of the IDBLs, master nodes, and slave nodes, enabling the transmission of control signals from the processing module.

5. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the master nodes include sensors configured to detect electrical load parameters, switch states, or environmental conditions, and transmit corresponding status data to the processing module via the control or data cables.

6. The system as claimed in claim 1, comprises an emergency power cutoff module integrated into the SPL, configured to terminate power supply to all sectors upon detection of a fault condition or input from one or more sensors.

7. The system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the power cables or the one or more wires between the SPL and IDBLs are insulated with a fire-resistant material and equipped with fault detection circuitry to enhance safety and reliability in high-risk environments.

8. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein each master node is equipped with a manual override switch that allows for local control of power distribution to the associated electrical loads, independent of the control signals from the processing module.

9. The system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the slave nodes are configured to receive firmware updates or operational parameter modifications from the processing module via the control or data cables, enabling dynamic reconfiguration and adaptability.

10. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the one or more loads are configured to consume the power supply.

11. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the power cables connecting the SPL to the IDBLs and the slave nodes follow a minimum spanning tree algorithm to minimize wiring requirements.

12. The system as claimed in claim 1, comprises one or more common points (cops), each cop associated with multiple sectors and connected to one or more IDBLs, wherein each cop comprises electronic circuitry and functions as a master node for its associated sectors.

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