Terminal, wireless communication method, and base station

Abstract

A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure comprises: a reception unit that receives one or more beams for sensing; and a control unit that controls the transmission of a report based on the quality of the one or more beams in accordance with an event based on the quality.

Description

Terminal, Wireless Communication Method, and Base Station

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station in a next-generation mobile communication system.

[0002] In a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network, Long Term Evolution (LTE) was specified for the purpose of further higher data rates, lower latency, etc. (Non-Patent Document 1). Also, for the purpose of further larger capacity and higher sophistication of LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP (registered trademark)) Release (Rel.) 8, 9), LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) was specified.

[0003] Successor systems to LTE (for example, also referred to as 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel. 15 and later, etc.) are also being considered.

[0004] 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)", April 2010

[0005] In future wireless communication systems, various sensing methods are being considered. For example, it is conceivable that a terminal (user terminal, User Equipment (UE)) / base station (for example, gNB) transmits sensing resources to the base station / UE via an object.

[0006] However, detailed methods for measurement and reporting for sensing have not been clarified. If these are not sufficiently considered, it could lead to a decrease in sensing accuracy and communication quality.

[0007] Therefore, one of the objectives of this disclosure is to provide a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station that can appropriately perform sensing measurements and reports.

[0008] A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure includes a receiving unit that receives one or more beams for sensing, and a control unit that controls the transmission of a quality-based report in response to an event based on the quality of the one or more beams.

[0009] According to one aspect of this disclosure, measurements and reports for sensing can be performed appropriately.

[0010] Figures 1A and 1B show an example of a monostatic sensing scenario at a BS or UE. Figures 2A and 2B show an example of a bistatic sensing scenario between BSs or between UEs. Figures 3A and 3B show an example of a bistatic sensing scenario between a BS and a UE. Figure 4 shows an example of an NR positioning architecture. Figure 5 shows an example of a location service sequence. Figure 6 shows an example of a current beam and a candidate beam. Figure 7 shows an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment. Figure 8 shows an example of a base station configuration according to one embodiment. Figure 9 shows an example of a user terminal configuration according to one embodiment. Figure 10 shows an example of a base station and user terminal hardware configuration according to one embodiment. Figure 11 shows an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment.

[0011] The motivation for integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) is to achieve high sensing performance and novel / enhanced services by using various frequencies and cellular network equipment, and to optimize network parameters by analyzing real-time sensing data. Use cases and potential requirements for extending 5G systems to provide sensing services to address multiple different target industries / applications are being considered, and some use cases may include non-3GPP type (non-wireless communication type) sensors (e.g., radar, cameras).

[0012] For example, Use Case 1 is sensing for traffic management in tourist areas. For example, Use Case 2 is intruder detection in a smart home environment.

[0013] ISAC (Information-Assisted Communication) is being considered, specifically sensing-assisted communication and communication-assisted sensing. Sensing-assisted communication includes sensing-assisted beam management and sensing-assisted resource allocation. Communication-assisted sensing includes network sensing and coordinated sensing. To realize these, waveforms, beamforming, artificial intelligence (AI) / deep learning (DL) operating radio access technology (RAT), frame structure, and reference signals are being considered. In addition, shared spectrum, hardware, and algorithms for ISAC, such as higher frequency bands, larger antenna arrays, and similar signal processing algorithms for communication and sensing, are being considered.

[0014] In ISAC, challenges include unified waveforms that simultaneously satisfy the requirements of communication (e.g., OFDM signals) and sensing (e.g., chirp signals), ISAC beamforming that simultaneously achieves communication (e.g., transmitted signals, received signals), sensing (e.g., echo signals, transmitted signals, reflected signals), and interference suppression between them, and CSI mining by AI, which extracts sensing information from channel information of communication (e.g., UL transmitted signals) and radar (e.g., DL radar signals) using an AI / DL network.

[0015] Based on whether the communication and radar (sensing) systems share hardware / bands, three types of radar and communication systems are considered. These three types are independent radar and communication systems (independent systems), joint radar and communication systems (joint systems), and integrated radar and communication systems (integrated systems). The following discussion will focus on ISAC systems, where hardware and bands are shared between the radar and communication systems.

[0016] (Wireless Sensing) Wireless sensing based on communication radio waves is a key means of enabling the prospect of 6G cyber-physical systems (CPS). ISAC can be realized by 5G-advanced(A) and 6G, with the development of higher frequencies and wider bandwidths. The design of ISAC waveforms and sensing reference signals (RS) is a key technology for realizing wireless sensing.

[0017] Use cases for ISAC include the metaverse, high altitude platform station (HAPS) sensing, and crowd estimation. HAPS can be an aircraft at an altitude of around 20 km and can be used in non-terrestrial networks (NTN).

[0018] HAPS sensing enables ultra-remote distance sensing using echo signals, based on the support of communication functions. Considering that the sensing distance depends on the intensity of the echo signal, extremely low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) sensing or sensing sequence is required to improve the SNR of the echo signal under given transmit power.

[0019] (Sensing Modes / Methods) Conventional communication systems include communication between one BS (base station, gNB) and one UE, and joint transmission between multiple BS and one UE. Conventional radar systems include monostatic radar, where one radar transmits a radar signal and that radar receives echoes from the sensing target, and bistatic / multistatic radar, where one radar transmits a radar signal and one or more radars receive echoes from the sensing target.

[0020] An independent system uses separate hardware and separate frequency bands for radar and communications. The separate hardware may be installed in the same location or in separate locations.

[0021] A joint system uses the same hardware for radar and communications, but with separate frequency bands.

[0022] A unified system uses the same hardware and the same frequency band for radar and communications.

[0023] Sensing in the ISAC system can be achieved by one of the following sensing methods: ◇ Monostatic sensing: Monostatic sensing using the idea of ​​monostatic radar. This sensing method requires one BS or one UE and performs sensing using echo signals. In this sensing method, there is no coordination between BS-BS, UE-UE, or BS-UE. A use case for this sensing method is, for example, terahertz imaging. ◇ Bistatic sensing / multistatic sensing: Bistatic sensing / multistatic sensing using bistatic radar / multistatic radar. This sensing method requires two or more BS or two or more UE and performs sensing using reflected signals. A use case for this sensing method is, for example, positioning. ◇ UE-assisted sensing: UE-assisted sensing (sensing aided by UE) using the idea of ​​NR positioning. This sensing method requires a BS and UE and performs sensing using communication (UL / DL) signals. The existing 5G NR framework operates within this sensing method. This sensing method requires a UE, and both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) sensing require high computational complexity. A use case for this sensing method is, for example, breath monitoring.

[0024] [Monostatic Sensing] This sensing method includes BS (gNB) monostatic sensing (Figure 1A) and UE monostatic sensing (Figure 1B).

[0025] A scenario suitable for monostatic sensing has the following characteristics: ◇ The sensing target is located near the sensing BS / UE and requires a high or moderate SNR for the echo signal. ◇ The target does not need to have communication capabilities.

[0026] The capability requirements for monostatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◇ High capability is required for full duplex in BS or UE.

[0027] Monostatic sensing has the following characteristics: ◇ Higher accuracy due to the absence of quantization. ◇ Accuracy is related to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the echo signal. ◇ Low latency.

[0028] [Bistatic Sensing / Multistatic Sensing] This sensing method includes bistatic sensing from BS to BS (gNB-gNB, BS-BS, BS1-BS2, gNB-to-gNB, gNB1-to-gNB2) (Figure 2A), bistatic sensing from UE to BS (UE-gNB, UE-BS, UE-to-gNB) (Figure 2B), bistatic sensing from BS to UE (gNB-UE, BS-UE, gNB-to-UE) (Figure 3A), and bistatic sensing from UE to UE (UE-UE, UE1-UE2, UE-to-UE, UE1-to-UE2) (Figure 3B).

[0029] Scenarios suitable for BS-BS bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◇ Close synchronization and coordination between BSs are required, and scheduling coordination between multiple BSs is necessary. ◇ The target does not need to have communication capabilities.

[0030] The capability requirements for BS-BS bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◇ Because it is half-duplex, it can be implemented even with low capability. ◇ High capability is required for synchronization between BSs.

[0031] The performance of BS-BS bistatic sensing has the following characteristics: ◇ Accuracy is high because quantization is not used. ◇ Accuracy is related to the SNR of the echo signal. ◇ Latency is moderate.

[0032] Scenarios suitable for UE-BS bistatic sensing, BS-UE bistatic sensing, and UE-UE bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◇ It is necessary that there are communication UEs around the target.

[0033] The capability requirements for UE-BS bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◇ It can be implemented even with low capability due to its half-duplex nature. ◇ High UE positioning accuracy is required.

[0034] The capability requirements for BS-UE bistatic sensing and UE-UE bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◇ Because it is half-duplex, it can be implemented even with low capability. ◇ The UE requires sufficient computing resources and high accuracy in detecting reflected signals. ◇ High UE positioning accuracy is required.

[0035] The performance of UE-BS bistatic sensing, BS-UE bistatic sensing, and UE-UE bistatic sensing has the following characteristics: ◇ Accuracy is moderate due to quantization of the feedback value. ◇ Accuracy is related to the placed resource and UE position. ◇ Latency is long.

[0036] In the embodiments described later, the following scenarios and assumptions may be used: ◇ In the ISAC scenario, communication and sensing functions are required. ◇ For low complexity and backward compatibility, TDD (half-duplex) may be assumed instead of full-duplex in BS and UE.

[0037] In a TDD-based ISAC system, it is preferable that the sensing signal and the reflection / echo signal are transmitted and received in different time resources. For example, in BS-based sensing including monostatic BS sensing and bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2, it is preferable that the sensing signal is transmitted in DL time resources and the reflection / echo signal is received in UL time resources. For example, in UE-based sensing including monostatic UE sensing and bistatic sensing from UE1 to UE2, it is preferable that the sensing signal is transmitted in UL time resources and the reflection / echo signal is received in DL time resources. In bistatic sensing from BS to UE, it is preferable that DL time resources are used for sensing. In bistatic sensing from UE to DL, it is preferable that UL time resources are used for sensing.

[0038] (CSI quantization and compression at Sub-7GHz) CSI quantization and compression are being considered at Sub-7GHz.

[0039] <Truncated channel impulse response (TCIR)> The UE performs only a simple IFFT for the CSI report and feeds back several time-domain samples. The UE may also use multipath (channel impulse response, CIR) from the reflecting object for the CSI report. However, the signal obtained by the simple IFFT may differ from the actual multipath, which may prevent the identification of the target reflecting object. As the TCIR, the first portion (several) of the CIR measurements (corresponding to the range of interest) may be reported.

[0040] <Partial CSI> Partial CSI means CSI that includes either amplitude or phase. For example, there are use cases that use only amplitude and use cases that use only phase. However, since use cases that use amplitude and phase simultaneously are limited, using partial CSI can reduce the processing load and communication overhead. The amplitude information may be used, for example, for detecting the presence of a person, counting the number of people, estimating humidity, detecting gestures, etc. The phase information may be used for motion detection, fall detection, etc. Full CSI may mean CSI that includes amplitude and phase.

[0041] <Truncated power-delay profile (TPDP)> As TPDP, the first part (several) of the measurement values (corresponding to the target range) of the power-delay profile (PDP) may be reported.

[0042] <Feedback in Wireless LAN> In wireless LAN, other feedback types such as full CSI, TCIR, partial CSI, truncated power delay profile (TPDP), frequency domain differential quantization, etc. are being considered.

[0043] In the 60 GHz band, Range-Doppler-Angular map (R-D-A map) (e.g., 2D / 3D / 4D map), feedback of target-related parameters (signal processing by the receiver side) is being considered.

[0044] (UE positioning using AI technology) Fingerprinting localization, which estimates the position of a wireless device using the propagation characteristics of wireless signals, is widely used in both Line Of Site (LOS) / Non-Line Of Site (NLOS) scenarios.

[0045] In the present disclosure, LOS may mean that the UE and the base station are in an environment where they can see each other (or there is no obstacle), and NLOS may mean that the UE and the base station are not in an environment where they can see each other (or there is an obstacle).

[0046] In fingerprint localization, the location of a UE is estimated based on a database / AI model using fingerprints from multiple transmission paths (multipath) of the UE.

[0047] Multipath information may also include, for example, information regarding the angle of arrival (AoA) and angle of departure (AoD) of signals in the optimal / candidate transmission path.

[0048] In this disclosure, AoA information may include, for example, information on at least one of the azimuth angles of arrival and the zenith angles of arrival. Similarly, AoD information may include, for example, information on at least one of the azimuth angles of departure and the zenith angles of departure.

[0049] 3GPP Rel. 16 NR supports the following positioning technologies: • Positioning based on DL / UL Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA), • Positioning based on angle (DL AoD / UL AoA), • Positioning based on Multi-Round Trip Time (RTT), • Positioning based on Enhanced Cell ID (E-CID).

[0050] In DL / UL TDOA-based positioning, consider a case where, for example, multiple base stations (TRP#0-#2) are positioned around a UE. In this positioning method, the UE's position is estimated (measured) using the measured Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD). For example, the RSTD (T) for two specific base stations (TRP#i, #j (i,j are integers)) ｉ -T ｊ ) has a value (k ｉ，ｊConnecting the points that take the shape of the hyperbola H ｉ，ｊ This can be drawn. The intersection of multiple such hyperbolas (in this example, H ０，１、 H １，２、 H ２，０ The intersection of the two points may be estimated as the position of the UE. In addition, the position of the UE may be estimated using the RSRP of the reference signal.

[0051] In positioning methods based on DL AoD / UL AoA, the position of the UE is estimated using DL AoD measurements (e.g., θ or φ) or UL AoA measurements (e.g., θ or φ). Alternatively, the position of the UE may be estimated using RSRP.

[0052] In a multi-RTT-based positioning method, the location of the UE is estimated using multiple RTTs calculated from the Tx / Rx time difference of a reference signal (and additionally RSRP, RSRQ, etc.). For example, geometric circles based on RTTs can be drawn around each base station. The intersection of these multiple circles may be estimated as the location of the UE.

[0053] E-CID-based positioning: In this positioning method, the location of the UE is estimated based on the geometric position of the serving cell / neighbor cell and additional measurement results (Tx-Rx time difference, RSRP, RSRQ, etc.).

[0054] The positioning in DL (DL TDOA, DL AoD) described above may be performed on the UE side or the LMF side. For example, in UE-based positioning, the UE may calculate its own position based on various measurement results from the UE and assistance information from the LMF. Alternatively, in UE-assisted positioning, the UE may report various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the UE's position. The assistance information may be information to assist in the estimation of the UE's position.

[0055] The positioning in the above-mentioned UL (UL TDOA, UL AoA) may be performed on the LMF side. In this case, the base station may report the various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the position of the UE.

[0056] The positioning in DL and UL (Multi-RTT, E-CID) described above may be performed on the LMF side. In this case, the UE / base station may report various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the UE's position.

[0057] Furthermore, 3GPP Rel. 17 proposes a positioning method using assistance information to further improve positioning accuracy. Assistance information may be transmitted between the UE, base station, and LMF as measurement information for DL / UL-TDOA, DL-AoD / UL-AoA, multi-RTT, and E-CID as described above.

[0058] Assistance information may include information on at least one of the following: Timing Error Group (TEG), RSRPP (Path-Specific RSRP), Expected angle, Adjacent beam information, TRP antenna / beam information, LOS / NLOS indicator, and additional path reports.

[0059] TEG may indicate one or more PRS (Positioning Reference Signal) resources whose transmission / reception timing errors (Rx / Tx timing errors) are within a certain margin.

[0060] RSRPP may represent the measurement result of RSRP in the first pass.

[0061] In UL positioning, assistance information regarding the expected angle may indicate the expected UL-AoA / ZoA. This assistance information may be transmitted from the LMF to the base station. Furthermore, this assistance information may support at least one positioning from UL TDOA, UL AoA, and multi-RTT.

[0062] In DL positioning, assistance information regarding the expected angle may include information regarding the expected DL-AoA / ZoA or DL-AoD / ZoD. This assistance information may be transmitted from the LMF to the UE. Furthermore, this assistance information may support at least one positioning method from DL TDOA, DL AoA, and multi-RTT. This improves the accuracy of angle-based UE positioning and enables optimization of Rx beamforming of the UE or base station.

[0063] Furthermore, assistance information regarding the predicted angle may include not only the values ​​of AoA / ZoA / AoD / ZoD themselves as described above, but also information indicating the uncertainty range of these values.

[0064] As additional beam information, adjacent beam information may include a subset of DL-PRS resources for prioritizing DL-AoD reports (Option 1), or information regarding the boresight direction of each DL-PRS resource (Option 2). This allows for optimization of UE's Rx beam sweeping and DL-AoD measurements.

[0065] Additionally, the assistance information may include PRS beam pattern information as extra beam information. This PRS beam pattern information may include information on the relative power between DL-PRS resources for each angle for each TRP.

[0066] The LOS / NLOS indicator may display information regarding Line of Site (LOS) and Non-Line of Site (NLOS).

[0067] Furthermore, in order to improve the positioning delay of the UE, pre-set measurement gaps (MG), MG activation via lower layers, MG-less position, PRS Rx / Tx in RRC_INACTIVE state, or on-demand PRS may be set for the UE (or used by the UE).

[0068] In 3GPP Rel. 17 NR, it is agreed that UEs should measure and report the RSRP of adjacent beams in order to improve the accuracy of UE position estimation. For example, in the UE-assisted DL-AoD positioning method, the LMF may indicate that at least one of the following options 1-2 is included in the assistance information.

[0069] Option 1: A subset of PRS resources for the purpose of prioritizing DL-AOD reporting. This subset may be set for each PRS resource depending on the UE's capabilities. The UE may include the PRS measurements required for a subset of PRS in the additional measurements for DL-AoD if the PRS measurements required for the relevant PRS are reported. The required PRS measurements may be DL PRS RSRP / path PRS RSRP. The UE may report PRS measurements only for a subset of PRS resources. The subset related to a PRS resource may reside in the same / different PRS resource set as the PRS resource in question. Option 2: Information regarding boresight direction set for each PRS resource depending on the UE's capabilities.

[0070] In 3GPP Rel. 16 NR, it is agreed that the expected RSTD and its uncertainty range should be provided from the LMF to the UE. Furthermore, in Rel. 17, it is agreed that the expected angle and its uncertainty range should be provided from the LMF to the UE in order to reduce errors and complexities in AoA / AoD measurements.

[0071] In 3GPP Rel. 17 NR, the introduction of a Positioning Reference Unit (PRU) is being considered for positioning. The PRU is being discussed as a reference device with a known location to mitigate transmission and reception timing errors of UE / gNB. The PRU may also be interpreted as UE / gNB / TRP (transmission reception point) / TP (transmission point).

[0072] For example, the PRU may support at least one of the following: - Measuring DL PRS and reporting the relevant measurement (e.g., RSTD / Transmit / Receive Time Difference / RSRP) to the LMF; - Transmitting SRS and enabling the TRP to measure and report the relevant measurement (e.g., Relative Time of Arrival: RTOA / Transmit / Receive Time Difference, AOA) to the LMF; - Operation, measurement, various parameters (enhancement of transmit / receive timing delay, AoD and AOA, and parameters related to measurement calibration); - Reporting the position coordinate information of the reference device to the LMF if the LMF does not have position coordinate information; - The reference device whose position is known is a UE / gNB; - Accuracy that allows the position of the reference device to be known.

[0073] There are two use cases for positioning using AI models: direct AI / machine learning (ML) positioning and AI / ML-assisted positioning.

[0074] Direct AI / ML positioning outputs, for example, UE positioning (UE location). AI / ML assisted positioning outputs, for example, intermediate features. These intermediate features may be input back into the AI / ML model.

[0075] As an example of the AI / ML-assisted positioning output described above, at least one of the following may be included: - Identification of LOS / NLOS (probability of LOS / NLOS), - ToA (time of arrival of PRS / SRS), - Rx-Tx (transmit / receive) time difference, - AoA / AoD, - Number of waves, Rx-Tx (transmit / receive) phase difference (phase measurement of Rel. 18), - DL RSTD / UL TDOA, - DL-PRS / UL-SRS, RSRPs / RSRPPPs, - Likelihood of the above values ​​(e.g., probability of ToA).

[0076] Positioning in Rel. 18 introduces sidelink positioning based on the Sidelink Positioning Protocol (SLPP). For example, SL-RTT, SL-AoA, SL-TDOA, and SL-TOA are introduced. For example, the sidelink reference signal used for position calculation is called SL-PRS. At least one of the following may be used as a measurement based on SL-PRS: SL PRS-RSRP, SL PRS-RSRPP, SL RTOA, SL AoA, sidelink receive-transmit (Rx-Tx) time difference, SL RSTD, SL PRS-RSSI, SL PRS-channel occupancy ratio (CR), and SL PRS-channel busy ratio (CBR). Furthermore, as a measurement related to the carrier phase positioning method, at least one of UL / DL reference signal carrier phase (RSCP) and DL reference signal carrier phase difference (RSCPD) may be used.

[0077] (Location Services: 5G System (5GS) Location Services (LCS) / Architecture Model and Concepts / Functional description of LCS per network function) The following abbreviations may be used in this disclosure. - 5G Core Network: 5GC, 5GCN - 5G System: 5GS - (Radio) Access Network: (R)AN - Next Generation-Radio Access Network: NG-RAN - Access and Mobility Management Function: AMF - Location Management Function: LMF - Non-3GPP InterWorking Function: N3IWF - Mobile Originated Location Request: MO-LR - Mobile Terminated Location Request: MT-LR - Network Induced Location Request: NI-LR - Gateway Mobile Location Center: GMLC - Network Exposure Function: NEF - Public Land Mobile Network: PLMN - Trusted Non-3GPP Access Network: TNAN - Internet Protocol: IP - IP Multimedia Subsystem: IMS - Unified Data Management: UDM - Unified Data Repository: UDR - Quality of Service: QoS

[0078] The 5G system architecture includes the following service-based interfaces: ◇ Namf: A service-based interface presented by AMF. ◇ Nnef: A service-based interface presented by NEF.

[0079] The 5GS LCS architecture includes the following service-based interfaces for Location Services: ◇ Nlmf: A service-based interface presented by LMF. ◇ Ngmlc: A service-based interface presented by GMLC.

[0080] The 5G system architecture includes the following reference points: ◇ N1: Reference point between UE and AMF. ◇ N2: Reference point between (R)AN and AMF.

[0081] An NG-RAN node is either a gNB or an ng-eNB. A gNB is a node that provides protocol termination for the user plane and control plane of the NR for UEs and is connected to the 5GC via the NG interface. An ng-eNB is a node that provides protocol termination for the user plane and control plane of the E-UTRA for UEs and is connected to the 5GC via the NG interface.

[0082] The gNB may provide measurement information for the target UE and transmit this information to the LMF. To support NR RAT-dependent positioning, the gNB may perform radio signal measurements for the target UE and provide measurement results for position estimation.

[0083] The ng-eNB may provide measurement results for position estimation, provide measurement information for the target UE, and transmit these measurements to the LMF. The ng-eNB performs its measurements upon request (on-demand or periodic) from the LMF. The ng-eNB may provide multiple TPs. The ng-eNB may broadcast assistance data information received from the LMF within a positioning system information message.

[0084] The UE may perform measurements with DL signals from the NG-RAN and other sources such as the E-UTRAN, different GNSS and TBS systems, WLAN access points, Bluetooth® beacons, and the UE's barometric pressure and motion sensors. The measurements performed are determined by the selected positioning method. The UE may include, for example, an independent positioning function (e.g., global positioning systems (GPS)) that allows it to report its location independently of the NG-RAN transmission. A UE with an independent positioning function may utilize assistance information obtained from the network.

[0085] The Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) is responsible for managing the positioning of target UEs for all types of location requests. The AMF is accessible to the GMLC and NEF via the Namf interface, to the RAN via the N2 reference point, and to UEs via the N1 reference point. Functions performed by the AMF to support location services include: ◇ The AMF initiates NI-LR location requests for UEs making IMS emergency calls or to determine the geographical area of ​​UEs making NE satellite access for PLMN selection verification. ◇ The AMF receives and manages location requests from the GMLC for 5GC-MT-LR and delayed 5GC-MT-LR for periodic location events, triggered location events, and location events available to UEs. ◇ The AMF receives and manages location requests from UEs for 5GC-MO-LR. ◇ The AMF receives and manages event disclosure requests for location information from the NEF. ◇ The AMF selects the LMF. ◇ The AMF receives updated privacy requirements from the UE and forwards them to the UDR via the UDM. ◇ The AMF supports the cancellation of periodic or triggered location reports for target UEs. ◇ The AMF supports the change of the serving LMF for periodic or triggered location reports for target UEs. ◇ If assistance data is broadcast by 5GS in an encrypted format, the AMF receives the encryption key from the LMF and forwards it to the appropriately subscribed UE using mobility management procedures. ◇ The AMF stores the UE positioning capability received from the LMF and transmits that UE positioning capability to the LMF along with the received location requests.

[0086] The Location Management Function (LMF) manages the support for different location services to a target UE, including UE positioning and the delivery of assistance data to the UE. The LMF may interact with a serving gNB or serving eNB to obtain location measurements for the UE, including UL measurements taken by the NG-RAN and DL measurements taken by the UE and provided to the NG-RAN as part of other functions such as handover.

[0087] The LMF manages the full standby coordination and scheduling of resources required for the location of a UE registering with or accessing 5GCN. It may also calculate or verify estimates of the final location and any speed, and estimate the accuracy achieved. The LMF receives location requests for target UEs from the serving AMF using the Nlmf interface. The LMF interacts with UEs for the exchange of location information applicable to UE-assisted and UE-based positioning methods, and communicates with NG-RAN, N3IWF, or TNAN to obtain location information.

[0088] Additional functions that may be performed by the LMF to support location services include: ◇ The LMF supports requests for single locations received from the Serving AMF to the target UE. ◇ The LMF supports requests for periodic or triggered locations received from the Serving AMF to the target UE. ◇ The LMF determines the type and number of positioning methods and procedures based on the UE, PLMN capability, QoS, UE connectivity state per access type, LCS client type, coordination type, optional, service type, and instructions requiring reliable UE location information. ◇ The LMF directly reports UE location estimates to the GMLC for periodic or triggered locations of the target UE. ◇ The LMF supports cancellation of periodic or triggered locations for the target UE. ◇ The LMF supports the delivery of broadcast assistance data via the NG-RAN in encrypted or unencrypted format, and the transfer of encryption keys to authorized UEs via the AMF. ◇ The LMF supports changes to the serving LMF for periodic or triggered location reports to target UEs. ◇ The LMF supports the receipt of stored UE positioning capabilities from the AMF and the provision of updated UE positioning capabilities to the AMF. ◇ The LMF maps UE locations to geographic areas where the PLMN is permitted or not permitted to operate based on requests from the AMF. ◇ The LMF supports the determination of UE locations in scheduled location times. ◇ The LMF determines whether to use the user plane or the control plane for positioning.◇ The LMF supports handling of 5GC-MT-LR, 5GC-NI-LR, 5GC-MO-LR, and delayed 5GC-MT-LR for periodic or triggered locations across the user plane connection between the UE and the LMF.

[0089] (NR Positioning Architecture: Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in NG-RAN / NG-RAN UE Positioning Architecture) The following abbreviations may be used in this disclosure.

[0090] Figure 4 shows an example of an architecture in 5GS (NR positioning architecture) applicable to positioning UEs using NR or E-UTRA access. In the case of a split gNB architecture as in this example, the gNB-DU may include TRP functionality, and the TRP functionality may support functionality for TP, RP, or both TP and RP. A gNB-DU including TRP functionality does not need to provide cell services. The NG-RAN includes ng-eNB and gNB.

[0091] The AMF receives a request from another entity (e.g., a GLMC or UE) for some location service associated with a particular target UE, or the AMF itself decides to initiate some location service on behalf of a particular target UE (e.g., in response to an IMS emergency call from that UE). The AMF then sends the location service request to the LMF. The LMF processes the location service request, which may include at least one of the following: the transfer of assistance data to the target UE to assist in UE-based / UE-assisted positioning, and the positioning of the target UE. The LMF then returns the results of the location service (e.g., a location estimate for the UE) to the AMF.

[0092] The NR-Uu interface (a wireless interface between UE and UTRA) that connects the UE to the gNB wirelessly is used as one of several transport links for the NR positioning protocol for target UEs that use NR access to the NG-RAN.

[0093] The LTE-Uu interface (wireless interface), which connects the UE to the ng-eNB wirelessly, is used as one of several transport links for the LTE positioning protocol for target UEs that use LTE access to the NG-RAN.

[0094] The NG-C interfaces between gNB and AMF, and between ng-eNB and AMF, are transparent (unaware) to all UE positioning-related procedures. The NG-C interfaces are involved in these procedures only as a transport link for NR positioning protocols.

[0095] The NL1 interface between the LMF and AMF is transparent to all UE, gNB, and ng-eNB related to the positioning procedure. The NL1 interface is used only as a transport link between LPP and NRPPPa.

[0096] As shown in Figure 5, the overall sequence of events applicable to the UE, NG-RAN, and LMF in a location service follows several steps: ◇1a. Some entity within the 5GC (e.g., GMLC) requests some location service (e.g., positioning) for a target UE from the serving AMF. ◇1b. Alternatively, the serving AMF for the target UE determines that some location service is needed (e.g., to locate the UE for an emergency call). ◇1c. Alternatively, the UE requests some location service from the serving AMF at the NAS level. ◇2. The AMF forwards the location service request to the LMF. ◇3a. The LMF initiates a location procedure using the serving ng-eNB or gNB in ​​the NG-RAN, and if possible, adjacent ng-eNB or gNB in ​​the NG-RAN, to obtain location measurements or assistance data. ◇3b. In addition to or instead of step 3a, the LMF initiates a location procedure with the UE (for example, to obtain a location estimate or location measurement, or to transfer assistance data to the UE). ◇4. The LMF provides a location service response to its AMF, including any necessary results (for example, the results include an indication of success or failure, and the UE's location estimate, if requested and obtained). ◇5a. If step 1a was performed, the AMF returns a location service response to the 5GC entity in step 1a, including any necessary results (for example, the UE's location estimate). ◇5b. If step 1b was performed, the AMF uses the location service response received in step 4 to assist the service that triggered it in step 1b (for example, it may provide the GMLC with a location estimate associated with an emergency call). ◇5c. If step 1c is performed, the AMF returns a location service response to the UE, including any necessary results (e.g., the UE's location estimate).

[0097] (NR Positioning Protocol: Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in NG-RAN / Signalling protocols and interfaces) The following abbreviations may be used in this disclosure. ◇Enhanced Cell-ID (positioning method): E-CID ◇Observed Time Difference Of Arrival: OTDOA ◇Multi-Round Trip Time: Multi-RTT ◇Uplink Angle of Arrival: UL-AoA ◇Azimuth-Angle of Arrival: A-AoA ◇Zenith-Angle of Arrival: Z-AoA ◇Uplink Time Difference of Arrival: UL-TDOA ◇Downlink Time Difference of Arrival: DL-TDOA ◇Downlink Angle-of-Departure: DL-AoD ◇wireless local area network: WLAN ◇terrestrial beacon system: TBS ◇Metropolitan Beacon System: MBS ◇Positioning Reference Signal: PRS ◇UserPlane Location Protocol: ULP

[0098] NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPPa) transmits information between NG-RAN nodes and LMFs. It is used to support the following positioning functions: ◇ E-CID for E-UTRA, where measured values ​​are transferred from ng-eNB to LMF. ◇ Data collection from ng-eNB or gNB to support OTDOA for E-UTRA. ◇ Acquisition of cell IDs and cell portion (portion) IDs from gNBs to support NR cell ID positioning methods. ◇ Exchange of information between LMFs and NG-RAN nodes for the purpose of broadcasting assistance data. ◇ NR E-CID, where measured values ​​are transferred from gNB to LMF. ◇ NR Multi-RTT, where measured values ​​are transferred from gNB to LMF. ◇ NR UL-AoA, where measured values ​​are transferred from gNB to LMF. ◇NR UL-TDOA, where measured values ​​are transferred from gNB to LMF. ◇Data acquisition from gNB for DL-TDOA, DL-AoD, Multi-RTT, UL-TDOA, and UL-AoA support. ◇Transfer of measurement pre-configuration information, allowing LMF to request the NG-RAN node to pre-configure and activate / deactivate the measurement gap / PRS processing window.

[0099] The LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) is terminated between the target device (UE in the control plane case, or SET in the user plane case) and the positioning server (LMF in the control plane case, or SLP in the user plane case).

[0100] The LPP protocol aims to enable the positioning of NR and LTE using multiple different positioning methods, while separating the details of any specific positioning method from the details of the underlying transport.

[0101] An LPP procedure involves request / response pairing of multiple messages or one or more "unaccepted" messages. Each procedure has a single objective (e.g., transfer of assistance data, exchange of LPP-related capabilities, or positioning of a target device according to some QoS and one or more positioning method specifications). Multiple procedures can be used in series or parallel to achieve more complex objectives (e.g., positioning of a target device with respect to the transfer of assistance data and the exchange of LPP-related capabilities). Multiple procedures further allow for attempting more than one positioning simultaneously (e.g., to obtain a coarse location estimate using low latency and a more accurate location estimate using high latency).

[0102] (Standard UE Positioning Methods: Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in NG-RAN / Main concepts and requirements / Standard UE Positioning Methods) The standard UE positioning methods supported for NG-RAN access are as follows: ◇ NW-assisted GNSS method ◇ LTE-based OTDOA positioning ◇ LTE-based extended cell ID method (E-CID) ◇ WLAN positioning ◇ Bluetooth® positioning ◇ TBS positioning ◇ Sensor-based positioning: ―◇ Barometric pressure sensor ―◇ Motion sensor ◇ NR-based NR extended cell ID method (NR E-CID) ◇ NR-based multi-RTT ◇ NR-based DL-AoD ◇ NR-based DL-TDOA ◇ NR-based UL-TDOA ◇ Based on the NR signal, UL-AoA includes A-AoA and Z-AoA

[0103] OTDOA includes TBS positioning based on PRS. Existing specifications only support OTDOA based on LTE signals. If the UE is served by gNB, the E-CID includes the cell ID for the NR method. The E-CID is an extended cell ID based on LTE signals. Existing specifications only support TBS positioning based on MBS signals.

[0104] Hybrid positioning using multiple methods from a list of multiple positioning methods is supported. Standalone mode (i.e., autonomous without network assistance) using one or more methods from the list of multiple positioning methods is also supported.

[0105] These multiple positioning methods may be supported for at least one of the following: a UE-based version, a UE-assisted / LMF-based version, and an NG-RAN node-assisted version.

[0106] (NR Beam Management) Beam management, used to determine appropriate Tx and Rx beam pairs for control / data transmission, includes beam measurement, beam reporting, and beam designation.

[0107] The UE receives / measures the RS (CSI-RS or SSB) for beam measurement and transmits a beam report (CSI report) including the measurement results for each RS (L1-RSRP / SINR). Subsequently, the UE receives the TCI status setting / instruction and receives the PDCCH / PDSCH based on that TCI status.

[0108] The CSI report #n for beam reporting may include several CSI fields, including: ◆ CRI or SSBRI #1. ◆ CRI or SSBRI #2. ◆ CRI or SSBRI #3. ◆ CRI or SSBRI #4. ◆ [Maximum] RSRP #1 [corresponding to CRI or SSBRI #1]. ◆ Differential RSRP #2 [relative to RSRP #1]. ◆ Differential RSRP #3 [relative to RSRP #1]. ◆ Differential RSRP #4 [relative to RSRP #1].

[0109] (Issue) The measurement and reporting of event-triggered sensing have not been adequately considered.

[0110] ◆Issue 1: Event-triggered sensing beam reporting is effective for sensing beam management or sensing mobility management, such as event-triggered beam / cell quality reporting in an event-triggered sensing beam reporting communication system. For example, the UE may report sensing beam quality in at least one of the following cases: when the current sensing beam quality is poor, and when the candidate sensing beam quality is good.

[0111] ◆Point 2: Event-Triggered Sensing Result Reporting In target sensing, the UE does not necessarily have to report the sensing measurement results at all times. For example, in intruder detection, the UE may report the sensing results when an object / target is detected. This can reduce reporting overhead.

[0112] If event-based reporting is not adequately considered, there is a risk that sensing performance may deteriorate.

[0113] Therefore, the inventors conceived of a method for reporting events in sensing.

[0114] The embodiments of this disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings. Each wireless communication method according to the embodiments may be applied individually or in combination.

[0115] (Various substitutions) In this disclosure, words enclosed in parentheses () may indicate an explanation of the preceding word (e.g., an explanation of spelling), a paraphrase, a specific example, or supplementary explanation. Also, in this disclosure, words enclosed in square brackets [] may be interpreted as part of the overall meaning of the text, or they may be interpreted as being excluded (ignored). Note that parentheses () and square brackets [] may be used for purposes / meanings other than those described above.

[0116] In this disclosure, "A / B" and "at least one of A and B" may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. In this disclosure, "A / B / C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C".

[0117] In this disclosure, terms such as notice, activate, deactivate, indicate (or specify), select, configure, update, and determine may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, terms such as support, control, controllable, operate, and capable of operating may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0118] In this disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher-layer parameters, fields, Information Elements (IE), settings, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, Medium Access Control elements (MAC Control Elements (CE)), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0119] In this disclosure, the upper layer signaling may be any or a combination thereof, such as Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, and other messages (e.g., messages from the core network, such as positioning protocol messages (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) messages).

[0120] In this disclosure, MAC signaling may include, for example, MAC Control Elements (MAC CEs) and MAC Protocol Data Units (PDUs). Broadcast information may include, for example, Master Information Blocks (MIBs), System Information Blocks (SIBs), Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSIs), and Other System Information (OSIs).

[0121] In this disclosure, physical layer signaling may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) and Uplink Control Information (UCI).

[0122] In this disclosure, the following abbreviations may be used: ◆FDM: frequency division multiplexing ◆TDM: time division multiplexing ◆CDM: code division multiplexing ◆SDM: space division multiplexing ◆SFN: single frequency network

[0123] In this disclosure, reflection, echo, and scattering may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0124] In this disclosure, the terms "wireless communication method," "sensing method," and "measurement method" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0125] In this disclosure, NW, gNB / CN ([extended] LMF / SF / AMF) may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0126] In this disclosure, "sensing mode" and "sensing method" may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, "use case," "sensing use case," "service," "sensing service," "sensing service type," and "sensing type" may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, "type," "report type," "CSI measurement report type," "measurement type," "CSI measurement type," "CSI type," "map type," "sensing CSI map type," "reported quantity," and "reported parameter" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0127] In this disclosure, measurement, detection, estimation, calculation, processing, transformation, Fourier transform, DFT, FFT, and correlation operation may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0128] In this disclosure, measured values, received signals, measurement results, reported quantities, and channel path / channel information may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, profiles, responses, spectra, maps, distributions, signals converted to one or more dimensions, signals converted to one or more domains, and conversion results may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0129] In this disclosure, Doppler, Doppler frequency, frequency, and Doppler shift may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0130] In this disclosure, sensing transmitter, transmitter, sensing station, radio communication device, BS, gNB, UE, TRP, and panel may be interpreted as interchangeable. In this disclosure, sensing receiver, receiver, sensing station, radio communication device, BS, gNB, UE, TRP, and panel may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0131] In this disclosure, the sensing transmitter may be a TRP or UE that transmits sensing signals used in the operation of the sensing service. The sensing transmitter may be located in the same location / device as the TRP or UE acting as a sensing receiver, or in a different location / device.

[0132] In this disclosure, the sensing receiver may be a TRP or UE that receives sensing signals used in the operation of the sensing service. The sensing receiver may be located in the same location / device as the TRP or UE, which is the sensing transmitter, or it may be located in a different location / device.

[0133] In this disclosure, TRP may be network equipment that transmits / receives sensing signals, such as a BS, BS antenna, etc. In this disclosure, gNB and BS may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, TRP, BS, IAB node, mobile IAD node, repeater, access point (AP), reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), drone, gNB, eNB, BS for 6G, etc. may be interchangeable.

[0134] In this disclosure, the sensing target, the target may be a target whose properties in the environment need to be detected by deriving them from the sensing signal.

[0135] In this disclosure, the background environment and environment may be backgrounds (clutter / environmental objects) that are not sensing targets.

[0136] In this disclosure, monostatic sensing may be sensing where the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are located within the same TRP / UE.

[0137] In this disclosure, bistatic sensing may be sensing where the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are located in different TRP / UEs.

[0138] In this disclosure, multistatic sensing may be a sensing method in which a sensing target has multiple sensing devices, each including at least one of a plurality of sensing transmitters and a plurality of sensing receivers.

[0139] In this disclosure, the sensing signal may be a transmission that can be used for sensing purposes on a wireless communication interface.

[0140] In this disclosure, the header UE may be a UE that triggers / performs UE-to-UE (U2U) sensing based on a request from the NW / client UE.

[0141] In this disclosure, a client UE may be a UE that requests other UEs to perform sensing and report thereon.

[0142] In this disclosure, the anchor UE may be a UE that performs transmission / reception with the header UE in relation to sensing, based on a request from the header UE.

[0143] In this disclosure, NW, RAN, BS, gNB, extended LMF, SF, AMF, network node, core network (CN), and other UE (in UE-to-UE bistatic sensing) may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0144] In this disclosure, monitoring / detection / prediction / determination / display (to a higher or lower layer) of one or more sensing beams (faults) and monitoring / measurement / calculation / detection / prediction / determination / display (to a higher or lower layer) of the quality (degradation) of one or more sensing beams may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0145] In this disclosure, candidate sensing beam (RS), new candidate sensing beam (RS), candidate new sensing beam (RS), new sensing beam (RS), candidate beam (RS), new beam (RS), best beam (RS), suitable beam (RS), and candidate RS may be interpreted as interchangeable. In this disclosure, candidate sensing beam (RS), one or more candidate sensing beams (RS), and a set / list / configuration of one or more candidate sensing beams (RS) may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0146] In this disclosure, the terms "identification of one or more candidate sensing beams," "prediction of one or more candidate sensing beams," "determination of one or more candidate sensing beams," and "selection of one or more candidate sensing beams" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0147] In this disclosure, the terms "settings," "sensing [beam] measurement / reporting settings," and "sensing measurement settings" may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0148] In this disclosure, quantity, value, quality, measured / reported quantity, reported quantity, measured quantity, beam quantity, beam quality, sensing measurement result, result, received result, measurement result, CSI measurement result, sensing quality, sensing quality result, sensing result, sensing KPI, sensing beam quality, sensing beam quality, candidate sensing beam quality, sensing beam quality of a candidate sensing beam (candidate beam), received quality, sensing measurement quality, sensing beam monitoring result, received quality / received result of RS (corresponding to a sensing beam), and comparison result of multiple sensing beam qualities may be interpreted as one another. In this disclosure, quantity, mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value [ratio / number / difference / gap / variance / deviation] of multiple quantities may be interpreted as one another.

[0149] In this disclosure, the sensing measurement result may include at least one of the following: the measurement result [amount related to], the CSI measurement result [amount related to], the sensing result [amount related to], and the sensing KPI [amount related to].

[0150] In this disclosure, measurement results and sensing quality results may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, measurement results [related quantities] may be signal / channel characteristics obtained by measuring a received sensing signal or communication signal. For example, measurement results [related quantities] may include at least one of RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, SINR, Doppler [frequency], signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR), number of detected paths, mean / sum / weighted mean / weighted sum / maximum / minimum / variance / deviation of the delay / Doppler / RSRPP of multiple detected paths, and CSI measurement results [related quantities].

[0151] In this disclosure, the CSI measurement result [amount related to] may be a quantity based on a CSI measurement, or a quantity measured / transformed for one or more domains. For example, the CSI measurement result [amount related to] may include at least one of a full or partial CSI in the spatial / frequency / time domain, a CSI in the transformation domain, and a CSI in the Doppler domain. The transformation domain may be angle / delay. The CSI may include a CIR / TCIR / PDP / TPDP / R-D-A map. In this disclosure, the validated CSI result [amount related to] may be the most recent CSI measurement result having an estimated confidence level higher than a defined / set threshold. The threshold may be, for example, 95%.

[0152] In this disclosure, the sensing result [a quantity related to] may be a characteristic of the target obtained by processing / calculating / converting based on the received sensing signal or communication signal. For example, the sensing result [a quantity related to] may include at least one of the following: presence, location, latitude, longitude, altitude, angle, distance, velocity, detection / identification / gesture of the target's shape / attitude, environmental conditions / scenario / type, and CSI.

[0153] In this disclosure, the sensing key performance indicator (KPI) [a related quantity] may be a performance / metric for sensing. For example, the sensing KPI [a related quantity] may include at least one of the following: sensing estimation accuracy, sensing estimation confident level, false alarm probability, detection probability, missed detection probability, sensing / estimation resolution, and sensing service latency.

[0154] In this disclosure, a comparison between multiple values ​​(comparison result) may be a change / variation / difference / gap / ratio / variance / correlation. In this disclosure, change and difference / gap may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, variation and variance / deviation may be interchangeable.

[0155] In this disclosure, the terms RS / beam(set) for sensing, sensing RS, sensing beam, and RS / beam configured / activated based on sensing measurement settings may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0156] In this disclosure, the terms "RS(set) for sensing beam monitoring" and "sensing beam monitoring RS(set)" may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0157] In this disclosure, the terms reporting type, time-domain behavior, periodic (P), semi-persistent (SP), and aperiodic (AP) may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0158] In this disclosure, the terms event, condition, metric, criterion, threshold, and value range may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, the terms event [occurrence] and condition [fulfillment] may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0159] In this disclosure, the conditions that a quantity satisfies, that a quantity is greater than or less than a threshold (greater than or equal to or less than a threshold), and that a quantity is within / outside a value range may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, the conditions that a first quantity and a second quantity satisfy, that a first quantity is greater than or less than a second quantity [with an offset] (greater than or equal to or less than or equal to), and that the difference between a first quantity and a second quantity is within / outside a value range may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0160] In this disclosure, the terms "report," "report instance," "CSI report," and "UL channel (PUCCH / PUSCH)" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0161] (Wireless communication method) <Event-triggered sensing beam quality reporting> Embodiment Ix relates to event-triggered sensing beam quality reporting. Embodiment Ix may also be for sensing beam management purposes.

[0162] Embodiment Ix is effective for sensing beam management or sensing mobility management.

[0163] In UE-side sensing (gNB-to-UE bistatic sensing, UE1-to-UE2 bistatic sensing, UE monostatic sensing), the UE may support reporting sensing beam quality when one or more [event] triggering conditions are met. The [event] triggering conditions may be based on sensing beam quality.

[0164] <Embodiment I0> Conditions / metrics / criteria for determining sensing beam quality may be defined.

[0165] In sensing beam management, it may be necessary to determine the quality of the sensing beam. In communication beam management, the quality of the communication beam may be determined by the scalar values ​​RSRP / RSRQ / SINR.

[0166] In wireless sensing, if there are multiple types of measured quantities (reported quantities), the determination of sensing beam quality may consider multiple factors. The measured quantity may be a quantity / result related to at least one of the measurement results, sensing results, or sensing KPIs.

[0167] Target-reflected RSRP can represent sensing beam quality. RSRP of RS not reflected by the sensing target can represent communication beam quality. However, more information may be needed to help determine whether the measured RSRP is target-reflected RSRP. This information may include, for example, delay / Doppler / multipath information. For example, if the measured Doppler frequency is 0 (the received signal is not reflected by the target), the sensing beam quality may be considered poor even if the measured RSRP is high.

[0168] In some use cases, the measured quantity is a vector (e.g., CSI / CIR) rather than a scalar value. In this case, determining / comparing sensing beam quality based on the measured vector quantity may require complex processing.

[0169] According to this embodiment, the UE can appropriately determine the quality of the sensing beam.

[0170] This embodiment may be based on at least one of the following embodiments I0-x.

[0171] <<Embodiment I0-1>> A condition / metric / criterion may be defined for determining whether sensing beam quality is worse or better than the defined / set condition / threshold. The condition / metric / criterion may include one of several conditions x (condition Ax based on measurement results, condition Bx based on sensing results, condition Cx based on a quantity related to sensing KPIs), or it may include the result of a logical operation (AND / OR) of multiple conditions.

[0172] ◆Condition A1: The filtered / processed measurement result of the mean / maximum / minimum / median is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) a defined / set threshold, or falls within a defined / set value range / set.

[0173] ◆Condition A1a: Within a defined / set duration / time instance, one or more ratios / numbers of measurement results that are greater than or less than (greater than or less than or equal to) a defined / set threshold, or that fall within a defined / set value range / set, are greater than or less than (greater than or equal to or less than or equal to) a defined / set threshold relative to the ratio / number, or that fall within a defined / set value range / set relative to the ratio / number.

[0174] ◆Condition A2: The variance / deviation of multiple measurement results [within the defined / set duration / time instance] is greater than or less than (greater than or less than or equal to) the defined / set threshold, or is within the defined / set value range / set.

[0175] ◆Condition A3: The absolute value of the difference / gap between multiple / two consecutive measurement results [within a defined / set duration / time instance] [the average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) a defined / set threshold, or falls within a defined / set value range / set.

[0176] ◆Condition A4: The mean squared error (MSE) / minimum mean square error (MMSE) / error vector magnitude (EVM) / cosine similarity [absolute value] [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] between multiple / two consecutive CSI measurement results [within a defined / defined duration / time instance] is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to or less than or equal to) a defined / defined threshold, or falls within a defined / defined value range / set.

[0177] ◆Condition A5: The MSE / MMSE / EVM / cosine similarity [absolute value] [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] between the CSI measurement result and the validation (true, ground-truth) CSI result is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) a defined / set threshold, or within a defined / set value range / set.

[0178] ◆Condition B0: The sensing object / target is detected or not detected.

[0179] ◆Condition B0a: Within a defined / configured duration / time instance, the ratio / number of one or more sensing measurement instances having sensing objects / targets that are detected or not detected is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) a defined / configured threshold for the ratio / number, or is within a defined / configured value range / set for the ratio / number.

[0180] ◆Condition B1: The filtered / processed sensing result (mean / maximum / minimum / median) is greater than or less than a defined / set threshold, or falls within a defined / set value range / set. The value range may be, for example, a reliable range of the sensing result.

[0181] ◆Condition B1a: Within a defined / configured duration / time instance, the ratio / number of one or more sensing results that is greater than or less than (greater than or less than or equal to) a defined / configured threshold, or that falls within a defined / configured value range / set, is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to or less than or equal to) a defined / configured threshold relative to the ratio / number, or falls within a defined / configured value range / set relative to the ratio / number.

[0182] ◆Condition B2: The variance / deviation of multiple sensing results [within the defined / set duration / time instance] is greater than or less than (greater than or less than or equal to) the defined / set threshold, or is within the defined / set value range / set.

[0183] ◆Condition B3: The difference / gap [absolute value] [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] between multiple / two consecutive sensing results [within a defined / set duration / time instance] is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) a defined / set threshold, or falls within a defined / set value range / set.

[0184] ◆Condition C1: A quantity related to the [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed] sensing KPI for a single beam / RS is greater than or less than a defined / set threshold (greater than or equal to or less than or equal to), or falls within a defined / set value range / set. The value range may be, for example, a reliable range of sensing results.

[0185] ◆Condition C1a: Within a defined / configured duration / time instance, the ratio / number of one or more quantities related to sensing KPIs that is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) a defined / configured threshold, or that falls within a defined / configured value range / set, is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) a defined / configured threshold relative to the ratio / number, or falls within a defined / configured value range / set relative to the ratio / number.

[0186] ◆Condition C2: The variance / deviation of quantities related to multiple sensing KPIs [within a defined / configured duration / time instance] is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) a defined / configured threshold, or is within a defined / configured value range / set.

[0187] ◆Condition C3: The difference / gap [absolute value] [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] between multiple / two consecutive sensing KPIs [within a defined / set duration / time instance] is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) a defined / set threshold, or falls within a defined / set value range / set.

[0188] <<Variations of Embodiment I0-1>> To determine whether sensing beam quality is worse or better than the defined / set conditions / threshold, one or more conditions relating to the same or different quantities within the same or different conditions x [in Embodiment I0-1] may be required. For example, the condition of quantity #1 (e.g., RSRP) within condition A1 and the condition of quantity #2 (e.g., Doppler) within condition A1 may be required for the determination. For example, the condition of quantity #1 (e.g., RSRP) within condition A1 and the condition of quantity #2 (e.g., target detection) within condition B0 may be required for the determination. These combinations are examples and other combinations are not excluded.

[0189] For multiple use cases, at least one of the conditions and the corresponding quantity may differ.

[0190] For each use case, conditions and corresponding quantities may be set by the network.

[0191] For at least one of the multiple quantities and multiple use cases, one or more thresholds or one or more value ranges may differ.

[0192] For at least one of the quantity, condition, and use case, one or more thresholds or one or more value ranges may be defined in the specification or set by the network.

[0193] Sensing beam quality that is worse or better than the defined / set conditions / threshold may be determined by the UE based on an AI / ML model. For example, the measurement result [a quantity related to], the CSI measurement result [a quantity related to], or the sensing result [a quantity related to] may be the input to an ML classification model, and the determination of whether the sensing beam quality is worse or better than the defined / set conditions / threshold may be the output.

[0194] <<Embodiment I0-2>> Conditions / metrics / criteria may be defined for determining whether the sensing beam quality (first quality / first quantity) of beam / RS#A is worse or better than the sensing beam quality (second quality / second quantity) of beam / RS#B.

[0195] Beam / RS#A may be, for example, one or more current beams / RS in sensing. Beam / RS#B may be, for example, one or more candidate beams / RS in sensing.

[0196] The conditions / metrics / criteria may include one of several conditions x (condition Dx based on measurement results, condition Ex based on sensing results, condition Fx based on quantities related to sensing KPIs), or may include the result of a logical operation (AND / OR) of multiple conditions.

[0197] ◆Condition D1: The [average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed] measurement result for beam / RS#A is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) the [average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed] measurement result for beam / RS#B [with a defined / set offset added].

[0198] ◆Condition D1a: Within a defined / set duration / time instance, the ratio / number of one or more measurement results for beam / RS#A that is greater than or less than (greater than or less than) the defined / set threshold, or that falls within a defined / set value range / set, is greater than or less than (greater than or less than) the ratio / number of one or more measurement results for beam / RS#B [plus the defined / set offset] that falls within a defined / set duration / time instance.

[0199] ◆Condition D2: The variance / deviation of multiple measurements for beam / RS#A [within the defined / set duration / time instance] is greater than or less than the variance / deviation of multiple measurements for beam / RS#B [within the defined / set duration / time instance] [plus the defined / set offset].

[0200] ◆Condition D3: The absolute value of the difference / gap between multiple / two consecutive measurements for beam / RS#A [within a defined / set duration / time instance] [the average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] is greater than or less than (greater than or less than or equal to) the absolute value of the difference / gap between multiple / two consecutive measurements for beam / RS#B [within a defined / set duration / time instance] [the average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] [plus the defined / set offset].

[0201] ◆Condition D4: The absolute value of the average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed MSE / MMSE / EVM / cosine similarity between multiple / two consecutive CSI measurement results for beam / RS#A [within a defined / set duration / time instance] is greater than or less than (greater than or less than or equal to) the absolute value of the average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed MSE / MMSE / EVM / cosine similarity between multiple / two consecutive CSI measurement results for beam / RS#B [within a defined / set duration / time instance] [plus a defined / set offset].

[0202] ◆Condition D5: The absolute value of the MSE / MMSE / EVM / cosine similarity [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] between the CSI measurement result and the validation CSI result for beam / RS#A is greater than or less than (greater than or less than or equal to) the absolute value of the MSE / MMSE / EVM / cosine similarity [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] [amount of offset defined / set] between the CSI measurement result and the validation CSI result for beam / RS#B.

[0203] ◆Condition E0: The sensing object / target for the beam / RS#A is detected or not detected, AND the sensing object / target for the beam / RS#A is detected or not detected.

[0204] ◆Condition E0a: Within a defined / configured duration / time instance, the ratio / number of one or more sensing measurement instances having sensing objects / targets for beam / RS#A that are detected or not detected is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) the ratio / number of one or more sensing measurement instances having sensing objects / targets for beam / RS#B that are detected or not detected within a defined / configured duration / time instance [plus the defined / configured offset].

[0205] ◆Condition E1: The variance / deviation of multiple sensing results for beam / RS#A [within the defined / set duration / time instance] is greater than or less than the variance / deviation of multiple sensing results for beam / RS#B [within the defined / set duration / time instance] [plus the defined / set offset].

[0206] ◆Condition E1a: Within a defined / configured duration / time instance, the ratio / number of one or more sensing results for beam / RS#A that is greater than or less than (greater than or less than) the defined / configured threshold, or that falls within a defined / configured value range / set, is greater than or less than (greater than or less than) the ratio / number of one or more sensing results for beam / RS#B [plus the defined / configured offset] that falls within a defined / configured duration / time instance, or that falls within a defined / configured value range / set.

[0207] ◆Condition E2: The absolute value of the difference / gap between multiple / two consecutive sensing results for beam / RS#A [within a defined / set duration / time instance] [the average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] is greater than or less than (greater than or less than or equal to) the absolute value of the difference / gap between multiple / two consecutive sensing results for beam / RS#B [within a defined / set duration / time instance] [the average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] [plus the defined / set offset].

[0208] ◆Condition F1: The quantity associated with the [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed] sensing KPI for beam / RS#A is greater than or less than (greater than or equal to) the quantity associated with the [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed] sensing KPI for beam / RS#B [with the defined / set offset added].

[0209] ◆Condition F1a: Within a defined / configured duration / time instance, the ratio / number of quantities related to one or more sensing KPIs for beam / RS#A that is greater than or less than (greater than or less than) the defined / configured threshold, or that falls within a defined / configured value range / set, is greater than or less than (greater than or less than) the ratio / number of quantities related to one or more sensing KPIs for beam / RS#B [plus the defined / configured offset] within a defined / configured duration / time instance.

[0210] ◆Condition F2: The variance / deviation of quantities related to multiple sensing KPIs for beam / RS#A [within the defined / set duration / time instance] is greater than or less than (greater than or less than) the variance / deviation of quantities related to multiple sensing KPIs for beam / RS#B [within the defined / set duration / time instance] [plus the defined / set offset].

[0211] ◆Condition F3: The absolute value of the difference / gap between quantities related to multiple / two consecutive sensing KPIs for beam / RS#A [within a defined / configured duration / time instance] [the average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] is greater than or less than (greater than or less than or equal to) the absolute value of the difference / gap between quantities related to multiple / two consecutive sensing KPIs for beam / RS#B [within a defined / configured duration / time instance] [the average / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value] [plus the defined / configured offset].

[0212] <<Variations of Embodiment I0-2>> To determine whether sensing beam quality is worse or better than the defined / set conditions / threshold, one or more conditions relating to the same or different quantities within the same or different conditions x [in Embodiment I0-2] may be required. For example, the conditions for quantity #1 (e.g., RSRP) within condition D1 and the conditions for quantity #2 (e.g., Doppler) within condition D1 may be required for the determination. For example, the conditions for quantity #1 (e.g., RSRP) within condition D1 and the conditions for quantity #2 (e.g., target detection) within condition E0 may be required for the determination. These combinations are examples and other combinations are not excluded.

[0213] For multiple use cases, at least one of the conditions and the corresponding quantity may differ.

[0214] For each use case, conditions and corresponding quantities may be set by the network.

[0215] In Embodiment I0-2, the conditions / metrics / criteria (at least one of several conditions x) can be applied to the conditions / metrics / criteria for determining whether the sensing beam quality of sensing node / cell #A is worse or better than that of sensing node / cell #B, by replacing "beam / RS" with "sensing node / cell". Thus, Embodiment I0-2 can be applied to sensing mobility.

[0216] <Embodiment I1> This embodiment relates to a triggering event for sensing beam quality reporting.

[0217] In the example in Figure 6, the current beam may be the beam currently used for sensing the target. In this example, the candidate beam may be a beam not currently used for sensing the target.

[0218] According to this embodiment, the UE can appropriately determine the triggering event for the sensing beam quality report.

[0219] The event for triggering the sensing beam quality report may be at least one of the following events / variations:

[0220] <<Event S1>> This event may be defined as follows: The sensing beam quality of one or more current beams / RS is worse than one or more defined / set conditions / thresholds.

[0221] The conditions for this event may include one of the following conditions S1-x, or it may include the result of a logical operation (AND / OR) of multiple conditions.

[0222] ◆Condition S1-1 [Within a defined / set duration / time instance,] [at least] N current beams / RS sensing beam quality is worse than one or more defined / set conditions / thresholds. The value of N (≧1) may be defined / set.

[0223] ◆Condition S1-2 [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] the sensing beam quality of all current beams / RS is worse than one or more defined / set conditions / thresholds.

[0224] ◆Condition S1-3 [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] the best / worst / average quality of the sensing beam quality of all current beams / RS is worse than one or more defined / set conditions / thresholds.

[0225] ◆Variations Multiple conditions may be combined. Multiple combinations of conditions for event S1 may be defined / set. For example, the triggering condition may be "condition S1-1 AND condition S1-3" or "condition S1-2 OR condition S1-3". These combinations are just examples, and other combinations are not excluded.

[0226] <<Event S1a>> This event may be defined as follows: The sensing beam quality of one or more current beams / RS is better than one or more defined / set conditions / thresholds.

[0227] The conditions for this event may include one of the following conditions S1a-x, or it may include the result of a logical operation (AND / OR) of multiple conditions.

[0228] ◆Condition S1a-1 [Within a defined / set duration / time instance,] [at least] N current beams / RS sensing beam quality is better than one or more defined / set conditions / thresholds. The value of N (≧1) may be defined / set.

[0229] ◆Condition S1a-2 [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] the sensing beam quality of all current beams / RS is better than one or more defined / set conditions / thresholds.

[0230] ◆Condition S1a-3 [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] the best / worst / average quality of the sensing beam quality of all current beams / RS is better than one or more defined / set conditions / thresholds.

[0231] ◆Variations Multiple conditions may be combined. Multiple combinations of conditions for event S1a may be defined / set. For example, the triggering condition may be "condition S1a-1 AND condition S1a-3" or "condition S1a-2 OR condition S1a-3". These combinations are just examples, and other combinations are not excluded.

[0232] <<Beam / RS in Events S1 and S1a>> For setting up the measurement / reporting of the sensing beam using Events S1 and S1a, the current beam / RS may be set / determined based on at least one of the following options 1-x.

[0233] ◆Option 1-a The current beam / RS is explicitly set in the sensing beam measurement / reporting settings. For example, the current beam / RS may be a set of RS for sensing beam management.

[0234] ◆Option 1-b The current beam / RS is determined from the sensing measurement settings for target sensing. For example, multiple RS / channels set up for target sensing may be the current beam / RS.

[0235] ◆Option 1-c The current beam / RS is determined based on one set of multiple RSs for sensing beam management and multiple beams used for target sensing. For example, one or more beams / RS [for sensing] may be within the set of sensing beam management RSs and may include one or more RSs that have the same beam as the RS / channel beam (TCI state / QCL type D RS) set up for target sensing.

[0236] For example, in the settings for measuring / reporting a sensing beam, a set of RSs for sensing beam management may be configured. This RS set may include RSs that have the same beam as the RS used for target sensing, or it may include RSs that have a different beam than the RS used for target sensing. The current sensing beam / RS may be determined as a common set of the sensing beam management RS set and the beam / RS used for target sensing.

[0237] <<Event S2>> This event may be defined as follows: The sensing beam quality of one or more candidate beams / RS is better than one or more defined / set conditions / thresholds.

[0238] The conditions for this event may include one of the following conditions S2-x, or it may include the result of a logical operation (AND / OR) of multiple conditions.

[0239] ◆Condition S2-1 [Within a defined / set duration / time instance,] [at least] N candidate beams / RS sensing beam quality is better than one or more defined / set conditions / thresholds. The value of N (≧1) may be defined / set.

[0240] ◆Condition S2-2 [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] the sensing beam quality of all candidate beams / RS is better than one or more defined / set conditions / thresholds.

[0241] ◆Condition S2-3 [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] the best / worst / average sensing beam quality of all candidate beams / RS is better than one or more defined / set conditions / thresholds.

[0242] ◆Variations Multiple conditions may be combined. Multiple combinations of conditions for event S2 may be defined / set. For example, the triggering condition may be "condition S2-1 AND condition S2-3" or "condition S2-2 OR condition S2-3". These combinations are just examples, and other combinations are not excluded.

[0243] <<Beam / RS in Event S2>> For setting up the measurement / reporting of a sensing beam using Event S2, the candidate beam / RS [for sensing] may be set / determined based on at least one of the following several options 2-x.

[0244] ◆Option 2-a The candidate beam / RS is explicitly set in the sensing beam measurement / reporting settings.

[0245] ◆Option 2-b The candidate beam / RS is determined based on one set of multiple RSs for sensing beam management and multiple beams used for target sensing. For example, one or more candidate beams / RS [for sensing] may include one or more RSs that are in the set of sensing beam management RSs and have beams different from the beams (TCI state / QCL type D RS) of the RS / channel set up for target sensing.

[0246] For example, in the settings for measuring / reporting a sensing beam, a set of RSs for sensing beam management may be configured. This RS set may include RSs that have the same beam as the RS used for target sensing, or it may include RSs that have a different beam than the RS used for target sensing. Candidate sensing beams / RSs are determined as RSs in the sensing beam management RS set, and the corresponding beams do not necessarily have to be configured for target sensing.

[0247] <<Event S3>> This event may be defined as follows: The sensing beam quality of one or more candidate beams / RS is better than the sensing beam quality [quality with defined / set offsets] of one or more current beams / RS.

[0248] The conditions for this event may include one of the following conditions S3-x, or it may include the result of a logical operation (AND / OR) of multiple conditions.

[0249] ◆Condition S3-1 [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] [at least] N1 candidate beam / RS sensing beam quality is better than [at least] N2 current beam / RS sensing beam quality [with defined / set offset added].

[0250] This condition may also mean the following: -◆It is checked whether each candidate beam is better than the N2 current beams, and the number of candidate beams that satisfy the condition [being better than the N2 current beams] is checked, and if N1 candidate beams satisfy the condition [being better than the N2 current beams], then condition S3-1 is satisfied.

[0251] ◆Condition S3-2 [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] [at least] N1 candidate beam / RS sensing beam quality is better than the sensing beam quality [of all current beam / RS plus the defined / set offset].

[0252] ◆Condition S3-3 [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] [at least] N2 current beams / RS sensing beam quality is worse than the sensing beam quality [quality with defined / set offset added] of all candidate beams / RS.

[0253] This condition may also mean the following: -◆ Each current beam is checked to see if it is worse than all the candidate beams, and the number of current beams that satisfy the condition [worse than all the candidate beams] is checked, and if N2 current beams satisfy the condition [worse than all the candidate beams], then condition S3-3 is satisfied.

[0254] ◆Condition S3-4 [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] the sensing beam quality of all candidate beams / RS is better than the sensing beam quality of all current beams / RS [with the defined / set offset added].

[0255] ◆Condition S3-5 [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] the best / worst / average sensing beam quality of all candidate beams / RS is better than the best / worst / average sensing beam quality of all current beams / RS [with defined / set offset added].

[0256] ◆N1 and N2 At least one value of N1 (≧1) and N2 (≧1) may be defined / set. —◆Variation: UE may expect / assume that N1 is equal to N2 (only one value is defined / set for N1 and N2), or it may expect / assume that N1 is greater than or less than N2 (greater than or equal to or less than or equal to).

[0257] ◆Variations Multiple conditions may be combined. Multiple combinations of conditions for event S3 may be defined / set. For example, the triggering condition may be "condition S3-2 AND condition S3-5" or "condition S3-2 OR condition S3-5". These combinations are just examples, and other combinations are not excluded.

[0258] <<Beam / RS in Event S3>> For setting up the measurement / reporting of sensing beams using Event S3, the current set of [sensing] beams / RS and the candidate set of [sensing] beams / RS may be set / determined based on at least one of the following several options 3-x.

[0259] ◆Option 3-a The current beam / RS set and the candidate beam / RS set are explicitly defined by separate sets within the sensing beam measurement / reporting settings.

[0260] ◆Option 3-b The current beam / RS set and the candidate beam / RS set are determined based on one set of RS for sensing beam management.

[0261] For example, the current multiple beams / RSs [for sensing] may include one or more RSs that are in the configured sensing beam management RS set and have the same beam as the RS / channel beam (TCI state / QCL type D RS) configured for target sensing. For example, the candidate multiple beams / RSs [for sensing] may include one or more RSs that are in the configured sensing beam management RS set and have a different beam from the RS / channel beam (TCI state / QCL type D RS) configured for target sensing.

[0262] ◆Option 3-c The current beam / RS set and the candidate beam / RS set are determined based on the sensing measurement settings for target sensing and the set of RS to be set.

[0263] For example, the current beam / RS set may include the RS / channel set for target sensing. For example, candidate beams / RS may be explicitly set by the set of RS for candidate beams in the measurement / reporting setting for the sensing beam.

[0264] <<Event S4>> This event may be defined as follows: The sensing beam quality of one or more current beams / RS is worse than one or more defined / set conditions 1 / threshold 1, and the sensing beam quality of one or more candidate beams / RS is better than one or more defined / set conditions 2 / threshold 2.

[0265] The conditions for this event may include one of the following conditions S4-x, or it may include the result of a logical operation (AND / OR) of multiple conditions.

[0266] ◆Condition S4-1 [Within a defined / set duration / time instance,] [at least] N1 current beams / RS sensing beam quality is worse than one or more defined / set conditions / threshold #1, and [Within a defined / set duration / time instance,] [at least] N2 candidate beams / RS sensing beam quality is better than one or more defined / set conditions / threshold #2.

[0267] ◆Condition S4-2 [Within a defined / set duration / time instance,] [at least] N1 current beams / RS sensing beam quality is worse than one or more defined / set conditions / threshold #1, and [within a defined / set duration / time instance,] [all candidate beams / RS sensing beam quality is better than one or more defined / set conditions / threshold #2].

[0268] ◆Condition S4-3 [Within a defined / set duration / time instance,] [at least] N1 current beams / RS sensing beam quality is worse than one or more defined / set conditions / threshold #1, and [within a defined / set duration / time instance,] the best / worst / average / filtered value of the sensing beam quality of all candidate beams / RS is better than one or more defined / set conditions / threshold #2.

[0269] ◆Condition S4-4 [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] the sensing beam quality of all current beams / RS is worse than one or more defined / set conditions / threshold #1, and [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] the sensing beam quality of at least N2 candidate beams / RS is better than one or more defined / set conditions / threshold #2.

[0270] ◆Condition S4-5 [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] the sensing beam quality of all current beams / RS is worse than one or more defined / set conditions / threshold #1, and [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] the sensing beam quality of all candidate beams / RS is better than one or more defined / set conditions / threshold #2.

[0271] ◆Condition S4-6 [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] the sensing beam quality of all current beams / RS is worse than one or more defined / set conditions / threshold #1, and [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] the best / worst / average / filtered value of the sensing beam quality of all candidate beams / RS is better than one or more defined / set conditions / threshold #2.

[0272] ◆Condition S4-7 [Within a defined / set duration / time instance,] the best / worst / average / filtered value of the sensing beam quality of all current beams / RS is worse than one or more defined / set conditions / threshold #1, and [Within a defined / set duration / time instance,] the sensing beam quality of at least N2 candidate beams / RS is better than one or more defined / set conditions / threshold #2.

[0273] ◆Condition S4-8 [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] the best / worst / average / filtered value of the sensing beam quality of all current beams / RS is worse than one or more defined / set conditions / threshold #1, AND [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] the sensing beam quality of all candidate beams / RS is better than one or more defined / set conditions / threshold #2.

[0274] ◆Condition S4-9 [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] the best / worst / average / filtered value of the sensing beam quality of all current beams / RS is worse than one or more defined / set conditions / threshold #1, AND [Within the defined / set duration / time instance,] the best / worst / average / filtered value of the sensing beam quality of all candidate beams / RS is better than one or more defined / set conditions / threshold #2.

[0275] ◆N1 and N2 At least one value of N1 (≧1) and N2 (≧1) may be defined / set.

[0276] ◆Variations Multiple conditions may be combined. Multiple combinations of conditions for event S4 may be defined / set. For example, the triggering condition may be "condition S4-4 AND condition S4-7" or "condition S4-4 OR condition S4-7". These combinations are just examples, and other combinations are not excluded.

[0277] <<Beam / RS in Event S4>> For setting up the measurement / reporting of the sensing beam using Event S4, the current set of beams / RS for sensing and the candidate set of beams / RS for sensing may be set / determined based on at least one of the several options 3-x for Event S3 described above.

[0278] <Embodiment I2> This embodiment relates to reporting of sensing beam quality when an event occurs.

[0279] If an event occurs (at least one of the aforementioned events Sx), the UE may report sensing beam quality information / measurement results to the gNB via UCI / PUSCH / RRC IE / MAC CE, to the [extended] LMF / SF / AMF via LPP / SLPP / [LPP-like] novel sensing protocols, or to the coordinating UE via a sidelink (e.g., PSSCH) [in UE-to-UE bistatic sensing].

[0280] This embodiment may be based on at least one of the following embodiments I2-x.

[0281] <<Embodiment I2-A>> When event S1 / event S1a is set and occurs, the report content may be based on at least one of the following options Ax.

[0282] <<<Option A1>>> The UE may report information regarding the determination of whether the current sensing beam quality is worse or better than the defined / set conditions / thresholds, based on at least one of the following options A1-x:

[0283] ◆Option A1-1 The UE reports a flag / indicator (e.g., 1 bit) indicating that event S1 / event S1a has occurred.

[0284] ◆Option A1-2 The UE reports whether the current sensing beam quality is worse or better than the defined / set conditions / thresholds for each beam / RS in the [Sensing] beam measurement RS set.

[0285] For example, the UE may report a bitmap having bits corresponding to the current beam / RS. The bits may indicate whether the sensing beam quality of that beam / RS is worse or better than a defined / set condition / threshold.

[0286] ◆Option A1-3 The UE reports the index of up to X current beams / RSs that have sensing beam quality worse or better than the defined / set conditions / thresholds.

[0287] ◆Option A1-4 The UE reports the index of up to X current beams / RSs that have the worst or best sensing beam quality [having sensing beam quality worse or better than the defined / set conditions / threshold].

[0288] <<<Option A2>>> The UE may report the sensing beam quality [measurement result] based on at least one of the following options A2-x:

[0289] ◆Option A2-1 UE reports the sensing beam quality [measurement results] for each beam / RS currently in use.

[0290] ◆Option A2-2 The UE reports the sensing beam quality [measurement result] for each of the [up to X] current beams / RS that have sensing beam quality worse or better than the defined / set conditions / threshold, along with the index of the corresponding beam / RS.

[0291] ◆Option A2-3 The UE reports the sensing beam quality [measurement results] for up to X current beams / RS that have the worst or best sensing beam quality [having sensing beam quality worse or better than the defined / set conditions / threshold], along with the index of the corresponding beam / RS.

[0292] The sensing beam quality [measurement result] may also be the measurement result / sensing result / sensing KPI [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value].

[0293] The worst or best sensing beam quality may be the maximum or minimum value of the measurement result / sensing result / sensing KPI.

[0294] In options A1-3 / A1-4 / A2-2 / A2-3, the value X may be defined in the specification, set / indicated by the network, or reported by the UE as UE capability.

[0295] <<Embodiment I2-B>> When event S2 is set and occurs, the report content may be based on at least one of the following options Bx.

[0296] <<<Option B1>>> The UE may report information regarding the determination of candidate sensing beam quality that is better than the defined / set conditions / thresholds, based on at least one of the following options B1-x.

[0297] ◆Option B1-1 The UE reports a flag / indicator (e.g., 1 bit) indicating that event S2 has occurred.

[0298] ◆Option B1-2: The UE reports whether the candidate sensing beam quality is better than the defined / set conditions / thresholds for each beam / RS in the [Sensing] beam measurement RS set.

[0299] For example, the UE may report a bitmap having bits corresponding to each candidate beam / RS. The bits may indicate whether the sensing beam quality of that beam / RS is better than a defined / set condition / threshold.

[0300] ◆Option B1-3 The UE reports the index of up to X candidate beams / RSs that have a sensing beam quality better than the defined / set conditions / thresholds.

[0301] ◆Option B1-4 The UE reports the index of up to X candidate beams / RS that have the worst or best sensing beam quality [having better sensing beam quality than defined / set conditions / thresholds].

[0302] <<<Option B2>>> The UE may report the sensing beam quality [measurement result] based on at least one of the following options B2-x:

[0303] ◆Option B2-1 UE reports the sensing beam quality [measurement results] for each candidate beam / RS.

[0304] ◆Option B2-2 The UE reports the sensing beam quality [measurement result] for each candidate beam / RS [up to X] that has a sensing beam quality better than the defined / set conditions / threshold, along with the index of the corresponding beam / RS.

[0305] ◆Option B2-3 UE reports the sensing beam quality [measurement results] for up to X candidate beams / RS that have the best sensing beam quality [having better sensing beam quality than defined / set conditions / thresholds], along with the index of the corresponding beam / RS.

[0306] The sensing beam quality [measurement result] may also be the measurement result / sensing result / sensing KPI [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value].

[0307] The best sensing beam quality may be the maximum or minimum value of the measurement result / sensing result / sensing KPI.

[0308] In options B1-3 / B1-4 / B2-2 / B2-3, the value X may be defined in the specification, set / indicated by the NW, or reported by the UE as UE capability.

[0309] <<Embodiment I2-C>> When event S3 is set and occurs, the report content may be based on at least one of the following options Cx.

[0310] <<<Option C1>>> The UE may report information regarding the determination of the current sensing beam quality being worse than the candidate sensing beam quality, based on at least one of the following options C1-x.

[0311] ◆Option C1-1 The UE reports a flag / indicator (e.g., 1 bit) indicating that event S3 has occurred.

[0312] ◆Option C1-2 The UE reports whether the sensing beam quality for each beam / RS of the current sensing is worse than the candidate sensing beam quality.

[0313] For example, the UE may report a bitmap having bits corresponding to the current beam / RS. The bits may indicate whether the sensing beam quality of the current beam / RS is worse than that of the candidate sensing beam quality.

[0314] ◆Option C1-3 The UE reports whether the sensing beam quality is better than the current sensing beam quality for each candidate beam / RS.

[0315] For example, the UE may report a bitmap having bits corresponding to each candidate beam / RS. The bits may indicate whether the sensing beam quality of the candidate beam / RS is better than the current sensing beam quality.

[0316] ◆Option C1-4 The UE reports an index of up to X2 candidate beams / RS that have a sensing beam quality better than all or at least N2 of the current beams / RS.

[0317] Each candidate beam is checked to see if it is better than all or N2 of the current beams, and candidate beams that satisfy the condition [being better than all or N2 of the current beams] may be reported. When reporting the beam / RS index of up to X2 candidates, if more than X2 candidate beams satisfy the condition [being better than all or N2 of the current beams], the UE may select X2 candidate beams for reporting.

[0318] ◆Option C1-5 The UE reports an index of up to X2 candidate beams / RS that have the best sensing beam quality, having better sensing beam quality than all or at least N2 current beams / RS.

[0319] ◆Option C1-6 The UE reports an index of up to X1 current beams / RS that have a sensing beam quality worse than the sensing beam quality of all or at least N1 candidate beams / RS.

[0320] ◆Option C1-7 The UE reports the index of the current beam / RS [up to X1] and, for each current beam / RS, the index of the corresponding candidate beam / RS that has a better sensing beam quality than the sensing beam quality of the current beam / RS.

[0321] ◆N1 and N2 At least one value of N1 (≧1) and N2 (≧1) may be defined / set. —◆Variation: UE may expect / assume that N1 is equal to N2 (only one value is defined / set for N1 and N2), or it may expect / assume that N1 is greater than or less than N2 (greater than or equal to or less than or equal to).

[0322] <<<Option C2>>> The UE may report the sensing beam quality [measurement result] based on at least one of the following options C2-x:

[0323] ◆Option C2-1 UE reports the sensing beam quality [measurement results] for the current beam / RS and the sensing beam quality [measurement results] for the candidate beam / RS.

[0324] ◆Option C2-2 UE reports the sensing beam quality [measurement result] for the current beam / RS, the sensing beam quality [measurement result] for the candidate beam / RS, and the beam / RS index corresponding to the candidate beam / RS that has a better sensing beam quality than the sensing beam quality of the current beam / RS [quality with defined / set offset added].

[0325] ◆Option C2-3 UE reports the sensing beam quality [measured result] for up to X1 existing beams / RS that have a sensing beam quality worse than the candidate beam / RS's sensing beam quality [quality with defined / set offset], along with the corresponding beam / RS index.

[0326] ◆Option C2-4 The UE reports the sensing beam quality [measurement result] for up to X1 current beams / RS that have the worst or best sensing beam quality [with the defined / set offset] [which has a sensing beam quality worse than the candidate beam / RS sensing beam quality], and the corresponding beam / RS index.

[0327] ◆Option C2-5 UE reports the sensing beam quality [measurement results] for up to X2 candidate beams / RS that have better sensing beam quality than the current beam / RS's sensing beam quality [quality with defined / set offsets], along with the corresponding beam / RS index.

[0328] ◆Option C2-6 UE reports the sensing beam quality [measurement result] for up to X1 candidate beams / RS that have the best sensing beam quality [with the defined / set offset added], and the corresponding beam / RS index.

[0329] The sensing beam quality [measurement result] may also be the measurement result / sensing result / sensing KPI [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value].

[0330] The worst or best sensing beam quality may be the maximum or minimum value of the measurement result / sensing result / sensing KPI.

[0331] In options C1-4 / C1-5 / C1-6 / C1-7 / C2-3 / C2-4 / C2-5 / C2-6, the values ​​X1 / X2 may be defined in the specification, set / indicated by the NW, or reported by the UE as UE capability.

[0332] <<Embodiment I2-D>> When event S4 is set and occurs, the report content may be based on at least one of the following options Dx.

[0333] <<<Option D1>>> The UE may report information on determining whether the current sensing beam quality is worse than defined / set condition / threshold #1 and candidate sensing beam quality is better than defined / set condition / threshold #2, based on at least one of the following options D1-x.

[0334] ◆Option D1-1 The UE reports a flag / indicator (e.g., 1 bit) indicating that event S4 has occurred.

[0335] ◆Option D1-2 The UE reports whether the sensing beam quality for each current beam / RS is worse than the defined / set condition / threshold #1, and whether the sensing beam quality for each candidate beam / RS is better than the defined / set condition / threshold #2.

[0336] For example, the UE may report a first bitmap having bits corresponding to the current beam / RS and a second bitmap having bits corresponding to the candidate beam / RS. The bits in the first bitmap may indicate whether the sensing beam quality of the current beam / RS is worse than defined / set condition / threshold #1. The bits in the second bitmap may indicate whether the sensing beam quality of the candidate beam / RS is better than defined / set condition / threshold #2.

[0337] ◆Option D1-3 The UE reports the indices of up to X1 current beams / RS that have sensing beam quality worse than defined / set condition / threshold #1, and the indices of up to X2 candidate beams / RS that have sensing beam quality better than defined / set condition / threshold #2.

[0338] <<<Option D2>>> The UE may report the sensing beam quality [measurement result] based on at least one of the following options D2-x.

[0339] ◆Option D2-1 UE reports the sensing beam quality [measurement results] for each beam / RS of the current [sensing] and each beam / RS of the candidate [sensing].

[0340] ◆Option D2-2 The UE reports the sensing beam quality [measurement results] for up to X1 current [sensing] beams / RS that have sensing beam quality worse than defined / set condition / threshold #1, and the sensing beam quality [measurement results] for up to X2 candidate [sensing] beams / RS that have sensing beam quality better than defined / set condition / threshold #2.

[0341] ◆Option D2-3 The UE reports the sensing beam quality [measurement results] for up to X1 current [sensing] beams / RS that have the best or worst sensing beam quality [having sensing beam quality worse than defined / set condition / threshold #1], and the sensing beam quality [measurement results] for up to X2 candidate [sensing] beams / RS that have the best sensing beam quality [having sensing beam quality better than defined / set condition / threshold #2].

[0342] The sensing beam quality [measurement result] may also be the measurement result / sensing result / sensing KPI [mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value].

[0343] The worst or best sensing beam quality may be the maximum or minimum value of the measurement result / sensing result / sensing KPI.

[0344] In options D1-3 / D2-2 / D2-3, the values ​​X1 / X2 may be defined in the specification, set / indicated by the network, or reported by the UE as UE capability.

[0345] <Supplement> <<Notification of Information to UE>> In the embodiments described above, notification of any information from the Network (NW) (e.g., Base Station (BS)) to the UE (in other words, reception of any information from the BS at the UE) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE, RRC messages, LTE positioning protocol (LPP) messages), specific signals / channels (e.g., DCI, PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signals), or a combination thereof.

[0346] When the above notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by the inclusion of a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) not defined in existing standards in the MAC subheader. The MAC CE may be an extension of an existing MAC CE. For example, the MAC CE may introduce a new octet into an existing MAC CE.

[0347] If the above notification is made by DCI, the notification may be made by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used to scramble the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, or the format of the DCI. The specific field may be an existing DCI field or a new DCI field. The RNTI may be an existing RNTI or a new RNTI. The format of the DCI may be an existing DCI format or a new DCI format.

[0348] Furthermore, notification of any information to the UE in the above-described embodiment may be periodic, semi-persistent (triggered by the UE or gNB), or aperiodic (triggered by the UE or gNB).

[0349] In the embodiments described above, the UE may receive information from the NW of at least one of the following QCL rules: ◆ QCL Type A ◆ QCL Type B ◆ QCL Type C ◆ QCL Type D

[0350] In the embodiments described above, the QCL source RS for each QCL type may be at least one of the following RSs: ◆SSB ◆CSI-RS with / without repetition ◆TRS ◆DMRS for PDCCH / PDSCH

[0351] In the embodiments described above, information from the network may be set / instructed by the following methods: ◆ Common to multiple UEs, or individual to a UE ◆ Cell-specific, or common to multiple cells ◆ Per UE / Per CC / Per BWP / Per band / Per cell / Per cell group (CG)

[0352] <<Notification of Information from UE>> Notification of any information from the UE to the NW in the embodiments described above (in other words, transmission / reporting of any information from the UE to the BS) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE, RRC messages, LPP messages), specific signals / channels (e.g., UCI, PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, reference signals), or a combination thereof.

[0353] When the above notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by the inclusion of a new LCID not specified in existing standards in the MAC subheader. The MAC CE may be an extension of an existing MAC CE. For example, the MAC CE may introduce a new octet into an existing MAC CE.

[0354] If the above notice is made by the UCI, the notice may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0355] Furthermore, the notification of any information from the UE in the above-described embodiments may be periodic, semi-persistent (triggered by the UE or gNB), or aperiodic (triggered by the UE or gNB).

[0356] <<Regarding the application of each embodiment>> In a UE / BS, specific (one or more) processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information for at least one of the embodiments described above may be applied (or used) if any or more of the following conditions are met: ◆ A higher-layer parameter indicating the above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is set; ◆ The above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is determined based on the relevant higher-layer parameter; ◆ The above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is designated / activated / triggered by MAC CE / DCI / UCI / resource / channel / RS; ◆ A specific UE capability / specific BS capability indicating (or related to) the above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is reported or supported; ◆ The application of the above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is determined based on specific conditions.

[0357] The above-mentioned specific UE capabilities may represent at least one of the following: ◆ Supporting the above-mentioned specific processing / operation / control / assumption / information; ◆ Capabilities of each embodiment; ◆ Capabilities of each option in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple options in each embodiment; ◆ Capabilities of each choice in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple choices in each embodiment; ◆ The UE supports the measurement and reporting of sensing beams; ◆ The UE supports sensing beam quality reporting based on event S1 for the sensing beam quality of the current beam / RS in the RS set to be worse than a threshold; ◆ The UE supports sensing beam quality reporting based on event S1a for the sensing beam quality of the current beam / RS in the RS set to be better than a threshold; ◆ The UE supports sensing beam quality reporting based on event S2 for the sensing beam quality of a candidate beam / RS to be better than a threshold; ◆ The UE supports sensing beam quality reporting based on event S3 for the sensing beam quality of a candidate beam / RS to be better than the sensing beam quality of the current beam / RS. ◆The UE will support sensing beam quality reporting based on event S4 when the sensing beam quality of the current beam / RS is worse than the threshold, and the sensing beam quality of the candidate beam / RS is better than the threshold.

[0358] The above-mentioned specific BS capabilities may represent at least one of the following: ◆ Supporting the above-mentioned specific processing / operation / control / assumption / information; ◆ Capabilities of each embodiment; ◆ Capabilities of each option in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple options in each embodiment; ◆ Capabilities of each choice in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple choices in each embodiment.

[0359] Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capability or the above-mentioned specific BS capability may be a capability that applies across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), a capability per frequency (e.g., one or a combination thereof, such as cell, band, band combination, BWP, component carrier, etc.), a capability per frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), a capability per subcarrier spacing (SCS), or a capability per feature set (FS) or feature set per component-carrier (FSPC).

[0360] Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capability or the above-mentioned specific BS capability may be a capability that applies across all duplexing schemes (common to all duplexing schemes regardless of the duplexing scheme), or it may be a capability specific to each duplexing scheme (for example, Time Division Duplex (TDD), Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

[0361] If the above conditions are not met, UE / BS may follow the behavior specified in existing 3GPP releases.

[0362] Information regarding whether one or more of the above embodiments / options / choices / examples apply / are used, or which of the above embodiments / options / choices / examples apply / are used, may be based on several of the following methods: ◆ The information is set by one or more higher-layer parameters / RRC IE / messages. ◆ The information is determined by one or more relevant higher-layer parameters / RRC IE / messages. ◆ The information is indicated by MAC CE / DCI. ◆ The information is based on one or more UE capabilities. ◆ The information is described / defined in the specification. ◆ The information is based on conditions described / defined in the specification. ◆ The information is determined by a combination of several of the above information. For example, the information is determined by the setting / indication of higher-layer parameters / MAC CE / DCI and reported by UE capabilities.

[0363] The above multiple embodiments / options / choices may be combined into a single embodiment / option / choice.

[0364] In the embodiments described above, the measured RS may be a QCL source RS in an active TCI state / indicated / unified TCI state.

[0365] (Notes) The following inventions are noted with respect to some embodiments of the present disclosure: [Note 1] A terminal having a receiving unit that receives one or more beams for sensing, and a control unit that controls the transmission of a quality-based report in response to an event based on the quality of the one or more beams. [Note 2] The terminal according to Note 1, wherein the one or more beams include at least one of one or more current beams used for sensing and one or more candidate beams not used for sensing. [Note 3] The terminal according to Note 1 or Note 2, wherein the event is based on a comparison of the quality of one or more current beams used for sensing and the quality of one or more candidate beams not used for sensing. [Note 4] The terminal according to any one of Notes 1 to 3, wherein the report includes at least one of the occurrence of the event, whether the quality of each of the one or more beams satisfies a condition, and the index of a reference signal of one or more beams that satisfies the condition.

[0366] (Wireless Communication System) The configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment of this disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of this disclosure, or a combination thereof.

[0367] Figure 7 shows an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (which may also be simply called system 1) may be a system that realizes communication using Long Term Evolution (LTE), 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR), etc., as specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0368] Furthermore, the wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC may include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), and the like.

[0369] In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the Master Node (MN), and the NR base station (gNB) is the Secondary Node (SN). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

[0370] The wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (for example, dual connectivity where both MN and SN are NR base stations (gNB) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

[0371] The wireless communication system 1 may include a base station 11 that forms a macrocell C1 with relatively wide coverage, and base stations 12 (12a-12c) located within the macrocell C1 that form a small cell C2 that is narrower than the macrocell C1. User terminals 20 may be located within at least one cell. The arrangement, number, shape, size, etc., of each cell and user terminal 20 are not limited to the configuration shown in the figure. Hereinafter, when base stations 11 and 12 are not distinguished, they will be collectively referred to as base station 10.

[0372] The wireless communication system 1 may utilize Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO). For example, one cell may be formed by one antenna / base station 10, or by multiple antennas / base stations 10. One [virtual] cell (which may be called a supercell, for example) may be composed of multiple [virtual] cells (which may be called subcells, for example). A supercell may correspond to a cell with a fixed physical range, and a subcell may correspond to a cell whose physical range fluctuates quasi-statically / dynamically. In this case, the wireless communication system 1 may be called a cell-free system.

[0373] The user terminal 20 may be connected to at least one of the multiple base stations 10. The user terminal 20 may utilize at least one of Carrier Aggregation (CA) using multiple Component Carriers (CC) and Dual Connectivity (DC).

[0374] Each CC may be included in at least one of the first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and the second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). A macrocell C1 may be included in FR1, and a small cell C2 may be included in FR2. For example, FR1 may be a frequency band of 6 GHz or less (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 may be a frequency band above 24 GHz. Note that the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these, and for example, FR1 may be in a frequency band higher than FR2.

[0375] Furthermore, the user terminal 20 may communicate in each CC using at least one of Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD).

[0376] Multiple base stations 10 may be connected by wire (e.g., optical fiber compliant with Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), X2 / Xn interface, etc.) or wireless (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication is used as a backhaul between base stations 11 and 12, base station 11, which is the upstream station, may be called an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and base station 12, which is the relay station, may be called an IAB node.

[0377] Base station 10 may be connected to the core network 30 via other base stations 10 or directly. The core network 30 may include at least one of the following: Evolved Packet Core (EPC), 5G Core Network (5GCN), Next Generation Core (NGC), etc.

[0378] The core network 30 may include network functions (NF) such as User Plane Function (UPF), Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), Session Management Function (SMF), Unified Data Management (UDM), Application Function (AF), Data Network (DN), Location Management Function (LMF), and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM). Multiple functions may be provided by a single network node. Furthermore, communication with an external network (e.g., the Internet) may occur via the DN.

[0379] The user terminal 20 may be a terminal that supports at least one of the following communication methods: LTE, LTE-A, 5G, etc.

[0380] In the wireless communication system 1, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based wireless access scheme may be used. For example, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-OFDM), etc., may be used in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL).

[0381] The wireless access method may also be called a waveform. In wireless communication system 1, other wireless access methods (for example, other single-carrier transmission methods, other multi-carrier transmission methods) may be used for the UL and DL wireless access methods.

[0382] In the wireless communication system 1, a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), a Broadcast Channel (PBCH), or a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) may be used as the downlink channel, which is shared by each user terminal 20.

[0383] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, the uplink channel may include a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), or the like, all of which are shared by each user terminal 20.

[0384] User data, higher-layer control information, and System Information Blocks (SIBs) are transmitted via PDSCH. User data and higher-layer control information may also be transmitted via PUSCH. Furthermore, Master Information Blocks (MIBs) may be transmitted via PBCH.

[0385] Lower-layer control information may be transmitted by PDCCH. The lower-layer control information may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) which includes scheduling information for at least one of PDSCH and PUSCH.

[0386] Furthermore, the DCI that schedules PDSCH may be called DL assignment, DL DCI, etc., and the DCI that schedules PUSCH may be called UL grant, UL DCI, etc. Furthermore, PDSCH may be read as DL data, and PUSCH may be read as UL data.

[0387] PDCCH detection may utilize a Control Resource Set (CORESET) and a search space. A CORESET corresponds to the resources used to search for DCIs. A search space corresponds to the search area and search method for PDCCH candidates. A single CORESET may be associated with one or more search spaces. A UE may monitor CORESETs associated with a given search space based on the search space configuration.

[0388] A single search space may correspond to one or more PDCCH candidates corresponding to aggregation levels. One or more search spaces may be referred to as a search space set. In this disclosure, "search space," "search space set," "search space configuration," "search space set configuration," "CORESET," and "CORESET configuration" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0389] PUCCH may transmit uplink control information (UCI) including at least one of channel state information (CSI), delivery acknowledgment information (for example, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACKnowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and scheduling request (SR). PRACH may transmit a random access preamble for establishing a connection with the cell.

[0390] In this disclosure, downlinks, uplinks, etc., may be expressed without the prefix "link." Also, the prefix "physical" may be omitted from the names of various channels.

[0391] In the wireless communication system 1, a synchronization signal (SS), a downlink reference signal (DL-RS), etc., may be transmitted. In the wireless communication system 1, the DL-RS may include a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), etc.

[0392] The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). A signal block including SS (PSS, SSS) and PBCH (and DMRS for PBCH) may be called an SS / PBCH block, SS Block (SSB), etc. Note that SS, SSB, etc. may also be called reference signals.

[0393] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, the uplink reference signal (UL-RS) may include a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), etc. The DMRS may also be called a user-specific reference signal (UE-specific Reference Signal).

[0394] (Base Station) Figure 8 shows an example of the configuration of a base station according to one embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transmitting / receiving unit 120, a transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and a transmission line interface 140. Note that one or more of the control unit 110, the transmitting / receiving unit 120, the transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and the transmission line interface 140 may be provided.

[0395] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of this embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the base station 10 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each part described below may be omitted.

[0396] The control unit 110 controls the entire base station 10. The control unit 110 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the technical field related to this disclosure.

[0397] The control unit 110 may control signal generation, scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping), etc. The control unit 110 may also control transmission and reception, measurement, etc., using the transmitting / receiving unit 120, transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and transmission path interface 140. The control unit 110 may generate data to be transmitted as signals, control information, sequences, etc., and transfer them to the transmitting / receiving unit 120. The control unit 110 may also perform call processing of communication channels (setting, releasing, etc.), status management of the base station 10, management of wireless resources, etc.

[0398] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may include a transmission processing unit 1211 and a reception processing unit 1212. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 can be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuit, baseband circuit, filter, phase shifter, measurement circuit, transmitting / receiving circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure.

[0399] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or it may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may consist of a transmitting processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit may consist of a receiving processing unit 1212, an RF unit 122 and a measuring unit 123.

[0400] The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be composed of an antenna described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure, such as an array antenna.

[0401] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may transmit the downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may also receive the uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0402] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0403] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform processing on data and control information acquired from the control unit 110, for example, at the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer (e.g., RLC retransmission control), and the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), to generate a bit sequence to be transmitted.

[0404] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform transmission processing on the bit sequence to be transmitted, such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, discrete Fourier transform (DFT) processing (if necessary), inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion, and output a baseband signal.

[0405] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., of the baseband signal to the radio frequency band and transmit the signal in the radio frequency band via the transmitting / receiving antenna 130.

[0406] On the other hand, the transmitting / receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc., on the radio frequency band signal received by the transmitting / receiving antenna 130.

[0407] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (receiving processing unit 1212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal to acquire user data, etc.

[0408] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (measurement unit 123) may perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 may perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, etc., based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 may also measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), reception quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 110.

[0409] The transmission path interface 140 may send and receive signals (backhaul signaling) with devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes that provide NF), other base stations 10, etc., and may acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

[0410] In this disclosure, the transmitting and receiving units of the base station 10 may consist of at least one of a transmitting / receiving unit 120, a transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and a transmission path interface 140.

[0411] The base station 10 may be separated into three elements: a Radio Unit (RU), a Distributed Unit (DU), and a Central Unit (CU). For example, the RU may implement RF processing (digital beamforming, digital-to-analog conversion, analog beamforming, etc.) and lower-level physical layer functions (precoding, IFFT, FFT, etc.). The DU may implement higher-level physical layer functions (coding to resource element mapping, etc.), MAC layer functions, and RLC layer functions. The CU may implement PDCP layer, Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, and RRC layer functions.

[0412] In this disclosure, base station 10 may include a single device that implements all the functions of RU, DU, and CU, or it may include multiple devices that each implement some of the functions of RU, DU, and CU and are connected to each other. In this disclosure, base station 10 may be interpreted as RU / DU / CU.

[0413] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may transmit one or more beams for sensing. The control unit 110 may control the reception of quality-based reports in response to events based on the quality of the one or more beams.

[0414] (User Terminal) Figure 9 shows an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transmitting / receiving unit 220, and a transmitting / receiving antenna 230. Note that one or more of the control unit 210, the transmitting / receiving unit 220, and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230 may be provided.

[0415] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of this embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the user terminal 20 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each part described below may be omitted.

[0416] The control unit 210 controls the entire user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the technical field related to this disclosure.

[0417] The control unit 210 may control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 may also control transmission and reception, measurement, etc., using the transmitting / receiving unit 220 and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230. The control unit 210 may generate data to be transmitted as signals, control information, sequences, etc., and transfer them to the transmitting / receiving unit 220.

[0418] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may include a transmission processing unit 2211 and a reception processing unit 2212. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 can be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuit, baseband circuit, filter, phase shifter, measurement circuit, transmitting / receiving circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure.

[0419] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or it may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may consist of a transmitting processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit may consist of a receiving processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222 and a measuring unit 223.

[0420] The transmitting and receiving antenna 230 can be composed of an antenna described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure, such as an array antenna.

[0421] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may receive the downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may also transmit the uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0422] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0423] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc., on data and control information acquired from the control unit 210 to generate a bit sequence to be transmitted.

[0424] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform transmission processing on the bit sequence to be transmitted, such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, DFT processing (if necessary), IFFT processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion, and output a baseband signal.

[0425] Whether or not to apply DFT processing may be based on the transform precoding settings. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform DFT processing as part of the transmission process to transmit a channel (for example, PUSCH) using a DFT-s-OFDM waveform if transform precoding is enabled for that channel, or it may not perform DFT processing as part of the transmission process if transform precoding is not enabled for that channel.

[0426] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., of the baseband signal to the radio frequency band and transmit the signal in the radio frequency band via the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0427] On the other hand, the transmitting / receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc., on the radio frequency band signal received by the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0428] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (receiving processing unit 2212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal to acquire user data, etc.

[0429] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (measuring unit 223) may perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measuring unit 223 may perform RRM measurement, CSI measurement, etc., based on the received signal. The measuring unit 223 may also measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 210.

[0430] The measurement unit 223 may derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on channel measurement resources. Channel measurement resources may be, for example, Non Zero Power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The measurement unit 223 may also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on interference measurement resources. Interference measurement resources may be at least one of the following: NZP CSI-RS resources for interference measurement, CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resources, etc. CSI-IM may also be called CSI-Interference Management (IM), and may be interpreted interchangeably with Zero Power (ZP) CSI-RS. In this disclosure, CSI-RS, NZP CSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0431] In this disclosure, the transmitting unit and receiving unit of the user terminal 20 may be composed of at least one of a transmitting / receiving unit 220 and a transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0432] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may receive one or more beams for sensing. The control unit 210 may control the transmission of quality-based reports in response to events based on the quality of the one or more beams.

[0433] The one or more beams may include at least one of the one or more current beams used for sensing and one or more candidate beams not used for sensing.

[0434] The aforementioned event may be based on a comparison between the quality of one or more current beams used for sensing and the quality of one or more candidate beams not used for sensing.

[0435] The report may include at least one of the occurrence of the event, whether the quality of each of the one or more beams satisfies the conditions, and the index of the reference signal of the one or more beams that satisfy the conditions.

[0436] (Hardware Configuration) The block diagram used in the description of the above embodiment shows functional units. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Furthermore, the method of realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using one device that is physically or logically coupled, or it may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wired or wireless connections). A functional block may also be realized by combining the above one device or the above multiple devices with software.

[0437] Here, functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, decision, determination, calculation, calculation, processing, derivation, investigation, exploration, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, selection, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, consideration, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating (mapping), and assigning. For example, a functional block (configuration part) that enables transmission may be called a transmitting unit or transmitter. In all cases, as mentioned above, the method of implementation is not particularly limited.

[0438] For example, a base station, user terminal, etc. in one embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that processes the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Figure 10 is a diagram showing an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and user terminal according to one embodiment. The base station 10 and user terminal 20 described above may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, memory 1002, storage 1003, communication device 1004, input device 1005, output device 1006, bus 1007, etc.

[0439] In this disclosure, terms such as apparatus, circuit, device, section, and unit are interchangeable. The hardware configuration of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may include one or more of the devices shown in the figure, or it may be configured without some of the devices.

[0440] For example, although only one processor 1001 is shown in the diagram, there may be multiple processors. Furthermore, the processing may be performed by one processor, or it may be performed by two or more processors simultaneously, sequentially, or by other means. Note that the processor 1001 may be implemented using one or more chips.

[0441] Each function in the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 is realized, for example, by loading predetermined software (programs) onto hardware such as the processor 1001 and memory 1002, which allows the processor 1001 to perform calculations and control communication via the communication device 1004, or control at least one of reading and writing data in the memory 1002 and storage 1003.

[0442] The processor 1001 controls the entire computer, for example, by running an operating system. The processor 1001 may be composed of a central processing unit (CPU) that includes interfaces with peripheral devices, control devices, arithmetic units, registers, etc. For example, at least a part of the control unit 110 (210) and the transmitting / receiving unit 120 (220) described above may be implemented by the processor 1001.

[0443] Furthermore, the processor 1001 reads programs (program code), software modules, data, etc., from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002 and executes various processes accordingly. The program used is one that causes the computer to execute at least a part of the operations described in the above embodiment. For example, the control unit 110 (210) may be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and running on the processor 1001, and other functional blocks may be implemented similarly.

[0444] The memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may consist of at least one of the following: Read Only Memory (ROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically EPROM (EEPROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), or other suitable storage medium. The memory 1002 may also be called a register, cache, or main memory. The memory 1002 can store executable programs (program code), software modules, etc., for carrying out a wireless communication method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0445] Storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium, and may be constituted by, for example, at least one of a flexible disk, a floppy (registered trademark) disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a compact disk (Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM), etc.), a digital versatile disk, a Blu-ray (registered trademark) disk), a removable disk, a hard disk drive, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, a stick, a key drive), a magnetic stripe, a database, a server, and other appropriate storage media. Storage 1003 may be referred to as an auxiliary storage device.

[0446] Communication device 1004 is hardware (a transmission / reception device) for performing communication between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as, for example, a network device, a network controller, a network card, a communication module, etc. Communication device 1004 may be configured to include, for example, a high-frequency switch, a duplexer, a filter, a frequency synthesizer, etc. in order to implement at least one of frequency division duplex (Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)) and time division duplex (Time Division Duplex (TDD)). For example, the above-described transmission / reception unit 120 (220), transmission / reception antenna 130 (230), etc. may be implemented by communication device 1004. The transmission / reception unit 120 (220) may be physically or logically separated and implemented by a transmission unit 120a (220a) and a reception unit 120b (220b).

[0447] Input device 1005 is an input device (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a switch, a button, a sensor, etc.) for receiving an external input. Output device 1006 is an output device (e.g., a display, a speaker, a Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamp, etc.) for performing an output to the outside. Note that input device 1005 and output device 1006 may have an integrated configuration (e.g., a touch panel).

[0448] Further, each device such as the processor 1001 and the memory 1002 is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus or may be configured using different buses for each device.

[0449] Further, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), or a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of the functional blocks may be realized using the hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these hardware components.

[0450] Note that the devices included in the core network 30 (for example, the network nodes that provide NFs) may also be realized by the above-described functional block / hardware configuration.

[0451] (Modification) Note that terms described in the present disclosure and terms necessary for understanding the present disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, channel, symbol, and signal (signal or signaling) may be read interchangeably with each other. Also, a signal may be a message. A reference signal may also be abbreviated as RS and may be called a pilot, a pilot signal, etc. depending on the applicable standard. Also, a component carrier (CC) may be called a cell, a frequency carrier, a carrier frequency, etc.

[0452] A wireless frame may consist of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of these periods (frames) constituting a wireless frame may be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe may consist of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

[0453] Here, the neurology may be communication parameters applied to at least one of the transmission and reception of a signal or channel. The neurology may be, for example, at least one of the following: subcarrier spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, transmission time interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame configuration, specific filtering processes performed by the transceiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing processes performed by the transceiver in the time domain.

[0454] A slot may consist of one or more symbols in the time domain (such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols or Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbols). Alternatively, a slot may be a time unit based on neurology.

[0455] A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or more symbols in the time domain. Minislots may also be called subslots. Minislots may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called a PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using minislots may be called a PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0456] Wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols all represent units of time when transmitting a signal. Wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols may each be referred to by different names. Furthermore, the units of time such as frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols in this disclosure may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0457] For example, one subframe may be called a TTI, multiple consecutive subframes may be called a TTI, and one slot or one mini-slot may be called a TTI. In other words, at least one of a subframe and a TTI may be a subframe in existing LTE (1 ms), a period shorter than 1 ms (e.g., 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing a TTI may be called a slot, mini-slot, etc., instead of a subframe.

[0458] Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, the base station schedules each user terminal to allocate wireless resources (such as the frequency bandwidth and transmission power available to each user terminal) in TTI units. However, the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0459] TTI may be a transmission time unit for channel-encoded data packets (transport blocks), code blocks, code words, etc., or it may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the actual time interval (e.g., number of symbols) in which the transport block, code block, code word, etc. are mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

[0460] Furthermore, if one slot or one mini-slot is referred to as a TTI, then one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more mini-slots) may constitute the minimum time unit for scheduling. In addition, the number of slots (number of mini-slots) that constitute this minimum time unit for scheduling may be controlled.

[0461] A TTI with a time length of 1 ms may be called a normal TTI, long TTI, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a normal TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, mini slot, sub slot, slot, etc.

[0462] Furthermore, long TTIs (e.g., normal TTIs, subframes, etc.) may be interpreted as TTIs with a time length exceeding 1 ms, and short TTIs (e.g., shortened TTIs, etc.) may be interpreted as TTIs with a TTI length less than that of a long TTI but 1 ms or more.

[0463] A Resource Block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and frequency domain, and in the frequency domain, it may contain one or more consecutive subcarriers. The number of subcarriers in an RB may be the same regardless of the neurology, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers in an RB may be determined based on the neurology.

[0464] Furthermore, an RB may contain one or more symbols in the time domain and may have the length of one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI. Each TTI, subframe, etc., may consist of one or more resource blocks.

[0465] One or more RBs may also be called Physical RBs (PRBs), Sub-Carrier Groups (SCGs), Resource Element Groups (REGs), PRB pairs, RB pairs, etc.

[0466] Furthermore, a resource block may consist of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource area comprising one subcarrier and one symbol.

[0467] A Bandwidth Part (BWP), also known as a partial bandwidth, may represent a subset of consecutive common resource blocks (RBs) for a given neurology in a given carrier. These common RBs may be identified by an index of the RBs relative to a common reference point of the carrier. The PRBs may be defined and numbered within a given BWP.

[0468] A BWP may include UL BWP (BWP for UL) and DL BWP (BWP for DL). One or more BWPs may be configured within a single carrier for a UE.

[0469] At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE does not need to assume that it will transmit or receive a predetermined signal / channel outside of the active BWP. In this disclosure, terms such as "cell" and "carrier" may be read as "BWP".

[0470] The structures of wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols described above are merely examples. For example, the number of subframes included in a wireless frame, the number of slots per subframe or wireless frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, and the number of symbols, symbol length, and cyclic prefix (CP) length within the TTI can be varied in various ways.

[0471] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc., described in this disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, relative values ​​from a predetermined value, or corresponding other information. For example, wireless resources may be indicated by a predetermined index.

[0472] The names used for parameters and other elements in this disclosure are not restrictive in any way. Furthermore, mathematical formulas and other elements using these parameters may differ from those expressly disclosed in this disclosure. Various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements can be identified by any suitable name, and therefore, the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not restrictive in any way.

[0473] The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of the various different techniques. For example, the data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0474] Furthermore, information, signals, etc., can be output from upper layers to lower layers and from lower layers to upper layers, or to at least one of the two. Information, signals, etc., may also be input and output via multiple network nodes.

[0475] Input and output information and signals may be stored in a specific location (e.g., memory) or managed using a management table. Input and output information and signals may be overwritten, updated, or appended to. Output information and signals may be deleted. Input information and signals may be transmitted to other devices.

[0476] Any information described in this disclosure (e.g., variables, constants, parameters) may be communicated from any first device (e.g., UE / base station) to any second device (e.g., base station / UE) that indicates / specifies (or relates to) the value of such any information, even if not specifically stated in the embodiments described above.

[0477] Information notification is not limited to the embodiments described herein and may be carried out by other means. For example, information notification in this disclosure may be carried out by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB)), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or a combination thereof.

[0478] Note that physical layer signaling may also be referred to as Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signal), L1 control information (L1 control signal), etc. Also, RRC signaling may also be referred to as an RRC message, for example, an RRC connection setup (RRC Connection Setup) message, an RRC connection reconfiguration (RRC Connection Reconfiguration) message, etc. Further, MAC signaling may be notified, for example, using a MAC control element (MAC Control Element (CE)).

[0479] Also, the notification of predetermined information (for example, the notification of "being X") is not limited to an explicit notification and may be performed implicitly (for example, by not performing the notification of the predetermined information or by the notification of another piece of information).

[0480] The determination may be made based on a value represented by 1 bit (0 or 1), a boolean value (true or false) represented by true or false, or a numerical comparison (for example, comparison with a predetermined value).

[0481] Software should be broadly interpreted to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, execution threads, procedures, functions, etc., regardless of whether it is called software, firmware, middleware, microcode, a hardware description language, or another name.

[0482] Furthermore, software, instructions, information, etc., may be transmitted and received via a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using at least one of wired technology (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)) and wireless technology (such as infrared or microwave), then at least one of these wired and wireless technologies is included in the definition of a transmission medium.

[0483] The terms “system” and “network” as used in this disclosure may be used interchangeably. “Network” may also mean the equipment included in the network (e.g., base stations).

[0484] In this disclosure, terms such as “precoding,” “precoder,” “weight (precoding weight),” “quasi-co-location (QCL),” “transmission configuration indication state (TCI state),” “spatial relation,” “spatial domain filter,” “transmit power,” “phase rotation,” “antenna port,” “layer,” “number of layers,” “rank,” “resource,” “resource set,” “beam,” “beam width,” “beam angle,” “antenna,” “antenna element,” “panel,” “UE panel,” “transmitting entity,” and “receiving entity” may be used interchangeably.

[0485] In this disclosure, "antenna port" may be interpreted interchangeably with "antenna port for any signal / channel" (e.g., a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) port). In this disclosure, "resource" may be interpreted interchangeably with "resource for any signal / channel" (e.g., a reference signal resource, an SRS resource, etc.). Resources may include time / frequency / code / spatial / power resources. Furthermore, a spatial domain transmit filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmit filter and a spatial domain receive filter.

[0486] The above group may include, for example, at least one of the following: a spatial relationship group, a code division multiplexing (CDM) group, a reference signal (RS) group, a control resource set (CORESET) group, a PUCCH group, an antenna port group (e.g., a DMRS port group), a layer group, a resource group, a beam group, an antenna group, or a panel group.

[0487] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, Codeword (CW), Transport Block (TB), and RS may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0488] Furthermore, in this disclosure, TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, joint TCI state, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0489] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as "QCL," "QCL assumption," "QCL relationship," "QCL type information," "QCL property / properties," "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D) properties," and "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D)" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0490] In this disclosure, terms such as index, identifier (ID), indicator, indication, and resource ID may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, terms such as sequence, list, set, group, cluster, subset may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0491] Furthermore, the spatial relationship information Identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and spatial relationship information (TCI state) may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. "Spatial relationship information (TCI state)" may be interpreted as mutually exclusive as "a set of spatial relationship information (TCI state)," "one or more pieces of spatial relationship information," etc. TCI state and TCI may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. Spatial relationship information and spatial relationship may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0492] In this disclosure, terms such as “Base Station (BS),” “wireless base station,” “fixed station,” “NodeB,” “eNB (eNodeB),” “gNB (gNodeB),” “access point,” “Transmission Point (TP),” “Reception Point (RP),” “Transmission / Reception Point (TRP),” “panel,” “cell,” “sector,” “cell group,” “carrier,” and “component carrier” may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, and picocell.

[0493] A base station may house one or more (e.g., three) cells. If a base station houses multiple cells, the entire coverage area of ​​the base station may be divided into several smaller areas, each of which may also be provided with communication services by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). The terms “cell” or “sector” refer to part or all of the coverage area of ​​at least one of the base station and / or base station subsystems that provide communication services in that coverage.

[0494] In this disclosure, the transmission of information by a base station to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to perform a control / operation based on said information.

[0495] In this disclosure, terms such as "Mobile Station (MS)," "user terminal," "User Equipment (UE)," and "terminal" may be used interchangeably.

[0496] A mobile station may also be called a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other appropriate term.

[0497] At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be called a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. At least one of the base station and the mobile station may also be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

[0498] The term "mobile object" refers to any movable object, regardless of its speed, and naturally includes cases where the mobile object is stationary. Examples of such mobile objects include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcarts, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and items carried on them. Furthermore, such mobile objects may be autonomously driven objects operating based on operational commands.

[0499] The mobile entity may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane), an unmanned mobile entity (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle), or a robot (manned or unmanned). At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device that does not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

[0500] Figure 11 shows an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, an axle 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, a rotation speed sensor 51, a pneumatic pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

[0501] The drive unit 41 consists of, for example, at least one of an engine, a motor, or an engine-motor hybrid. The steering unit 42 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by the user.

[0502] The electronic control unit 49 consists of a microprocessor 61, memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and communication ports (e.g., input / output (IO) ports) 63. Signals from various sensors 50-58 installed in the vehicle are input to the electronic control unit 49. The electronic control unit 49 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

[0503] Signals from various sensors 50-58 include current signals from current sensor 50 for sensing motor current, rotational speed signals of front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 acquired by rotational speed sensor 51, air pressure signals of front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 acquired by air pressure sensor 52, vehicle speed signals acquired by vehicle speed sensor 53, acceleration signals acquired by acceleration sensor 54, accelerator pedal depression amount signals acquired by accelerator pedal sensor 55, brake pedal depression amount signals acquired by brake pedal sensor 56, operation signals of shift lever 45 acquired by shift lever sensor 57, and detection signals acquired by object detection sensor 58 for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc.

[0504] The information service unit 59 consists of various devices for providing (outputting) various types of information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, including a car navigation system, audio system, speakers, display, television, and radio, and one or more ECUs that control these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information acquired from external devices via a communication module 60 or the like to provide various types of information / services (for example, multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

[0505] The information service unit 59 may include input devices that accept input from the outside (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, touch panel, etc.) or output devices that perform output to the outside (e.g., display, speaker, LED lamp, touch panel, etc.).

[0506] The driver assistance system unit 64 consists of various devices that provide functions to prevent accidents or reduce the driver's workload, such as millimeter-wave radar, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) maps), gyro systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), Inertial Navigation System (INS)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driver assistance system unit 64 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize driver assistance functions or autonomous driving functions.

[0507] The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and components of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 sends and receives data (information) via the communication port 63 to the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49, and various sensors 50-58 provided in the vehicle 40.

[0508] The communication module 60 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and can communicate with external devices. For example, it can send and receive various types of information to and from external devices via wireless communication. The communication module 60 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device may be, for example, the base station 10 or the user terminal 20 described above. Alternatively, the communication module 60 may be, for example, at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 (it may function as at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20).

[0509] The communication module 60 may transmit at least one of the following to an external device via wireless communication: signals from the various sensors 50-58 input to the electronic control unit 49, information obtained based on said signals, and information based on input from an external source (user) obtained via the information service unit 59. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc., may also be called input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 may include the information based on the above input.

[0510] The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, signal information, inter-vehicle information, etc.) transmitted from an external device and displays it on the information service unit 59 installed in the vehicle. The information service unit 59 may also be called an output unit, which outputs information (for example, it outputs information to devices such as displays and speakers based on the PDSCH (or data / information decoded from the PDSCH) received by the communication module 60).

[0511] Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices in a memory 62 that can be used by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in the memory 62, the microprocessor 61 may control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, various sensors 50-58, etc., which are provided in the vehicle 40.

[0512] Furthermore, the term "base station" in this disclosure may be interpreted as "user terminal." For example, the various aspects / embodiments of this disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a user terminal is replaced with communication between multiple user terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D), Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)). In this case, the user terminal 20 may have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Also, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be interpreted as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "sidelink"). For example, uplink channel, downlink channel, etc., may be interpreted as sidelink channel.

[0513] Similarly, the term "user terminal" in this disclosure may be replaced with "base station." In this case, the base station 10 may be configured to have the same functions as the user terminal 20 described above.

[0514] In this disclosure, operations performed by a base station may, in some cases, be performed by its upper node. In a network including one or more network nodes having base stations, it is clear that various operations performed for communication with terminals may be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (for example, a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving Gateway (S-GW), etc., but not limited to these), or a combination thereof.

[0515] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be used individually, in combination, or switched between as needed during execution. Furthermore, the processing procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc., of each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be rearranged in order, provided they are consistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present various step elements using exemplary order and are not limited to the specific order presented.

[0516] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure is Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (where x is, for example, an integer or decimal)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM®), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi®), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX®), IEEE 802.20, systems utilizing Ultra-WideBand (UWB), Bluetooth®, or other appropriate wireless communication methods, and next-generation systems extended, modified, created, or defined based thereon may also be applied. Furthermore, multiple systems may be applied in combination (for example, a combination of LTE or LTE-A and 5G).

[0517] In this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based solely on" unless otherwise specified. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based solely on" and "based at least on."

[0518] Any reference to elements using the designations “first,” “second,” etc., as used in this disclosure does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient way to distinguish between two or more elements. Accordingly, the references to the first and second elements do not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must precede the second element in any way.

[0519] The term “determining” as used in this disclosure may encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may be considered to mean judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, searching, or inquiring (e.g., searching in tables, databases, or other data structures), ascertaining, etc.

[0520] Furthermore, "judgment (decision)" may be considered as "judging (deciding)" things like receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory).

[0521] Furthermore, “judgment (decision)” may be considered as “judgment (decision)” of resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. In other words, “judgment (decision)” may be considered as “judgment (decision)” of some action. In this disclosure, “judgment (decision)” may be interpreted as mutually interchangeable with the actions described above.

[0522] Furthermore, in this disclosure, “determine / determining” may be interpreted as “assume / assuming,” “expect / expecting,” or “consider / considering.” In addition, in this disclosure, “not expecting to do…” may be interpreted as “expecting not to do….”

[0523] In this disclosure, "expect" may be rephrased as "be expected." For example, "expect(s) ..." (where "..." may be expressed as a that clause, an infinitive, etc.) may be rephrased as "be expected ..." or "do (the verb without "to" if "..." is an infinitive)." Similarly, "does not expect ..." may be rephrased as "be not expected ..." or "do not (the verb without "to" if "..." is an infinitive)." Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected ..." may be rephrased as "An apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect ... from apparatus A" (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B may be a base station).

[0524] The term "maximum transmit power" as used in this disclosure may mean the maximum transmit power, the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or the rated UE maximum transmit power.

[0525] As used in this disclosure, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” and any variations thereof mean any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are “connected” or “coupled” with each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, “connection” may be replaced with “access.”

[0526] In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, they can be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to each other using one or more wires, cables, printed electrical connections, etc., and, in some non-exclusive and non-exclusive examples, electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency domain, microwave domain, and optical (both visible and invisible) domain.

[0527] In this disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "combine" may be interpreted similarly to "different."

[0528] Where the terms “include,” “including,” and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, as is the term “comprising.” Furthermore, the term “or” as used in this disclosure is not intended to mean exclusive OR.

[0529] In this disclosure, if articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, this disclosure may include the fact that the noun following these articles is plural.

[0530] In this disclosure, "less than or equal to," "less than," "greater than or equal to," "more than," and "equal to" may be interpreted interchangeably. In addition, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "early," "slow," "wide," and "narrow" may be interpreted interchangeably, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees. In addition, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "early," "slow," "wide," and "narrow" may be interpreted interchangeably, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees, by adding "i-th" (where i is any integer) to the expression (for example, "highest" may be interpreted interchangeably with "i-th highest").

[0531] In this disclosure, "of," "for," "regarding," "related to," and "associated with" may be interpreted as being interchangeable.

[0532] In this disclosure, phrases such as "when A, B", "if A, then B", "B upon A", "B in response to A", "B based on A", "B during / while A", "B before A", "B at (the same time as) / on A", "B after A", "B since A", and "B until A" may be interchangeable. Furthermore, A, B, etc., may be replaced with appropriate expressions such as nouns, gerunds, or regular sentences depending on the context. The time difference between A and B may be approximately zero (immediately after or immediately before). Additionally, a time offset may be applied to the time when A occurs. For example, "A" may be interpreted as "before / after the time offset when A occurs". The time offset (e.g., one or more symbols / slots) may be predetermined or determined by the UE based on notified information.

[0533] In this disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, any unit of time (e.g., slot, subslot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0534] Although the invention described herein has been explained in detail above, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the invention described herein is not limited to the embodiments described herein. The descriptions herein are illustrative and not intended to be restrictive in any way to the invention described herein.

Claims

1. A terminal having a receiving unit that receives one or more beams for sensing, and a control unit that controls the transmission of quality-based reports in response to events based on the quality of the one or more beams.

2. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the one or more beams include at least one of one or more current beams used for sensing and one or more candidate beams not used for sensing.

3. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the event is based on a comparison of the quality of one or more current beams used for sensing and the quality of one or more candidate beams not used for sensing.

4. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the report includes at least one of the occurrence of the event, whether the quality of each of the one or more beams satisfies the conditions, and the index of the reference signal of the one or more beams that satisfies the conditions.

5. A wireless communication method for a terminal, comprising the steps of: receiving one or more beams for sensing; and controlling the transmission of a quality-based report in response to an event based on the quality of the one or more beams.

6. A base station having a transmitting unit that transmits one or more beams for sensing, and a control unit that controls the reception of quality-based reports in response to events based on the quality of the one or more beams.

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