A multi-interface unit system for local cooling in multi-components systems

Abstract

A multi-interface unit system for local cooling multiple components at multiple temperatures levels at the same time comprises concentric or non-concentric or annular or elliptic multi-interface units programmable to provide gas either to a predefined spot / volume or to multiple spots / volumes, either continuously or by at least one predefined time sequence. The multi-interface unit system comprises at least one compressed gas source for providing compressed gas to at least one of said multiple interface units, and a controller. Each one of the multi-interface units is controlled to cool at least one selected component depending on the desired degree of cooling. Each one of the elliptic multi -interface units comprises multiple zones of multiple sizes, thus, a desired intensity of gas expansion, between successive stages is achievable by entering the gas at a selected zone, thus, a gas temperature is controlled by the intensity of the gas expansion in each of the multi-interface units and also by a zone from which the gas exiting each of said multi-interface units. Each of the multiple interface units is programmed to receive said compressed gas and to expand said compressed gas continuously or via at least one predefined time sequence to control the gas temperature in each of said multiple interface units.

Description

[0001] A MULTI-INTERFACE UNIT SYSTEM FOR LOCAL COOLING IN MULTICOMPONENTS SYSTEMS

[0002] FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The present invention relates to cooling systems. More specifically, the present invention relates to a system for local cooling and fast heat removal, implementable for instance and not only in electric vehicles, electric-hybrid vehicle and vehicles in general and other multicomponents systems.

[0004] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0005] Conventional cooling methodologies, based on a closed refrigeration cycle, are not always suitable for targeted local cooling needs. For this reason, instantaneous focused cooling associated with simultaneous heat removal is a common desire and a great necessity in a wide variety of applications associated with multiple components, such as, electric vehicles, electrichybrid vehicles and vehicles in general.

[0006] Therefore, the object of the present invention is to provide a simple and easy to operate, remotely operable, stand-alone system for simultaneous local temperature regulation for a variety of parts or areas in different locations, requiring specific individual temperature management for optimal functioning at different temperature levels.

[0007] A standalone system with minimal disruption to existing systems, such as the vehicle's technology system.

[0008] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] The present invention is of a system for local, continuous / pulsatile, cooling implementable in various practical areas such as electric vehicles, electric-hybrid vehicles, vehicles in general and other multi-components systems.

[0010] The system of the present invention may directly address typical relevant needs such as: Targeted concentrated cooling;

[0011] - Local temperature management;

[0012] - Fast removal of concentrated heat;

[0013] Immediate response to temperature excursion;

[0014] - Frequently time dependent local cooling;

[0015] Continuous, successive consecutive modes; etc. In addition to electric vehicles, electric-hybrid vehicles and vehicles in general, the multiinterface system for local cooling of the present invention can be used in a wide variety of practical fields such as:

[0016] - Household needs, local portable air-conditioning systems, and air climate in stairwells of high buildings.

[0017] - Commercial spaces and areas under field conditions.

[0018] - Agricultural and agronomic requirements, e.g., cooling of light sources in greenhouses as hot light leads.

[0019] - Food protection and food transportation.

[0020] - Medical environment or medical operations, for instance, immediate cooling of the patient to prevent high body temperature in emergency condition, in dermatology with simultaneous cooling, sterilization and oxygen enrichment.

[0021] - Electronic components operating at low temperature, such as, infrared detectors or imaging systems, which require rapid cooling, and the like, for instance, Peltier cooling modules.

[0022] - Environmental climate for computer server rooms and electronic components, local fast displays of the power used by the computer, screen, hard drive and the like.

[0023] - Thermal noise reductions, noise detectors, thermal cameras and the like.

[0024] - Practical applications in field conditions, such as military purposes.

[0025] - Underground invigoration-aeration simultaneous cooling and purification, shelters, tunnels, and the like.

[0026] - Vehicles and specifically electric vehicles.

[0027] - Turbines or compressors.

[0028] As stated above, the unique importance of the invention is when applied to and not only to multi-component systems such as electric vehicles. Indeed, there are several problem-prone points in the operation of an electric vehicle, which still require additional focused attention for continued functional progress. This is comprehensively detailed in the following:

[0029] The main components that may benefit significantly from the local cooling multi-interface unit system of the present invention are:

[0030] A- The set of traction batteries and the inverter system, which represent the energy storage system, in frequent charging / discharging phase.

[0031] B - The control panel that regulates electrical energy and converters that send the required electrical energy to the engine. C- The electric motor- as the load increases, the motor pumps more voltage from the battery and getting hot.

[0032] D- The thermal cooling system which should maintain normal activity temperature range for the battery pack, electric motor, power electronics, charging port and other components.

[0033] The biggest challenges associated with electric vehicles are related to ensuring a constant performance range, which in turn is mainly determined by the traction of the battery pack. Frequent charging-discharging of the battery damages the overall efficiency and longevity of the electric vehicle.

[0034] Also, it is important that the frequent charging process be carried out in an optimal temperature range in order to also achieve efficient charging and without damaging the battery cells, which is the most expensive component of the electric vehicle.

[0035] Therefore, it seems that effective thermal management of the electric vehicle battery is extremely necessary for optimal overall performance of the electric vehicle and its longevity. Indeed, because an electric vehicle requires strong and robust thermal management, there are various cooling methods for an electric vehicle, for example, liquid cooling, fin cooling (which significantly adds 40% more weight to the cabin), and cooling using a phase change material. Liquid cooling seems to be the preferred solution for an electric vehicle battery pack. However, liquid cooling systems use a pump, fans, radiator and other components, taking special care to avoid any direct contact between the battery cells and the coolant. Liquid cooling may involve leaks, corrosion, clogging, external climate, aging, and the like.

[0036] Another way to cool the battery pack is by blowing air through the battery pack. Air cooling is not as efficient as liquid cooling, but it is less problematic from a technological point of view. Air-cooled systems in vehicles are supposed to be much simpler and less expensive than water cooling systems. However, the main disadvantage of air-cooled systems is their reduced efficiency in hot weather and their dependence on the outside climate in general. Our system is completely independent of the outside climate.

[0037] Injecting cooled air when needed can make air-cooled systems less vulnerable to temporary and local climate changes.

[0038] Thus, water-cooled systems in vehicles are highly common nowadays although water-cooled systems are more complicated and subject to malfunctions. A water-cooled system is designed to operate at 1.5 bar in order to allow the water to exit from the engine to reach above 100 degrees without boiling. The multi-interface unit system for local cooling of the present invention can easily be used to cool down the exit hot water when needed, which in turn will affect better performance of the radiator and the entire cooling system, thus of the engine performance.

[0039] It should be noted that beyond the battery system, the various components of an electric vehicle, such as inventers, electrical components, charging ports, and electric motor, require simultaneous temperature.

[0040] The multi-interface unit system for local cooling of the present invention is in fact an external independent unit which defines the entire remote command and control and can practically manage and control simultaneously the operational conditions of various physical applications of various components.

[0041] In light of the above, the multi -interface local cooling unit system of the present invention is advantageous because it overcomes the thermal management challenges mentioned above, associated with, for example, currently available electric vehicle cooling methods, and can simultaneously address the specific thermal management of various components according to immediate needs.

[0042] The advantage of the multi-interface local cooling unit system of the present invention is thus manifold:

[0043] (1) The multi-interface local cooling unit system of the present invention is particularly effective in maintaining optimal temperature management for overall performance and safety thereby ensuring reliable overall operation.

[0044] (2) The multi-interface local cooling unit system of the present invention ensures the desired uniformity of the temperature range for the battery pack in driving / parking charging / discharging stages and coolant circulation temperature according to external climate fluctuations (this may affect the degradation of the battery over time).

[0045] (3) The various units of the multi -interface local cooling unit system of the present invention may simultaneously provide safe operating conditions for other essential components such as the controller, power converters, electronics, engine and related systems.

[0046] (4) The multi-interface local cooling unit system of the present invention may be adapted to produce an immediate response accompanied by fast heat removal to deviations resulting from an increase in load or due to a local malfunction in the vehicle subsystems, hazards or stopping. (5) The multi-interface local cooling unit system of the present invention combined with a Vortex tube discharge device is advantageous for supplying both cold and hot streams, therefore can challenge hot or cold climates.

[0047] (6) The multi-interface local cooling unit system of the present invention is green, simple, compact, has no moving parts, requires low maintenance, is portable, independent in outdoor climates, and can easily adapt to a wide range of real applications.

[0048] (7) The multi-interface local cooling unit system of the present invention is subject to a variety of modifications depending on the case in question.

[0049] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a multiinterface unit system for local cooling multiple components at multiple temperature levels at the same time. The system comprises

[0050] Annular concentric or non-concentric or elliptic multi-interface units, -said concentric or non-concentric. Said annular or elliptic multi- interface units are preprogrammed to provide gas either to a predefined spot / volume or to multiple spots / volumes, either continuously or by at least one predefined time sequence, at least one compressed gas source for providing compressed gas to at least one of said multiple interface units, and a controller, wherein each one of said multi -interface units of the concentric, the non- concentric annular or the elliptic multi -interface units is controlled to cool at least one selected component or more depending on the desired degree of cooling, wherein each one of the annular or elliptic multi-interface units comprising multiple zones of multiple sizes, thus, a desired intensity of gas expansion, between successive stages is achievable by entering the gas at a selected zone of each of said annular or elliptic multi -interface units, thus, a gas temperature is controlled by the intensity of the gas expansion in each of said multi -interface units and also by a zone from which the gas exiting each of said multi-interface units, wherein to ensure effective and well-controlled cooling, the gas is maintained at a relatively low temperature, in each of said multiple interface units due to previous expansion, herein each of said multiple interface units is programmed to receive said compressed gas and to expand said compressed gas continuously or via at least one predefined time sequence to control the temperature of each of said multiple interface units, whereby the multi-interface unit system cooling multiple components at multiple temperature levels at the same time.

[0051] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, flow reversal and local turbulence further decrease the gas temperature in non-concentric structures, annular or elliptic structures.

[0052] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, wherein each of said multiple interface units is programmed to expand said compressed gas continuously or via at least one predefined time sequence to control the gas temperature in each of said multiple interface units.

[0053] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, each one of said multiple interface units is programmed to have either a complete discharge of all of the gas or a partial discharge of said gas.

[0054] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the partial discharge provides almost complete drop in temperature, energy savings and relatively short recharging time, slight preheating during a next / consecutive charge, and time savings.

[0055] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the multiinterface unit further comprises pipes for flowing the gas to cool said at least one selected component, said pipes are not fixedly connected to the multi -interface unit system, said pipes are movable throughout each of the interface units of the multi -interface unit system. Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the multiple interface units are arranged either in parallel or in a consecutive manner.

[0056] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the compressed gas is selected from air, Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, Ozone (03), and Oxygen (02), and others.

[0057] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, in case said multiple interface units are arranged in a consecutive manner, the compressed gas is transferable from each of said multiple interface units to a consecutive receiving interface unit, thus, gas expansion associated with cooling in each of said multiple interface units leading to gas charging in said consecutive receiving interface unit.

[0058] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, in case said multiple interface units are arranged in parallel, gas charging into each of said multiple interface units and / or gas expansion from each of said multiple interface units is either continuous or activated by at least one predefined time sequence.

[0059] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the temperature of the gas being discharged from each of said multiple interface units is controlled by a mode of operation, either a continuous mode of operation or a non-continuous mode of operation set by at least one predefined time sequence of said gas compression and said gas expansion in each of said multiple interface units.

[0060] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, in said non- continuous mode of operation, the gas expansion and the gas charging take place interchangeably at predefined times in each of said multiple interface units.

[0061] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, each one of the multi-interface units is comprised of either a single discharge configuration or a multidischarge configuration.

[0062] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the single discharge configuration or the multi-discharge configuration comprises at least one discharge device.

[0063] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the discharge device is selected from a moderate controlled quasi-reversible discharge device as adjustable orifice, a nozzle discharge device, an instantaneous prompt solenoid discharge device, and a turbine.

[0064] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the instantaneous discharge device is a solenoid valve.

[0065] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the turbine used as a discharge device activating a blower to cause a local dispersion of an emitted air stream.

[0066] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the multi-interface unit system further comprising a gas enrichment sub-unit (GEU), said gas enrichment sub-unit (GEU) providing an enriching gas stream connected to at least one gas stream discharged from at least one of said multiple interface units to enrich said at least one gas stream being discharged from the at least one of said multiple interface units.

[0067] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the multiinterface unit system further comprising a purifying gas stream or mist discharge unit for providing a purifying gas stream.

[0068] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the purifying gas stream is connected to the enriching gas stream provided to at least one of said multiple interface units to purify said gas stream.

[0069] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the enriching gas and / or the purifying gas is selected from air, Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, Ozone (03), Oxygen (02), or other gases.

[0070] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, wherein when an expansion phase in one interface unit comes to an end, a consecutive interface unit goes into its expansion phase, while recharging begins in the one interface unit, and when the consecutive interface unit completes its expansion phase, it is recharged, while the following interface unit goes into its expansion phase.

[0071] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the multiple interface units have multiple volumes.

[0072] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the multiple interface units having multiple volumes are arranged by volume.

[0073] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, wherein small volume interface unit(s), medium volume interface unit(s), and large volume interface unit(s) are arranged in a successive manner, wherein one of the small volume interface unit(s) is a charging high pressure interface unit, and wherein an expansion phase starts from a high pressure level in the charging high pressure small interface unit and continues successively to a lower pressure level in the large volume interface unit(s).

[0074] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, wherein large volume interface unit(s), medium volume interface unit(s), and small volume interface unit(s) are arranged in a successive manner, wherein one of the large volume interface unit(s) is a charging high pressure interface unit, and wherein an expansion phase starts from a high pressure level in the large charging high pressure interface unit and continues successively to a lower pressure level in the small volume interface unit(s).

[0075] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, wherein said small volume interface unit(s) is situated in said medium volume interface unit(s), and said medium volume interface(s) unit is situated in said large volume interface unit(s) to have a direct heat transfer, to cool each other while the compressed gas in each of said interface units undergoes an expansion phase.

[0076] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the interface units are connected to one another by welding or soldering to ensure a required pressure resistance. Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the interface units are elastic vessels, and wherein the air is expanding into the elastic vessels.

[0077] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the at least one compressed gas source is a nearly isothermal compressor.

[0078] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the interface units are connected to each other by a removable cover common to all of said interface units, said cover allowing for a specific eccentricity, and thus, to change the eccentricity, the cover is replaced with a suitable cover.

[0079] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, there is also provided an electric / electric hybrid vehicle comprised of the above-described multi-interface unit system for local cooling. The electric / electric hybrid vehicle comprises: either a concentric multi-interface unit system, a nonconcentric multi-interface unit system annular or an elliptic multi -interface unit system for cooling multiple components of the electric / electric hybrid vehicle at multiple levels of operating temperature, a multi-stage unit assembly control program implemented on a computer, at least one temperature sensor connected to each one of said multiple components of the electric / electric hybrid vehicle, said at least one temperature sensor is associated with said computer via wired communication or wireless communication, wherein said at least one temperature sensor is configured to transmit temperature measurements to the multi-stage unit assembly control program, and said multi-stage unit assembly control program controls the multi-interface unit system to simultaneously cool the multiple components of the electric / electric hybrid vehicle at multiple levels of operating temperature.

[0080] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the components of the electric / electric hybrid vehicle comprise a traction battery pack, an electric traction motor, control and inverter, a charge port, and battery auxiliary, passenger’s compartment and others.

[0081] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, each of the interface units is selected to supply gas to each of said components of the vehicle based on the component’s size and degree of heating of each of said components. Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, each of the above-mentioned temperature sensors is associated with the computer via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, or a combination thereof.

[0082] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, each one of the temperature sensors is connected to at least one driver and as the at least one driver is incorporated, the multi-stage unit assembly control program detecting the temperature of each one of the associated components.

[0083] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, as the vehicle is being used, the at least one temperature sensor sending a signal either continuously or at a predetermined time interval to the multi-stage unit assembly control program, and every time an increase in temperature is detected, the computer sends a signal to the multi-interface unit system for local cooling to initiate a gas flow, either a continuous or a pulsed gas flow into the monitored component whose temperature is increased, or to increase / decrease the flow rate of the gas flowing into the monitored component in order to keep a pre-determined, stable temperature of said component.

[0084] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the multiinterface unit system for local cooling provides a flow of cooled pressurized gas into the multiple components in a continuous or boost mode.

[0085] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the multi-interface unit system supplies cooled gas under continuous pressure during vehicle operation.

[0086] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the multiinterface unit system serves as a source of pressurized gas during an extinguishing phase or in a danger situation.

[0087] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, pipes flowing the gas from the multi -interface unit system to each one of said multiple components of the electric / electric hybrid vehicle are not fixedly connected to the multi-interface unit system, said pipes are movable throughout each of the interface units of the multi-interface unit system, and the position of each pipe is controlled by the multi-stage assembly control program based on required air flow rate and temperature.

[0088] Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the multiinterface unit system for local cooling is pressurized either when starting or stopping or when the electric traction motor load is low. Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the multi-stage unit assembly control program comprising a timer to initiate gradual air discharge to a passenger’s compartment while the car is at stoppage in order to keep safe climate at the passenger’s cabin or in other zones.

[0089] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0090] Fig. 1 A illustrates a discharge configuration of a single interface unit which has dual features of cold and hot stream discharge in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0091] Fig. IB illustrates a multiple-discharge configuration of a single interface unit in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0092] Fig. 2A illustrates a multi storage unit, low pressure discharge assembly, and

[0093] Fig. 2B illustrates a multi storage unit, high pressure discharge assembly in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0094] Fig. 3 A illustrates a multi-stage annular concentric unit, inner to exterior (ITE) assembly, and Fig. 3B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage unit, inner to exterior (ITE) assembly in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0095] Fig. 4A illustrates a multi-stage annular concentric unit, exterior to inner (ETI) assembly, and Fig. 4B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage unit, exterior to inner (ETI) assembly in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0096] Fig. 5A illustrates a multi-stage non-concentric annular unit, inner to exterior (ITE) wide to narrow flow (WTN) assembly, and Fig. 5B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage non- concentric, inner to exterior (ITE) wide to narrow flow (WTN) assembly in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0097] Fig. 6A illustrates a multi-stage non-concentric annular unit, exterior to inner (ETI) wide to narrow flow (WTN) assembly, and Fig. 6B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage non- concentric, exterior to inner (ETI) wide to narrow flow (WTN) assembly in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0098] Fig. 7A illustrates a multi-stage non-concentric annular unit, inner to exterior (ITE) narrow to wide flow (NTW) assembly, and Fig. 7B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage non- concentric, exterior to inner (ITE) narrow to wide flow (NTW) assembly in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0099] Fig. 8A illustrates a multi-stage non-concentric annular unit, exterior to inner (ETI) narrow to wide flow (NTW) assembly, and Fig. 8B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage non- concentric, exterior to inner (ETI) narrow to wide flow (NTW) assembly in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0100] Fig. 9A illustrates a multi-stage concentric elliptic unit, inner to exterior (ITE) assembly, and Fig. 9B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage unit, inner to exterior (ITE) assembly in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0101] Fig. 10A illustrates a multi-stage concentric elliptic unit, exterior to inner (ETI) assembly, and Fig. 1 OB is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage unit, exterior to inner (ETI) assembly in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0102] Fig. 11A illustrates a multi-stage non-concentric elliptic unit, inner to exterior (ITE) wide to narrow flow (WTN) assembly, and Fig. 1 IB is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage non-concentric, inner to exterior (ITE) wide to narrow flow (WTN) assembly in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0103] Fig. 12A illustrates a multi-stage non-concentric elliptic unit, exterior to inner (ETI) wide to narrow flow (WTN) assembly, and Fig. 12B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage non-concentric, exterior to inner (ETI) wide to narrow flow (WTN) assembly in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0104] Fig. 13 A illustrates a multi-stage non-concentric elliptic unit, inner to exterior (ITE) narrow to wide flow (NTW) assembly, and Fig. 13B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage non- concentric, exterior to inner (ETI) narrow to wide flow (NTW) assembly in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0105] Fig. 14A illustrates a multi-stage non-concentric elliptic unit, exterior to inner (ETI) narrow to wide flow (NTW) assembly, and Fig. 14B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage non- concentric, exterior to inner (ETI) narrow to wide flow (NTW) assembly in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0106] Fig. 15 is a schematic illustration of an electric / electric hybrid vehicle comprised of the multiinterface unit system for local cooling in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0107] Figs. 16A-B illustrate the general view of the various reservoir assemblies of the multiinterface concentric unit system used in the experiments.

[0108] Figs. 17A-B illustrate the different reservoirs of the multi -interface unit system used in the first experiment.

[0109] Fig. 18 illustrates a temperature rise due to external -to-internal charging ETI charging. Figs. 19-20 illustrate a sample of typical temperature drop due to instantaneous discharge, at different discharge pressure levels of 2, 4, 6, 8 bar, inside the discharge units, with an adjustable orifice fully open or 2 / 3 open.

[0110] Fig. 21 represents a summary of the output temperature drop as a function of the discharge pressure level for the various reservoirs, using the fully open position of the adjustable orifice for the external reservoir.

[0111] Fig. 22 is a table showing experimental results obtained by all experimental modes below. Figs. 23-24 illustrate nozzle devices as discharge devices for all reservoirs and experimental results using the nozzle devices.

[0112] Fig. 25 illustrates a sequential discharge from the inner reservoir.

[0113] Figs. 26-27 demonstrate a comprehensive summary of continuous discharge mode output from each of the reservoirs at different discharge pressures.

[0114] Figs. 28-29 represent experimental results obtained with an ITE charging mode.

[0115] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0116] In what follows, the invention will be demonstrated and understood from the following drawings. Embodiments, features and aspects of the invention are described herein in conjunction with the following drawings.

[0117] It is to be noted that all drawings are meant to be descriptive but not limiting. Although particular embodiments include some details, for the sake of illustration, various alternative modifications may be considered, without departing from the principles of the invention.

[0118] The reference numbers in the drawings are used to point out some elements in the embodiments, in order to facilitate the understanding of the invention principles, and as such they are merely illustrative and not limiting.

[0119] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the invigoration system of the present invention uses gas, such as air, Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, Ozone (03), Oxygen (02) and the like for ventilation, aeration, sterilization and the like.

[0120] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, gas is hereinafter referred to as “air”.

[0121] Fig. 1A illustrates a discharge configuration of a single interface unit 100 which has dual features of cold and hot stream discharge in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0122] As seen in the figure, the discharge configuration of a single interface unit 100 may comprise a pressurized vessel 102 fed by a central compressor 104 such as a nearly isothermal to a predetermined desired pressure, and a vortex tube 106 that provides cold and hot streams, cold stream 108 A and hot stream 108B, simultaneously.

[0123] The vortex tube 106 is capable of separating high pressure flow into two lower pressure flows with different energies, characterized by different temperatures. The temperature of the cold stream 108 A can be adjusted by adjusting the cold mass part - a lower cold mass fraction entails a lower cold temperature.

[0124] Fig. IB illustrates a multiple-discharge configuration of a single interface unit 140 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0125] The multiple-discharge configuration of a single interface unit 140 may comprise a pressurized vessel 142 fed by a central compressor 144 to a predetermined desired pressure, a solenoid valve 146, a vortex tube 106 that provides cold and hot streams, cold stream 108 A and hot stream 108B, simultaneously and a nozzle discharge interface unit 148.

[0126] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the discharge configuration of a single interface unit 100 and / or the multiple-discharge configuration of a single interface unit 140 may further comprise an air enrichment sub-unit (GEU) (not seen in the figure) connected to either the cold air stream 108 A and / or the hot air stream 108B discharged from the vortex tube 106 and / or the air stream discharged from the nozzle discharge interface unit 148.

[0127] The air enrichment sub-unit may be directed to renew the discharged air. The air enrichment sub-unit may be connected to a purifying air stream exiting from discharge unit (not seen in the figure) to provide simultaneous air filling or purification within its operating modes.

[0128] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the discharge device may be selected from a moderate controlled quasi-reversible discharge device, a nozzle discharge device, an instantaneous prompt solenoid discharge device, a turbine and a vortex tube that provides cold and hot streams.

[0129] Fig. 2A illustrates a multi storage unit, low pressure discharge assembly 200, and

[0130] Fig. 2B illustrates a multi storage unit, high pressure discharge assembly 250 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0131] As can be seen below in Figs. 2A-B, the multiple interface units may have multiple volumes and may be arranged by volume, i.e., smallest to largest volume in order, or vice versa.

[0132] As can be seen in Figs. 2A-B, small volume interface unit(s), medium volume interface unit(s), and large volume interface unit(s) may be arranged in a successive manner, wherein one of the small volume interface unit(s) is a charging high pressure interface unit, and wherein an expansion phase starts from a high pressure level in the charging high pressure small interface unit and continues successively to a lower pressure level in the large volume interface unit(s). Seen in Fig. 2A, the multi-stage unit, low pressure discharge assembly 200 comprises at least one compressed air source such as a compressed vessel (not seen in the figure) or a compressor and multiple interface units arranged by size, for instance, as seen in the figure, a compressor 202, a first small interface unit 204, a second medium interface unit 206, and a third large interface unit 208 set in a successive manner following each other.

[0133] In addition, the multi-stage unit, low pressure discharge assembly 200 comprises a first pressure regulator 207 and a second pressure regulator 209 for controlling the pressure of the air flowing from one interface unit to another.

[0134] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the charging high pressure interface unit is the first small interface unit 204.

[0135] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the expansion phase starts from the high-pressure level in the first small interface unit 204 and continues successively to the lower pressure level in the third large interface unit 208. Each expansion stage produces a cooling effect that occurs between successive stages, while charging the next stage.

[0136] Seen in Fig. 2B, the multi-stage unit, low pressure discharge assembly 250 comprises at least one compressed air source such as a compressed vessel (not seen in the figure) or a compressor and multiple interface units arranged by size, for instance, compressor 252, a first large interface unit 254, a second medium interface unit 256, and a third small interface unit 258 set in a successive manner following each other.

[0137] In addition, the multi-stage unit, low pressure discharge assembly 250 comprises a first pressure regulator 257 and a second pressure regulator 259 for controlling the pressure of the air flowing from one interface unit to another.

[0138] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the charging high pressure interface unit is the first large interface unit 254.

[0139] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the expansion phase starts from the high-pressure level in the first large interface unit 254 and continues successively to the lower pressure level in the third small interface unit 258. Again, each expansion stage produces a cooling effect, while charging the next stage.

[0140] The multi-stage unit, high pressure discharge assembly 250 comprises three expansion stages of sequential volumes, are set in successive manner following each other.

[0141] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the charging high pressure interface unit is the large volume interface unit, first large interface unit 254.

[0142] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the expansion phase starts from the high-pressure level in the first large interface unit 254 and continues successively to the lower pressure level in the third small interface unit 258. Each expansion stage produces a cooling effect, while charging the next stage.

[0143] The air exiting the third large interface unit 208 in Fig. 2A is relatively low-pressure air, while the air exiting the third small interface unit 258 is relatively high pressure air. Thus, Since the pressure of the air exiting from the third small interface unit 258 discharge interface unit is significantly higher than the pressure of the air exiting from the third large interface unit 208, the configuration in Fig. 2A may lead to a moderate cooling, whereas the configuration in Fig. 2B may result in an intensive cooling.

[0144] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, there may be several modes of operation to the multi-stage unit, low pressure discharge assembly 200 of Fig. 2A and the multi-stage stage unit, high pressure discharge assembly 250 of Fig. 2B:

[0145] A- The interface units may be charged successively each to a predetermined pressure level. The discharge may be triggered from the last interface unit as illustrated in Figs. 2A-B, i.e., from the third large interface unit 208 in Fig. 2A and from the third small interface unit 258 in Fig. 2B.

[0146] B- The discharge may actually be activated at each interface unit, simultaneously or sequentially, resulting in different levels of expansion due to the different pressure level at each interface unit. Thus, the multi-stage unit, low pressure discharge assembly 200 of Fig. 2A, the multi-stage unit, high pressure discharge assembly 250 of Fig. 2B, and the assemblies shown and described in Figs. 3-14 below, can be simultaneously programmed to provide various cooling levels.

[0147] C- The interface units of Figs. 2A-B and Figs. 3-14 (shown and described below), may operate continuously as the charging and discharging to / from the interface units may be continuous and / or in parallel.

[0148] In Figs. 3-14, at least one small volume interface unit is situated in at least one medium volume interface unit, and the at least one medium volume interface unit is situated in at least one large volume interface unit to have a direct heat transfer, to cool each other while the compressed air in each of the interface units undergoes an expansion phase.

[0149] Thus, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, Figs. 3-14 illustrate a multi-interface unit system for local cooling via continuous or non-continuous controlled modes of operation. The multi-interface unit system comprises either concentric or non- concentric, annular or elliptic multi-interface units which are programable to provide gas either to a predefined spot / volume or to multiple spots / volumes, either continuously or by at least one predefined time sequence. In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the multi -interface unit system comprises at least one compressed gas source for providing compressed gas to at least one of said multiple interface units, and a controller.

[0150] In case of a multi-interface unit system comprised of a non-concentric annular or elliptic multiinterface units, the non-concentric annular or the elliptic multi-interface units comprise multiple zones of multiple sizes, thus, a desired intensity of gas expansion, between successive stages is achievable by entering the gas at a selected zone of each of said elliptic multi -interface units. Thus, the gas temperature is controlled by the intensity of the gas expansion in each of the multi-interface units and also by the zone from which the gas exits each of the multiinterface units.

[0151] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, to ensure effective and well- controlled cooling, the gas is maintained at a relatively low temperature, in each of the multiple interface units, due to previous expansion.

[0152] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, each one of the multiple interface units is programmed to receive the recharging gas and to expand the compressed gas continuously or via at least one predefined time sequence to control the temperature of each of said multiple interface units.

[0153] Fig. 3A illustrates a multi-stage unit, inner to exterior (ITE) assembly 300 and Fig. 3B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage unit, inner to exterior (ITE) assembly 300 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0154] Seen in Fig. 3A, the multi-stage unit, inner to exterior assembly 300 comprises at least one compressed air source such as a compressed vessel (not seen in the figure) or a compressor 302 and multiple pressurized interface units such as, for instance, a first small interface unit 304, a second medium interface unit 306, and a third large interface unit 308.

[0155] Also seen in the figure, are pressure regulators, one pressure regulator 303 and another pressure regulator 305 for controlling the pressure of the air flowing from one interface unit to another. In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the charging high pressure interface unit is the first small interface unit 304.

[0156] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the expansion phase starts from the high-pressure level in the first small interface unit 304 and continues successively to the lower pressure level in the third large interface unit 308. Each expansion stage produces a cooling effect, while charging the next stage. More specifically, since the interface units are positioned inside one another - the first small interface unit 304 is inside the second medium interface unit 306, and the second medium interface unit 306 is inside the third large interface unit 308, there is a direct heat transfer among the interface units. For instance, when the compressed air in the first small interface unit 304 undergoes expansion, and thus, cooling, the second medium interface unit 306 is being cooled as a result of direct heat transfer the (since the first small interface unit 304 is inside the second medium interface unit 306).

[0157] Fig. 4A illustrates a multi-stage unit, exterior to inner (ETI) assembly 400 and Fig. 4B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage unit, exterior to inner (ETI) assembly 400 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0158] Seen in Fig. 4A, the multi-stage stage unit, external to inner assembly 400 comprises at least one compressed air source such as a compressed vessel (not seen in the figure) or a compressor 402 and multiple pressurized interface units such as for instance a first large interface unit 408, a second medium interface unit 406, and a third small interface unit 404.

[0159] Also seen in the figure, are pressure regulators, one pressure regulator 403 and another pressure regulator 405 for controlling the pressure of the air flowing from one interface unit to another. In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the charging high pressure interface unit is the first large interface unit 408.

[0160] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the expansion phase starts from the high-pressure level in the first large interface unit 408 and continues successively to the lower pressure level in the third low interface unit 404. Each expansion stage produces a cooling effect, while charging the next stage.

[0161] More specifically, since the interface units are positioned inside one another - the first small interface unit 404 is inside the second medium interface unit 406, and the second medium interface unit 406 is inside the third large interface unit 408, there is a direct heat transfer among the interface units. For instance, when the compressed air in the third large interface unit 408 undergoes expansion, and thus, cooling, the second medium interface unit 406 is being cooled as a result of direct heat transfer (since the second medium interface unit 406 which is inside the third large interface unit 408).

[0162] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the configuration in Figs. 3 A- B represents moderate cooling, while the configuration in Figs. 4A-B may result in intensive cooling, since it is more practical to create a higher pressure in the discharge of the small interface unit 404 than the third large interface unit 408.

[0163] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, multi-stage unit inner to exterior assembly 300 and multi-stage unit exterior to inner assembly 400 are suitable for the design of compact portable units. Since the interface units in Figs. 3 A-B and 4A-B are inside each other and practically in contact with each other, they cool each other while the air then undergoes an expansion stage.

[0164] However, it is preferable to initiate the expansion in the medium unit, as it may affect the cooling on both sides, the inner small unit and the outer large unit.

[0165] Whereas Figs. 3A-B and 4A-B refer to concentric annular structures - concentric annular interface units, Figs. 5-8, demonstrate additional unique features that can be achieved by non- concentric structures - non-concentric interface units.

[0166] Fig. 5A illustrates a multi-stage non-concentric annular unit, inner to exterior (ITE) wide to narrow flow (WTN) assembly, and Fig. 5B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage non- concentric, inner to exterior (ITE) wide to narrow flow (WTN) assembly 500 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0167] As seen in Fig. 5 A, the multi-stage non-concentric inner to exterior assembly 500 comprises at least one compressed air source such as a compressed vessel (not seen in the figure) or a compressor 502 and multiple pressurized interface units such as for instance a first small interface unit 504, a second medium interface unit 506, and a third large interface unit 508.

[0168] Also seen in the figure, are pressure regulators, one pressure regulator 503 and another pressure regulator 505 for controlling the pressure of the air flowing from one interface unit to another. As seen in the figure, the charging high pressure interface unit is the first small interface unit 504.

[0169] Fig. 6A illustrates a multi-stage non-concentric annular unit , exterior to inner (ETI) wide to narrow flow (WTN) assembly, and Fig. 6B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage non- concentric, exterior to inner (ETI) wide to narrow flow (WTN) assembly 600 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0170] As seen in Fig. 6A, the non-concentric multi-stage unit, exterior to inner assembly 600 comprises at least one compressed air source such as a compressed vessel (not seen in the figure) or a compressor 602 and multiple pressurized interface units such as for instance a first large interface unit 608, a second medium interface unit 606, and a third small interface unit 604.

[0171] Also seen in the figure, are pressure regulators, one pressure regulator 603 and another pressure regulator 605 for controlling the pressure of the air flowing from one interface unit to another. In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the charging high pressure interface unit is the first large interface unit 608.

[0172] Fig. 7A illustrates a multi-stage non-concentric annular unit, inner to exterior (ITE) narrow to wide flow (NTW) assembly, and Fig. 7B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage non- concentric, internal to exterior (ITE) narrow to wide flow (NTW) assembly 700 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0173] As seen in Fig. 7A, the non-concentric multi-stage unit, exterior to inner assembly 700 comprises at least one compressed air source such as a compressed vessel (not seen in the figure) or a compressor 702 and multiple pressurized interface units such as for instance a first large interface unit 704, a second medium interface unit 706, and a third small interface unit 708.

[0174] Also seen in the figure are pressure regulators, one pressure regulator 703 and another pressure regulator 705 for controlling the pressure of the air flowing from one interface unit to another. In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the charging high pressure interface unit is the third small interface unit 708.

[0175] Fig. 8A illustrates a multi-stage non-concentric annular unit, exterior to inner (ETI) narrow to wide flow (NTW) assembly, and Fig. 8B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage non- concentric, exterior to inner (ETI) narrow to wide flow (NTW) assembly 800 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0176] As seen in Fig. 8A, the non-concentric multi-stage unit, exterior to inner assembly 800 comprises at least one compressed air source such as a compressed vessel (not seen in the figure) or a compressor 802 and multiple pressurized interface units such as for instance a first large interface unit 808, a second medium interface unit 806, and a third small interface unit 804.

[0177] Also seen in the figure are pressure regulators, one pressure regulator 803 and another pressure regulator 805 for controlling the pressure of the air flowing from one interface unit to another. In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the charging high pressure interface unit is the first large interface unit 808.

[0178] Unlike the concentric annular structures multi-stage stage unit of Figs. 3A-B and 4A-B, where the air expansion in one interface unit lowers the temperature of the expanding air discharged from said one interface unit, in the non-concentric multi-stage units of Figs. 5-8, expansion and cooling occur in each of the interface unit due to the generation of local expansion effect due to local variations in the path of the air stream within the interface unit.

[0179] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, in the concentric annular structure, air expansion can occur mainly towards the bottom of the unit if there is enough space left at the bottom. In the non-concentric structure on the other hand, expansions occur also and mainly in the peripheral direction, without the need to leave enough space at the bottom. Therefore, non-concentric structures may in principle appear more compact than concentric ones.

[0180] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the local expansion in each interface unit may be determined by the eccentricity of the non-concentric structure.

[0181] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the air may be accelerated by entering through at least one narrow gap into the non-concentric interface unit as in Figs. 5-6, so called herein wide to narrow flow (WTN), and then, may expand immediately upon exiting the non-concentric interface unit through at least one wide gap. The at least one wide gap may be on the opposite peripheral side or bottom region of the concentric interface unit. On the other hand, in Figs. 7-8, the flow between the nonconcentric vessel is from the narrow to wide gap (NTW) flow mode.

[0182] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, in the non-concentric assemblies depicted in all Figs. 5-14, the air flows from the wide gap to the narrow gap of the following unit, which is called here, the wide-to-narrow (WTN) mode. Alternatively, the air may flow from the narrow gap to the wide one, thus initiating immediate expansion at the entrance of the succeeding unit.

[0183] In addition to the expansion of the air between successive units, the reversal of the flow and the local vorticity may cause a further decrease in temperature at the cost of a decrease in internal energy.

[0184] Figs. 9-14 illustrate flat (squashed) compact elliptical assemblies in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0185] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the physical principles as well as the modes of air propagation between the successive units, namely the wide to narrow (WTN) or the narrow to wide (NTW) modes of air flow, external to internal (ETI) or internal to external (ITE) modes of the air charging operation and the physical principles related to the local air expansion and the local turbulence within each unit are also correct with elliptical structures as seen and described in Figs. 9-14.

[0186] The elliptical structure is an advantage for providing different intensities for the air expansion between successive stages, by changing the position of the air injection.

[0187] In Figs. 9-14, at least one small volume interface unit is situated in at least one medium volume interface unit, and the at least one medium volume interface unit is situated in at least one large volume interface unit to have a direct heat transfer, to cool each other while the compressed air in each of the interface units undergoes an expansion phase. Fig. 9A illustrates a multi-stage concentric elliptic unit, inner to exterior (ITE) assembly, and Fig. 9B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage unit, inner to exterior (ITE) assembly 900 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0188] Seen in Fig. 9A, the multi-stage concentric elliptic unit, inner to exterior assembly 900 comprises at least one compressed air source such as a compressed vessel (not seen in the figure) or a compressor 902 and multiple pressurized interface units such as for instance a first small interface unit 904, a second medium interface unit 906, and a third large interface unit 908.

[0189] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the charging high pressure interface unit is the first small interface unit 904.

[0190] Also seen in the figure, are pressure regulators, one pressure regulator 903 and another pressure regulator 905 for controlling the pressure of the air flowing from one interface unit to another. In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the expansion phase starts from the high-pressure level in the first small interface unit 904 and continues successively to the lower pressure level in the third large interface unit 908. Each expansion stage produces a cooling effect, while charging the next stage. More specifically, since the interface units are positioned inside one another - the first small interface unit 904 is inside the second medium interface unit 906, and the second medium interface unit 906 is inside the third large interface unit 908, there is a direct heat transfer among the interface units. For instance, when the compressed air in the first small interface unit 904 undergoes expansion, and thus, cooling, the second medium interface unit 906 is being cooled as a result of direct heat transfer (since the first small interface unit 904 is inside the second medium interface unit 906).

[0191] Fig. 10A illustrates a multi-stage concentric elliptic unit, exterior to inner (ETI) assembly, and Fig. 10B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage unit, exterior to inner (ETI) assembly 1000 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0192] Seen in Fig. 10A, the multi-stage stage unit, inner to exterior assembly 1000 comprises at least one compressed air source such as a compressed vessel (not seen in the figure) or a compressor 1002 and multiple pressurized interface units such as for instance a first large interface unit 1008, a second medium interface unit 1006, and a third small interface unit 1004.

[0193] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the charging high pressure interface unit is the first large interface unit 1008.

[0194] Also seen in the figure, are pressure regulators, one pressure regulator 1003 and another pressure regulator 1005 for controlling the pressure of the air flowing from one interface unit to another. In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the expansion phase starts from the high-pressure level in the first large interface unit 1008 and continues successively to the lower pressure level in the third low interface unit 1004. Each expansion stage produces a cooling effect, while charging the next stage.

[0195] More specifically, since the interface units are positioned inside one another - the first small interface unit 1004 is inside the second medium interface unit 1006, and the second medium interface unit 1006 is inside the third large interface unit 1008, there is a direct heat transfer among the interface units. For instance, when the compressed air in the third large interface unit 1008 undergoes expansion, and thus, cooling, the second medium interface unit 1006 is being cooled as a result of direct heat transfer (since the first small interface unit 1004 is inside the second medium interface unit 1006 which is inside the third large interface unit 1008).

[0196] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the configuration in Figs. 9A- B represents moderate cooling, while the configuration in Figs. 10A-B may result in intensive cooling, since it is more practical to create a higher pressure in the discharge of the small interface unit 1004 than the third large interface unit 1008.

[0197] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, multi-stage unit inner to exterior assembly 900 and multi-stage unit exterior to inner assembly 1000 are suitable for the design of compact portable units.

[0198] Fig. 11A illustrates a multi-stage non-concentric elliptic unit, inner to exterior (ITE) wide to narrow flow (WTN) assembly, and Fig. 1 IB is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage non-concentric, inner to exterior (ITE) wide to narrow flow (WTN) assembly 1100 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0199] As seen in the Fig. 11 A, the multi-stage non-concentric inner to exterior assembly 1100 comprises at least one compressed air source such as a compressed vessel (not seen in the figure) or a compressor 1102 and multiple pressurized interface units such as for instance a first small interface unit 1104, a second medium interface unit 1106, and a third large interface unit 1108.

[0200] As seen in the figure, the charging high pressure interface unit is the first small interface unit 1104.

[0201] Also seen in the figure are pressure regulators, one pressure regulator 1103 and another pressure regulator 1105 for controlling the pressure of the air flowing from one interface unit to another.

[0202] Fig. 12A illustrates a multi-stage non-concentric elliptic unit, exterior to inner (ETI) wide to narrow flow (WTN) assembly, and Fig. 12B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage non-concentric, exterior to inner (ETI) wide to narrow flow (WTN) assembly 1200 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0203] As seen in Fig. 12 A, the non-concentric multi-stage unit, exterior to inner assembly 1200 comprises at least one compressed air source such as a compressed vessel (not seen in the figure) or a compressor 1202 and multiple pressurized interface units such as for instance a first large interface unit 1208, a second medium interface unit 1206, and a third small interface unit 1204.

[0204] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the charging high pressure interface unit is the first large interface unit 1208.

[0205] Also seen in the figure are pressure regulators, one pressure regulator 1203 and another pressure regulator 1205 for controlling the pressure of the air flowing from one interface unit to another.

[0206] Fig. 13 A illustrates a multi-stage non-concentric elliptic unit, inner to exterior (ITE) narrow to wide flow (NTW) assembly, and Fig. 13B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage non- concentric, inner to exterior (ITE) narrow to wide flow (NTW) assembly 1300 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0207] As seen in Fig. 13 A, the non-concentric elliptic multi-stage unit, inner to exterior assembly 1300 comprises at least one compressed air source such as a compressed vessel (not seen in the figure) or a compressor 1302 and multiple pressurized interface units such as for instance a first small interface unit 1304, a second medium interface unit 1306, and a third large interface unit 1308.

[0208] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the charging high pressure interface unit is the first small interface unit 1308.

[0209] Also seen in the figure, are pressure regulators, one pressure regulator 1303 and another pressure regulator 1305 for controlling the pressure of the air flowing from one interface unit to another.

[0210] Fig. 14A illustrates a multi-stage non-concentric elliptic unit, exterior to inner (ETI) narrow to wide flow (NTW) assembly, and Fig. 14B is a cross-sectional top view of the multi-stage non- concentric, exterior to inner (ETI) narrow to wide flow (NTW) assembly 1400 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0211] As seen in Fig. 14 A, the non-concentric multi-stage unit, exterior to inner assembly 1400 comprises at least one compressed air source such as a compressed vessel (not seen in the figure) or a compressor 1402 and multiple pressurized interface units such as for instance a first large interface unit 1408, a second medium interface unit 1406, and a third small interface unit 1404.

[0212] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the charging high pressure interface unit is the first large interface unit 1408.

[0213] Also seen in the figure, are pressure regulators, one pressure regulator 1403 and another pressure regulator 1405 for controlling the pressure of the air flowing from one interface unit to another.

[0214] It should be noted that the variety of structures as detailed above, i.e., concentric, eccentric, elliptical type related to different modes of air flow between the units (ETI or ITE, WTN or NTW), different modes of local expansion within the unit, although they all operate according to the similar principle, the special practicality of each of them lies in the particular application in question (see below). The designer may increase in a certain location or moderate, reduce and restrain the cooling intensity in various locations.

[0215] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the interface units described and illustrated in Figs. 3-14 may be connected to each other mechanically (by welding, soldering) to ensure the required pressure resistance.

[0216] Alternatively, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the interface units may be connected to each other by a removable common cover.

[0217] The cover may be designed to allow for a desired eccentricity, and therefore, to change the eccentricity, the user may need to reposition the interface units and replace the cover with a suitable cover.

[0218] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the configurations of Figs. 2A- B and 3A-14B may each be pre-programmed to operate in continuous mode, providing air streams such as fresh air streams at varying intensities.

[0219] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, Figs. 2-14, despite the reference to three vessel units, the physical principle of the multi-stage assembly can be designed for one, two or more stages, depending on the case in question.

[0220] As mentioned above, the cooling effect is derived due to thermodynamic work or high kinetic energy extracted from the expanding air at the expense of internal energy. A similar physical effect can be achieved by allowing the air to expand into an elastic vessel, which exerts considerable resistance against the expanding air, again at the expense of the internal energy of the air at high pressure (similar to the thermodynamic work produced by air across a turbine). In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, if a turbine is used as a discharge device, then beyond the cooling effect, the turbine can be used to drive another component such as a blower to cause a local dispersion of the discharged air stream.

[0221] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the compressor in Figs. 3A- 14B can be a nearly isothermal compressor to relieve the heat of compression. Isothermal compression is significantly energy efficient.

[0222] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, any one of the above-described assemblies in Figs. 1-14 may comprise an air enrichment sub-unit (GEU) to replenish the discharged air.

[0223] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, any one of the above-described assemblies in Figs 2-14 may comprise a gas enrichment sub-unit (GEU) to replenish the discharged air. Thus, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, each of the multi-interface unit assemblies may be used in general to regulate indoor air quality, by inclusion of the GEU device

[0224] In light of the above, the multi -interface unit system for local cooling can be used in a wide variety of practical areas characterized by multiple components such as, for instance, electric vehicles, electric-hybrid vehicles and vehicles in general.

[0225] The above embodiments are now shown with reference to an electric vehicle although, as said above, all embodiments may be adapted to a broad spectrum of applications :

[0226] Fig. 15 is a schematic illustration of an electric / electric hybrid vehicle comprised of the multiinterface unit system for local cooling 1500 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.

[0227] As seen in Fig. 15, the multi-interface unit system for local cooling 1502 may be an elliptical multi-interface unit system. However, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the multi-interface unit system for local cooling 1502 may be one of the concentric multi-interface unit system, nonconcentric multi -interface unit system and the elliptical multiinterface unit system described in Figs. 1-14.

[0228] Thus, as seen in the figure, the electric / electric hybrid vehicle may comprise multiple components such as a traction battery pack 1508, electric traction motor 1510, control and inverter 1512, DC / DC converter 1514, thermal system cooling 1516, charge port 1518, battery auxiliary 1520, transmission 1522, and onboard charger 1524.

[0229] Some of the above components must be cooled for proper operation. The various components may be cooled at the same time and at multiple levels of operating temperature. Thus, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the electric / electric hybrid vehicle further comprises the multi -interface unit system for local cooling 1502.

[0230] As seen in the figure, the multi -interface unit system for local cooling 1502 may comprise a compressor 1503 for supplying compressed air to a selected interface unit, multiple pipes, such as pipes 1534-1542, through which air may be flowing from each one of the interface units of the multi -interface unit system for local cooling 1502 to each one of the vehicle components that may heat up and have to be cooled.

[0231] As seen in the figure, each one of those components that have to be cooled for proper operation comprises at least one temperature sensor as seen in the figure. Namely, traction battery pack 1508 may comprise at least one temperature sensor such as first temperature sensor 1526, electric traction motor 1510 may comprise at least one temperature sensor such as second temperature sensor 1528, control and inverter 1512 may comprise at least one temperature sensor such as third temperature sensor 1530, charge port 1518 may comprise at least one temperature sensor such as forth temperature sensor 1532, and battery auxiliary 1520 may comprise at least one temperature sensor such as fifth temperature sensor 1534.

[0232] The multi-interface unit system for local cooling 1502 is equipped with a computer (a processor and associated memory) 1504 equipped with a multi-stage unit assembly control program 1506. The multi -interface unit system for local cooling 1502 and each of the above-mentioned temperature sensors are associated with computer 1504 via wired communication or wireless communication, e.g., via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, or a combination thereof.

[0233] Thus, the present invention enables the integration of the multi-stage unit assembly control program 1506 with each one of the temperature sensors described above by combining at least one software component (e.g., at least one driver) to at least one temperature sensor within the program. Once the at least one driver is incorporated, the multi-stage unit assembly control program 1506 is able to detect the temperature of each of the above-mentioned components.

[0234] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, once the vehicle is being used, the at least one temperature sensor sends a signal either continuously or at any predetermined time interval to the multi-stage unit assembly control program 1506, and every time an increase in temperature is detected, the computer 1504 sends a signal to the multi -interface unit system for local cooling 1502 to initiate an air flow, either a continuous or a pulsed air flow into the monitored component whose temperature is increased, or to increase / decrease the flow rate of the air flowing into the monitored component in order to keep a pre-determined, stable temperature of said component. In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the multi-interface unit system for local cooling 1502 is comprised of multiple pressurized interface units such as for instance a first large interface unit 1502A, a second medium interface unit 1502B, and a third small interface unit 1502C.

[0235] Each of the interface units supplies air to selected components of the vehicle based on the size and degree of heating of each component. For example, since the traction battery 1508 is the largest component in the vehicle, the first large interface unit 1502A supplies air to the traction battery 1508.

[0236] The charge port 1518 is smaller than the traction battery pack 1508 and therefore may receive air from the medium interface unit 1502B.

[0237] The small interface unit 1502C may supply air to the electric traction motor 1510 and the control and inverter 1512.

[0238] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the multi-interface unit system for local cooling 1502 may be pressurized when starting, stopping, or when the electric traction motor load is low.

[0239] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the multi-stage unit assembly control program 1506 may further comprise a timer to activate a gradual air discharge into the passenger compartment while the car is at stoppage in order to keep safe climate in the passengers’ compartment or other areas.

[0240] It should be noted that Fig. 15 includes only diagrammatically some of the objects which necessitate special care on the operational temperature for optimal functioning. There are others which may be included, such as servers, sensors, car cameras, passenger cabin, etc.

[0241] As mentioned above in Figs. 1-14, in addition to the expansion of the air between the successive interface units, flow reversal and local turbulence may cause a further decrease in temperature at the cost of a decrease in internal energy. Sharona, it is important to emphasize these mechanisms to further the temperature decrease by utilizing the local turbulence and local flow reversal as caused by the non-concentric structures, annular or elliptic. May be to put a claim. In addition, the air temperature also depends on the location of the air outlet from the interface unit. That is, if the air comes out of a narrow zone, such as, for instance, zone “X” of the interface unit seen in Fig. 15, the air flow rate will be higher than the flow rate of an air stream that comes out of a wider zone, such as zone “Y” of the interface unit - this is as a result of the fact that the kinetic energy of the air comes at the expense of the internal energy of the air. Therefore, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the pipes 1534- 1542 may not be fixedly connected to the multi -interface unit system for local cooling 1502. Instead, pipes 1534-1542 may be movable throughout each of the interface units of the multiinterface unit system for local cooling 1502 and the position of each pipe may be controlled by the multi-stage assembly control program of unit 1506 based on the required air flow rate and temperature.

[0242] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the multi -interface unit system for local cooling 1502 may provide a flow of cooled pressurized air into the electric traction motor 1510 in a continuous or boost mode.

[0243] Thus, the role of the multi -interface unit system for local cooling 1502 may be twofold: (1) it supplies cooled air under continuous pressure during vehicle operation, and (2) it serves as a source of pressurized air during the extinguishing phase or in a danger situation. Blowing cooled air under pressure may be an effective and immediate way against the onset of unwanted warming.

[0244] As noted above, the multi -interface unit system for local cooling 1502, as an external unit, can manage and control the simultaneous supply of cooled streams upstream or downstream to multiple components of the vehicle each at different operational temperature level. The multiinterface unit system for local cooling 1502 of the present invention is designed to ensure a fairly regulated flow of cold air, which can be applied in place and time according to the case in question. Moreover, it may be necessary to simultaneously treat different areas while driving or when the vehicle is stopped, during the charging phase, etc.

[0245] In practice, the multi -interface unit system for local cooling 1502 can be easily installed as an external standalone unit away from the engine, battery system, electronic or computer center, hot areas or the exhaust system, etc.

[0246] Clearly, the discharge mode can be either a single or multi -discharge mode device with option of switching from one to the other when needed.

[0247] As stated above, most of the prior art references, such as those dealing with active liquid circulation technologies, require a rigid and solid fit to the vehicle system.

[0248] In contrast, the principle of the present invention is, however, to avoid any interference with the existing vehicle technology, while simultaneously promising a generality for a wide spectrum of applications in time and in place as needed.

[0249] Next, the disclosure herein sets forth in a more concentrated and focused manner some typical applications that may benefit from the proposed embodiments. Each embodiment may in principle be an independent assembly integrated with an existing cooling or boosting system. Obviously, the operational pre-programming of each of the embodiments as described above and the appropriate temperature management should be tailored according to the particular application in question.

[0250] The embodiments described so far are now illuminated even more strongly in the light of real operational characteristics of practical processes:

[0251] A -DISCHARGE BY A SINGLE UNIT;

[0252] According to some embodiments of the present invention, as in Figs. 1A-B, each discharge step may represent a complete discharge of all air contained in the discharge interface unit. Due to the higher discharge pressure than ambient pressure, the amount of air discharged is significantly greater than the volume of the discharge tank. For example, a 4 liter discharge interface unit with a discharge pressure of 5 bar corresponds to approximately 20 liters of discharged air.

[0253] It should be noted that in most practical applications there is no real need for a relatively large discharge flow, except in emergency situations. Therefore, a one-time discharge may often seem impractical.

[0254] Furthermore, since the entire contents are discharged, the reloading step can be timeconsuming and energy-consuming, accompanied by significant preheating due to compression and therefore requires a transition to a pre-cooling step.

[0255] Therefore, it should be noted at this point that single-shot discharge from a single discharge unit, as well as a full discharge processing mode, as is commonly known, may place real practical limitations on controlled continuous cooling processes.

[0256] However, the various controlled discharge modes in this invention are achieved by a variety of discharge devices, as in the present invention, each of the multiple discharge devices may be selected from a solenoid valve, a vortex tube that provides cold and hot streams simultaneously, a nozzle discharge interface unit, and an adjustable orifice.

[0257] B- EFFECTS OF INITIAL TEMPERATURE;

[0258] Furthermore, it should be emphasized that the cooling intensity is determined not only by the discharge pressure. The temperature drop due to expansion also depends on the initial temperature just before expansion occurs. The purpose of the pre-cooling phase is to reduce the initial temperature, both before reloading and before the start of discharge. In general, the embodiments of multiple coupled discharge units and the proposed loading conditions of each discharge unit by a subsequent unit, while containing already cooled air, may neutralize the compression preheat and thus establish a reduced initial temperature. In effect, each subsequent new cycle begins with a mild preheat and reduced initial temperature levels. Indeed, the compact concentric structure, while charging takes place from the reservoir to its subsequent reservoir, allows for the effective neutralization of most of the preheating that may develop in direct compression.

[0259] C- MULTIPLE DISCHAGE RESERVOIR STRUCTURE - the multiple discharge reservoir structures (multiple interface units), annular, elliptical, concentric or non-concentric as in Figs. 2-14, not only compete in the preheating mitigation of the charge but are actually compatible with dealing with multiple purposes served simultaneously by a single main charging system. Thus, the variety of implementations described in the present application provide a comprehensive framework of solutions for practical handling of unlimited collection targets in various locations and with varying specific thermal needs, temperature and / or heat flux removal needs.

[0260] Indeed, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the multi -interface structures, as shown in Figs. 2-14, are consistent with real practical needs, requiring controlled cooled air flows. At the same time, and in fact coincidentally, the multi -interface structure is designed to compete with frequent discharge and air discharge intensity.

[0261] D - DISCHARGE DURATION - a further step can be taken based on the study of the discharge duration. The investigation of the discharge process with the instantaneous discharge pressure, as shown below for instance in Figure 19, indicates that once the discharge process starts, the discharge pressure maintains its highest predetermined level only at the beginning of the discharge. The duration of the complete discharge process may be very fast for higher discharge pressure levels, may be less than 1 second, about 600 microseconds.

[0262] In fact, the effective temperature drop due to adiabatic expansion actually occurs in the first stage of the discharge process.

[0263] Therefore, it may be sufficient and most economical to end the discharge process before the pressure drops to the final ambient level of 1 bar. A partial discharge process is advantageous because it provides:

[0264] 1. Almost complete drop in temperature.

[0265] 2. Energy savings and relatively short recharging time. 3. Slight preheating during the next / consecutive charge, due to cold air remaining from the partial discharge.

[0266] 4. Time savings (charging time + early cooling time to room temperature) and therefore the system may allow more frequent discharges.

[0267] It advised that the multi-interface unit system of the present invention may be pre-programmed to a partial gas discharge level. The multi -interface unit system, the discharge process, as shown in Figs. 2-14, may easily be pre-programmed to terminate gas discharge before the gas pressure in the selected interface units drops to a minimum ambient pressure of 1 bar.

[0268] EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

[0269] This section describes experimental operations and results performed with the multi -interface unit system of the present invention.

[0270] Figs. 16A-B illustrate the general view of the various reservoir assemblies of the multiinterface concentric unit system used in the experiments. The multi -interface unit system used in the experiments includes 1, 4, and 10 liter reservoirs and discharge units.

[0271] In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, each set of volumes can be tailored to a specific application. For thermodynamic reasons, a ratio of 3-4 is preferable for expansion between successive reservoirs.

[0272] The discharge pressure in each of the discharge units is between 2-8 bar.

[0273] It should be noted that all experiments are conducted either with the external to internal ETI charging mode or the internal to external ITE charging mode. With the ETI charging mode, the compressor feeds the external reservoir and thus each reservoir charges its next internal reservoir, while in ITE charging mode, the compressor feeds the internal reservoir and the charging proceeds to the external reservoirs.

[0274] First Experiment

[0275] Figs. 17A-B illustrate the different reservoirs of the multi -interface unit system used in the first experiment. The figures illustrate the discharge devices and the location of the various sensors along discharge units. Two configurations for the discharge outlet are shown: free discharge as in Fig. 17A or discharge through a common collection triangle as in Fig. 17B.

[0276] Various modes of operation have been conducted extensively and recorded in order to demonstrate the cooling effects of the multi -interface unit system.

[0277] Discharge from the various reservoirs may be carried out using different discharge devices such as a solenoid valve for the inner reservoir to create immediate discharge, a nozzle for the middle reservoir, and an adjustable opening for the outer reservoir to create controlled discharge.

[0278] The experimental process includes a Pre-Cooling Phase. The first set of experiments uses a common collection triangle as in Fig. 17-B, while cooling the discharge unit to the room temperature before discharge and regulating the discharge pressure at 2, 4, 6, 8 bars, just before discharge.

[0279] All reservoirs are charged initially to identical target pressure of 2, 4, 6, or 8 bars. As the target pressure is reached, the compressor is switched off. Then manual discharge of each reservoir is triggered- for 2 sec, until full expansion takes place-zero gauge pressure is reached.

[0280] Discharge order: First the external reservoir, then the middle reservoir and last the internal reservoir.

[0281] As mentioned above, using ETI charging mode, the compressor feeds the external reservoir and thus each reservoir charges its next inner reservoir.

[0282] Fig. 18 illustrates a temperature rise due to external -to-internal charging ETI charging. As can be seen in the figure, the heating rate is relatively moderate due to continuous discharge from one reservoir to its next internal reservoir: this occurs when the external reservoir is discharged into the middle reservoir, charging the middle reservoir, and when the middle reservoir is discharged into the inner reservoir, charging the inner reservoir. Therefore, the heating rate of the outer reservoir is small both due to the discharge to the middle reservoir and due to efficient heat dissipation.

[0283] Figs. 19-20 illustrate a sample of typical temperature drop due to instantaneous discharge, at different discharge pressure levels of 2, 4, 6, 8 bar, inside the discharge units, with an adjustable orifice fully open or 2 / 3 open.

[0284] Figs. 19-20 represent only typical illustrations, while Table 1 in Fig. 22 includes a broad spectrum of summary results for different operating modes. Note that Ts, Tf and Delta Tc in the table indicate the temperature just before discharge occurs, after discharge is complete and the corresponding temperature drop during the discharge process.

[0285] It is clear that as the discharge pressure increases, the temperature drop is more pronounced. It should be noted that each reservoir is discharged by a different device: a solenoid valve for the inner reservoir, a nozzle device for the middle reservoir, and an adjustable orifice in the outer tank as can be seen in Figs. 17A-B.

[0286] Fig 21 represents a summary of the output temperature drop as a function of the discharge pressure level for the various reservoirs, using the fully open position of the adjustable orifice for the external reservoir. It is clear that the nozzle discharge device yields the largest temperature drop due to the higher kinetic energy of the discharge stream, which results from the internal energy of the discharge air stream. As can be seen in the table, the results with an adjustable orifice, opened 2 / 3, are mediocre compared to a fully open opening.

[0287] Second Experiment

[0288] As said above, the results presented in Figs. 18-22 correspond to a discharge through a common collection triangular exit as shown in Fig. 17-B and without precooling phase. Similar experiments with free discharge as in Fig.17-A and with precooling phase (not included herein) indicate more pronounced cooling effects in favor to free discharge or due to precooling phase and careful pressure regulation of the target discharge pressure just before discharge takes place.

[0289] However, it is noteworthy that the operation with collection reservoir is important for producing cooled air reservoirs at various temperature levels for different desired applications (to be submitted shortly).

[0290] It should be noted that extensive experimental results are available for all experimental modes below, as shown in the table provided in Fig. 22. However, only typical illustrations are presented.

[0291] Third Experiment

[0292] Figs. 23-24 illustrate nozzle devices as discharge devices for all reservoirs and experimental results using the nozzle devices.

[0293] As clearly shown in Fig. 24, a nozzle discharge device is significantly more effective in producing a lower temperature of the discharge air stream. This finding is well understood in light of the higher kinetic energy of the exhaust stream, which results on account of the internal energy, thus producing a lower temperature discharge. It is clear that the nozzle parameters control the rate of cooling effects. As shown in the figure, a strong and immediate temperature drop may be achieved with multi-system discharge concentric units. The relatively moderate temperature drop from the external unit is likely due to heat loss to the environment.

[0294] Fourth Experiment- CONTINUOUS DISCHARGE

[0295] The results presented so far refer to separate discharge processes from the different reservoirs, covering a wide range of operating conditions. Continuous charging and simultaneous continuous discharge from each reservoir may be of unique interest from an applied point of view. Continuous experiments with the concentric assembly are being conducted under the following operating process.

[0296] The process of continuous discharge mode is as follows: compressor ON - while discharge takes place.

[0297] Three discharge rounds from each of the three reservoirs:

[0298] First internal, middle reservoir and then external reservoir.

[0299] Charging and discharge reservoirs at target pressure of 2, 4, 6, 8 bar.

[0300] When the target pressure is reached, a manual discharge is activated for 2 seconds. This is followed by a recharge, followed by a second unload cycle. At each target pressure, three discharge cycles are performed, each discharge lasting 2 seconds.

[0301] A sequential discharge from the inner reservoir is shown in Fig. 25. As noted above, the reservoirs are discharged sequentially: first the inner reservoir is discharged continuously for three cycles, with 2 seconds between successive cycles. As the inner reservoir is discharged, the corresponding temperature changes in the middle and outer reservoirs are simultaneously recorded (see Fig. 25).

[0302] As can be seen in the figure, the most noticeable temperature drop is mainly in the inner reservoir, which is being discharged, while the changes in the middle and external reservoirs are only slight due to the flow of gas from the external reservoir to the middle reservoir and then from the middle reservoir to the inner reservoir for the purpose of recharging the inner reservoir, since the inner reservoir is under discharge.

[0303] It is clear that the simultaneous flow of gas into the reservoir, which is being discharged, moderates the temperature drop. If and when charging is only done after discharging is complete, temperature drop is more intense.

[0304] Similarly, when the middle reservoir is discharged, the temperature change in the external reservoir is simultaneously recorded as well, and in this case, gas flows from the external reservoir while the middle reservoir is being discharged, thus moderating the temperature drop in the middle reservoir.

[0305] Similar instant results are available for different discharge pressure levels and for processing discharge from both indoor and outdoor units.

[0306] Figs. 26-27, however, demonstrate a comprehensive summary of continuous discharge mode output from each of the reservoirs at different discharge pressures, indicating that the temperature drop can be maintained almost continuously over time.

[0307] It should be emphasized that discharge is activated at each cycle at the specific target pressure. When the compressor switch detects a pressure drop, the compressor is restarted, as is the recharge, which may occur during the discharge process before the discharge comes to an end. Clearly if and when the compressor is turned off immediately as discharged is triggered, greater temperature drops are detected (not shown herein).

[0308] The results presented so far refer to the external charging mode - ETI. Using the ITE charging mode, the compressor feeds the internal reservoir and thus each reservoir charges its next external reservoir. This is achieved by alternating the pressure regulator connection between the reservoirs.

[0309] A comprehensive experimental program was also performed for the ITE charging mode, as well as for ETI charging mode. Therefore, the comprehensive set of results may cover a wide range of practical applications of the multi- interface units of the present invention (concentric assembly).

[0310] Figs. 28-29 represent experimental results obtained with an ITE charging mode indicating that continuous discharge characteristics can be maintained over time.

[0311] Fig. 28 illustrates a continuous discharge from the external reservoir at different pressure discharge levels, with the compressor running continuously and therefore recharging occurring simultaneously with the discharge process. On the other hand, Figure 29 represents a continuous discharge from each reservoir, first the inner, then the middle reservoir and then the external reservoir, with the compressor turned off upon completion of the discharge. Typical highlights are as follows:

[0312] (1) It is clear that since ITE charging mode is used here, no changes occur in the reservoir which is external to the discharge reservoir. For example, when discharging occurs from the internal reservoir, no changes occur in the middle and external reservoirs.

[0313] (2) It is important to note that the heating rate due to internal charging is almost insignificant in all reservoirs, since gas expansion occurs while charging is carried out from a smaller reservoir to a larger reservoir.

[0314] (3) Since the ITE charging mode is used here when the compressor is off between successive discharges, the discharge order is first the inner reservoir, then the middle reservoir, and finally the outer reservoir.

[0315] (4) The results presented so far refer to instantaneous discharge triggered by actuation of an electric solenoid. It is clear that the discharge process can be designed as a quasi-reversible discharge by adopting a well-controlled valve, instantaneous electric solenoid, nozzle, adjustable orifice, turbine or a set of coupled discharge devices. (5) Indeed, the achievements of the multi -interface unit system of the present invention (concentric assembly) are best understood by the variety of experiments in different operating modes as detailed herein.

[0316] (6) Control issues: It is of particular importance to highlight some control issues of current multi-purpose discharge units. An electric vehicle as described here, like many other systems, is composed of multiple subsystems, each of which requires precise control for optimal performance, efficiency, and safety. Furthermore, each subsystem can affect the performance of other subsystems, and of course, the overall performance.

[0317] When the system dynamics are nonlinear, as in real applications, multi -parameter control becomes necessary, whereby several operating parameters are used simultaneously to achieve optimal overall performance.

[0318] In the case of an electric vehicle, the overall control depends on several operating parameters. Multi-parameter control is essential for optimizing efficiency, performance, and safety in integrated electric vehicle systems.

[0319] The multi-discharge discharge assemblies as described in the various embodiments of this invention allow for multi-parameter well control to be defined by using a simple combination of control parameters, such as discharge pressure, concentric or non-concentric, annular / elliptical structures, ETI / ITE loading conditions, WTN / NTW flow conditions, reservoir volumes and the appropriate discharge of each reservoir, etc. An assembly can be pre-programmed to provide the correct response for each of the subsystems.

[0320] Indeed, a unique feature of the present invention is to provide, among other things, the capability of multi-parameter control for various components of multiple subsystem applications.

[0321] The system of the present invention may include, according to certain embodiments of the invention, machine readable memory containing or otherwise storing a program of instructions which, when executed by the machine, implements some or all of the apparatus, methods, features and functionalities of the invention shown and described herein. Alternatively, or in addition, the apparatus of the present invention may include, according to certain embodiments of the invention, a program as above which may be written in any conventional programming language, and optionally a machine for executing the program such as but not limited to a general purpose computer, which may optionally be configured or activated in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. Any of the teachings incorporated herein may wherever suitable operate on signals representative of physical objects or substances. Unless specifically stated otherwise, as apparent from the following discussions, it is appreciated that throughout the specification discussions, utilizing terms such as, "processing", "computing", "estimating", "selecting", "ranking", "grading", "calculating", "determining", "generating", "reassessing", "classifying", "generating", "producing", "stereo-matching", "registering", "detecting", "associating", "superimposing", "obtaining" or the like, refer to the action and / or processes of a computer or computing system, or processor or similar electronic computing device, that manipulate and / or transform data represented as physical, such as electronic, quantities within the computing system's registers and / or memories, into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computing system's memories, registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. The term "computer" should be broadly construed to cover any kind of electronic device with data processing capabilities, including, by way of non-limiting example, personal computers, servers, computing system, communication devices, processors (e.g. digital signal processor (DSP), microcontrollers, field programmable gate array (FPGA), application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc.) and other electronic computing devices.

[0322] The present invention may be described, merely for clarity, in terms of terminology specific to particular programming languages, operating systems, browsers, system versions, individual products, and the like. It will be appreciated that this terminology is intended to convey general principles of operation clearly and briefly, by way of example, and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention to any particular programming language, operating system, browser, system version, or individual product.

[0323] It is appreciated that software components of the present invention including programs and data may, if desired, be implemented in ROM (read only memory) form including CD-ROMs, EPROMs and EEPROMs, or may be stored in any other suitable typically non-transitory computer-readable medium such as but not limited to disks of various kinds, cards of various kinds and RAMs. Components described herein as software may, alternatively, be implemented wholly or partly in hardware, if desired, using conventional techniques. Conversely, components described herein as hardware may, alternatively, be implemented wholly or partly in software, if desired, using conventional techniques.

[0324] Included in the scope of the present invention, inter alia, are electromagnetic signals carrying computer-readable instructions for performing any or all of the steps of any of the methods shown and described herein, in any suitable order; machine-readable instructions for performing any or all of the steps of any of the methods shown and described herein, in any suitable order; program storage devices readable by machine, tangibly embodying a program of instructions executable by the machine to perform any or all of the steps of any of the methods shown and described herein, in any suitable order; a computer program product comprising a computer useable medium having computer readable program code, such as executable code, having embodied therein, and / or including computer readable program code for performing, any or all of the steps of any of the methods shown and described herein, in any suitable order; any technical effects brought about by any or all of the steps of any of the methods shown and described herein, when performed in any suitable order; any suitable apparatus or device or combination of such, programmed to perform, alone or in combination, any or all of the steps of any of the methods shown and described herein, in any suitable order; electronic devices each including a processor and a cooperating input device and / or output device and operative to perform in software any steps shown and described herein; information storage devices or physical records, such as disks or hard drives, causing a computer or other device to be configured so as to carry out any or all of the steps of any of the methods shown and described herein, in any suitable order; a program pre-stored e.g. in memory or on an information network such as the Internet, before or after being downloaded, which embodies any or all of the steps of any of the methods shown and described herein, in any suitable order, and the method of uploading or downloading such, and a system including server / s and / or client / s for using such; and hardware which performs any or all of the steps of any of the methods shown and described herein, in any suitable order, either alone or in conjunction with software. Any computer-readable or machine-readable media described herein is intended to include non-transitory computer- or machine-readable media.

[0325] Any computations or other forms of analysis described herein may be performed by a suitable computerized method. Any step described herein may be computer-implemented. The invention shown and described herein may include (a) using a computerized method to identify a solution to any of the problems or for any of the objectives described herein, the solution optionally include at least one of a decision, an action, a product, a service or any other information described herein that impacts, in a positive manner, a problem or objectives described herein; and (b) outputting the solution.

[0326] The scope of the present invention is not limited to structures and functions specifically described herein and is also intended to include devices which have the capacity to yield a structure, or perform a function, described herein, such that even though users of the device may not use the capacity, they are, if they so desire, able to modify the device to obtain the structure or function. Features of the present invention which are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment.

[0327] For example, a system embodiment is intended to include a corresponding process embodiment. Also, each system embodiment is intended to include a server-centered "view" or client centered "view", or "view" from any other node of the system, of the entire functionality of the system, computer-readable medium, apparatus, including only those functionalities performed at that server or client or node.

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A multi-interface unit system for local cooling multiple components at multiple temperatures levels at the same time, the system comprising: concentric or non-concentric or annular or elliptic multi-interface units, said concentric or non-concentric or annular or elliptic multi- interface units are programmable to provide gas either to a predefined spot / volume or to multiple spots / volumes, either continuously or by at least one predefined time sequence, at least one compressed gas source for providing compressed gas to at least one of said multiple interface units, and a controller, wherein each one of said multi -interface units of the concentric, the non- concentric or the annular or elliptic multi -interface units is controlled to cool at least one selected component depending on the desired degree of cooling, wherein each one of the elliptic multi -interface units comprising multiple zones of multiple sizes, thus, a desired intensity of gas expansion, between successive stages is achievable by entering the gas at a selected zone of each of said elliptic multi-interface units, thus, a gas temperature is controlled by the intensity of the gas expansion in each of said multi -interface units and also by a zone from which the gas exiting each of said multi -interface units, wherein to ensure effective and well-controlled cooling, the gas is maintained at a pre-cooled temperature, in each of said multiple interface units, due to a previous expansion, wherein each of said multiple interface units is programmed to receive said compressed gas and to expand said compressed gas continuously or via at least one predefined time sequence to control the gas temperature in each of said multiple interface units, whereby the multi-interface unit system cooling multiple components at multiple temperatures at the same time.

2. The multi -interface unit system of claim 1, wherein flow reversal and local turbulence further decrease the gas temperature in non-concentric structures, annular or elliptic structures.

3. The multi -interface unit system of claim 1, wherein each of said multiple interface units is programmed to expand said compressed gas continuously or via at least one predefined time sequence to control the gas temperature in each of said multiple interface units.

4. The multi -interface unit system of claim 1, wherein each one of said multiple interface units is programmed to have either a complete discharge of all of the gas or a partial discharge of said gas.

5. The multi -interface unit system of claim 4, wherein said partial discharge provides almost complete drop in temperature, energy savings and relatively short recharging time, slight preheating during a next / consecutive charge, and time savings.

6. The multi-interface unit system of claim 1, wherein the multi -interface unit further comprising pipes for flowing the gas to cool said at least one selected component, said pipes are not fixedly connected to the multi -interface unit system, the pipes are movable throughout each of the interface units of the multi -interface unit system.

7. The multi -interface unit system of claim 1, wherein said multiple interface units are arranged either in parallel or in a consecutive manner.

8. The multi-interface unit system of claim 1, wherein the compressed gas is selected from air, Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, Ozone (03), and Oxygen (02).

9. The multi-interface unit system of claim 6, wherein in case said multiple interface units are arranged in a consecutive manner, the compressed gas is transferable from each of said multiple interface units to a consecutive receiving interface unit, thus, gas expansion associated with cooling in each of said multiple interface units leading to gas recharging in said consecutive receiving interface unit.

10. The multi-interface unit system of claim 6, wherein in case said multiple interface units are arranged in parallel, gas recharging into each of said multiple interface units and / or gas expansion from each of said multiple interface units is either continuous or activated by at least one predefined time sequence.

11. The multi-interface unit system of claim 1, wherein the temperature of the gas being discharged from each of said multiple interface units is controlled by a mode of operation, either a continuous mode of operation or a non-continuous mode of operation set by at least one predefined time sequence of said gas compression and said gas expansion in each of said multiple interface units.

12. The multi-interface unit system of claim 9, wherein in said non-continuous mode of operation, the gas expansion and the gas compression take place interchangeably at predefined times in each of said multiple interface units.

13. The multi-interface unit system of claim 1, wherein each one of the multi -interface units is comprised of either a single discharge configuration or a multi -discharge configuration.

14. The multi-interface unit system of claim 12, wherein the single discharge configuration or the multi-discharge configuration comprises at least one discharge device.

15. The multi-interface unit system of claim 13, wherein the discharge device is selected from a moderate controlled quasi-reversible discharge device, a nozzle discharge device, an instantaneous prompt solenoid discharge device, a turbine, and a vortex tube.

16. The multi-interface unit system of claim 14, wherein the instantaneous discharge device is a solenoid valve.

17. The multi-interface unit system of claim 14, wherein said turbine used as a discharge device activating a blower to cause a local dispersion of an emitted air stream.

18. The multi-interface unit system of claim 1 further comprising a gas enrichment sub-unit (GEU), said gas enrichment sub-unit (GEU) providing an enriching gas stream connected to at least one gas stream discharged from at least one of said multiple interface units to enrich said at least one gas stream being discharged from the at least one of said multiple interface units.

19. The multi-interface unit system of any one of claims 1 and 14, further comprising a purifying gas stream discharge unit for providing a purifying gas stream.

20. The multi-interface unit system of claim 18, wherein the purifying gas stream is connected to the enriching gas stream provided to at least one of said multiple interface units to purify said gas stream.

21. The multi -interface unit system of claim 19, wherein the enriching gas and / or the purifying gas is selected from air, Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, Ozone (03), and Oxygen (02).

22. The multi-interface unit system of claim 8, wherein when an expansion phase in one interface unit comes to an end, a consecutive interface unit goes into its expansion phase, while recharging begins in the one interface unit, and when the consecutive interface unit completes its expansion phase, it is recharged, while the following interface unit goes into its expansion phase.

23. The multi-interface unit system of claim 1, wherein said multiple interface units have multiple volumes.

24. The multi-interface unit system of claim 22, wherein said multiple interface units having multiple volumes are arranged by volume.

25. The multi -interface unit system of claim 23, wherein small volume interface unit(s), medium volume interface unit(s), and large volume interface unit(s) are arranged in asuccessive manner, wherein one of the small volume interface unit(s) is a charging high pressure interface unit, and wherein an expansion phase starts from a high pressure level in the charging high pressure small interface unit and continues successively to a lower pressure level in the large volume interface unit(s).

26. The multi-interface unit system of claim 24, wherein large volume interface unit(s), medium volume interface unit(s), and small volume interface unit(s) are arranged in a successive manner, wherein one of the large volume interface unit(s) is a charging high pressure interface unit, and wherein an expansion phase starts from a high pressure level in the large charging high pressure interface unit and continues successively to a lower pressure level in the small volume interface unit(s).

27. The multi-interface unit system of any one of claims 22-25, wherein said small volume interface unit(s) is situated in said medium volume interface unit(s), and said medium volume interface(s) unit is situated in said large volume interface unit(s) to have a direct heat transfer, to cool each other while the compressed gas in each of said interface units undergoes an expansion phase.

28. The multi -interface unit system of any one of claims 1-27, wherein the interface units are connected to one another by welding or soldering to ensure a required pressure resistance.

29. The multi -interface unit system of any one of claims 1-27, wherein the interface units are elastic vessels, and wherein the air is expanding into the elastic vessels.

30. The multi-interface unit system of claim 1, wherein the at least one compressed gas source is a nearly isothermal compressor.

31. The multi -interface unit system of claim 1, wherein the interface units are connected to each other by a removable cover common to all of said interface units, said cover allowing for a specific eccentricity, and thus, to change the eccentricity, the cover is replaced with a suitable cover.

32. An electric / electric hybrid vehicle comprised of the multi -interface unit system for local cooling of claims 1-31, said electric / electric hybrid vehicle comprises: either a concentric multi-interface unit system, a nonconcentric multi-interface unit system or an elliptic multi -interface unit system for cooling multiple components of the electric / electric hybrid vehicle at multiple levels of operating temperature, a multi-stage unit assembly control program implemented on a computer, and at least one temperature sensor connected to each one of said multiple components of the electric / electric hybrid vehicle, said at least one temperaturesensor is associated with said computer via wired communication or wireless communication, wherein said at least one temperature sensor is configured to transmit temperature measurements to the multi-stage unit assembly control program and said multi-stage unit assembly control program controls the multi -interface unit system to simultaneously cool the multiple components of the electric / electric hybrid vehicle at multiple levels of operating temperature.

33. The electric / electric hybrid vehicle of claim 32, wherein said components of the electric / electric hybrid vehicle comprise a traction battery pack, an electric traction motor, control and inverter, a charge port, and a battery auxiliary34. The electric / electric hybrid vehicle of claim 32, wherein each of the interface units is selected to supply gas to each of said components of the vehicle based on the component’s size and degree of heating of each of said components.

35. The electric / electric hybrid vehicle of claim 32, wherein each of the above-mentioned temperature sensors is associated with the computer via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, or a combination thereof.

36. The electric / electric hybrid vehicle of claim 32, wherein each one of the temperature sensors is connected to at least one driver and as the at least one driver is incorporated, the multi-stage unit assembly control program detecting the temperature of each one of the associated components.

37. The electric / electric hybrid vehicle of claim 32, wherein as the vehicle is being used, the at least one temperature sensor sending a signal either continuously or at a predetermined time interval to the multi-stage unit assembly control program, and every time an increase in temperature is detected, the computer sends a signal to the multi-interface unit system for local cooling to initiate a gas flow, either a continuous or a pulsed gas flow into the monitored component whose temperature is increased, or to increase / decrease the flow rate of the gas flowing into the monitored component in order to keep a pre-determined, stable temperature of said component.

38. The electric / electric hybrid vehicle of claim 32, wherein the multi-interface unit system for local cooling provides a flow of cooled pressurized gas into the multiple components in a continuous or boost mode.

39. The electric / electric hybrid vehicle of claim 32, wherein the multi-interface unit system supplies cooled gas under continuous pressure during vehicle operation.

40. The electric / electric hybrid vehicle of claim 32, wherein the multi-interface unit system serves as a source of pressurized gas during an extinguishing phase or in a danger situation.

41. The electric / electric hybrid vehicle of claim 32, wherein pipes flowing the gas from the multi-interface unit system to each one of said multiple components of the electric / electric hybrid vehicle are not fixedly connected to the multi -interface unit system, said pipes are movable throughout each of the interface units of the multi -interface unit system, and the position of each pipe is controlled by the multi-stage assembly control program based on required air flow rate and temperature.

42. The electric / electric hybrid vehicle of claim 33, wherein the multi-interface unit system for local cooling is pressurized either when starting or stopping or when the electric traction motor load is low.

43. The electric / electric hybrid vehicle of claim 32, wherein the multi-stage unit assembly control program comprises a timer to initiate gradual air discharge to passenger’s compartment while the car is at stoppage to keep safe climate at the passenger’s compartment or in other zones.

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