Resources for artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model monitoring

Abstract

Disclosed are techniques for wireless communication. In an aspect, a processing device may receive, from a server device, a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model. The processing device may receive, from the server device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model. The processing device may perform the model monitoring operation based on the second one or more reference resources.

Description

Qualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO1RESOURCES FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE / MACHINE LEARNING (AIML) MODEL MONITORINGTECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] Aspects of the disclosure relate generally to wireless technologies.BACKGROUND

[0002] Wireless communication systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service (1G), a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks), a third-generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-capable wireless service and a fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). There are presently many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including cellular and personal communications service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular analog advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), etc.

[0003] A fifth generation (5G) wireless standard, referred to as New Radio (NR), enables higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5G standard, according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide higher data rates as compared to previous standards, more accurate positioning (e.g., based on reference signals for positioning (RS-P), such as downlink, uplink, or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS)), RF sensing, and other technical enhancements. These enhancements, as well as the use of higher frequency bands, enable improved RF sensing and 5G-based positioning.SUMMARY

[0004] The following presents a simplified summary relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Thus, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overview relating to all contemplated aspects, nor should the following summary be considered to identify key or critical elements relating to all contemplated aspects or to delineate the1QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO2 scope associated with any particular aspect. Accordingly, the following summary has the sole purpose to present certain concepts relating to one or more aspects relating to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below.

[0005] In an aspect, a method of wireless communication performed by a processing device includes receiving, from a server device, a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model; receiving, from the server device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model; and performing the model monitoring operation based on the second one or more reference resources.

[0006] In an aspect, a method of wireless communication performed by a server device includes transmitting, to a processing device, a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model; transmitting, to the processing device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model; and configuring transmission of the first one or more reference resources and the second one or more reference resources.

[0007] In an aspect, a processing device includes one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, from a server device, a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model; receive, via the one or more transceivers, from the server device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model; and perform the model monitoring operation based on the second one or more reference resources.2QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO3

[0008] In an aspect, a server device includes one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to a processing device, a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model; transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the processing device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model; and configure transmission of the first one or more reference resources and the second one or more reference resources.

[0009] In an aspect, a processing device includes means for receiving, from a server device, a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model; means for receiving, from the server device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model; and means for performing the model monitoring operation based on the second one or more reference resources.

[0010] In an aspect, a server device includes means for transmitting, to a processing device, a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model; means for transmitting, to the processing device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model; and means for configuring transmission of the first one or more reference resources and the second one or more reference resources.

[0011] In an aspect, a non -transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a processing device, cause the processing device to: receive, from a server device, a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model; receive, from the server device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended3QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO4 for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model; and perform the model monitoring operation based on the second one or more reference resources.

[0012] In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a server device, cause the server device to: transmit, to a processing device, a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model; transmit, to the processing device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model; and configure transmission of the first one or more reference resources and the second one or more reference resources.

[0013] Other obj ects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the description of various aspects of the disclosure and are provided solely for illustration of the aspects and not limitation thereof.

[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0016] FIGS. 2 A, 2B, and 2C illustrate example wireless network structures, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0017] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C are simplified block diagrams of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in a user equipment (UE), a base station, and a network entity, respectively, and configured to support communications as taught herein.

[0018] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example frame structure, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example downlink positioning reference signal (DL- PRS) configuration for two transmission-reception points (TRPs) operating in the same positioning frequency layer, according to aspects of the disclosure.4QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO5

[0020] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example PRS configuration based on multiple positioning frequency layers, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 7 illustrates examples of various positioning methods supported in New Radio (NR), according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0022] FIGS. 8 A and 8B illustrate different types of wireless sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0023] FIGS. 9A to 9F illustrate various example monostatic and bistatic sensing use cases, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0024] FIG. 10 illustrates an example call flow for a New Radio (NR)-based sensing procedure in which the network configures the sensing parameters, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0025] FIG. 11 illustrates an example neural network, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 12A is a diagram illustrating an example of direct artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) positioning and / or sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 12B is a diagram illustrating an example of AIML assisted positioning and / or sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0028] FIG. 12C illustrates various AIML positioning and / or sensing scenarios, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 13 illustrates an example functional framework for AIML for NR air interface, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0030] FIGS. 14A-14C illustrate example approaches of providing a first resource configuration for an inference operation based on an AIML model and a second resource configuration for a model monitoring operation that monitors the performance of the AIML model, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0031] FIG. 15A illustrates a first example arrangement of reference signal resources, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0032] FIG. 15B illustrates a second example arrangement of reference signal resources, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0033] FIG. 16 illustrates an example schedule of time windows for monitoring, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0034] FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating a method of wireless communication performed by a processing device, according to aspects of the disclosure.5QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO6

[0035] FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating a method of wireless communication performed by a server device, according to aspects of the disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] Aspects of the disclosure are provided in the following description and related drawings directed to various examples provided for illustration purposes. Alternate aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the disclosure.

[0037] Various aspects relate generally to signaling and configuring resources for an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) models and a model monitoring operation for monitoring the performance of the AIML model. In some aspects, frequent monitoring on all resources or resource sets may not be feasible, as this will cause the processing device to consume too much power. In some example, separate resources may be allocated for monitoring and inference. In some examples, the signaling of the monitoring resource configuration may be part of the signaling of the inference resource configuration. In some examples, the signaling of the monitoring resource configuration may be separate from the signaling of the inference resource configuration. In some examples, the model monitoring operation may be performed based on at least the resources indicated by the monitoring resource configuration. In some examples, the monitoring resource configuration may include additional information regarding ranking and / or prioritization for the resources recommended for the model monitoring operation.

[0038] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by specifying the signaling of the inference resource configuration and the monitoring resource configuration, a processing device and a server device may engage in a model monitoring operation with improved efficiency while minimizing unnecessary signaling overhead. In some examples, by explicitly specifying the resources for the model monitoring operation, the processing device may engage in the model monitoring operation balancing the needs for reducing power consumption and improving the life cycle management of the AIML models.6QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO7

[0039] The words “exemplary” and / or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and / or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Likewise, the term “aspects of the disclosure” does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage or mode of operation.

[0040] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the information and signals described below may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description below may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the particular application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0041] Further, many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device. It will be recognized that various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence(s) of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of non- transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored therein a corresponding set of computer instructions that, upon execution, would cause or instruct an associated processor of a device to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the various aspects of the disclosure may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the aspects described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspects may be described herein as, for example, “logic configured to” perform the described action.

[0042] As used herein, the terms “user equipment” (UE) and “base station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT), unless otherwise noted. In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, consumer asset locating device, wearable (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (loT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE may7QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO8 be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” may be referred to interchangeably as an “access terminal” or “AT,” a “client device,” a “wireless device,” a “subscriber device,” a “subscriber terminal,” a “subscriber station,” a “user terminal” or “UT,” a “mobile device,” a “mobile terminal,” a “mobile station,” or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 specification, etc.) and so on.

[0043] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station may be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UEs. In some systems a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and / or network management functions. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). A communication link through which the base station can send signals to UEs is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to either an uplink / reverse or downlink / forward traffic channel.

[0044] The term “base station” may refer to a single physical transmission-reception point (TRP) or to multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term “base station” refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)8QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO9 system or where the base station employs beamforming) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRPs may be the serving base station receiving the measurement report from the UE and a neighbor base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signals the UE is measuring. Because a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmission from or reception at a base station are to be understood as referring to a particular TRP of the base station.

[0045] In some implementations that support positioning of UEs, a base station may not support wireless access by UEs (e.g., may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections for UEs), but may instead transmit reference signals to UEs to be measured by the UEs, and / or may receive and measure signals transmitted by the UEs. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when transmitting signals to UEs) and / or as a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving and measuring signals from UEs).

[0046] An “RF signal” comprises an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transports information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal” where it is clear from the context that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0047] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system 100, according to aspects of the disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled “BS”) and various UEs 104. The base stations 102 may include macro cell base stations (high power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low power cellular base stations). In an aspect, the macro cell base stations may include eNBs and / or ng-eNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to an LTE network,9QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO10 or gNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to a NR network, or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0048] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) through backhaul links 122, and through the core network 170 to one or more location servers 172 (e.g., a location management function (LMF) or a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)). The location server(s) 172 may be part of core network 170 or may be external to core network 170. A location server 172 may be integrated with a base station 102. A UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, a UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 via the base station 102 that is currently serving that UE 104. A UE 104 may also communicate with a location server 172 through another path, such as via an application server (not shown), via another network, such as via a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., AP 150 described below), and so on. For signaling purposes, communication between a UE 104 and a location server 172 may be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., through the core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection 128), with the intervening nodes (if any) omitted from a signaling diagram for clarity.

[0049] In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions that relate to one or more of transferring user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC / 5GC) over backhaul links 134, which may be wired or wireless.

[0050] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. In an aspect, one or more cells may be supported by a base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used for10QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO11 communication with a base station (e.g., over some frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, or the like), and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), an enhanced cell identifier (ECI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) for distinguishing cells operating via the same or a different carrier frequency. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband loT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that may provide access for different types of UEs. Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” may refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. In addition, because a TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms “cell” and “TRP” may be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term “cell” may also refer to a geographic coverage area of a base station (e.g., a sector), insofar as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within some portion of geographic coverage areas 110.

[0051] While neighboring macro cell base station 102 geographic coverage areas 110 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region), some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled “SC” for “small cell”) may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage area 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macro cell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs), which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG).

[0052] The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links 120 may be through one or more carrier frequencies. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to downlink and uplink (e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for downlink than for uplink).11QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO12

[0053] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 in communication with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen before talk (LBT) procedure prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.

[0054] The small cell base station 102' may operate in a licensed and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102', employing LTE / 5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and / or increase capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MULTEFIRE®.

[0055] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a millimeter wave (mmW) base station 180 that may operate in mmW frequencies and / or near mmW frequencies in communication with a UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency band have high path loss and a relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) over a mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed to limit the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0056] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it12QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO13 broadcasts the signal in all directions (omni-directionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal for the receiving device(s). To change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, a network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that are broadcasting the RF signal. For example, a network node may use an array of antennas (referred to as a “phased array” or an “antenna array”) that creates a beam of RF waves that can be “steered” to point in different directions, without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas add together to increase the radiation in a desired direction, while cancelling to suppress radiation in undesired directions.

[0057] Transmit beams may be quasi-co-located, meaning that they appear to the receiver (e.g., a UE) as having the same parameters, regardless of whether or not the transmitting antennas of the network node themselves are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-location (QCL) relations. Specifically, a QCL relation of a given type means that certain parameters about a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is QCL Type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial receive parameter of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0058] In receive beamforming, the receiver uses a receive beam to amplify RF signals detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting and / or adjust the phase setting of an array of antennas in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., to13QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO14 increase the gain level of) the RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to beamform in a certain direction, it means the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain in that direction of all other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal -to- interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signals received from that direction.

[0059] Transmit and receive beams may be spatially related. A spatial relation means that parameters for a second beam (e.g., a transmit or receive beam) for a second reference signal can be derived from information about a first beam (e.g., a receive beam or a transmit beam) for a first reference signal. For example, a UE may use a particular receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam for sending an uplink reference signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam.

[0060] Note that a “downlink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. If the UE is forming the downlink beam, however, it is a receive beam to receive the downlink reference signal. Similarly, an “uplink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink receive beam, and if a UE is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink transmit beam.

[0061] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency / wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz - 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz - 52.6 GHz). It should be understood that although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF)14QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO15 band (30 GHz - 300 GHz) which is identified by the INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION® as a “millimeter wave” band.

[0062] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz - 24.25 GHz). Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and / or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz - 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz - 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz - 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0063] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “millimeter wave” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.

[0064] In a multi-carrier system, such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor carrier” or “primary serving cell” or “PCell,” and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as “secondary carriers” or “secondary serving cells” or “SCells.” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by a UE 104 / 182 and the cell in which the UE 104 / 182 either performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels, and may be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that may be configured once the RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier and that may be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling15QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO16 information and signals, for example, those that are UE-specific may not be present in the secondary carrier, since both primary uplink and downlink carriers are typically UE- specific. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same is true for the uplink primary carriers. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Because a “serving cell” (whether a PCell or an SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency / component carrier over which some base station is communicating, the term “cell,” “serving cell,” “component carrier,” “carrier frequency,” and the like can be used interchangeably.

[0065] For example, still referring to FIG. 1, one of the frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 may be an anchor carrier (or “PCell”) and other frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 and / or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers (“SCells”). The simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple carriers enables the UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rates. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to a two-fold increase in data rate (i.e., 40 MHz), compared to that attained by a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0066] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a UE 164 that may communicate with a macro cell base station 102 over a communication link 120 and / or the mmW base station 180 over a mmW communication link 184. For example, the macro cell base station 102 may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164 and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0067] In some cases, the UE 164 and the UE 182 may be capable of sidelink communication. Sidelink-capable UEs (SL-UEs) may communicate with base stations 102 over communication links 120 using the Uu interface (i.e., the air interface between a UE and a base station). SL-UEs (e.g., UE 164, UE 182) may also communicate directly with each other over a wireless sidelink 160 using the PC5 interface (i.e., the air interface between sidelink-capable UEs). A wireless sidelink (or just “sidelink”) is an adaptation of the core cellular (e.g., LTE, NR) standard that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without the communication needing to go through a base station. Sidelink communication may be unicast or multicast, and may be used for device-to-device (D2D) media-sharing, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to-everything (V2X)16QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO17 communication (e.g., cellular V2X (cV2X) communication, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communication, etc.), emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more of a group of SL- UEs utilizing sidelink communications may be within the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102. Other SL-UEs in such a group may be outside the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102 or be otherwise unable to receive transmissions from a base station 102. In some cases, groups of SL-UEs communicating via sidelink communications may utilize a one-to-many (1 :M) system in which each SL-UE transmits to every other SL-UE in the group. In some cases, a base station 102 facilitates the scheduling of resources for sidelink communications. In other cases, sidelink communications are carried out between SL-UEs without the involvement of a base station 102.

[0068] In an aspect, the sidelink 160 may operate over a wireless communication medium of interest, which may be shared with other wireless communications between other vehicles and / or infrastructure access points, as well as other RATs. A “medium” may be composed of one or more time, frequency, and / or space communication resources (e.g., encompassing one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with wireless communication between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs. In an aspect, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of an unlicensed frequency band shared among various RATs. Although different licensed frequency bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by a government entity such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States), these systems, in particular those employing small cell access points, have recently extended operation into unlicensed frequency bands such as the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) band used by wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies, most notably IEEE 802.1 lx WLAN technologies generally referred to as “Wi-Fi.” Example systems of this type include different variants of CDMA systems, TDMA systems, FDMA systems, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, and so on.

[0069] Note that although FIG. 1 only illustrates two of the UEs as SL-UEs (i.e., UEs 164 and 182), any of the illustrated UEs may be SL-UEs. Further, although only UE 182 was described as being capable of beamforming, any of the illustrated UEs, including UE 164, may be capable of beamforming. Where SL-UEs are capable of beamforming, they may17QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO18 beamform towards each other (i.e., towards other SL-UEs), towards other UEs (e.g., UEs 104), towards base stations (e.g., base stations 102, 180, small cell 102’, access point 150), etc. Thus, in some cases, UEs 164 and 182 may utilize beamforming over sidelink 160.

[0070] In the example of FIG. 1, any of the illustrated UEs (shown in FIG. 1 as a single UE 104 for simplicity) may receive signals 124 from one or more Earth orbiting space vehicles (SVs) 112 (e.g., satellites). In an aspect, the SVs 112 may be part of a satellite positioning system that a UE 104 can use as an independent source of location information. A satellite positioning system typically includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SVs 112) positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 104) to determine their location on or above the Earth based, at least in part, on positioning signals (e.g., signals 124) received from the transmitters. Such a transmitter typically transmits a signal marked with a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code of a set number of chips. While typically located in SVs 112, transmitters may sometimes be located on ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and / or other UEs 104. A UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive signals 124 for deriving geo location information from the SVs 112.

[0071] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signals 124 can be augmented by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that may be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example an SBAS may include an augmentation system(s) that provides integrity information, differential corrections, etc., such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multifunctional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), the Global Positioning System (GPS) Aided Geo Augmented Navigation or GPS and Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN), and / or the like. Thus, as used herein, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems.

[0072] In an aspect, SVs 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more nonterrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, an SV 112 is connected to an earth station (also referred to as a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn is connected to an element in a 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a terrestrial antenna) or a network node in a 5GC. This element would in turn provide access to other18QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO19 elements in the 5G network and ultimately to entities external to the 5G network, such as Internet web servers and other user devices. In that way, a UE 104 may receive communication signals (e.g., signals 124) from an SV 112 instead of, or in addition to, communication signals from a terrestrial base station 102.

[0073] The wireless communications system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that connects indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “sidelinks”). In the example of FIG. 1, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to the WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In an example, the D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be supported with any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WI-FI DIRECT®, BLUETOOTH®, and so on.

[0074] FIG. 2A illustrates an example wireless network structure 200. For example, a 5GC 210 (also referred to as a Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be viewed functionally as control plane (C-plane) functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane (U-plane) functions 212, (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.) which operate cooperatively to form the core network. User plane interface (NG-U) 213 and control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210 and specifically to the user plane functions 212 and control plane functions 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, an ng-eNB 224 may also be connected to the 5GC 210 via NG-C 215 to the control plane functions 214 and NG-U 213 to user plane functions 212. Further, ng-eNB 224 may directly communicate with gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, a Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. Either (or both) gNB 222 or ng-eNB 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein).

[0075] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230, which may be in communication with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance for UE(s) 204. The location server 230 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically19QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO20 separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The location server 230 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the location server 230 via the core network, 5GC 210, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). Further, the location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively may be external to the core network (e.g., a third party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or service server).

[0076] FIG. 2B illustrates another example wireless network structure 240. A 5GC 260 (which may correspond to 5GC 210 in FIG. 2A) can be viewed functionally as control plane functions, provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF) 264, and user plane functions, provided by a user plane function (UPF) 262, which operate cooperatively to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). The functions of the AMF 264 include registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein) and a session management function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE 204 and the short message service function (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF). The AMF 264 also interacts with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown) and the UE 204, and receives the intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of authentication based on a UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) subscriber identity module (USIM), the AMF 264 retrieves the security material from the AUSF. The functions of the AMF 264 also include security context management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. The functionality of the AMF 264 also includes location services management for regulatory services, transport for location services messages between the UE 204 and a location management function (LMF) 270 (which acts as a location server 230), transport for location services messages between the NG-RAN 220 and the LMF 270, evolved packet system (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interworking with the EPS, and UE 204 mobility event notification. In addition, the AMF20QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO21264 also supports functionalities for non-3GPP® (Third Generation Partnership Project) access networks.

[0077] Functions of the UPF 262 include acting as an anchor point for intra / inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., uplink / downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic verification (service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and sending and forwarding of one or more “end markers” to the source RAN node. The UPF 262 may also support transfer of location services messages over a user plane between the UE 204 and a location server, such as an SLP 272.

[0078] The functions of the SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering at the UPF 262 to route traffic to the proper destination, control of part of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface over which the SMF 266 communicates with the AMF 264 is referred to as the Ni l interface.

[0079] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which may be in communication with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance for UEs 204. The LMF 270 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the LMF 270 via the core network, 5GC 260, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). The SLP 272 may support similar functions to the LMF 270, but whereas the LMF 270 may communicate with the AMF 264, NG-RAN 220, and UEs 204 over a control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols intended to convey signaling messages and not voice or data), the SLP 272 may communicate with UEs 204 and external clients21QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO22(e.g., third-party server 274) over a user plane (e.g., using protocols intended to carry voice and / or data like the transmission control protocol (TCP) and / or IP).

[0080] Yet another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274, which may be in communication with the LMF 270, the SLP 272, the 5GC 260 (e.g., via the AMF 264 and / or the UPF 262), the NG-RAN 220, and / or the UE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) for the UE 204. As such, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may be referred to as a location services (LCS) client or an external client. The third- party server 274 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server.

[0081] User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect the 5GC 260, and specifically the UPF 262 and AMF 264, respectively, to one or more gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 in the NG-RAN 220. The interface between gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the AMF 264 is referred to as the “N2” interface, and the interface between gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the UPF 262 is referred to as the “N3” interface. The gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 of the NG-RAN 220 may communicate directly with each other via backhaul connections 223, referred to as the “Xn-C” interface. One or more of gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 over a wireless interface, referred to as the “Uu” interface.

[0082] The functionality of a gNB 222 may be divided between a gNB central unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more gNB distributed units (gNB-DUs) 228, and one or more gNB radio units (gNB-RUs) 229. A gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes the base station functions of transferring user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, and the like, except for those functions allocated exclusively to the gNB-DU(s) 228. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 generally host the radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222. A gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that generally hosts the radio link control (RLC) and medium access control (MAC) layer of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and one cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between the gNB-CU 226 and the one or more gNB-DUs 228 is referred to22QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO23 as the “Fl” interface. The physical (PHY) layer functionality of a gNB 222 is generally hosted by one or more standalone gNB-RUs 229 that perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission / reception. The interface between a gNB-DU 228 and a gNB-RU 229 is referred to as the “Fx” interface. Thus, a UE 204 communicates with the gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with a gNB-DU 228 via the RLC and MAC layers, and with a gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer.

[0083] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station, or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a base station (such as a Node B (NB), evolved NB (eNB), NR base station, 5G NB, AP, TRP, cell, etc.) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone base station or a monolithic base station) or a disaggregated base station.

[0084] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)). In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other RAN nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU and RU also can be implemented as virtual units, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0085] Base station-type operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (0-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the 0-RAN ALLIANCE®)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C- RAN)). Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unit23QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO24 virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[0086] FIG. 2C illustrates an example disaggregated base station architecture 250, according to aspects of the disclosure. The disaggregated base station architecture 250 may include one or more central units (CUs) 280 (e.g., gNB-CU 226) that can communicate directly with a core network 267 (e.g., 5GC 210, 5GC 260) via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 267 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 259 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 257 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 255, or both). A CU 280 may communicate with one or more DUs 285 (e.g., gNB-DUs 228) via respective midhaul links, such as an Fl interface. The DUs 285 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 287 (e.g., gNB-RUs 229) via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 287 may communicate with respective UEs 204 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 204 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 287.

[0087] Each of the units, i.e., the CUs 280, the DUs 285, the RUs 287, as well as the Near-RT RICs 259, the Non-RT RICs 257 and the SMO Framework 255, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as a RF transceiver), configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.

[0088] In some aspects, the CU 280 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include RRC, PDCP, service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 280. The CU 28024QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO25 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit - User Plane (CU- UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit - Control Plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 280 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the El interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 280 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 285, as necessary, for network control and signaling.

[0089] The DU 285 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 287. In some aspects, the DU 285 may host one or more of a RLC layer, a MAC layer, and one or more high PHY layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP®). In some aspects, the DU 285 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 285, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 280.

[0090] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 287. In some deployments, an RU 287, controlled by a DU 285, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like), or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU(s) 287 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 204. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU(s) 287 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 285. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU(s) 285 and the CU 280 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

[0091] The SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support the25QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO26 deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an 01 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 269) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an 02 interface). Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 280, DUs 285, RUs 287 and Near-RT RICs 259. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (0-eNB) 261, via an 01 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 287 via an 01 interface. The SMO Framework 255 also may include a Non-RT RIC 257 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 255.

[0092] The Non-RT RIC 257 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non- real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 259. The Non-RT RIC 257 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an Al interface) the Near- RT RIC 259. The Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 280, one or more DUs 285, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 259.

[0093] In some implementations, to generate AIML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 259, the Non-RT RIC 257 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 259 and may be received at the SMO Framework 255 or the Non-RT RIC 257 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 257 or the Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 257 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AIML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 25526QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO27(such as reconfiguration via 01) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as Al policies).

[0094] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C illustrate several example components (represented by corresponding blocks) that may be incorporated into a UE 302 (which may correspond to any of the UEs described herein), a base station 304 (which may correspond to any of the base stations described herein), and a network entity 306 (which may correspond to or embody any of the network functions described herein, including the location server 230 and the LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent from the NG-RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260 infrastructure depicted in FIGS. 2 A and 2B, such as a private network) to support the operations described herein. It will be appreciated that these components may be implemented in different types of apparatuses in different implementations (e.g., in an ASIC, in a system-on-chip (SoC), etc.). The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other apparatuses in a communication system. For example, other apparatuses in a system may include components similar to those described to provide similar functionality. Also, a given apparatus may contain one or more of the components. For example, an apparatus may include multiple transceiver components that enable the apparatus to operate on multiple carriers and / or communicate via different technologies.

[0095] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means fortuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown), such as an NR network, an LTE network, a GSM network, and / or the like. The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356, respectively, for communicating with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., some set of time / frequency resources in a particular frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 include one or27QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO28 more transmitters 314 and 354, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively.

[0096] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each also include, at least in some cases, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and provide means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., Wi-Fi, LTE Direct, BLUETOOTH®, ZIGBEE®, Z-WAVE®, PC5, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE), near-field communication (NFC), ultra- wideband (UWB), etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest. The short- range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 include one or more transmitters 324 and 364, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368, respectively, and one or more receivers 322 and 362, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368, respectively. As specific examples, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be Wi-Fi transceivers, BLUETOOTH® transceivers, ZIGBEE® and / or Z-WAVE® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and / or vehicle-to- everything (V2X) transceivers.

[0097] The UE 302 and the base station 304 also include, at least in some cases, satellite signal interfaces 330 and 370, which each include one or more satellite signal receivers 332 and 372, respectively, and may optionally include one or more satellite signal transmitters 334 and 374, respectively. In some cases, the base station 304 may be a terrestrial base station that may communicate with space vehicles (e.g., space vehicles 112) via the satellite signal interface 370. In other cases, the base station 304 may be a space vehicle (or other28QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO29 non-terrestrial entity) that uses the satellite signal interface 370 to communicate with terrestrial networks and / or other space vehicles.

[0098] The satellite signal receivers 332 and 372 may be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for receiving and / or measuring satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Where the satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 are satellite positioning system receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be global positioning system (GPS) signals, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) signals, etc. Where the satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 are nonterrestrial network (NTN) receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and / or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 may comprise any suitable hardware and / or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. The satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 may request information and operations as appropriate from the other systems, and, at least in some cases, perform calculations to determine locations of the UE 302 and the base station 304, respectively, using measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm.

[0099] The optional satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374, when present, may be connected to the one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for transmitting satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Where the satellite signal transmitter(s) 374 are satellite positioning system transmitters, the satellite positioning / communication signals 378 may be GPS signals, GLONASS® signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, NAVIC, QZSS signals, etc. Where the satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374 are NTN transmitters, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and / or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374 may comprise any suitable hardware and / or software for transmitting satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. The satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374 may request information and operations as appropriate from the other systems.29QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO30

[0100] The base station 304 and the network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 380 and 390, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, etc.) with other network entities (e.g., other base stations 304, other network entities 306). For example, the base station 304 may employ the one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 304 or network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. As another example, the network entity 306 may employ the one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base station 304 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or with other network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces.

[0101] A transceiver may be configured to communicate over a wired or wireless link. A transceiver (whether a wired transceiver or a wireless transceiver) includes transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362). A transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., embodying transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry in a single device) in some implementations, may comprise separate transmitter circuitry and separate receiver circuitry in some implementations, or may be embodied in other ways in other implementations. The transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. Wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform transmit “beamforming,” as described herein. Similarly, wireless receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In an aspect, the transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry may share the same plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such that the respective apparatus can only receive or transmit at a given time, not both at the same time. A wireless transceiver (e.g., WWAN transceivers 310 and 350, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may also include a network listen module (NLM) or the like for performing various measurements.30QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO31

[0102] As used herein, the various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, and network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may generally be characterized as “a transceiver,” “at least one transceiver,” or “one or more transceivers.” As such, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wireless transceiver may be inferred from the type of communication performed. For example, backhaul communication between network devices or servers will generally relate to signaling via a wired transceiver, whereas wireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a base station (e.g., base station 304) will generally relate to signaling via a wireless transceiver.

[0103] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 also include other components that may be used in conjunction with the operations as disclosed herein. The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include one or more processors 342, 384, and 394, respectively, for providing functionality relating to, for example, wireless communication, and for providing other processing functionality. The processors 342, 384, and 394 may therefore provide means for processing, such as means for determining, means for calculating, means for receiving, means for transmitting, means for indicating, etc. In an aspect, the processors 342, 384, and 394 may include, for example, one or more general purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuitry, or various combinations thereof.

[0104] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include memory circuitry implementing memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device), respectively, for maintaining information (e.g., information indicative of reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, and so on). The memories 340, 386, and 396 may therefore provide means for storing, means for retrieving, means for maintaining, etc. In some cases, the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may include AIML model component 348, 388, and 398, respectively. The AIML model component 348, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuits that are part of or coupled to the processors 342, 384, and 394, respectively, that, when executed, cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. In other31QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO32 aspects, the AIML model component 348, 388, and 398 may be external to the processors 342, 384, and 394 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, the AIML model component 348, 388, and 398 may be memory modules stored in the memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively, that, when executed by the processors 342, 384, and 394 (or a modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. FIG. 3A illustrates possible locations of the AIML model component 348, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the memory 340, the one or more processors 342, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG. 3B illustrates possible locations of the AIML model component 388, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the memory 386, the one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG. 3C illustrates possible locations of the AIML model component 398, which may be, for example, part of the one or more network transceivers 390, the memory 396, the one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component.

[0105] The UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to the one or more processors 342 to provide means for sensing or detecting movement and / or orientation information that is independent of motion data derived from signals received by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and / or the satellite signal interface 330. By way of example, the sensor(s) 344 may include an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric pressure altimeter), and / or any other type of movement detection sensor. Moreover, the sensor(s) 344 may include a plurality of different types of devices and combine their outputs in order to provide motion information. For example, the sensor(s) 344 may use a combination of a multi-axis accelerometer and orientation sensors to provide the ability to compute positions in two-dimensional (2D) and / or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.

[0106] In addition, the UE 302 includes a user interface 346 providing means for providing indications (e.g., audible and / or visual indications) to a user and / or for receiving user input (e.g., upon user actuation of a sensing device such a keypad, a touch screen, a32QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO33 microphone, and so on). Although not shown, the base station 304 and the network entity 306 may also include user interfaces.

[0107] Referring to the one or more processors 384 in more detail, in the downlink, IP packets from the network entity 306 may be provided to the processor 384. The one or more processors 384 may implement functionality for an RRC layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The one or more processors 384 may provide RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., master information block (MIB), system information blocks (SIBs)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0108] The transmitter 354 and the receiver 352 may implement Layer- 1 (LI) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer- 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The transmitter 354 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an inverse fast Fourier33QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO34 transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 302. Each spatial stream may then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. The transmitter 354 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0109] At the UE 302, the receiver 312 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 316. The receiver 312 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 342. The transmitter 314 and the receiver 312 implement Lay er- 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The receiver 312 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 302. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 302, they may be combined by the receiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The receiver 312 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 304. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and de-interleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 304 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the one or more processors 342, which implements Layer-3 (L3) and Layer-2 (L2) functionality.

[0110] In the downlink, the one or more processors 342 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the core network. The one or more processors 342 are also responsible for error detection.

[0111] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the downlink transmission by the base station 304, the one or more processors 342 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and34QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO35 measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0112] Channel estimates derived by the channel estimator from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 304 may be used by the transmitter 314 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the transmitter 314 may be provided to different antenna(s) 316. The transmitter 314 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0113] The uplink transmission is processed at the base station 304 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 302. The receiver 352 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 356. The receiver 352 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 384.

[0114] In the uplink, the one or more processors 384 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 302. IP packets from the one or more processors 384 may be provided to the core network. The one or more processors 384 are also responsible for error detection.

[0115] For convenience, the UE 302, the base station 304, and / or the network entity 306 are shown in FIGS. 3 A, 3B, and 3C as including various components that may be configured according to the various examples described herein. It will be appreciated, however, that the illustrated components may have different functionality in different designs. In particular, various components in FIGS. 3A to 3C are optional in alternative configurations and the various aspects include configurations that may vary due to design choice, costs, use of the device, or other considerations. For example, in case of FIG. 3A,35QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO36 a particular implementation of UE 302 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 310 (e.g., a wearable device or tablet computer or personal computer (PC) or laptop may have Wi-Fi and / or BLUETOOTH® capability without cellular capability), or may omit the short- range wireless transceiver(s) 320 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal interface 330, or may omit the sensor(s) 344, and so on. In another example, in case of FIG. 3B, a particular implementation of the base station 304 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi “hotspot” access point without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver s) 360 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal interface 370, and so on. For brevity, illustration of the various alternative configurations is not provided herein, but would be readily understandable to one skilled in the art.

[0116] The various components of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may be communicatively coupled to each other over data buses 308, 382, and 392, respectively. In an aspect, the data buses 308, 382, and 392 may form, or be part of, a communication interface of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306, respectively. For example, where different logical entities are embodied in the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality incorporated into the same base station 304), the data buses 308, 382, and 392 may provide communication between them.

[0117] The components of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in various ways. In some implementations, the components of FIGS. 3 A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in one or more circuits such as, for example, one or more processors and / or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and / or incorporate at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide this functionality. For example, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 310 to 346 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the UE 302 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 350 to 388 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the base station 304 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Also, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 390 to 398 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the network entity 306 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code36QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO37 and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). For simplicity, various operations, acts, and / or functions are described herein as being performed “by a UE,” “by a base station,” “by a network entity,” etc. However, as will be appreciated, such operations, acts, and / or functions may actually be performed by specific components or combinations of components of the UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306, etc., such as the processors 342, 384, 394, the transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, the memories 340, 386, and 396, the AIML model component 348, 388, and 398, etc.

[0118] In some designs, the network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, the network entity 306 may be distinct from a network operator or operation of the cellular network infrastructure (e.g., NG RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260). For example, the network entity 306 may be a component of a private network that may be configured to communicate with the UE 302 via the base station 304 or independently from the base station 304 (e.g., over a non-cellular communication link, such as Wi-Fi).

[0119] Various frame structures may be used to support downlink and uplink transmissions between network nodes (e.g., base stations and UEs). FIG. 4 is a diagram 400 illustrating an example frame structure, according to aspects of the disclosure. The frame structure may be a downlink or uplink frame structure. Other wireless communications technologies may have different frame structures and / or different channels.

[0120] LTE, and in some cases NR, utilizes orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) on the downlink and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink. Unlike LTE, however, NR has an option to use OFDM on the uplink as well. OFDM and SC-FDM partition the system bandwidth into multiple (K) orthogonal subcarriers, which are also commonly referred to as tones, bins, etc. Each subcarrier may be modulated with data. In general, modulation symbols are sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and in the time domain with SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers may be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) may be dependent on the system bandwidth. For example, the spacing of the subcarriers may be 15 kilohertz (kHz) and the minimum resource allocation (resource block) may be 12 subcarriers (or 180 kHz). Consequently, the nominal fast Fourier transform (FFT) size may be equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048 for system bandwidth of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 megahertz (MHz), respectively. The system bandwidth may also be partitioned into subbands. For37QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO38 example, a subband may cover 1.08 MHz (i.e., 6 resource blocks), and there may be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 subbands for system bandwidth of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 MHz, respectively.

[0121] LTE supports a single numerology (subcarrier spacing (SCS), symbol length, etc.). In contrast, NR may support multiple numerologies (p), for example, subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz (p=0), 30 kHz (p=l), 60 kHz (p=2), 120 kHz (p=3), and 240 kHz (p=4) or greater may be available. In each subcarrier spacing, there are 14 symbols per slot. For 15 kHz SCS (p=0), there is one slot per subframe, 10 slots per frame, the slot duration is 1 millisecond (ms), the symbol duration is 66.7 microseconds (ps), and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 50. For 30 kHz SCS (p=l), there are two slots per subframe, 20 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.5 ms, the symbol duration is 33.3 ps, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 100. For 60 kHz SCS (p=2), there are four slots per subframe, 40 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.25 ms, the symbol duration is 16.7 ps, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 200. For 120 kHz SCS (p=3), there are eight slots per subframe, 80 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.125 ms, the symbol duration is 8.33 ps, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 400. For 240 kHz SCS (p=4), there are 16 slots per subframe, 160 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.0625 ms, the symbol duration is 4.17 ps, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 800.

[0122] In the example of FIG. 4, a numerology of 15 kHz is used. Thus, in the time domain, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized subframes of 1 ms each, and each subframe includes one time slot. In FIG. 4, time is represented horizontally (on the X axis) with time increasing from left to right, while frequency is represented vertically (on the Y axis) with frequency increasing (or decreasing) from bottom to top.

[0123] A resource grid may be used to represent time slots, each time slot including one or more time-concurrent resource blocks (RBs) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs)) in the frequency domain. The resource grid is further divided into multiple resource elements (REs). An RE may correspond to one symbol length in the time domain and one subcarrier in the frequency domain. In the numerology of FIG. 4, for a normal cyclic prefix, an RB may contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and seven consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 84 REs. For an extended cyclic prefix, an RB may contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and six consecutive38QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO39 symbols in the time domain, for a total of 72 REs. The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[0124] Some of the REs may carry reference (pilot) signals (RS). The reference signals may include positioning reference signals (PRS), tracking reference signals (TRS), phase tracking reference signals (PTRS), cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), synchronization signal blocks (SSBs), sounding reference signals (SRS), etc., depending on whether the illustrated frame structure is used for uplink or downlink communication. FIG. 4 illustrates example locations of REs carrying a reference signal (labeled “R”).

[0125] FIG. 5 is a diagram 500 illustrating an example PRS configuration for two TRPs (labeled “TRP1” and “TRP2”) operating in the same positioning frequency layer (labeled “Positioning Frequency Layer 1”), according to aspects of the disclosure. For a positioning session, a UE may be provided with assistance data indicating the illustrated PRS configuration. In the example of FIG. 5, the first TRP (“TRP1”) is associated with (e.g., transmits) two PRS resource sets, labeled “PRS Resource Set 1” and “PRS Resource Set 2,” and the second TRP (“TRP2”) is associated with one PRS resource set, labeled “PRS Resource Set 3.” Each PRS resource set comprises at least two PRS resources. Specifically, the first PRS resource set (“PRS Resource Set 1”) includes PRS resources labeled “PRS Resource 1” and “PRS Resource 2,” the second PRS resource set (“PRS Resource Set 2”) includes PRS resources labeled “PRS Resource 3” and “PRS Resource 4,” and the third PRS resource set (“PRS Resource Set 3”) includes PRS resources labeled “PRS Resource 5” and “PRS Resource 6.”

[0126] When a UE is configured in the assistance data of a positioning method with a number of PRS resources beyond its capability, the UE assumes the PRS resources in the assistance data are sorted in a decreasing order of measurement priority. Currently, the 64 TRPs per frequency layer are sorted according to priority and the two PRS resource sets per TRP of the frequency layer are sorted according to priority. However, the four frequency layers may or may not be sorted according to priority, and the 64 PRS resources of the PRS resource set per TRP per frequency layer may or may not be sorted according to priority. The reference indicated by the assistance data parameter “nr-DL-PRS-Referencelnfo” for39QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO40 each frequency layer has the highest priority, at least for DL-TDOA positioning procedures.

[0127] FIG. 6 is a diagram 600 illustrating an example PRS configuration based on multiple positioning frequency layers (e.g., labeled “Positioning Frequency Layer 1” through “Positioning Frequency Layer L”), according to aspects of the disclosure. In some aspects, multiple positioning frequency layers may be considered for operations of multiple TRPs and / or targeting different center frequencies or bands. As shown in FIG. 6, the positioning frequency layer labeled “Positioning Frequency Layer 1” may include a plurality of PRS resource sets (e.g., labeled “PRS Resource Set 1” through “PRS Resource Set Mi” within “Positioning Frequency Layer 1”), and each of the PRS resource sets in “Positioning Frequency Layer 1” may include a plurality of PRS resources (e.g., labeled “PRS Resource 1” through “PRS Resource Nni” within “PRS Resource Set 1” in “Positioning Frequency Layer 1” and “PRS Resource 1” through “PRS Resource NI-MI” within “PRS Resource Set Mi” in “Positioning Frequency Layer 1”). As shown in FIG. 6, the positioning frequency layer labeled “Positioning Frequency Layer L” may include a plurality of PRS resource sets (e.g., labeled “PRS Resource Set 1” through “PRS Resource Set ML” within “Positioning Frequency Layer L”), and each of the PRS resource sets in “Positioning Frequency Layer L” may include a plurality of PRS resources (e.g., labeled “PRS Resource 1” through “PRS Resource NL-I” within “PRS Resource Set 1” in “Positioning Frequency Layer L” and “PRS Resource 1” through “PRS Resource NL-ML” within “PRS Resource Set ML” in “Positioning Frequency Layer L”).

[0128] NR supports a number of cellular network-based positioning technologies, including downlink-based, uplink-based, and downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods. Downlink-based positioning methods include observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) in LTE, downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA) in NR, and downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) in NR. FIG. 7 illustrates examples of various positioning methods, according to aspects of the disclosure. In an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, illustrated by scenario 710, a UE measures the differences between the times of arrival (ToAs) of reference signals (e.g., positioning reference signals (PRS)) received from pairs of base stations, referred to as reference signal time difference (RSTD) or time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements, and reports them to a positioning entity. More specifically, the UE receives the identifiers (IDs) of a reference base station (e.g., a40QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO41 serving base station) and multiple non-reference base stations in assistance data. The UE then measures the RSTD between the reference base station and each of the non-reference base stations. Based on the known locations of the involved base stations and the RSTD measurements, the positioning entity (e.g., the UE for UE-based positioning or a location server for UE-assisted positioning) can estimate the UE’s location.

[0129] For DL-AoD positioning, illustrated by scenario 720, the positioning entity uses a measurement report from the UE of received signal strength measurements of multiple downlink transmit beams to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the transmitting base station(s). The positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the transmitting base station(s).

[0130] Uplink-based positioning methods include uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) and uplink angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA). UL-TDOA is similar to DL-TDOA, but is based on uplink reference signals (e.g., sounding reference signals (SRS)) transmitted by the UE to multiple base stations. Specifically, a UE transmits one or more uplink reference signals that are measured by a reference base station and a plurality of non-reference base stations. Each base station then reports the reception time (referred to as the relative time of arrival (RTOA)) of the reference signal(s) to a positioning entity (e.g., a location server) that knows the locations and relative timing of the involved base stations. Based on the reception-to-reception (Rx-Rx) time difference between the reported RTOA of the reference base station and the reported RTOA of each non-reference base station, the known locations of the base stations, and their known timing offsets, the positioning entity can estimate the location of the UE using TDOA.

[0131] For UL-AoA positioning, one or more base stations measure the received signal strength of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) received from a UE on one or more uplink receive beams. The positioning entity uses the signal strength measurements and the angle(s) of the receive beam(s) to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the base station(s). Based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the base station(s), the positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE.

[0132] Downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods include enhanced cell-ID (E-CID) positioning and multi -round-trip-time (RTT) positioning (also referred to as “multi-cell RTT” and “multi-RTT”). In an RTT procedure, a first entity (e.g., a base station or a UE) transmits a first RTT-related signal (e.g., a PRS or SRS) to a second entity (e.g., a UE or41QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO42 base station), which transmits a second RTT-related signal (e.g., an SRS or PRS) back to the first entity. Each entity measures the time difference between the time of arrival (ToA) of the received RTT-related signal and the transmission time of the transmitted RTT- related signal. This time difference is referred to as a reception-to-transmission (Rx-Tx) time difference. The Rx-Tx time difference measurement may be made, or may be adjusted, to include only a time difference between nearest slot boundaries for the received and transmitted signals. Both entities may then send their Rx-Tx time difference measurement to a location server (e.g., an LMF 270), which calculates the round trip propagation time (i.e., RTT) between the two entities from the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements (e.g., as the sum of the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements). Alternatively, one entity may send its Rx-Tx time difference measurement to the other entity, which then calculates the RTT. The distance between the two entities can be determined from the RTT and the known signal speed (e.g., the speed of light). For multi- RTT positioning, illustrated by scenario 730, a first entity (e.g., a UE or base station) performs an RTT positioning procedure with multiple second entities (e.g., multiple base stations or UEs) to enable the location of the first entity to be determined (e.g., using multilateration) based on distances to, and the known locations of, the second entities. RTT and multi-RTT methods can be combined with other positioning techniques, such as UL-AoA and DL-AoD, to improve location accuracy, as illustrated by scenario 740.

[0133] The E-CID positioning method is based on radio resource management (RRM) measurements. In E-CID, the UE reports the serving cell ID, the timing advance (TA), and the identifiers, estimated timing, and signal strength of detected neighbor base stations. The location of the UE is then estimated based on this information and the known locations of the base station(s).

[0134] To assist positioning operations, a location server (e.g., location server 230, LMF 270, SLP 272) may provide assistance data to the UE. For example, the assistance data may include identifiers of the base stations (or the cells / TRPs of the base stations) from which to measure reference signals, the reference signal configuration parameters (e.g., the number of consecutive slots including PRS, periodicity of the consecutive slots including PRS, muting sequence, frequency hopping sequence, reference signal identifier, reference signal bandwidth, etc.), and / or other parameters applicable to the particular positioning method. Alternatively, the assistance data may originate directly from the base stations42QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO43 themselves (e.g., in periodically broadcasted overhead messages, etc.). In some cases, the UE may be able to detect neighbor network nodes itself without the use of assistance data.

[0135] In the case of an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, the assistance data may further include an expected RSTD value and an associated uncertainty, or search window, around the expected RSTD. In some cases, the value range of the expected RSTD may be + / - 500 microseconds (ps). In some cases, when any of the resources used for the positioning measurement are in FR1, the value range for the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be + / - 32 ps. In other cases, when all of the resources used for the positioning measurement(s) are in FR2, the value range for the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be + / - 8 ps.

[0136] A location estimate may be referred to by other names, such as a position estimate, location, position, position fix, fix, or the like. A location estimate may be geodetic and comprise coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude) or may be civic and comprise a street address, postal address, or some other verbal description of a location. A location estimate may further be defined relative to some other known location or defined in absolute terms (e.g., using latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude). A location estimate may include an expected error or uncertainty (e.g., by including an area or volume within which the location is expected to be included with some specified or default level of confidence).

[0137] Wireless communication signals (e.g., radio frequency (RF) signals configured to carry orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols in accordance with a wireless communications standard, such as LTE, NR, etc.) transmitted between a UE and a base station can be used for environment sensing (also referred to as “RF sensing” or “wireless sensing”). Using wireless communication signals for environment sensing can be regarded as consumer-level wireless sensing with advanced detection capabilities that enable, among other things, touchless / device-free interaction with a device / system. The wireless communication signals may be cellular communication signals, such as LTE or NR signals, WLAN signals, such as Wi-Fi signals, etc. As a particular example, the wireless communication signals may be an OFDM waveform as utilized in LTE and NR. High-frequency communication signals, such as millimeter wave (mmW) RF signals, are especially beneficial to use as sensing signals because the higher frequency provides, at least, more accurate range (distance) detection.43QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO44

[0138] Possible use cases of RF sensing include health monitoring use cases, such as heartbeat detection, respiration rate monitoring, and the like, gesture recognition use cases, such as human activity recognition, keystroke detection, sign language recognition, and the like, contextual information acquisition use cases, such as location detection / tracking, direction finding, range estimation, and the like, and automotive sensing use cases, such as smart cruise control, collision avoidance, and the like.

[0139] There are different types of sensing, including monostatic sensing (also referred to as “active sensing”) and bistatic sensing (also referred to as “passive sensing”). FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate these different types of sensing. Specifically, FIG. 8A is a diagram 800 illustrating a monostatic sensing scenario and FIG. 8B is a diagram 830 illustrating a bistatic sensing scenario. In FIG. 8A, the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) are co-located in the same sensing device 804 (e.g., a UE). The sensing device 804 transmits one or more RF sensing signals 834 (e.g., uplink or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS) where the sensing device 804 is a UE), and some of the RF sensing signals 834 reflect off a target object 806 (e.g., an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)). The sensing device 804 can measure various properties (e.g., times of arrival (ToAs), angles of arrival (AoAs), phase shift, etc.) of the reflections 836 of the RF sensing signals 834 to determine characteristics of the target object 806 (e.g., size, shape, speed, motion state, etc.).

[0140] In FIG. 8B, the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) are not co-located, that is, they are separate devices (e.g., a UE and a base station). Note that while FIG. 8B illustrates using a downlink RF signal as the RF sensing signal 832, uplink RF signals or sidelink RF signals can also be used as RF sensing signals 832. In a downlink scenario, as shown, the transmitter device 802 is a base station (e.g., a gNB) and the receiver device 808 is a UE (e.g., a mobile phone, a V2X-capable vehicle, a roadside unit (RSU), etc.), whereas in an uplink scenario, the transmitter device 802 is a UE and the receiver device 808 is a base station. Where the transmitter device 802 is a base station and the receiver device 808 a UE, the sensing is referred to as UE-assisted sensing. In UE-assisted sensing, the position of receiver device 808 should be known by the network (e.g., by GPS or other UE positioning method).

[0141] Referring to FIG. 8B in greater detail, the transmitter device 802 transmits RF sensing signals 832 and 834 (e.g., positioning reference signals (PRS)) to the receiver device 808, but some of the RF sensing signals 834 reflect off a target object 806. The receiver device44QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO45808 (also referred to as the “sensing device”) can measure the times of arrival (ToAs) of the RF sensing signals 832 received directly from the transmitter device 802 and the ToAs of the reflections 836 of the RF sensing signals 834 reflected from the target object 806.

[0142] More specifically, as described above, a transmitter device (e.g., a base station) may transmit a single RF signal or multiple RF signals to a receiver device (e.g., a UE). However, the receiver may receive multiple RF signals corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. Each path may be associated with a cluster of one or more channel taps. Generally, the time at which the receiver detects the first cluster of channel taps is considered the ToA of the RF signal on the line-of-site (LOS) path (i.e., the shortest path between the transmitter and the receiver). Later clusters of channel taps are considered to have reflected off objects between the transmitter and the receiver and therefore to have followed non-LOS (NLOS) paths between the transmitter and the receiver.

[0143] Thus, referring back to FIG. 8B, the RF sensing signals 832 followed the LOS path between the transmitter device 802 and the receiver device 808, and the RF sensing signals 834 followed an NLOS path between the transmitter device 802 and the receiver device 808 due to reflecting off the target object 806. The transmitter device 802 may have transmitted multiple RF sensing signals 832, 834, some of which followed the LOS path and others of which followed the NLOS path. Alternatively, the transmitter device 802 may have transmitted a single RF sensing signal in a broad enough beam that a portion of the RF sensing signal followed the LOS path (RF sensing signal 832) and a portion of the RF sensing signal followed the NLOS path (RF sensing signal 834).

[0144] Based on the ToA of the LOS path, the ToA of the NLOS path, and the speed of light, the receiver device 808 can determine the distance to the target object(s). For example, the receiver device 808 can calculate the distance to the target object as the difference between the ToA of the LOS path and the ToA of the NLOS path multiplied by the speed of light. In addition, if the receiver device 808 is capable of receive beamforming, the receiver device 808 may be able to determine the general direction to a target object 806 as the direction (angle) of the receive beam on which the RF sensing signal following the NLOS path was received. That is, the receiver device 808 may determine the direction to the target obj ect 806 as the AoA of the RF sensing signal, which is the angle of the receive beam used to receive the RF sensing signal. The receiver device 808 may then optionally45QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO46 report this information to the transmitter device 802, its serving base station, an application server associated with the core network, an external client, a third-party application, or some other sensing entity. Alternatively, the receiver device 808 may report the ToA measurements to the transmitter device 802, or other sensing entity (e.g., if the receiver device 808 does not have the processing capability to perform the calculations itself), and the transmitter device 802 may determine the distance and, optionally, the direction to the target object 806.

[0145] Note that if the RF sensing signals are uplink RF signals transmitted by a UE to a base station, the base station would perform object detection based on the uplink RF signals just like the UE does based on the downlink RF signals.

[0146] Like conventional wireless sensing, wireless communication-based sensing signals can be used to estimate the range (distance), velocity (Doppler), and angle (AoA) of a target object. However, the performance (e.g., resolution and maximum values of range, velocity, and angle) may depend on the design of the reference signal.

[0147] FIGS. 9A to 9F illustrate various example monostatic and bistatic sensing use cases, according to aspects of the disclosure. In FIG. 9 A, a gNBl-to-gNBl monostatic sensing use case 900 is depicted. In FIG. 9B, a UEl-to-UEl monostatic sensing use case 910 is depicted. In FIG. 9C, a gNBl-to-gNB2 bistatic sensing use case 920 is depicted. In FIG. 9D, a gNB 1-to-UEl bistatic sensing use case 930 is depicted. In FIG. 9E, a UEl-to-gNB 1 bistatic sensing use case 940 is depicted. In FIG. 9F, a UEl-to-UE2 bistatic sensing use case 950 is depicted.

[0148] FIG. 10 illustrates an example call flow 1000 for an NR-based sensing procedure (e.g., a bistatic sensing procedure) in which the network configures the sensing parameters, according to aspects of the disclosure. Although FIG. 10 illustrates a network-coordinated sensing procedure, the sensing procedure could be coordinated over sidelink channels.

[0149] At stage 1005, a sensing server 1070 (e.g., inside or outside the core network) sends a request for network (NW) information to a gNB 1022 (e.g., the serving gNB of a UE 1004). The request may be for a list of the UE’s 1004 serving cell and any neighboring cells. At stage 1010, the gNB 1022 sends the requested information to the sensing server 1070. At stage 1015, the sensing server 1070 sends a request for sensing capabilities to the UE 1004. At stage 1020, the UE 1004 provides its sensing capabilities to the sensing server 1070.46QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO47

[0150] At stage 1025, the sensing server 1070 sends a configuration to the UE 1004 indicating one or more reference signal (RS) resources that will be transmitted for sensing. The reference signal resources may be transmitted by the serving and / or neighboring cells identified at stage 1010. In some cases, the NR-based sensing procedure illustrated in FIG. 10 may be a sensing-only procedure or a joint communication and sensing (JCS) procedure. In the case of a sensing-only procedure, the reference signal resources may be reference signal resources specifically configured for sensing purposes. In the case of a JCS procedure, the reference signal resources may be reference signal resources for communication that can also be used for sensing purposes. Alternatively, the reference signal resources for sensing may be multiplexed (e.g., time-division multiplexed) with reference signal resources for communication. For example, the reference signal resources for communication may be an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform, while the reference signal resources for sensing may be a frequency modulation continuous wave (FMCW) waveform.

[0151] At stage 1030, the sensing server 1070 sends a request for sensing information to the UE 1004. The UE 1004 then measures the transmitted reference signals and, at stage 1035, sends the measurements, or any sensing results determined from the measurements, to the sensing server 1070.

[0152] In an aspect, the communication between the UE 1004 and the sensing server 1070 may be via the LTE positioning protocol (LPP). The communication between the sensing server 1070 and the gNB may be via NR positioning protocol type A (NRPPa).

[0153] Machine learning may be used to generate models that may be used to facilitate various aspects associated with processing of data. One specific application of machine learning relates to generation of measurement models for processing of reference signals for positioning (e.g., positioning reference signal (PRS)), such as feature extraction, reporting of reference signal measurements (e.g., selecting which extracted features to report), and so on.

[0154] Machine learning models are generally categorized as either supervised or unsupervised. A supervised model may further be sub-categorized as either a regression or classification model. Supervised learning involves learning a function that maps an input to an output based on example input-output pairs. For example, given a training dataset with two variables of age (input) and height (output), a supervised learning model could be47QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO48 generated to predict the height of a person based on their age. In regression models, the output is continuous. One example of a regression model is a linear regression, which simply attempts to find a line that best fits the data. Extensions of linear regression include multiple linear regression (e.g., finding a plane of best fit) and polynomial regression (e.g., finding a curve of best fit).

[0155] Another example of a machine learning model is a decision tree model. In a decision tree model, a tree structure is defined with a plurality of nodes. Decisions are used to move from a root node at the top of the decision tree to a leaf node at the bottom of the decision tree (i.e., a node with no further child nodes). Generally, a higher number of nodes in the decision tree model is correlated with higher decision accuracy.

[0156] Another example of a machine learning model is a decision forest. Random forests are an ensemble learning technique that builds off of decision trees. Random forests involve creating multiple decision trees using bootstrapped datasets of the original data and randomly selecting a subset of variables at each step of the decision tree. The model then selects the mode of all of the predictions of each decision tree. By relying on a “majority wins” model, the risk of error from an individual tree is reduced.

[0157] Another example of a machine learning model is a neural network (NN). A neural network is essentially a network of mathematical equations. Neural networks accept one or more input variables, and by going through a network of equations, result in one or more output variables. Put another way, a neural network takes in a vector of inputs and returns a vector of outputs.

[0158] FIG. 11 illustrates an example neural network 1100, according to aspects of the disclosure. The neural network 1100 includes an input layer ‘i’ that receives ‘n’ (one or more) inputs (illustrated as “Input 1,” “Input 2,” and “Input n”), one or more hidden layers (illustrated as hidden layers ‘hl,’ ‘h2,’ and ‘h3 ’) for processing the inputs from the input layer, and an output layer ‘o’ that provides ‘m’ (one or more) outputs (labeled “Output 1” and “Output m”). The number of inputs ‘n,’ hidden layers ‘h,’ and outputs ‘m’ may be the same or different. In some designs, the hidden layers ‘h’ may include linear function(s) and / or activation function(s) that the nodes (illustrated as circles) of each successive hidden layer process from the nodes of the previous hidden layer.

[0159] In classification models, the output is discrete. One example of a classification model is logistic regression. Logistic regression is similar to linear regression but is used to model48QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO49 the probability of a finite number of outcomes, typically two. In essence, a logistic equation is created in such a way that the output values can only be between ‘0’ and ‘ 1.’ Another example of a classification model is a support vector machine. For example, for two classes of data, a support vector machine will find a hyperplane or a boundary between the two classes of data that maximizes the margin between the two classes. There are many planes that can separate the two classes, but only one plane can maximize the margin or distance between the classes. Another example of a classification model is Naive Bayes, which is based on Bayes Theorem. Other examples of classification models include decision tree, random forest, and neural network, similar to the examples described above except that the output is discrete rather than continuous.

[0160] Unlike supervised learning, unsupervised learning is used to draw inferences and find patterns from input data without references to labeled outcomes. Two examples of unsupervised learning models include clustering and dimensionality reduction.

[0161] Clustering is an unsupervised technique that involves the grouping, or clustering, of data points. Clustering is frequently used for customer segmentation, fraud detection, and document classification. Common clustering techniques include k-means clustering, hierarchical clustering, mean shift clustering, and density-based clustering. Dimensionality reduction is the process of reducing the number of random variables under consideration by obtaining a set of principal variables. In simpler terms, dimensionality reduction is the process of reducing the dimension of a feature set (in even simpler terms, reducing the number of features). Most dimensionality reduction techniques can be categorized as either feature elimination or feature extraction. One example of dimensionality reduction is called principal component analysis (PCA). In the simplest sense, PCA involves project higher dimensional data (e.g., three dimensions) to a smaller space (e.g., two dimensions). This results in a lower dimension of data (e.g., two dimensions instead of three dimensions) while keeping all original variables in the model.

[0162] Regardless of which machine learning model is used, at a high-level, a machine learning module (e.g., implemented by a processing system) may be configured to iteratively analyze training input data (e.g., measurements of reference signals to / from various target UEs) and to associate this training input data with an output data set (e.g., a set of possible or likely candidate locations of the various target UEs), thereby enabling later49QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO50 determination of the same output data set when presented with similar input data (e.g., from other target UEs at the same or similar location).

[0163] The artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) positioning and / or sensing provided by an AIML model may be “direct” AIML (denoted “D-AIML”) positioning and / or sensing or AIML “assisted” (denoted “A-AIML”) positioning and / or sensing. Note that, as used herein, an AIML model (whether an A-AIML model or a D-AIML model) may alternatively be referred to as an “ML model,” an “Al model,” an “ML-based model,” an “Al-based model,” and the like.

[0164] FIG. 12A is a diagram 1210 illustrating an example of direct AIML positioning and / or sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 12A, direct AIML positioning and / or sensing is where the AIML model is trained to accept input features (e.g., downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS) measurements, sounding reference signal (SRS) measurements, sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) measurements, sensing signal measurements, beam measurements (e.g., synchronization signal block (SSB) measurements), channel state information reference signal (CSLRS) measurements, etc.) and output a final result (referred to as a “direct label”), such as a target location (e.g., a UE location for positioning or a target object location for sensing). The measurements of the reference signal (s) may include the channel energy response (CER), channel impulse response (CIR), power delay profile (PDP), delay profile (DP), channel frequency response (CFR), received signal strength indicator (RS SI), reference signal received power (RSRP), path RSRP (RSRPP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), time of arrival (ToA), relative ToA (RTOA), reference signal time difference (RSTD), angle of departure (AoD), angle of arrival (AoA), and / or the like of the reference signal(s).

[0165] FIG. 12B is a diagram 1230 illustrating an example of AIML assisted positioning and / or sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 12B, AIML assisted positioning and / or sensing is where an AIML model is trained to accept input features (e.g., DL-PRS measurements, SRS measurements, SL-PRS measurements, sensing signal measurements, beam measurements, CSLRS measurements, etc.) and output one or more intermediate results (also referred to as “intermediate label(s)”). In a positioning context, generating the intermediate result may be referred to as “positioning feature extraction,” which may include determining timing / angle information, line of sight (LOS)50QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO51 identification, etc. The intermediate results may include the ToA, RTOA, RSTD, AoD, AoA, LOS indication, and / or the like. The intermediate result(s) may in turn be provided as an input to another AIML model or non-AIML model positioning and / or sensing technique (e.g., Chan’s algorithm, Kalman filtering, etc.) to determine a target location (e.g., a UE location for positioning or a target object location for sensing).

[0166] Note that as shown in FIG. 12B, the A- AIML model and the other model / technique may be implemented at the same entity (e.g., UE, base station, location server, sensing server, etc.) or at different entities. For example, for network-assisted positioning, the UE may apply the A-AIML model to compress the measurement data and then report the compressed data to the location server, which may then apply the other position estimation model / technique. As another example, for UE-based positioning, a network component (e.g., a base station, location server, or another UE for sidelink positioning) may apply the A-AIML model to compress the measurement data and report the compressed data to the UE, which then applies the other position estimation model / technique.

[0167] FIG. 12C illustrates various AIML positioning and / or sensing scenarios, according to aspects of the disclosure. As shown in diagram 1250, there are three AIML positioning and / or sensing deployment scenarios based on downlink reference signals (e.g., DL-PRS, CSI-RS, etc.). The first deployment scenario (labeled “Case 1”) is a UE-based positioning and / or sensing case with a UE-side D-AIML positioning and / or sensing model (labeled “D-AIML”). In this case, the UE applies the D-AIML positioning and / or sensing model (or simply “D-AIML model”) to the downlink reference signal measurements to determine a location of the UE or a target object and reports the target location to the network (e.g., LMF 270).

[0168] The second deployment scenario (labeled “Case 2a”) is UE-assisted / network-based positioning and / or sensing with a UE-side A-AIML positioning and / or sensing model that provides AIML-assisted positioning and / or sensing. That is, the UE inputs measurements of downlink reference signals (e.g., DL-PRS, CSLRS) received from one or more TRPs into the A-AIML positioning and / or sensing model to obtain intermediate measurements (or quantities) of the downlink reference signals. The UE then reports the intermediate measurements to the network (e.g., LMF 270). The network entity may then apply an AIML model or a non-AIML model technique to the intermediate measurements to51QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO52 determine a target location (e.g., of the UE for positioning scenarios or a target object for sensing scenarios).

[0169] The third deployment scenario (labeled “Case 2b”) is UE-assisted / network-based positioning and / or sensing scenario with a network-side D-AIML positioning and / or sensing model. That is, the UE reports the measurements of the downlink reference signals received from one or more TRPs to the network (e.g., LMF 270). The network then applies the D-AIML positioning and / or sensing model to the measurements to determine the location of the UE or a target object.

[0170] As shown in diagram 1270, there are two AIML positioning and / or sensing deployment scenarios based on uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS). The first deployment scenario (labeled “Case 3a”) is RAN node-assisted positioning and / or sensing with a RAN-side AIML model that provides AIML assisted positioning and / or sensing. In this case, the RAN node (e.g., a base station, TRP, or other base station component) applies an A- AIML positioning and / or sensing model to TRP measurements of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) transmitted by a UE to obtain intermediate measurements of the received uplink reference signal(s). The RAN node then reports the intermediate measurements to the core network (e.g., LMF 270), which can use them to locate the UE (for positioning) or a target object (for sensing).

[0171] The second deployment scenario (labeled “Case 3b”) is RAN node-assisted positioning and / or sensing with a network-side AIML positioning and / or sensing model that provides direct AIML positioning and / or sensing. In this case, the RAN node reports measurements of one or more uplink reference signals received from a UE to the core network (e.g., LMF 270). The core network then applies a D-AIML positioning and / or sensing model to the measurements of the uplink reference signal(s) to obtain a target location of the UE (for positioning) or a target object (for sensing).

[0172] Note that there may be other deployment scenarios in which the UE, RAN, or the core network use an AIML positioning and / or sensing model to compute or report a positioning and / or sensing estimate (target location), but these cases are implementationspecific and do not necessarily involve signaling between the UE, RAN, and / or the core network.

[0173] Further note that an AIML model may execute in a training mode or an inferencing mode. In the training mode, the AIML model is provided with pre-validated input data along52QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO53 with pre-validated output data to derive or modify weights of the AIML to increase the reliability of the AIML model to provide new (unvalidated) output data that is similar to the pre-validated output data in response to new (unvalidated) input data that is similar to the pre-validated input data. In the inferencing mode, the AIML model utilizes the weights determined during the training mode to process new (unvalidated) input data so as to generate new (unvalidated) output data (typically, without further adjusting the weights until / unless the AIML model returns to the training mode). The (unvalidated) output data may be characterized as an “inference.” Thus, the “final” positioning or sensing results described above with respect to FIGS. 12A to 12C may correspond to AIML model weights or inferences depending on whether the respective AIML model is executing in the training mode or the inferencing mode.

[0174] In some aspects, for direct AIML positioning (e.g., Case 1, Case 2b, or Case 3b), types of measurement(s) as model inference input considering performance impact and associated signaling overhead may include CIR, PDP, RSRP, RSRPP and / or RSTD. In some aspects, for AIML assisted positioning with UE-assisted (e.g., Case 2a) or RAN node assisted positioning (e.g., Case 3a), a measurement report may carry model output to the network component (e.g., a base station, location server, or another UE for sidelink positioning), and types of measurement(s) as model inference input to be used at the UE may include ToA, path phase, soft information / high resolution of RSTD. In some aspects, types of model inference output at the UE may include timing estimation and / or LOS / NLOS indicator. In some aspects, reference signal configurations may be used to facilitate model inference for both UE-side and Network-side model.

[0175] In some aspects, for generating training data, measurements corresponding to the model may be obtained from a positioning reference unit (PRU) or a UE for UE-based with UE- side model (e.g., Case 1) and UE-assisted positioning with UE-side (e.g., Case 2a) or Network-side model (e.g., Case 2b). In some aspects, for generating training data, measurements corresponding to the model may be obtained from a TRP for RAN node assisted positioning with Network-side model (e.g., Case 3a or Case 3b).

[0176] In some aspects, a PRU at a known location can perform positioning measurements (e.g., RSTD, RSRP, UE Rx-Tx Time Difference measurements, etc.) and report these measurements to a network entity (e.g., a location server). In some aspects, a PRU may transmit SRS to enable TRPs to measure and report UL positioning measurements (e.g.,53QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO54RTOA, UL-AoA, gNB Rx-Tx Time Difference, etc.) from PRU at a known location. The PRU measurements can be compared by network entity (e.g., a location server) with the measurements expected at the known PRU location to determine correction terms for other nearby target devices. The DL and / or UL location measurements for other target devices can then be corrected based on the previously determined correction terms. In some aspects, from a location server perspective, the PRU functionality may be realized by a UE with known location. In some aspects, a location server may also provide the carrier phase measurements with associated measurements and additional information reported by a PRU (e.g. RSTD) to a target UE for, e.g., UE-based operations.

[0177] Model monitoring is a consideration in AIML life cycle management (LCM). FIG. 13 illustrates an example functional framework 1300 for AIML for NR air interface, according to aspects of the disclosure. In some aspects, as a non-limiting example, the framework 1300 illustrates a general functional architecture addressing both model-ID- based LCM and functionality-based LCM.

[0178] As shown in FIG. 13, the framework 1300 may include a data collection function 1310 that provides training data 1312 to a model training function 1320; monitoring data 1314 to a management function 1330; and / or inference data 1316 to an inference function 1340.

[0179] In some aspects, the model training function 1320 may correspond to a function that performs AIML model training, validation, and testing. In some aspects, the model training function 1330 may generate model performance metrics, which can be used as part of a model testing procedure. In some aspects, the model training function 1320 may also be responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) based on the training data 1312 delivered by the data collection function, if applicable. In some aspects, in case of having a model storage function 1350, this is used to deliver trained, validated, the model training function 1330 may output trained model and / or updated model 1322 to the model storage function 1350.

[0180] In some aspects, the management function 1330 may correspond to a function that oversees the operation (e.g., selection, activation, deactivation, switching, and / or fallback) and monitoring (e.g., performance) of AIML models or AIML functionalities. In some aspects, the management function 1330 may also be responsible for making decisions to ensure the proper inference operation based on data received from the data collection function 1310 and the inference function 1340. In some aspects, the54QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO55 management function 1330 may output a management instruction 1332 to the inference function 1340 to manage the inference function 1340. In some aspects, the management instruction 1332 may include information regarding selection, activation, deactivation, and / or switching of AIML models or AIML-based functionalities, fallback to non-AIML operation (i.e., not relying on inference process), or the like. In some aspects, the management function 1330 may output a model transfer or delivery request 1334 to the model storage function 1350 to request one or more models from the model storage function 1350. In some aspects, the management function 1330 may output a performance feedback or retraining request to the model training function 1320 to manage operations of the model training function 1320 for model training, model retraining, and / or updating.

[0181] In some aspects, the inference function 1340 may correspond to a function that provides outputs from the process of applying AIML models or AIML functionalities, using the data that is provided by the data collection function 1310 (i.e., the inference data 1316) as an input. In some aspects, the inference function 1340 is also responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting, and / or transformation) based on the inference data 1316 from the data collection function 1310, if applicable. In some aspects, the inference function 1340 may output inference output 1342 to the management function 1330, and the management function 1330 may use the inference output 1342 to monitor the performance of AIML models or AIML functionalities.

[0182] In some aspects, the model storage function 1350 may correspond to a function responsible for storing trained and / or updated models that can be used by the inference function 1340. In some aspects, the model storage function 1350 may deliver an AIML model to the inference function 1340 (labeled as “Model Transfer / Delivery 1352” in FIG. 13).

[0183] In some aspects, the following metrics or methods for AIML model monitoring in LCM per use case may be considered, such as monitoring based on inference accuracy, including metrics related to intermediate key performance indicators (KPIs); monitoring based on system performance, including metrics related to system performance KPIs; monitoring based on data distribution; or monitoring based on one or more applicable conditions. In some aspects, for monitoring based on data distribution, the monitoring may be input-based, such as monitoring the validity of the AIML input based on out-of- distribution detection, drift detection of input data, SNR, delay spread, or the like. In some55QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO56 aspects, for monitoring based on data distribution, the monitoring may be output-based, such as based on drift detection of output data. In some aspects, the corresponding monitoring metric calculation may be performed at a UE side (e.g., a UE) or at network node side (e.g., a location server).

[0184] In some aspects, methods to assess or monitor the applicability and expected performance of an inactive model or functionality may include the following examples for the purpose of activation, selection, and / or switching of UE-side models or UE-part of two-sided models or functionalities (if applicable). These examples include assessment or monitoring based on the additional conditions associated with the model or functionality; assessment or monitoring based on input or output data distribution; assessment or monitoring using the inactive model or functionality for monitoring purpose and measuring the inference accuracy; or assessment or monitoring based on past knowledge of the performance of the same model or functionality (e.g., based on other UEs).

[0185] In some aspects, various factors may be further considered or studied for model monitoring. In some aspects, the assistance signaling and procedure at least for the UE- side model may be further considered or studied. In some aspects, the report or feedback and procedure at least for the network-side model may be further considered or studied, which may be applicable to both of the following cases: model inference and model monitoring at the same entity; and entity to perform the model monitoring is not the same entity for model inference.

[0186] In some aspects, the data for computing monitoring metric may be further considered or studied. In some aspects, for monitoring based on model output, such data may include estimated UE location corresponding to model output for direct AIML positioning, estimated intermediate parameter(s) corresponding to model output for AIML assisted positioning, and / or ground-truth label corresponding to model inference output for both direct and AIML assisted positioning. In some aspects, for monitoring based on model input, such data may include measurement corresponding to model inference input. In some aspects, assistance signaling from LMF to UE / PRU / gNB for UE / gNB-side model monitoring may be further considered or studied. In some aspects, assistance signaling from UE / PRU for Network- si de model monitoring may be further considered or studied.

[0187] In some aspects, whether certain types of data is necessary for computing monitoring metric may be further considered or studied. In some aspects, how an entity can be used56QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO57 to provide the given type of data for calculating monitoring metrics may be considered or studied, including whether companies may be requested to report their assumption of the entity (or entities) used to provide the given type of data for calculating monitoring metric for each case. In some aspects, potential signaling for provisioning of the given type of data for calculating associated monitoring metrics may be considered or studied. In some aspects, potential assistance signaling and procedure to facilitate an entity providing data for calculating monitoring metrics may be considered or studied. In some aspects, potential UE-network interaction may be considered or studied, such as model monitoring decision indication between UE and network.

[0188] In some aspects, entity to derive monitoring metrics may be considered or studied. In some aspects, the UE at least for Case 1 and 2a (with UE-side model) may be used to derive monitoring metrics. In some aspects, the gNB at least for Case 3a (with gNB-side model) may be used to derive monitoring metrics. In some aspects, the LMF at least for Case 2b and 3b (with LMF-side model) may be used to derive monitoring metrics. In some aspects, for AIML based positioning, LMF for Case 2a (with UE-side model) and Case 3a (with gNB-side model) may be identified as the entity to derive the monitoring metric at least when monitoring is based on provided ground-truth label (or its approximation).

[0189] In some aspects, the model monitoring may not require ground-truth label (or its approximation). In some aspects, the model monitoring may be based on statistics of measurement(s) compared to the statistics associated with the training data, where the measurement(s) may or may not be the same as the model input. In some aspects, examples used in contributions may include: norm of model input, mean, min / max of some statistics related to measurement and / or model input, median or data temporal or spatial distribution. In some aspects, the model monitoring may be based on statistics of model output compared to the statistics associated with the training data and / or its own previous inference output. In some aspects, examples used in contributions may include: mean, standard deviation, variance, etc. of some statistics related to model output. In some aspects, for monitoring the UE-side and / or the gNB-side model for AIML based positioning, there may be signaling from LMF to facilitate the monitoring entity to derive the monitoring metric (if needed); signaling from monitoring entity to request measurement(s) (if needed); and / or signaling for potential request / report of monitoring57QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO58 metric (if needed). In some aspects, for monitoring the LMF-side model for AIML based positioning, there may be signaling from LMF to request measurement(s) (if needed); assistance signaling and procedure, e.g., reference signal configuration(s) for measurement, measurement statistics as compared to the model input statistics of the training data, or the like. In some aspects, the model monitoring may be based on report of the calculated metric and / or model monitoring decision.

[0190] In some aspects, the model monitoring may require and is provided ground-truth label (or its approximation). In some aspects, the model monitoring may be based on monitoring metric such as statistics of the difference between model output and provided groundtruth label. In some aspects, examples used in contributions may include: mean, standard deviation, instantaneous value, threshold of ground-truth label (or its approximation). In some aspects, for monitoring the UE-side and / or the gNB-side model for AIML based positioning, there may be signaling from monitoring entity to request ground-truth label (if needed); signaling from monitoring entity to request model output (if needed); and / or signaling for potential request / report of monitoring metric (if needed). In some aspects, for monitoring the LMF-side model for AIML based positioning, there may be signaling from LMF to request measurement(s) (if needed). In some aspects, the model monitoring may be based on provisioning of ground-truth label and associated label quality. In some aspects, the model monitoring may be based on assistance signaling and procedure, e.g., from LMF to UE / gNB indicating ground-truth label and / or measurement, or the like. In some aspects, the model monitoring may be based on report of the calculated metric and / or model monitoring decision.

[0191] In some aspects, AIML positioning or sensing can show excellent accuracy even in stringent NLOS conditions. In some aspects, an AIML model may be sensitive to changes in wireless environment (e.g., changes in clutter settings) and / or changes in network conditions (e.g., reference signal configurations, network synchronization errors, timing errors at the network side, transmission power of the reference signals, or the like). As such, in some aspects, AIML positioning or sensing may be frequently monitored to ensure the model is valid and functions properly. In some aspects, the AIML model monitoring may be performed based on a label-based (i.e., ground-truth based) monitoring, where both model input measurements and expected model output (i.e., label or ground-truth label) are available to validate the AIML positioning model. In some58QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO59 aspects, the AIML model monitoring may be performed based on a label-free (i.e., without ground-truth labels) monitoring, where the monitoring may be based on model input measurements (e.g., statistics of measurements) and / or actual model output(s) (e.g., statistic or drift in model output over time). In some aspects, frequent monitoring on all resources or resource sets may not be feasible, as this will consume too much UE power. In some aspects, according to the present disclosure, separate resources may be allocated for monitoring and inference.

[0192] In some aspects, a processing device (e.g., a UE or a TRP / gNB) may receive, from a server device (e.g., an LMF or a location server), a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an AIML model. In some aspects, the processing device may receive, from the server device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors the performance of the AIML model. In some aspects, the signaling of the second resource configuration (e.g., monitoring resource configuration) may be part of the signaling of the first resource configuration (e.g., inference resource configuration). In some aspects, the signaling of the second resource configuration (e.g., monitoring resource configuration) may be separate from the signaling of the first resource configuration (e.g., inference resource configuration).

[0193] In some aspects, from the processing device’s perspective, the model monitoring operation may be performed by the processing device with or without a positioning or sensing session. As such, the model monitoring operation may be controlled by the server device or may be implemented by the processing device. In some aspects, from the processing device’s perspective, the inference operation may be performed by the processing device only with a positioning or sensing session.

[0194] In some aspects, the server device may control the monitoring operation. In some aspects, the server device may provide new signaling to the processing device, where the new signaling may indicate whether a given transmission session is for monitoring or for inference. In some aspects, the processing device may send a report to the server device, where the report may indicate an outcome (e.g., pass, fail, a percentage of monitoring done, deviation statistics, or the like) of the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, the processing device may not need to report the outcome to the server device.59QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO60

[0195] In some aspects, the processing device may control the monitoring operation. In some aspects, the processing device may obtain the information regarding the resources recommended for the model monitoring operation as indicated in the second resource configuration. In some aspects, the server device may still be able to configure the minimum number of PFLs, reference resource sets, reference resources for monitoring every given interval (e.g., per day, hour, or minute). In some aspects, the processing device may control the actual implementation regarding when and how to perform the model monitoring operation.

[0196] In some aspects, considering various possible implementations and control for the model monitoring operation, the server device may further send a request to the processing device for the monitoring status of the processing device. In some aspects, the monitoring status request may be implemented as a type of capability request.

[0197] In some aspects, the second resource configuration may indicate the second one or more reference resources as a subset of the first one or more reference resources. In some aspects, the model monitoring operation may be performed at the processing device side (e.g., Case 1, Case 2a, or Case 3a in FIG. 12) or at the server device side (e.g., Case 2b or Case 3b in FIG. 12).

[0198] In some aspects, the second one or more reference resources may correspond to baseline monitoring resources, where the model monitoring operation may be performed using the second one or more reference resources, a subset of the second one or more reference resources, or at least the second one or more reference resources. For example, in one aspect, the processing device may use the baseline monitoring resources when being requested or deciding to perform the model monitoring operation (best effort behavior, may use up to the entirety of the baseline monitoring resources). In one aspect, the processing device may abide with at least the baseline monitoring resources when being requested or deciding to perform the model monitoring operation (mandatory behavior, may use at least the baseline monitoring resources). In one aspect, the processing device may include additional resources (i.e., in addition to the baseline monitoring resources) when being requested or deciding to perform the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, the baseline monitoring resources may still be usable for AIML positioning or sensing.60QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO61

[0199] In some aspects, the second resource configuration may include additional information regarding the LOS status, SINK, and / or RSRP. For example, in some aspects, the second resource configuration may indicate whether a set of TRPs, antenna reference points (ARPs), PFLs, PRS resources sets, and / or PRS resources is with a good LOS status. In some aspects, the second resource configuration may indicate whether a set of TRPs, ARPs, PFLs, PRS resources sets, and / or PRS resources is with a good SINR or a good RSPP.

[0200] FIGS. 14A-14C illustrate example approaches of providing a first resource configuration for an inference operation based on an AIML model and a second resource configuration for a model monitoring operation that monitors the performance of the AIML model, according to aspects of the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 14A, the first resource configuration may be signaled as a reference signal configuration 1410, and the second resource configuration may be signaled as additional indicators of monitoring resources 1412 indicating which subset of the first one or more reference resources being configured as the second one or more reference resources.

[0201] As shown in FIGS. 14B and 14C, the reference signal configuration 1410 may identify reference signal resources based on various levels, including a PFL level 1422, a TRP level (or an ARP level) 1424, a PRS resource set level 1426, and / or a PRS resource level 1428. In the example shown in FIG. 14 A, the indicators of monitoring resources 1412 may be included in a data element 1432 at the PFL level 1422, which may be applicable to the entire PFL defined at the PFL level 1422. In the example shown in FIG. 14B, the indicators of monitoring resources 1412 may be included in a data element 1434 at the PRS resource set level 1426, which may be applicable to the entire PRS resource set defined at the PRS resource set level 1426.

[0202] In some aspects, the second resource configuration may be provided in a form of one or more indicators associated with one or more parts of the first one or more reference resources at a PFL level, a TRP level, an ARP level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, any one of the one or more indicators may correspond to a positive flag or a negative flag indicating that an associated part of the first one or more reference resources indicated by the corresponding indicator is recommended to be used by the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring61QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO62 operation, or the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, the absence of the indicator at a particular level of the reference signal configuration may be understood as the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, any one of the one or more indicators may correspond to a positive ratio or a negative ratio indicating that a first percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, or a second percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation.

[0203] In some aspects, the second resource configuration may also include additional information regarding ranking and / or prioritization for the resources recommended for the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, depending on the processing device status (e.g., battery status, processing status, memory status, or the like), the processing device may want to know which monitoring resources the processing device may need to prioritize, and may want to know the ranking of different resources in terms of their suitability for the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, the second resource configuration may further indicate, using a new data element or a modified data element, one or more classes or ranks of the second one or more reference resources, one or more priority indicators of the second one or more reference resources, one or more indications on area validity, one or more indications on temporal validity, one or more time windows usable by the model monitoring operation, or any combination thereof.

[0204] In some aspects, the second resource configuration may indicate the class or rank of the resource for monitoring based on the suitability or the durability for monitoring. For example, a TRP may be in LOS status most of the time and thus may have better LOS probability and persistency over time. In some aspects, the classes or ranks may be indicated based on a value indicating different levels of being suitable for the model monitoring operation. For example, 0 may represent the resource being suitable for model monitoring, 1 may represent the resource being acceptable for model monitoring, 2 may represent the resource being good for model monitoring, 3 may represent the resource being very good for model monitoring, and 5 may represent the resource being excellent for model monitoring. In some aspects, the processing device may use this class or rank62QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO63 indication to decide a monitoring resource selection strategy adopted by the processing device.

[0205] In some aspects, the second resource configuration may indicate if a resource is part of a minimum set of resources for monitoring and thus corresponds to a higher priority. In some aspects, the prioritization may be indicated based on a priority flag. For example, presence of the priority flag may indicate that the resource is highly recommended or needed for monitoring and better not be skipped. In some aspects, the processing device may abide by this prioritization indicator when performing the model monitoring operation.

[0206] In some aspects, the processing device may conduct measurement on baseline monitoring resources and may report the outcomes to the server device. In some aspects, the processing device may send a report to the server device, where the report may indicate an outcome of the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, the report may indicate a subset of the second one or more reference resources that is not used by the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, the report may further indicates a reason regarding the subset of the second one or more reference resources not being used by the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, the reason may correspond to the processing device having an insufficient power supply, a memory overload, a processing overload, a detected condition that renders the subset of the second one or more reference resources not usable by the model monitoring operation, or any combination thereof.

[0207] In some aspects, contrary to the examples illustrated in FIGS. 14A-14C, the second one or more reference resources may be outside (being different from) the first one or more reference resources.

[0208] In some aspects, the processing device may be configured to support performing the model monitoring operation using up to X resource units, and the processing device may be configured to support performing the inference operation using up to Y resource units. In some aspects, the second one or more reference resources correspond to up to X resource units with a first periodicity, and the first one or more reference resources correspond to Y resource units with a second periodicity. Here, X is a positive integer, and Y is a positive integer. In some aspects, each resource unit of the X resource units and the Y resource units may correspond to a PFL, a TRP, an ARP, a reference resource set, or a reference resource.63QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO64

[0209] In some examples, the server device may add additional PLFs in the assistance data for the model monitoring purpose. In one example, the processing device may be configured to have the capability of supporting only one PFL. In such scenario, the sever device may allocate a main PFL used for interference and an additional PFL for the model monitoring purpose (e.g., X=1 and Y=l). In some aspects, the periodicity and scheduling of the resources in the additional PFL for monitoring may be independently configured. In some aspects, when the processing device is capable of supporting one PFL while the server device scheduled two PFLs in the assistance data (e.g., X=1 and Y=l), the processing device may still accept the configuration from the server device.

[0210] In another example, the processing device may be configured to have the capability of supporting up to four PFLs. In such scenario, the sever device may allocate four PFLs used for interference and X additional PFLs for the model monitoring purpose (e.g., Y=4). In some aspects, the processing device may indicate to the server device how many PFLs the user device can support for the model monitoring purpose.

[0211] In some examples, the server device may add additional PRS resource sets in the assistance data for the model monitoring purpose. In one example, the processing device may be configured to have the capability of supporting up to two PRS resource set per TRP. In such scenario, the sever device may allocate two PRS resource sets for interference and X additional PRS resource sets for the model monitoring purpose (e.g., Y=2). In some aspects, up to X PRS resource sets for the model monitoring purpose can be configured for the TRP.

[0212] In another example, the processing device may be configured to have the capability of supporting up to two PRS resource sets. In such scenario, the sever device may allocate two PRS resource sets used for interference and two additional PRS resource sets for the model monitoring purpose (e.g., Y=2 and X=2). In some aspects, when the processing device is capable of supporting up to two PRS resource sets while the server device scheduled up to four PRS resource sets (e.g., Y=2 and X=2) in the assistance data, the processing device may still accept the configuration from the server device. In some aspects, the processing device may indicate to the server device how many PRS resource sets the user device can support for the model monitoring purpose.

[0213] In some aspects, the processing device may be configured with the capability of supporting X reference resource sets per TRP for monitoring. In some aspects, the64QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO65 processing device may be configured with the capability of supporting X reference resource sets per PFL for monitoring. In some aspects, the processing device may be configured with the capability of supporting X reference resource sets per processing device for monitoring.

[0214] In the non-limiting examples described above, the server device may add additional PFLs or additional PRS resource sets. In some aspects, the server device may add additional TRPs or additional PRS resources in a manner similar to the examples illustrated above.

[0215] In some aspects, the reference resources for the model monitoring operation may have a fixed periodic occasion mapping. In some aspects, as illustrated above, the second one or more reference resources may correspond to up to X resource units with a first periodicity, and the first one or more reference resources may correspond to Y resource units with a second periodicity. In some aspects, the second periodicity may be N times the first periodicity, and N is a positive integer.

[0216] In some aspects, resources may be repeated (e.g. measurement gap periodicity) with a periodicity of XI, and resources for monitoring may be set with the periodicity of the N*X1. In some aspects, out of N resource occasion, one may be used for the monitoring. In some aspects, resources are used for inference with periodicity of X2, and resources for monitoring may be set with the periodicity of the N*X2. In some aspects, the model monitoring resources may be at least as often as the resources for inference.

[0217] In some aspects, the processing device may receive, from the server device, an indicator indicating a value of N that is applicable at a PFL level, a TRP level, an ARP level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or an entirety of the second resource configuration. In some aspects, N may be configured by a server device or defined in a standard. In some aspects, the N may be set based on the capability of the processing device. In some aspects, the processing device may provide a recommended number to the server device.

[0218] FIG. 15A illustrates a first example arrangement 1500A of reference signal resources, according to aspects of the disclosure. In some aspects, the server device may provide a list of resources, resource sets, TRPs, and / or PFLs, which may be used for model monitoring. In some aspects, the monitoring resources may be provided with additional label information (e.g., ground-truth labels) for the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, as shown in FIG. 15 A, the processing device may receive, from the server device,65QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO66 an assistance data configuration 1510 that includes the first resource configuration for inference (with a label “I”), and the assistance data configuration 1510 may further include the second resource configuration 1512 for model monitoring (with a label “M”). In some aspects, the full assistance data configuration 1510 may be used for inference. In some aspects, the processing device may perform the inference operation and the model monitoring operation simultaneously.

[0219] FIG. 15B illustrates a second example arrangement 1500B of reference signal resources, according to aspects of the disclosure. In some aspects, as shown in FIG. 15B, the processing device may receive, from the server device, several assistance data configurations. In some aspects, each one of the one or more assistance data configurations may include information dedicated for the inference operation (e.g., configurations 1522, 1524, and 1526, with a label “I”), dedicated for the model monitoring operation (e.g., configurations 1532 and 1534, with a label “M”), or applicable to both of the inference operation and the model monitoring operation (e.g., configuration 1542, with a label “I / M”). In some aspects, the processing device may receive, from the server device, activation information indicating activation or deactivation of each one of the one or more assistance data configurations. In some aspects, the activation information may be provided based on RRC configurations, the server device providing a new assistance data configuration, via a MAC control element (MAC CE), or via downlink control information (DCI). In some aspects, the server device may be configured to control the model monitoring process through configuration selection, configuration activation, and / or configuration deactivation.

[0220] In some aspects, the server device may provide and / or configure the time window opportunity for the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, the server device may provide the set of resources (for monitoring) along with labels that need to be measured during this time window opportunity. In some aspects, the time window for monitoring as configured by the server device may be periodic, aperiodic, or semi-persistent. FIG. 16 illustrates an example schedule of time windows for monitoring, according to aspects of the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 16, the time windows 1612 and 1614 may be configured in a time duration 1610 for the model monitoring operation.

[0221] In one example, during the configured time windows 1612 and 1614 for model monitoring, only monitoring resources can be measured, and the time windows 1612 and66QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO671614 may not be used for the inference. In such scenario, regular positioning sessions may be paused during the time windows 1612 and 1614 for model monitoring. In another example, during the configured time windows 1612 and 1614 for model monitoring, monitoring resources and inference resources can all be measured. In such scenario, regular positioning sessions may be performed during the time windows 1612 and 1614 for model monitoring. In some aspects, the behavior during the time windows 1612 and 1614 for model monitoring may be configured by the server device or defined in a standard.

[0222] In some aspects, the server device may request the processing device to activate or deactivate the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, a request message from the server device may indicate a flag (or bitmap or code index) on whether the processing device may perform the model monitoring operation, and if so, what type of assistance data available for monitoring and approach for monitoring, including any combinations of various examples illustrated above.

[0223] In some aspects, the processing device may receive, from the server device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is enabled or requested with the second one or more reference resources corresponding to a subset of the first one or more reference resources (e.g., the indicator being set to 1). In some aspects, the processing device may receive, from the server device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is enabled or requested with the second one or more reference resources being outside the first one or more reference resources (e.g., the indicator being set to 2). For example, the indicator may indicate that the model monitoring operation is not enabled or requested.

[0224] FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating a method 1700 of wireless communication performed by a processing device, according to aspects of the disclosure. In some aspects, the processing device in the method 1700 may correspond to any of the processing devices, UEs, and / or TRPs or base stations described in the present disclosure. In some aspects, the processing device in the method 1700 may correspond to the UE 302 in FIG. 3A; and the method 1700 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, the one or more processors 342, the memory 340, and / or the AIML model component 348, any or all of which may be considered means for performing one or more of the following operations of method67QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO681700. In some aspects, the processing device in the method 1700 may correspond to the base station 304 in FIG. 3B; and the method 1700 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the one or more processors 384, the memory 386, and / or the AIML model component 388, any or all of which may be considered means for performing one or more of the following operations of method 1700.

[0225] At operation 1710, the processing device (e.g., a UE or a TRP) may receive, from a server device (e.g., an LMF, a location server, or a proprietary server), a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an AIML model. In some aspects, operation 1710 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, the one or more processors 342, the memory 340, and / or the AIML model component 348, any or all of which may be considered means for performing operation 1710. In some aspects, operation 1710 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the one or more processors 384, the memory 386, and / or the AIML model component 388, any or all of which may be considered means for performing operation 1710.

[0226] At operation 1720, the processing device may receive, from the server device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model. In some aspects, operation 1720 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, the one or more processors 342, the memory 340, and / or the AIML model component 348, any or all of which may be considered means for performing operation 1720. In some aspects, operation 1720 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the one or more processors 384, the memory 386, and / or the AIML model component 388, any or all of which may be considered means for performing operation 1720.

[0227] In some aspects, the second one or more reference resources may correspond to a subset of the first one or more reference resources. In some aspects, the second one or more reference resources may be outside the first one or more reference resources.68QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO69

[0228] In some aspects, the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration may be included in a combined resource configuration. In some aspects, the second resource configuration may be provided in a form of one or more indicators associated with one or more parts of the first one or more reference resources at a PFL level, a TRP level, an ARP level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, each one of the one or more indicators may indicate that an associated part of the first one or more reference resources indicated by the corresponding indicator is recommended to be used by the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is usable by recommended for the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for usable by the model monitoring operation, a first percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for usable by the model monitoring operation, or a second percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for usable by the model monitoring operation.

[0229] In some aspects, the second resource configuration may further indicate one or more classes or ranks of the second one or more reference resources, one or more priority indicators of the second one or more reference resources, one or more indications on area validity, one or more indications on temporal validity, one or more time windows usable by the model monitoring operation, or any combination thereof.

[0230] In some aspects, the processing device may be configured to support performing the model monitoring operation using up to X resource units, and the processing device may be configured to support performing the inference operation using up to Y resource units. In some aspects, the second one or more reference resources may correspond to up to X resource units with a first periodicity, and the first one or more reference resources may correspond to Y resource units with a second periodicity. In some aspects, X is a positive integer, and Y is a positive integer. In some aspects, each resource unit of the X resource units and the Y resource units may correspond to a PFL, a TRP, an ARP, a reference resource set, or a reference resource. In some aspects, the second periodicity may be N times the first periodicity, and N may be a positive integer. In some aspects, the processing device may receive, from the server device, an indicator indicating a value of N that is69QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO70 applicable at a PFL level, a TRP level, an ARP level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or an entirety of the second resource configuration.

[0231] In some aspects, the processing device may receive, from the server device, an assistance data configuration. In some aspects, the assistance data configuration may include the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration. In some aspects, the processing device may receive, from the server device, one or more assistance data configurations. In some aspects, each one of the one or more assistance data configurations may include information dedicated for the inference operation, dedicated for the model monitoring operation, or applicable to both of the inference operation and the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, the processing device may receive, from the server device, activation information indicating activation or deactivation of each one of the one or more assistance data configurations

[0232] In some aspects, the processing device may receive, from the server device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is enabled or requested with (i) the second one or more reference resources corresponding to a subset of the first one or more reference resources, or (ii) the second one or more reference resources being outside the first one or more reference resources.

[0233] At operation 1730, the processing device may perform the model monitoring operation based on the second one or more reference resources. In some aspects, operation 1730 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short- range wireless transceivers 320, the one or more processors 342, the memory 340, and / or the AIML model component 348, any or all of which may be considered means for performing operation 1730. In some aspects, operation 1730 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the one or more processors 384, the memory 386, and / or the AIML model component 388, any or all of which may be considered means for performing operation 1730.

[0234] In some aspects, the model monitoring operation may be performed using a subset of the second one or more reference resources, the second one or more reference resources, or at least the second one or more reference resources. In some aspects, the processing device may receive, from the server device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is performed during a transmission session. In some aspects, the processing70QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO71 device may send a report to the server device, the report indicating an outcome of the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, the second one or more reference resources may be usable by the inference operation.

[0235] In some aspects, the processing device may send a report to the server device. In some aspects, the report may indicate a subset of the second one or more reference resources that is not used by the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, the report may further indicate a reason regarding the subset of the second one or more reference resources not being used by the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, the reason may correspond to the processing device having an insufficient power supply; a memory overload; a processing overload; a detected condition that renders the subset of the second one or more reference resources not usable by the model monitoring operation; or any combination thereof.

[0236] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the method 1700 is configuring resources for an inference operation and a model monitoring operation, and specifying one or more signaling schemes for providing the configuration. In some examples, by specifying the signaling of the inference resource configuration and the monitoring resource configuration, a processing device and a server device may engage in a model monitoring operation with improved efficiency while minimizing unnecessary signaling overhead. In some examples, by explicitly specifying the resources for the model monitoring operation, the processing device may engage in the model monitoring operation balancing the needs for reducing power consumption and improving the life cycle management of the AIML models.

[0237] FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating a method 1800 of wireless communication performed by a server device, according to aspects of the disclosure. In some aspects, the server device in the method 1800 may correspond to any of the server devices (e.g., an LMF, a location server, or a proprietary server) described in the present disclosure. In some aspects, the server device in the method 1800 may correspond to the network entity 306 in FIG. 3C; and the method 1800 may be performed by the one or more network transceivers 390, the one or more processors 394, the memory 396, and / or the AIML model component 398, any or all of which may be considered means for performing one or more of the following operations of method 1800.71QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO72

[0238] At operation 1810, the server device (e.g., an LMF, a location server, or a proprietary server) may transmit, to a processing device (e.g., a UE or a TRP), a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an AIML model. In some aspects, operation 1810 may be performed by the one or more network transceivers 390, the one or more processors 394, the memory 396, and / or the AIML model component 398, any or all of which may be considered means for performing operation 1810.

[0239] At operation 1820, the server device may transmit, to the processing device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model. In some aspects, operation 1820 may be performed by the one or more network transceivers 390, the one or more processors 394, the memory 396, and / or the AIML model component 398, any or all of which may be considered means for performing operation 1820.

[0240] In some aspects, the second one or more reference resources may correspond to a subset of the first one or more reference resources. In some aspects, the second one or more reference resources may be outside the first one or more reference resources.

[0241] In some aspects, the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration may be included in a combined resource configuration. In some aspects, the second resource configuration may be provided in a form of one or more indicators associated with one or more parts of the first one or more reference resources at a PFL level, a TRP level, an ARP level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, each one of the one or more indicators may indicate that an associated part of the first one or more reference resources indicated by the corresponding indicator is recommended to be used by the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is usable by recommended for the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for usable by the model monitoring operation, a first percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for usable by the model monitoring operation, or a second percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for usable by the model monitoring operation.72QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO73

[0242] In some aspects, the second resource configuration may further indicate one or more classes or ranks of the second one or more reference resources, one or more priority indicators of the second one or more reference resources, one or more indications on area validity, one or more indications on temporal validity, one or more time windows usable by the model monitoring operation, or any combination thereof.

[0243] In some aspects, the processing device may be configured to support performing the model monitoring operation using up to X resource units, and the processing device may be configured to support performing the inference operation using up to Y resource units. In some aspects, the second one or more reference resources may correspond to up to X resource units with a first periodicity, and the first one or more reference resources may correspond to Y resource units with a second periodicity. In some aspects, X is a positive integer, and Y is a positive integer. In some aspects, each resource unit of the X resource units and the Y resource units may correspond to a PFL, a TRP, an ARP, a reference resource set, or a reference resource. In some aspects, the second periodicity may be N times the first periodicity, and N may be a positive integer. In some aspects, the server device may transmit, to the processing device, an indicator indicating a value of N that is applicable at a PFL level, a TRP level, an ARP level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or an entirety of the second resource configuration.

[0244] In some aspects, the server device may transmit, to the processing device, an assistance data configuration. In some aspects, the assistance data configuration may include the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration. In some aspects, the server device may transmit, to the processing device, one or more assistance data configurations. In some aspects, each one of the one or more assistance data configurations may include information dedicated for the inference operation, dedicated for the model monitoring operation, or applicable to both of the inference operation and the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, the server device may transmit, to the processing device, activation information indicating activation or deactivation of each one of the one or more assistance data configurations

[0245] In some aspects, the server device may transmit, to the processing device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is enabled or requested with (i) the second one or more reference resources corresponding to a subset of the first one or more73QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO74 reference resources, or (ii) the second one or more reference resources being outside the first one or more reference resources.

[0246] At operation 1830, the server device may configure transmission of the first one or more reference resources and the second one or more reference resources. In some aspects, operation 1830 may be performed by the one or more network transceivers 390, the one or more processors 394, the memory 396, and / or the AIML model component 398, any or all of which may be considered means for performing operation 1830.

[0247] In some aspects, the server device may transmit, to the processing device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is performed during a transmission session. In some aspects, the server device may receive a report from the processing device, the report indicating an outcome of the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, the second one or more reference resources may be usable by the inference operation.

[0248] In some aspects, the server device may receive a report from the processing device. In some aspects, the report may indicate a subset of the second one or more reference resources that is not used by the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, the report may further indicate a reason regarding the subset of the second one or more reference resources not being used by the model monitoring operation. In some aspects, the reason may correspond to the processing device having an insufficient power supply; a memory overload; a processing overload; a detected condition that renders the subset of the second one or more reference resources not usable by the model monitoring operation; or any combination thereof.

[0249] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the method 1800 is configuring resources for an inference operation and a model monitoring operation, and specifying one or more signaling schemes for providing the configuration. In some examples, by specifying the signaling of the inference resource configuration and the monitoring resource configuration, a processing device and a server device may engage in a model monitoring operation with improved efficiency while minimizing unnecessary signaling overhead. In some examples, by explicitly specifying the resources for the model monitoring operation, the server device may allow the processing device to engage in the model monitoring operation balancing the needs for reducing power consumption and improving the life cycle management of the AIML models.74QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO75

[0250] In the detailed description above it can be seen that different features are grouped together in examples. This manner of disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the example clauses have more features than are explicitly mentioned in each clause. Rather, the various aspects of the disclosure may include fewer than all features of an individual example clause disclosed. Therefore, the following clauses should hereby be deemed to be incorporated in the description, wherein each clause by itself can stand as a separate example. Although each dependent clause can refer in the clauses to a specific combination with one of the other clauses, the aspect(s) of that dependent clause are not limited to the specific combination. It will be appreciated that other example clauses can also include a combination of the dependent clause aspect(s) with the subject matter of any other dependent clause or independent clause or a combination of any feature with other dependent and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed herein expressly include these combinations, unless it is explicitly expressed or can be readily inferred that a specific combination is not intended (e.g., contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). Furthermore, it is also intended that aspects of a clause can be included in any other independent clause, even if the clause is not directly dependent on the independent clause.

[0251] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:

[0252] Clause 1. A method of wireless communication performed by a processing device, the method comprising: receiving, from a server device, a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model; receiving, from the server device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model; and performing the model monitoring operation based on the second one or more reference resources.

[0253] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein: the model monitoring operation is performed using a subset of the second one or more reference resources, the second one or more reference resources, or at least the second one or more reference resources.

[0254] Clause 3. The method of any of clauses 1 to 2, further comprising: receiving, from the server device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is performed during a transmission session.75QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO76

[0255] Clause 4. The method of any of clauses 1 to 3, further comprising: sending a report to the server device, the report indicating an outcome of the model monitoring operation.

[0256] Clause 5. The method of any of clauses 1 to 4, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is usable by the inference operation.

[0257] Clause 6. The method of any of clauses 1 to 5, wherein: the second one or more reference resources correspond to a subset of the first one or more reference resources.

[0258] Clause 7. The method of any of clauses 1 to 6, wherein: the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration are included in a combined resource configuration, and the second resource configuration is provided in a form of one or more indicators associated with one or more parts of the first one or more reference resources at a positioning frequency layer (PFL) level, a transmission-reception point (TRP) level, an antenna reference point (ARP) level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or any combination thereof.

[0259] Clause 8. The method of clause 7, wherein each one of the one or more indicators indicate that: an associated part of the first one or more reference resources indicated by the corresponding indicator is recommended to be used by the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation, a first percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, or a second percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation.

[0260] Clause 9. The method of any of clauses 1 to 8, wherein the second resource configuration further indicates: one or more classes or ranks of the second one or more reference resources, one or more priority indicators of the second one or more reference resources, one or more indications on area validity, one or more indications on temporal validity, one or more time windows usable by the model monitoring operation, or any combination thereof.

[0261] Clause 10. The method of any of clauses 1 to 9, further comprising: sending a report to the server device, the report indicating a subset of the second one or more reference resources that is not used by the model monitoring operation.76QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO77

[0262] Clause 11. The method of clause 10, wherein: the report further indicates a reason regarding the subset of the second one or more reference resources not being used by the model monitoring operation, and the reason corresponds to the processing device having: an insufficient power supply; a memory overload; a processing overload; a detected condition that renders the subset of the second one or more reference resources not usable by the model monitoring operation; or any combination thereof.

[0263] Clause 12. The method of any of clauses 1 to 11, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is outside the first one or more reference resources.

[0264] Clause 13. The method of any of clauses 1 to 12, wherein: the processing device is configured to support performing the model monitoring operation using up to X resource units, the processing device is configured to support performing the inference operation using up to Y resource units, the second one or more reference resources correspond to up to X resource units with a first periodicity, the first one or more reference resources correspond to Y resource units with a second periodicity, X is a positive integer, Y is a positive integer, and each resource unit of the X resource units and the Y resource units correspond to a positioning frequency layer (PFL), a transmission-reception point (TRP), an antenna reference point (ARP), a reference resource set, or a reference resource.

[0265] Clause 14. The method of clause 13, wherein: the second periodicity is N times the first periodicity, and N is a positive integer.

[0266] Clause 15. The method of clause 14, further comprising: receiving, from the server device, an indicator indicating a value of N that is applicable at a PFL level, a TRP level, an ARP level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or an entirety of the second resource configuration.

[0267] Clause 16. The method of any of clauses 1 to 15, further comprising: receiving, from the server device, an assistance data configuration, wherein the assistance data configuration includes the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration.

[0268] Clause 17. The method of any of clauses 1 to 16, further comprising: receiving, from the server device, one or more assistance data configurations, wherein each one of the one or more assistance data configurations includes information dedicated for the inference operation, dedicated for the model monitoring operation, or applicable to both of the inference operation and the model monitoring operation.77QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO78

[0269] Clause 18. The method of clause 17, further comprising: receiving, from the server device, activation information indicating activation or deactivation of each one of the one or more assistance data configurations.

[0270] Clause 19. The method of any of clauses 1 to 18, further comprising: receiving, from the server device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is enabled or requested with the second one or more reference resources corresponding to a subset of the first one or more reference resources, or the second one or more reference resources being outside the first one or more reference resources.

[0271] Clause 20. A method of wireless communication performed by a server device, the method comprising: transmitting, to a processing device, a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model; transmitting, to the processing device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model; and configuring transmission of the first one or more reference resources and the second one or more reference resources.

[0272] Clause 21. The method of clause 20, further comprising: transmitting, to the processing device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is performed during a transmission session.

[0273] Clause 22. The method of any of clauses 20 to 21, further comprising: receiving a report from the processing device, the report indicating an outcome of the model monitoring operation.

[0274] Clause 23. The method of any of clauses 20 to 22, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is usable by the inference operation.

[0275] Clause 24. The method of any of clauses 20 to 23, wherein: the second one or more reference resources correspond to a subset of the first one or more reference resources.

[0276] Clause 25. The method of any of clauses 20 to 24, wherein: the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration are included in a combined resource configuration, and the second resource configuration is provided in a form of one or more indicators associated with one or more parts of the first one or more reference resources at a positioning frequency layer (PFL) level, a transmission-reception point (TRP) level,78QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO79 an antenna reference point (ARP) level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or any combination thereof.

[0277] Clause 26. The method of clause 25, wherein each one of the one or more indicators indicate that: an associated part of the first one or more reference resources indicated by the corresponding indicator is recommended to be used by the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation, a first percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, or a second percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation.

[0278] Clause 27. The method of any of clauses 20 to 26, wherein the second resource configuration further indicates: one or more classes or ranks of the second one or more reference resources, one or more priority indicators of the second one or more reference resources, one or more indications on area validity, one or more indications on temporal validity, one or more time windows usable by the model monitoring operation, or any combination thereof.

[0279] Clause 28. The method of any of clauses 20 to 27, further comprising: receiving a report from the processing device, the report indicating a subset of the second one or more reference resources that is not used by the model monitoring operation.

[0280] Clause 29. The method of clause 28, wherein: the report further indicates a reason regarding the subset of the second one or more reference resources not being used by the model monitoring operation, and the reason corresponds to the processing device having: an insufficient power supply; a memory overload; a processing overload; a detected condition that renders the subset of the second one or more reference resources not usable by the model monitoring operation; or any combination thereof.

[0281] Clause 30. The method of any of clauses 20 to 29, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is outside the first one or more reference resources.

[0282] Clause 31. The method of any of clauses 20 to 30, wherein: the processing device is configured to support performing the model monitoring operation using up to X resource units, the processing device is configured to support performing the inference operation using up to Y resource units, the second one or more reference resources correspond to79QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO80 up to X resource units with a first periodicity, the first one or more reference resources correspond to Y resource units with a second periodicity, X is a positive integer, Y is a positive integer, and each resource unit of the X resource units and the Y resource units correspond to a positioning frequency layer (PFL), a transmission-reception point (TRP), an antenna reference point (ARP), a reference resource set, or a reference resource.

[0283] Clause 32. The method of clause 31, wherein: the second periodicity is N times the first periodicity, and N is a positive integer.

[0284] Clause 33. The method of clause 32, further comprising: transmitting, to the processing device, an indicator indicating a value of N that is applicable at a PFL level, a TRP level, an ARP level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or an entirety of the second resource configuration.

[0285] Clause 34. The method of any of clauses 20 to 33, further comprising: transmitting, to the processing device, an assistance data configuration, wherein the assistance data configuration includes the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration.

[0286] Clause 35. The method of any of clauses 20 to 34, further comprising: transmitting, to the processing device, one or more assistance data configurations, wherein each one of the one or more assistance data configurations includes information dedicated for the inference operation, dedicated for the model monitoring operation, or applicable to both of the inference operation and the model monitoring operation.

[0287] Clause 36. The method of clause 35, further comprising: transmitting, to the processing device, activation information indicating activation or deactivation of each one of the one or more assistance data configurations.

[0288] Clause 37. The method of any of clauses 20 to 36, further comprising: transmitting, to the processing device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is enabled or requested with the second one or more reference resources corresponding to a subset of the first one or more reference resources, or the second one or more reference resources being outside the first one or more reference resources.

[0289] Clause 38. A processing device, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, from a server80QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO81 device, a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model; receive, via the one or more transceivers, from the server device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model; and perform the model monitoring operation based on the second one or more reference resources.

[0290] Clause 39. The processing device of clause 38, wherein: the model monitoring operation is performed using a subset of the second one or more reference resources, the second one or more reference resources, or at least the second one or more reference resources.

[0291] Clause 40. The processing device of any of clauses 38 to 39, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, from the server device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is performed during a transmission session.

[0292] Clause 41. The processing device of any of clauses 38 to 40, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: send, via the one or more transceivers, a report to the server device, the report indicating an outcome of the model monitoring operation.

[0293] Clause 42. The processing device of any of clauses 38 to 41, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is usable by the inference operation.

[0294] Clause 43. The processing device of any of clauses 38 to 42, wherein: the second one or more reference resources correspond to a subset of the first one or more reference resources.

[0295] Clause 44. The processing device of any of clauses 38 to 43, wherein: the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration are included in a combined resource configuration, and the second resource configuration is provided in a form of one or more indicators associated with one or more parts of the first one or more reference resources at a positioning frequency layer (PFL) level, a transmission-reception point (TRP) level, an antenna reference point (ARP) level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or any combination thereof.

[0296] Clause 45. The processing device of clause 44, wherein each one of the one or more indicators indicate that: an associated part of the first one or more reference resources81QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO82 indicated by the corresponding indicator is recommended to be used by the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation, a first percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, or a second percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation.

[0297] Clause 46. The processing device of any of clauses 38 to 45, wherein the second resource configuration further indicates: one or more classes or ranks of the second one or more reference resources, one or more priority indicators of the second one or more reference resources, one or more indications on area validity, one or more indications on temporal validity, one or more time windows usable by the model monitoring operation, or any combination thereof.

[0298] Clause 47. The processing device of any of clauses 38 to 46, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: send, via the one or more transceivers, a report to the server device, the report indicating a subset of the second one or more reference resources that is not used by the model monitoring operation.

[0299] Clause 48. The processing device of clause 47, wherein: the report further indicates a reason regarding the subset of the second one or more reference resources not being used by the model monitoring operation, and the reason corresponds to the processing device having: an insufficient power supply; a memory overload; a processing overload; a detected condition that renders the subset of the second one or more reference resources not usable by the model monitoring operation; or any combination thereof.

[0300] Clause 49. The processing device of any of clauses 38 to 48, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is outside the first one or more reference resources.

[0301] Clause 50. The processing device of any of clauses 38 to 49, wherein: the processing device is configured to support performing the model monitoring operation using up to X resource units, the processing device is configured to support performing the inference operation using up to Y resource units, the second one or more reference resources correspond to up to X resource units with a first periodicity, the first one or more reference resources correspond to Y resource units with a second periodicity, X is a positive integer,82QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO83Y is a positive integer, and each resource unit of the X resource units and the Y resource units correspond to a positioning frequency layer (PFL), a transmission-reception point (TRP), an antenna reference point (ARP), a reference resource set, or a reference resource.

[0302] Clause 51. The processing device of clause 50, wherein: the second periodicity is N times the first periodicity, and N is a positive integer.

[0303] Clause 52. The processing device of clause 51, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, from the server device, an indicator indicating a value of N that is applicable at a PFL level, a TRP level, an ARP level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or an entirety of the second resource configuration.

[0304] Clause 53. The processing device of any of clauses 38 to 52, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, from the server device, an assistance data configuration, wherein the assistance data configuration includes the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration.

[0305] Clause 54. The processing device of any of clauses 38 to 53, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, from the server device, one or more assistance data configurations, wherein each one of the one or more assistance data configurations includes information dedicated for the inference operation, dedicated for the model monitoring operation, or applicable to both of the inference operation and the model monitoring operation.

[0306] Clause 55. The processing device of clause 54, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, from the server device, activation information indicating activation or deactivation of each one of the one or more assistance data configurations.

[0307] Clause 56. The processing device of any of clauses 38 to 55, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, from the server device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is enabled or requested with the second one or more reference resources corresponding to a subset of the first one or more reference resources, or the83QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO84 second one or more reference resources being outside the first one or more reference resources.

[0308] Clause 57. A server device, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to a processing device, a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model; transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the processing device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model; and configure transmission of the first one or more reference resources and the second one or more reference resources.

[0309] Clause 58. The server device of clause 57, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the processing device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is performed during a transmission session.

[0310] Clause 59. The server device of any of clauses 57 to 58, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, a report from the processing device, the report indicating an outcome of the model monitoring operation.

[0311] Clause 60. The server device of any of clauses 57 to 59, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is usable by the inference operation.

[0312] Clause 61. The server device of any of clauses 57 to 60, wherein: the second one or more reference resources correspond to a subset of the first one or more reference resources.

[0313] Clause 62. The server device of any of clauses 57 to 61, wherein: the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration are included in a combined resource configuration, and the second resource configuration is provided in a form of one or more indicators associated with one or more parts of the first one or more reference resources at a positioning frequency layer (PFL) level, a transmission-reception point (TRP) level, an antenna reference point (ARP) level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or any combination thereof.84QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO85

[0314] Clause 63. The server device of clause 62, wherein each one of the one or more indicators indicate that: an associated part of the first one or more reference resources indicated by the corresponding indicator is recommended to be used by the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation, a first percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, or a second percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation.

[0315] Clause 64. The server device of any of clauses 57 to 63, wherein the second resource configuration further indicates: one or more classes or ranks of the second one or more reference resources, one or more priority indicators of the second one or more reference resources, one or more indications on area validity, one or more indications on temporal validity, one or more time windows usable by the model monitoring operation, or any combination thereof.

[0316] Clause 65. The server device of any of clauses 57 to 64, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, a report from the processing device, the report indicating a subset of the second one or more reference resources that is not used by the model monitoring operation.

[0317] Clause 66. The server device of clause 65, wherein: the report further indicates a reason regarding the subset of the second one or more reference resources not being used by the model monitoring operation, and the reason corresponds to the processing device having: an insufficient power supply; a memory overload; a processing overload; a detected condition that renders the subset of the second one or more reference resources not usable by the model monitoring operation; or any combination thereof.

[0318] Clause 67. The server device of any of clauses 57 to 66, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is outside the first one or more reference resources.

[0319] Clause 68. The server device of any of clauses 57 to 67, wherein: the processing device is configured to support performing the model monitoring operation using up to X resource units, the processing device is configured to support performing the inference operation using up to Y resource units, the second one or more reference resources85QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO86 correspond to up to X resource units with a first periodicity, the first one or more reference resources correspond to Y resource units with a second periodicity, X is a positive integer, Y is a positive integer, and each resource unit of the X resource units and the Y resource units correspond to a positioning frequency layer (PFL), a transmission-reception point (TRP), an antenna reference point (ARP), a reference resource set, or a reference resource.

[0320] Clause 69. The server device of clause 68, wherein: the second periodicity is N times the first periodicity, and N is a positive integer.

[0321] Clause 70. The server device of clause 69, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the processing device, an indicator indicating a value of N that is applicable at a PFL level, a TRP level, an ARP level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or an entirety of the second resource configuration.

[0322] Clause 71. The server device of any of clauses 57 to 70, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the processing device, an assistance data configuration, wherein the assistance data configuration includes the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration.

[0323] Clause 72. The server device of any of clauses 57 to 71, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the processing device, one or more assistance data configurations, wherein each one of the one or more assistance data configurations includes information dedicated for the inference operation, dedicated for the model monitoring operation, or applicable to both of the inference operation and the model monitoring operation.

[0324] Clause 73. The server device of clause 72, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the processing device, activation information indicating activation or deactivation of each one of the one or more assistance data configurations.

[0325] Clause 74. The server device of any of clauses 57 to 73, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the processing device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is enabled or requested with the second one or more reference86QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO87 resources corresponding to a subset of the first one or more reference resources, or the second one or more reference resources being outside the first one or more reference resources.

[0326] Clause 75. A processing device, comprising: means for receiving, from a server device, a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model; means for receiving, from the server device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model; and means for performing the model monitoring operation based on the second one or more reference resources.

[0327] Clause 76. The processing device of clause 75, wherein: the model monitoring operation is performed using a subset of the second one or more reference resources, the second one or more reference resources, or at least the second one or more reference resources.

[0328] Clause 77. The processing device of any of clauses 75 to 76, further comprising: means for receiving, from the server device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is performed during a transmission session.

[0329] Clause 78. The processing device of any of clauses 75 to 77, further comprising: means for sending a report to the server device, the report indicating an outcome of the model monitoring operation.

[0330] Clause 79. The processing device of any of clauses 75 to 78, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is usable by the inference operation.

[0331] Clause 80. The processing device of any of clauses 75 to 79, wherein: the second one or more reference resources correspond to a subset of the first one or more reference resources.

[0332] Clause 81. The processing device of any of clauses 75 to 80, wherein: the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration are included in a combined resource configuration, and the second resource configuration is provided in a form of one or more indicators associated with one or more parts of the first one or more reference resources at a positioning frequency layer (PFL) level, a transmission-reception point (TRP) level, an antenna reference point (ARP) level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or any combination thereof.87QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO88

[0333] Clause 82. The processing device of clause 81, wherein each one of the one or more indicators indicate that: an associated part of the first one or more reference resources indicated by the corresponding indicator is recommended to be used by the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation, a first percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, or a second percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation.

[0334] Clause 83. The processing device of any of clauses 75 to 82, wherein the second resource configuration further indicates: one or more classes or ranks of the second one or more reference resources, one or more priority indicators of the second one or more reference resources, one or more indications on area validity, one or more indications on temporal validity, one or more time windows usable by the model monitoring operation, or any combination thereof.

[0335] Clause 84. The processing device of any of clauses 75 to 83, further comprising: means for sending a report to the server device, the report indicating a subset of the second one or more reference resources that is not used by the model monitoring operation.

[0336] Clause 85. The processing device of clause 84, wherein: the report further indicates a reason regarding the subset of the second one or more reference resources not being used by the model monitoring operation, and the reason corresponds to the processing device having: an insufficient power supply; a memory overload; a processing overload; a detected condition that renders the subset of the second one or more reference resources not usable by the model monitoring operation; or any combination thereof.

[0337] Clause 86. The processing device of any of clauses 75 to 85, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is outside the first one or more reference resources.

[0338] Clause 87. The processing device of any of clauses 75 to 86, wherein: the processing device is configured to support performing the model monitoring operation using up to X resource units, the processing device is configured to support performing the inference operation using up to Y resource units, the second one or more reference resources correspond to up to X resource units with a first periodicity, the first one or more reference88QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO89 resources correspond to Y resource units with a second periodicity, X is a positive integer, Y is a positive integer, and each resource unit of the X resource units and the Y resource units correspond to a positioning frequency layer (PFL), a transmission-reception point (TRP), an antenna reference point (ARP), a reference resource set, or a reference resource.

[0339] Clause 88. The processing device of clause 87, wherein: the second periodicity is N times the first periodicity, and N is a positive integer.

[0340] Clause 89. The processing device of clause 88, further comprising: means for receiving, from the server device, an indicator indicating a value of N that is applicable at a PFL level, a TRP level, an ARP level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or an entirety of the second resource configuration.

[0341] Clause 90. The processing device of any of clauses 75 to 89, further comprising: means for receiving, from the server device, an assistance data configuration, wherein the assistance data configuration includes the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration.

[0342] Clause 91. The processing device of any of clauses 75 to 90, further comprising: means for receiving, from the server device, one or more assistance data configurations, wherein each one of the one or more assistance data configurations includes information dedicated for the inference operation, dedicated for the model monitoring operation, or applicable to both of the inference operation and the model monitoring operation.

[0343] Clause 92. The processing device of clause 91, further comprising: means for receiving, from the server device, activation information indicating activation or deactivation of each one of the one or more assistance data configurations.

[0344] Clause 93. The processing device of any of clauses 75 to 92, further comprising: means for receiving, from the server device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is enabled or requested with the second one or more reference resources corresponding to a subset of the first one or more reference resources, or the second one or more reference resources being outside the first one or more reference resources.

[0345] Clause 94. A server device, comprising: means for transmitting, to a processing device, a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model; means for transmitting, to the processing device, a second resource configuration89QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO90 indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model; and means for configuring transmission of the first one or more reference resources and the second one or more reference resources.

[0346] Clause 95. The server device of clause 94, further comprising: means for transmitting, to the processing device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is performed during a transmission session.

[0347] Clause 96. The server device of any of clauses 94 to 95, further comprising: means for receiving a report from the processing device, the report indicating an outcome of the model monitoring operation.

[0348] Clause 97. The server device of any of clauses 94 to 96, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is usable by the inference operation.

[0349] Clause 98. The server device of any of clauses 94 to 97, wherein: the second one or more reference resources correspond to a subset of the first one or more reference resources.

[0350] Clause 99. The server device of any of clauses 94 to 98, wherein: the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration are included in a combined resource configuration, and the second resource configuration is provided in a form of one or more indicators associated with one or more parts of the first one or more reference resources at a positioning frequency layer (PFL) level, a transmission-reception point (TRP) level, an antenna reference point (ARP) level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or any combination thereof.

[0351] Clause 100. The server device of clause 99, wherein each one of the one or more indicators indicate that: an associated part of the first one or more reference resources indicated by the corresponding indicator is recommended to be used by the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation, a first percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, or a second percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation.90QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO91

[0352] Clause 101. The server device of any of clauses 94 to 100, wherein the second resource configuration further indicates: one or more classes or ranks of the second one or more reference resources, one or more priority indicators of the second one or more reference resources, one or more indications on area validity, one or more indications on temporal validity, one or more time windows usable by the model monitoring operation, or any combination thereof.

[0353] Clause 102. The server device of any of clauses 94 to 101, further comprising: means for receiving a report from the processing device, the report indicating a subset of the second one or more reference resources that is not used by the model monitoring operation.

[0354] Clause 103. The server device of clause 102, wherein: the report further indicates a reason regarding the subset of the second one or more reference resources not being used by the model monitoring operation, and the reason corresponds to the processing device having: an insufficient power supply; a memory overload; a processing overload; a detected condition that renders the subset of the second one or more reference resources not usable by the model monitoring operation; or any combination thereof.

[0355] Clause 104. The server device of any of clauses 94 to 103, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is outside the first one or more reference resources.

[0356] Clause 105. The server device of any of clauses 94 to 104, wherein: the processing device is configured to support performing the model monitoring operation using up to X resource units, the processing device is configured to support performing the inference operation using up to Y resource units, the second one or more reference resources correspond to up to X resource units with a first periodicity, the first one or more reference resources correspond to Y resource units with a second periodicity, X is a positive integer, Y is a positive integer, and each resource unit of the X resource units and the Y resource units correspond to a positioning frequency layer (PFL), a transmission-reception point (TRP), an antenna reference point (ARP), a reference resource set, or a reference resource.

[0357] Clause 106. The server device of clause 105, wherein: the second periodicity is N times the first periodicity, and N is a positive integer.

[0358] Clause 107. The server device of clause 106, further comprising: means for transmitting, to the processing device, an indicator indicating a value of N that is applicable at a PFL91QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO92 level, a TRP level, an ARP level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or an entirety of the second resource configuration.

[0359] Clause 108. The server device of any of clauses 94 to 107, further comprising: means for transmitting, to the processing device, an assistance data configuration, wherein the assistance data configuration includes the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration.

[0360] Clause 109. The server device of any of clauses 94 to 108, further comprising: means for transmitting, to the processing device, one or more assistance data configurations, wherein each one of the one or more assistance data configurations includes information dedicated for the inference operation, dedicated for the model monitoring operation, or applicable to both of the inference operation and the model monitoring operation.

[0361] Clause 110. The server device of clause 109, further comprising: means for transmitting, to the processing device, activation information indicating activation or deactivation of each one of the one or more assistance data configurations.

[0362] Clause 111. The server device of any of clauses 94 to 110, further comprising: means for transmitting, to the processing device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is enabled or requested with the second one or more reference resources corresponding to a subset of the first one or more reference resources, or the second one or more reference resources being outside the first one or more reference resources.

[0363] Clause 112. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a processing device, cause the processing device to: receive, from a server device, a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model; receive, from the server device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model; and perform the model monitoring operation based on the second one or more reference resources.

[0364] Clause 113. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 112, wherein: the model monitoring operation is performed using a subset of the second one or more reference resources, the second one or more reference resources, or at least the second one or more reference resources.92QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO93

[0365] Clause 114. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 112 to 113, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processing device, cause the processing device to: receive, from the server device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is performed during a transmission session.

[0366] Clause 115. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 112 to 114, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processing device, cause the processing device to: send a report to the server device, the report indicating an outcome of the model monitoring operation.

[0367] Clause 116. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 112 to 115, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is usable by the inference operation.

[0368] Clause 117. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 112 to 116, wherein: the second one or more reference resources correspond to a subset of the first one or more reference resources.

[0369] Clause 118. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 112 to 117, wherein: the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration are included in a combined resource configuration, and the second resource configuration is provided in a form of one or more indicators associated with one or more parts of the first one or more reference resources at a positioning frequency layer (PFL) level, a transmission-reception point (TRP) level, an antenna reference point (ARP) level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or any combination thereof.

[0370] Clause 119. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 118, wherein each one of the one or more indicators indicate that: an associated part of the first one or more reference resources indicated by the corresponding indicator is recommended to be used by the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation, a first percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, or a second percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation.93QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO94

[0371] Clause 120. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 112 to 119, wherein the second resource configuration further indicates: one or more classes or ranks of the second one or more reference resources, one or more priority indicators of the second one or more reference resources, one or more indications on area validity, one or more indications on temporal validity, one or more time windows usable by the model monitoring operation, or any combination thereof.

[0372] Clause 121. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 112 to 120, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processing device, cause the processing device to: send a report to the server device, the report indicating a subset of the second one or more reference resources that is not used by the model monitoring operation.

[0373] Clause 122. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 121, wherein: the report further indicates a reason regarding the subset of the second one or more reference resources not being used by the model monitoring operation, and the reason corresponds to the processing device having: an insufficient power supply; a memory overload; a processing overload; a detected condition that renders the subset of the second one or more reference resources not usable by the model monitoring operation; or any combination thereof.

[0374] Clause 123. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 112 to 122, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is outside the first one or more reference resources.

[0375] Clause 124. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 112 to 123, wherein: the processing device is configured to support performing the model monitoring operation using up to X resource units, the processing device is configured to support performing the inference operation using up to Y resource units, the second one or more reference resources correspond to up to X resource units with a first periodicity, the first one or more reference resources correspond to Y resource units with a second periodicity, X is a positive integer, Y is a positive integer, and each resource unit of the X resource units and the Y resource units correspond to a positioning frequency layer (PFL), a transmission-reception point (TRP), an antenna reference point (ARP), a reference resource set, or a reference resource.94QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO95

[0376] Clause 125. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 124, wherein: the second periodicity is N times the first periodicity, and N is a positive integer.

[0377] Clause 126. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 125, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processing device, cause the processing device to: receive, from the server device, an indicator indicating a value of N that is applicable at a PFL level, a TRP level, an ARP level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or an entirety of the second resource configuration.

[0378] Clause 127. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 112 to 126, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processing device, cause the processing device to: receive, from the server device, an assistance data configuration, wherein the assistance data configuration includes the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration.

[0379] Clause 128. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 112 to 127, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processing device, cause the processing device to: receive, from the server device, one or more assistance data configurations, wherein each one of the one or more assistance data configurations includes information dedicated for the inference operation, dedicated for the model monitoring operation, or applicable to both of the inference operation and the model monitoring operation.

[0380] Clause 129. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 128, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processing device, cause the processing device to: receive, from the server device, activation information indicating activation or deactivation of each one of the one or more assistance data configurations.

[0381] Clause 130. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 112 to 129, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the processing device, cause the processing device to: receive, from the server device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is enabled or requested with the second one or more reference resources corresponding to a subset of the first one or more reference resources, or the second one or more reference resources being outside the first one or more reference resources.95QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO96

[0382] Clause 131. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a server device, cause the server device to: transmit, to a processing device, a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model; transmit, to the processing device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model; and configure transmission of the first one or more reference resources and the second one or more reference resources.

[0383] Clause 132. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 131, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the server device, cause the server device to: transmit, to the processing device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is performed during a transmission session.

[0384] Clause 133. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 131 to 132, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the server device, cause the server device to: receive a report from the processing device, the report indicating an outcome of the model monitoring operation.

[0385] Clause 134. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 131 to 133, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is usable by the inference operation.

[0386] Clause 135. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 131 to 134, wherein: the second one or more reference resources correspond to a subset of the first one or more reference resources.

[0387] Clause 136. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 131 to 135, wherein: the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration are included in a combined resource configuration, and the second resource configuration is provided in a form of one or more indicators associated with one or more parts of the first one or more reference resources at a positioning frequency layer (PFL) level, a transmission-reception point (TRP) level, an antenna reference point (ARP) level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or any combination thereof.

[0388] Clause 137. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 136, wherein each one of the one or more indicators indicate that: an associated part of the first one or more reference resources indicated by the corresponding indicator is recommended to be used96QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO97 by the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation, a first percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, or a second percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation.

[0389] Clause 138. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 131 to 137, wherein the second resource configuration further indicates: one or more classes or ranks of the second one or more reference resources, one or more priority indicators of the second one or more reference resources, one or more indications on area validity, one or more indications on temporal validity, one or more time windows usable by the model monitoring operation, or any combination thereof.

[0390] Clause 139. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 131 to 138, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the server device, cause the server device to: receive a report from the processing device, the report indicating a subset of the second one or more reference resources that is not used by the model monitoring operation.

[0391] Clause 140. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 139, wherein: the report further indicates a reason regarding the subset of the second one or more reference resources not being used by the model monitoring operation, and the reason corresponds to the processing device having: an insufficient power supply; a memory overload; a processing overload; a detected condition that renders the subset of the second one or more reference resources not usable by the model monitoring operation; or any combination thereof.

[0392] Clause 141. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 131 to 140, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is outside the first one or more reference resources.

[0393] Clause 142. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 131 to 141, wherein: the processing device is configured to support performing the model monitoring operation using up to X resource units, the processing device is configured to support performing the inference operation using up to Y resource units, the second one or more97QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO98 reference resources correspond to up to X resource units with a first periodicity, the first one or more reference resources correspond to Y resource units with a second periodicity, X is a positive integer, Y is a positive integer, and each resource unit of the X resource units and the Y resource units correspond to a positioning frequency layer (PFL), a transmission-reception point (TRP), an antenna reference point (ARP), a reference resource set, or a reference resource.

[0394] Clause 143. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 142, wherein: the second periodicity is N times the first periodicity, and N is a positive integer.

[0395] Clause 144. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 143, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the server device, cause the server device to: transmit, to the processing device, an indicator indicating a value of N that is applicable at a PFL level, a TRP level, an ARP level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or an entirety of the second resource configuration.

[0396] Clause 145. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 131 to 144, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the server device, cause the server device to: transmit, to the processing device, an assistance data configuration, wherein the assistance data configuration includes the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration.

[0397] Clause 146. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 131 to 145, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the server device, cause the server device to: transmit, to the processing device, one or more assistance data configurations, wherein each one of the one or more assistance data configurations includes information dedicated for the inference operation, dedicated for the model monitoring operation, or applicable to both of the inference operation and the model monitoring operation.

[0398] Clause 147. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 146, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the server device, cause the server device to: transmit, to the processing device, activation information indicating activation or deactivation of each one of the one or more assistance data configurations.98QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO99

[0399] Clause 148. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 131 to 147, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the server device, cause the server device to: transmit, to the processing device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is enabled or requested with the second one or more reference resources corresponding to a subset of the first one or more reference resources, or the second one or more reference resources being outside the first one or more reference resources.

[0400] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0401] Further, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0402] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing99QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO100 devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0403] The methods, sequences and / or algorithms described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An example storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.

[0404] In one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical100QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO101 disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0405] While the foregoing disclosure shows illustrative aspects of the disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. For example, the functions, steps and / or actions of the method claims in accordance with the aspects of the disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Further, no component, function, action, or instruction described or claimed herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set,” “group,” and the like are intended to include one or more of the stated elements. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” and the like does not preclude the presence of one or more additional elements (e.g., an element “having” A may also have B). Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly stated otherwise. Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or,” unless explicitly stated otherwise (e.g., if used in combination with “either” or “only one of’) or the alternatives are mutually exclusive (e.g., “one or more” should not be interpreted as “one and more”). Furthermore, although components, functions, actions, and instructions may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. Accordingly, as used herein, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to include one or more of the stated elements. Additionally, as used herein, the terms “at least one” and “one or more” encompass “one” component, function, action, or instruction performing or capable of performing a described or claimed functionality and also “two or more” components, functions, actions, or instructions performing or capable of performing a described or claimed functionality in combination.101QC2404350WO

Claims

Qualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO102CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A method of wireless communication performed by a processing device, the method comprising: receiving, from a server device, a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model; receiving, from the server device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model; and performing the model monitoring operation based on the second one or more reference resources.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the model monitoring operation is performed using a subset of the second one or more reference resources, the second one or more reference resources, or at least the second one or more reference resources.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, from the server device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is performed during a transmission session.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: sending a report to the server device, the report indicating an outcome of the model monitoring operation.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is usable by the inference operation.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein: the second one or more reference resources correspond to a subset of the first one or more reference resources.102QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO1037. The method of claim 1, wherein: the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration are included in a combined resource configuration, and the second resource configuration is provided in a form of one or more indicators associated with one or more parts of the first one or more reference resources at a positioning frequency layer (PFL) level, a transmission-reception point (TRP) level, an antenna reference point (ARP) level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or any combination thereof.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein each one of the one or more indicators indicate that: an associated part of the first one or more reference resources indicated by the corresponding indicator is recommended to be used by the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation, a first percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, or a second percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the second resource configuration further indicates: one or more classes or ranks of the second one or more reference resources, one or more priority indicators of the second one or more reference resources, one or more indications on area validity, one or more indications on temporal validity, one or more time windows usable by the model monitoring operation, or any combination thereof.103QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO10410. The method of claim 1, further comprising: sending a report to the server device, the report indicating a subset of the second one or more reference resources that is not used by the model monitoring operation.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein: the report further indicates a reason regarding the subset of the second one or more reference resources not being used by the model monitoring operation, and the reason corresponds to the processing device having: an insufficient power supply; a memory overload; a processing overload; a detected condition that renders the subset of the second one or more reference resources not usable by the model monitoring operation; or any combination thereof.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is outside the first one or more reference resources.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein: the processing device is configured to support performing the model monitoring operation using up to X resource units, the processing device is configured to support performing the inference operation using up to Y resource units, the second one or more reference resources correspond to up to X resource units with a first periodicity, the first one or more reference resources correspond to Y resource units with a second periodicity,X is a positive integer,Y is a positive integer, and104QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO105 each resource unit of the X resource units and the Y resource units correspond to a positioning frequency layer (PFL), a transmission-reception point (TRP), an antenna reference point (ARP), a reference resource set, or a reference resource.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein: the second periodicity is N times the first periodicity, andN is a positive integer.

15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: receiving, from the server device, an indicator indicating a value of N that is applicable at a PFL level, a TRP level, an ARP level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or an entirety of the second resource configuration.

16. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, from the server device, an assistance data configuration, wherein the assistance data configuration includes the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration.

17. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, from the server device, one or more assistance data configurations, wherein each one of the one or more assistance data configurations includes information dedicated for the inference operation, dedicated for the model monitoring operation, or applicable to both of the inference operation and the model monitoring operation.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: receiving, from the server device, activation information indicating activation or deactivation of each one of the one or more assistance data configurations.

19. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, from the server device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is enabled or requested with105QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO106(i) the second one or more reference resources corresponding to a subset of the first one or more reference resources, or(ii) the second one or more reference resources being outside the first one or more reference resources.

20. A method of wireless communication performed by a server device, the method comprising: transmitting, to a processing device, a first resource configuration indicating first one or more reference resources usable by an inference operation based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) model; transmitting, to the processing device, a second resource configuration indicating second one or more reference resources recommended for a model monitoring operation that monitors performance of the AIML model; and configuring transmission of the first one or more reference resources and the second one or more reference resources.

21. The method of claim 20, further comprising: transmitting, to the processing device, an indicator indicating that the model monitoring operation is performed during a transmission session.

22. The method of claim 20, further comprising: receiving a report from the processing device, the report indicating an outcome of the model monitoring operation.

23. The method of claim 20, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is usable by the inference operation.

24. The method of claim 20, wherein: the second one or more reference resources correspond to a subset of the first one or more reference resources.

25. The method of claim 20, wherein:106QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO107 the first resource configuration and the second resource configuration are included in a combined resource configuration, and the second resource configuration is provided in a form of one or more indicators associated with one or more parts of the first one or more reference resources at a positioning frequency layer (PFL) level, a transmission-reception point (TRP) level, an antenna reference point (ARP) level, a reference resource set level, a reference resource level, or any combination thereof.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein each one of the one or more indicators indicate that: an associated part of the first one or more reference resources indicated by the corresponding indicator is recommended to be used by the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation, a first percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is recommended for the model monitoring operation, or a second percentage of the associated part of the first one or more reference resources is not recommended for the model monitoring operation.

27. The method of claim 20, wherein the second resource configuration further indicates: one or more classes or ranks of the second one or more reference resources, one or more priority indicators of the second one or more reference resources, one or more indications on area validity, one or more indications on temporal validity, one or more time windows usable by the model monitoring operation, or any combination thereof.

28. The method of claim 20, further comprising:107QC2404350WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2404350WO108 receiving a report from the processing device, the report indicating a subset of the second one or more reference resources that is not used by the model monitoring operation.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein: the report further indicates a reason regarding the subset of the second one or more reference resources not being used by the model monitoring operation, and the reason corresponds to the processing device having: an insufficient power supply; a memory overload; a processing overload; a detected condition that renders the subset of the second one or more reference resources not usable by the model monitoring operation; or any combination thereof.

30. The method of claim 20, wherein: the second one or more reference resources is outside the first one or more reference resources.108QC2404350WO

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