Solar cell, electrical apparatus, and power generation apparatus

Abstract

The present disclosure provides a solar cell, an electrical apparatus, and a power generation apparatus. The solar cell comprises, arranged in a first direction, a first electrode layer, a first perovskite layer, a first electron transport layer, and a second electrode layer; the first perovskite layer and the first electron transport layer are stacked between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer; the first perovskite layer is arranged on the side of the first electron transport layer away from the second electrode layer; a first conductive adhesive layer is provided between the first perovskite layer and the first electron transport layer, and / or the first electron transport layer contains a first adhesive.

Description

Solar cells, electrical appliances and power generation devices

[0001] Priority information

[0002] This disclosure claims priority and benefits to patent application No. 202411650404.5, filed with the China National Intellectual Property Administration on November 18, 2024, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] This disclosure pertains to the field of batteries, specifically relating to a solar cell, an electrical device, and a power generation device. Background Technology

[0004] Perovskite solar cells typically include an anode, a cathode, a perovskite layer, and hole and electron transport layers arranged before and after them. During prolonged use, the electron transport layer is prone to separation from the perovskite layer. If the electron transport layer has a multi-layered structure, separation between the multiple layers is also likely. This separation significantly impacts the cell's stability and lifespan.

[0005] Public content

[0006] This disclosure aims to at least partially address one of the technical problems in the related art. To this end, one object of this disclosure is to provide a solar cell that exhibits good stability during long-term use.

[0007] In a first aspect, this disclosure provides a solar cell. According to an embodiment of this disclosure, the solar cell includes a first electrode layer, a first perovskite layer, a first electron transport layer, and a second electrode layer disposed in a first direction. The first perovskite layer and the first electron transport layer are stacked between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer. The first perovskite layer is disposed on the side of the first electron transport layer away from the second electrode layer. A first conductive adhesive layer is disposed between the first perovskite layer and the first electron transport layer; and / or, the first electron transport layer contains a first adhesive. Therefore, the stability of solar cells can be effectively improved. Specifically, by setting a first conductive adhesive layer between the first perovskite layer and the first electron transport layer, the first conductive adhesive layer can effectively improve the adhesion between the first perovskite layer and the first electron transport layer, and improve the undesirable phenomenon of separation of the two layers during the use of the cell; the first adhesive in the first electron transport layer can effectively improve the adhesion between the first electron transport layer and the perovskite layer, and improve the undesirable phenomenon of separation of the internal structure of the first electron transport layer during the use of the cell; furthermore, the first conductive adhesive layer has a certain degree of conductivity, so that there is a certain degree of conductivity between the first electron transport layer and the first perovskite layer, which will not cause the solar cell to fail.

[0008] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the first electron transport layer includes multiple stacked first sub-electron transport layers. The first electron transport layer containing the first binder includes: the first binder being doped into at least one of the multiple first sub-electron transport layers; and / or, a first binder layer composed of the first binder is interposed between adjacent first sub-electron transport layers, and the first binder is a conductive binder. This effectively improves the stability of the solar cell. Specifically: doping the first binder into the first sub-electron transport layer effectively improves the adhesion between the first electron transport layer and the first perovskite layer, as well as the adhesion between the internal layer structures of the first electron transport layer, mitigating the problem of layer separation during battery use; interposing the first binder between adjacent first sub-electron transport layers effectively improves the adhesion between the internal layer structures of the first electron transport layer, mitigating the problem of self-separation of the first electron transport layer during battery use; furthermore, the first binder interposed between the first sub-electron transport layers has a certain degree of conductivity, preventing solar cell failure.

[0009] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the first electron transport layer includes a first sub-electron transport layer A and a first sub-electron transport layer B stacked in multiple layers. The first sub-electron transport layer A includes a first organic electron transport layer, and the first sub-electron transport layer B includes a first inorganic electron transport layer. The first binder is doped into the first sub-electron transport layer A; and / or, the first binder layer is disposed between the first sub-electron transport layer A and the first sub-electron transport layer B. This effectively improves the adhesion between the first electron transport layer and the perovskite layer, as well as the adhesion between the internal layers of the first electron transport layer, thus mitigating the problem of separation between the first electron transport layer and the perovskite layer, and between the first electron transport layer itself, during battery use.

[0010] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the solar cell further includes a light-absorbing layer located between the first electron transport layer and the second electrode layer, the light-absorbing layer having a different band gap from the first perovskite layer. This improves the stability of the tandem solar cell.

[0011] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the light-absorbing layer includes any one of a second perovskite layer, a crystalline silicon light-absorbing layer, a copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) light-absorbing layer, a cadmium telluride (CdTe) light-absorbing layer, an amorphous silicon light-absorbing layer, and an organic light-absorbing layer. This improves the stability of various types of tandem solar cells.

[0012] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the light-absorbing layer includes a second perovskite layer, and the solar cell further includes an interconnect layer disposed between the first electron transport layer and the second perovskite layer, and a second electron transport layer disposed between the second perovskite layer and the second electrode layer; or, the light-absorbing layer includes the second perovskite layer, and the solar cell further includes a third electrode layer, an insulating layer, and a fourth electrode layer sequentially stacked between the first electron transport layer and the second perovskite layer, and a second electron transport layer disposed between the second perovskite layer and the second electrode layer, wherein the third electrode layer is disposed close to the first electron transport layer. This improves the stability of the tandem perovskite solar cell.

[0013] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the solar cell further includes a third conductive adhesive layer and / or a third adhesive, wherein the third conductive adhesive layer is located between the interconnect layer and the first electron transport layer, and / or, the third conductive adhesive layer is located between the interconnect layer and the second perovskite layer; the third adhesive is doped into the interconnect layer. This effectively improves the adhesion between the layers in the tandem solar cell, thereby enhancing the stability of the tandem solar cell.

[0014] According to embodiments of this disclosure, a second conductive adhesive layer is disposed between the second perovskite layer and the second electron transport layer, and / or the second electron transport layer contains a second adhesive. This effectively enhances the adhesion between the layers in the tandem solar cell, thereby improving the stability of the tandem solar cell.

[0015] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the second electron transport layer includes multiple stacked second sub-electron transport layers. The second electron transport layer contains the second binder, comprising: the second binder being doped into at least one of the multiple second sub-electron transport layers; and / or, a second binder layer composed of the second binder is interposed between adjacent second sub-electron transport layers, and the second binder is a conductive binder. This effectively improves the adhesion between the layers in the tandem solar cell, thereby enhancing the stability of the tandem solar cell.

[0016] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the second electron transport layer includes multiple layers of a second sub-electron transport layer A and a second sub-electron transport layer B stacked together. The second sub-electron transport layer A includes a second organic electron transport layer, and the second sub-electron transport layer B includes a second inorganic electron transport layer. The second binder is doped into the second sub-electron transport layer A; and / or, the second binder layer is disposed between the second sub-electron transport layer A and the second sub-electron transport layer B. This effectively improves the adhesion between the layers in the tandem solar cell, thereby enhancing the stability of the tandem solar cell.

[0017] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the first binder is doped in the first sub-electron transport layer A at a mass content of 0.1% to 50%; and / or, the second binder is doped in the second sub-electron transport layer A at a mass content of 0.1% to 50%; and / or, the third binder is doped in the interconnect layer at a mass content of 0.1% to 50%; and / or, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer is 1 to 100 nm; and / or, the thickness of the second conductive adhesive layer is 1 to 100 nm; and / or, the thickness of the third conductive adhesive layer is 1 to 100 nm. This effectively improves the adhesion between the layers and enhances the structural stability of the solar cell.

[0018] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the mass content of the first binder in the first sub-electron transport layer A is 0.1%-5%; and / or, the mass content of the second binder in the second sub-electron transport layer A is 0.1%-5%; and / or, the mass content of the third binder in the interconnect layer is 0.1%-5%; and / or, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer is 1-5 nm; and / or, the thickness of the second conductive adhesive layer is 1-5 nm; and / or, the thickness of the third conductive adhesive layer is 1-5 nm.

[0019] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the materials of the first adhesive, the second adhesive, the third adhesive, the first conductive adhesive layer, the second conductive adhesive layer, and the third conductive adhesive layer respectively include one or more of the following: polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), homopolymers of PVDF, PVDF copolymers, PVDF, hexafluoropropylene, carboxymethyl cellulose, styrene-butadiene rubber, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyacrylonitrile (PAB), polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium alginate, β-cyclodextrin polymers, polypropylene emulsions, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), conductive pastes, silicates, and silane compounds. Therefore, the materials exhibit excellent adhesion, are widely available, and do not significantly reduce the performance of the solar cell.

[0020] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the materials of the first adhesive, the second adhesive, the third adhesive, the first conductive adhesive layer, the second conductive adhesive layer, and the third conductive adhesive layer satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1) the conductive paste includes an epoxy resin substrate and a conductive agent, wherein the conductive agent includes one or more of silver powder, silver-plated copper powder, and silver-plated quartz powder; (2) the silane compound, after hydrolysis, has -OH, -COOH, -NH2, -CONH-, -C4H4O2S-, and -C 12 One or more functional groups in H8N-. Therefore, the adhesive of the above material has good adhesion and a certain degree of conductivity, so that the electron transport layer or the electron transport layer and the perovskite layer have good conductivity.

[0021] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the silane compound includes a silane coupling agent, optionally comprising tetraethyl orthosilicate and / or isobutyltriethoxysilane.

[0022] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the material of the first organic electron transport layer includes one or more of fullerenes and their derivatives, imide compounds, and quinone compounds, and the first inorganic electron transport layer includes tin dioxide.

[0023] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the material of the second organic electron transport layer includes one or more of fullerenes and their derivatives, imide compounds, and quinone compounds, and the second inorganic electron transport layer includes tin dioxide.

[0024] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the band gap of the first perovskite layer is 1.5-1.9 eV, and the band gap of the light-absorbing layer is 1.1-1.4 eV. This allows for the effective absorption of both long-wavelength and short-wavelength light, thereby improving photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0025] In a second aspect, this disclosure provides an electrical device. According to embodiments of this disclosure, the electrical device includes the aforementioned solar cell. Therefore, the electrical device exhibits good stability and long service life. Those skilled in the art will understand that the electrical device possesses all the features and advantages of the aforementioned solar cell, which will not be elaborated upon further herein.

[0026] In a third aspect, this disclosure provides a power generation device. According to embodiments of this disclosure, the power generation device includes the aforementioned solar cell. Therefore, the power generation device exhibits good stability and long service life. Those skilled in the art will understand that the power generation device possesses all the features and advantages of the aforementioned solar cell, which will not be elaborated upon further here. Attached Figure Description

[0027] Various other advantages and benefits will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following detailed description of preferred embodiments. The accompanying drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. Furthermore, the same reference numerals denote the same parts throughout the drawings. In the drawings:

[0028] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0029] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0030] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0031] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0032] Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0033] Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0034] Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0035] Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0036] Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0037] Figure 10 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0038] Figure 11 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0039] Figure 12 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0040] Figure 13 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0041] Figure 14 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0042] Figure 15 is a schematic diagram of the separation phenomenon in Comparative Example 2.

[0043] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures: 10 First electrode layer; 20 First hole transport layer; 30 First perovskite layer; 40 First electron transport layer; 41 First sub-electron transport layer A; 42 First sub-electron transport layer B; 50 Second electrode layer; 61 First conductive adhesive layer; 601 First adhesive; 70 Interconnect layer; 80 Second perovskite layer; 90 Second electron transport layer; 62 Second conductive adhesive layer; 602 Second adhesive; 91 Second sub-electron transport layer A; 92 Second sub-electron transport layer B; 100 Third electrode layer; 110 Insulating layer; 120 Fourth electrode layer.

[0044] Detailed description

[0045] The embodiments of the technical solutions disclosed herein are described in detail below. These embodiments are merely illustrative of the technical solutions disclosed herein and are therefore intended to limit the scope of protection of this disclosure.

[0046] In this document, the term "embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of this disclosure. The appearance of this phrase in various places throughout the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it a separate or alternative embodiment mutually exclusive with other embodiments. It will be explicitly and implicitly understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments.

[0047] The "range" disclosed in this disclosure is defined by a lower limit and an upper limit, whereby a given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, which define the boundaries of the particular range. Ranges defined in this way can include or exclude endpoints and can be arbitrarily combined; that is, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a specific parameter, it is expected that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are also expected. Furthermore, if minimum range values ​​1 and 2 are listed, and if maximum range values ​​3, 4, and 5 are listed, then the following ranges are all expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5. In this disclosure, unless otherwise stated, the numerical range "ab" represents a shortened representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" have been listed in this article; "0-5" is simply a shortened representation of these numerical combinations. Furthermore, when a parameter is stated as an integer ≥2, it is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0048] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of this disclosure can be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0049] Unless otherwise specified, all technical features and optional technical features of this disclosure can be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0050] Unless otherwise specified, all steps in this disclosure may be performed sequentially or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, the method includes steps (a) and (b), indicating that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or it may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, the mention that the method may also include step (c) indicates that step (c) may be added to the method in any order; for example, the method may include steps (a), (b), and (c), or it may include steps (a), (c), and (b), or it may include steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.

[0051] Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, are devices that directly convert light energy into electrical energy through the photoelectric effect or photochemical effect. Perovskite solar cells are solar cells that utilize perovskite material as the light-absorbing material. Compared with other solar cells, perovskite solar cells have high photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0052] Taking perovskite solar cells as an example, their photoelectric conversion principle is as follows: Incident light (e.g., sunlight) enters the device and then reaches the perovskite light-absorbing layer and is absorbed by it. Under the excitation of the incident light, the perovskite light-absorbing layer generates hole-electron pairs. Under the action of an electric field, the holes and electrons separate. The electrons are transferred to one electrode, while the holes are transferred to another electrode. Subsequently, a loop is formed through the external circuit, which can be used to drive the load.

[0053] As the application of perovskite solar cells becomes increasingly widespread, the requirements for their stability are becoming more stringent. During prolonged use, separation can easily occur between the layers of a perovskite solar cell. In single-junction perovskite solar cells, this typically manifests as separation between the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer, while in tandem perovskite solar cells, it typically manifests as separation between the wide-bandgap perovskite layer and the narrow-bandgap perovskite layer. This separation phenomenon severely affects the stability and lifespan of the solar cell.

[0054] In this disclosure, to address the problem of easy separation between the layers in perovskite solar cells, a conductive adhesive layer can be provided between the electron transport layer and the perovskite layer, or an adhesive can be doped into the electron transport layer. Both methods can effectively improve the adhesion between the layers, thereby improving the separation problem between the layers.

[0055] The solar cells disclosed in this embodiment can be used in electrical devices that use batteries as a power source or in various energy storage systems that use batteries as energy storage elements. Electrical devices may include, but are not limited to, mobile phones, tablets, laptops, electric toys, power tools, electric vehicles, electric cars, ships, spacecraft, etc. Electric toys may include stationary or mobile electric toys, such as game consoles, electric car toys, electric ship toys, and electric airplane toys, etc. Spacecraft may include airplanes, rockets, space shuttles, and spacecraft, etc.

[0056] In a first aspect, this disclosure provides a solar cell. According to an embodiment of this disclosure, referring to Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, the solar cell includes a first electrode layer 10, a first perovskite layer 30, a first electron transport layer 40, and a second electrode layer 50 disposed in a first direction. The first perovskite layer 30 and the first electron transport layer 40 are stacked between the first electrode layer 10 and the second electrode layer 50. The first perovskite layer 30 is disposed on the side of the first electron transport layer 40 away from the second electrode layer 50. A first conductive adhesive layer 61 is disposed between the first perovskite layer 30 and the first electron transport layer 40 (as shown in Figure 1); and / or, the first electron transport layer 40 contains a first adhesive 601 (as shown in Figures 2 and 3).

[0057] In some embodiments, as shown in Figures 1 to 3, the solar cell may further include a first hole transport layer 20, which is located between the first electrode layer 10 and the first perovskite layer 30, and is used to extract and transport holes.

[0058] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell with the above-described structure can effectively improve the stability of the solar cell. Specifically: by providing a first conductive adhesive layer 61 between the first perovskite layer 30 and the first electron transport layer 40, the first conductive adhesive layer 61 can effectively improve the adhesion between the first perovskite layer 30 and the first electron transport layer 40, thus improving the problem of separation of the two layers during battery use; by providing a first adhesive in the first electron transport layer 40, the adhesion between the first electron transport layer 40 and the first perovskite layer 30 can be effectively improved, thus improving the problem of separation of the internal structure of the first electron transport layer 40 during battery use; furthermore, the first conductive adhesive layer 61 has a certain conductivity, thereby ensuring the conductivity between the first electron transport layer and the first perovskite layer, and preventing the solar cell from failing.

[0059] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the first electron transport layer 40 includes multiple stacked first sub-electron transport layers. In some specific embodiments, referring to Figures 2 and 3, the first electron transport layer 40 includes multiple stacked first sub-electron transport layers A41 and B42, where first sub-electron transport layer A41 includes a first organic electron transport layer and first sub-electron transport layer B42 includes a first inorganic electron transport layer. In this case, the first electron transport layer 40 contains a first adhesive 601, which can be designed in various ways depending on the specific location of the first adhesive. Specifically:

[0060] In some embodiments, referring to FIG2, the first binder 601 is doped in at least one of the multilayer first sub-electron transport layers 41. FIG2 only illustrates an example where the first binder 601 is doped in the first sub-electron transport layer adjacent to the first perovskite layer 30. In some specific embodiments, the first binder 601 is doped in the first sub-electron transport layer A41. Thus, the first sub-electron transport layer doped with the first binder 601 has a certain degree of adhesion, effectively bonding adjacent upper and lower layers together, improving the adhesion between layers, and thereby enhancing the structural stability of the solar cell. In other embodiments, the first binder 601 may also be doped in other first sub-electron transport layers, such as the first sub-electron transport layer B42.

[0061] In other embodiments, a first adhesive layer composed of a first adhesive 601 is interposed between two adjacent first sub-electron transport layers. That is, the first adhesive forms a layered structure interposed between the two adjacent first sub-electron transport layers, and the first adhesive is a conductive adhesive. In some specific embodiments, referring to FIG3, the first adhesive layer (i.e., the first adhesive 601) is interposed between the first sub-electron transport layer A41 and the first sub-electron transport layer B42. This effectively improves the adhesion between the first sub-electron transport layers, that is, improves the adhesion between the internal layer structures of the first electron transport layer, and improves the undesirable phenomenon of separation of the multilayer first electron transport layer itself during battery use. Furthermore, the first adhesive layer interposed between the first sub-electron transport layers is a conductive adhesive with a certain degree of conductivity, ensuring the conductivity of the first electron transport layer, thus preventing solar cell failure.

[0062] The "adhesive" disclosed herein refers to a substance or composition capable of bonding two solid surfaces together by physical or chemical action and maintaining a certain adhesive strength under subsequent use conditions. For this disclosure, the adhesive can meet the requirement of a 180° peel strength ≥ 0.5 N / 25 mm (refer to national standard GB / T 2790 (test method for 180° peel strength of adhesives)).

[0063] It should be noted that the "conductive adhesive" mentioned above and below refers to an adhesive with a certain degree of conductivity, meaning that charge carriers (including electrons, holes, and ions) can migrate under the influence of an electric field in this conductive adhesive. Optionally, the conductivity of the conductive adhesive is greater than or equal to 10. 5 S / m, for example, 10 5 S / m, 10 6 S / m, 10 7 S / m, 10 8 S / m, 10 9 S / m, 10 10 S / m, etc., can be greater than or equal to 10. 7 S / m.

[0064] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the materials of the first organic electron transport layer described above include, but are not limited to, fullerenes and their derivatives, imide compounds, quinone compounds, etc. Exemplarily, the imide compounds include at least one selected from phthalimide, succinimide, N-bromosuccinimide, glutarimide, or maleimide. Exemplarily, the quinone compounds include at least one selected from benzoquinone, naphthoquinone, phenanthrenequinone, or anthraquinone. Exemplarily, the fullerenes and their derivatives include fullerene C... 60 Fullerene C 70 PCBM([6,6]-phenyl-C 61 methyl butyrate), [6,6]-phenyl C71 Methyl butyrate (PC) 71 At least one of BM). The material of the first inorganic electron transport layer described above includes, but is not limited to, tin dioxide. In some embodiments of this disclosure, the first organic electron transport layer comprises fullerenes and their derivatives.

[0065] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the above-described technical solutions for setting the adhesive layer and adhesive are not only applicable to single-junction perovskite solar cells, but also applicable to tandem solar cells, so as to improve the stability of tandem solar cells.

[0066] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, referring to FIG4, the solar cell further includes a light-absorbing layer 81 located between the first electron transport layer 40 and the second electrode layer 50. The light-absorbing layer 81 has a different band gap than the first perovskite layer 30. This can improve the stability of the tandem solar cell.

[0067] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the band gap of the first perovskite layer 30 is 1.5-1.9 eV, and the band gap of the light-absorbing layer 81 is 1.1-1.4 eV. Thus, the first perovskite layer 30 can absorb short-wavelength light, and the light-absorbing layer 81 can absorb long-wavelength light. The combination of the first perovskite layer 30 and the light-absorbing layer 81 can effectively absorb both long-wavelength and short-wavelength light, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0068] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the light-absorbing layer 81 includes any one of a second perovskite layer 80, a crystalline silicon light-absorbing layer, a copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) light-absorbing layer, a cadmium telluride (CdTe) light-absorbing layer, an amorphous silicon light-absorbing layer, or an organic light-absorbing layer. Therefore, different types of solar cells, such as perovskite-perovskite solar cells and crystalline silicon-perovskite solar cells, can be flexibly obtained by selecting different light-absorbing layers, while also helping to improve the stability of various solar cells containing perovskite layers and electron transport layers.

[0069] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, referring to FIG5, the light-absorbing layer 81 includes a second perovskite layer 80, and the solar cell further includes an interconnect layer 70 disposed between the first electron transport layer 40 and the second perovskite layer 80, and a second electron transport layer 90 disposed between the second perovskite layer 80 and the second electrode layer 50. The interconnect layer 70 is used to connect the cell cells on both sides thereof. Specifically, holes from the first perovskite layer 30 and electrons from the second perovskite layer 80, or electrons from the first perovskite layer 30 and holes from the second perovskite layer 80, recombine and annihilate in the interconnect layer, thereby realizing the circuit connection of the two cell cells. In this way, the fabrication of the resulting all-perovskite tandem solar cell is simple. A cell containing the second perovskite layer 80 can be directly deposited on a cell containing the first perovskite layer 30 to form a single complete tandem solar cell. Forming a tandem solar cell at both ends helps to improve the stability of the tandem solar cell.

[0070] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, as shown in FIG5, the solar cell further includes a first electrode layer 10, a first hole transport layer 20, a first perovskite layer 30, a first electron transport layer 40, an interconnect layer 70, a second hole transport layer (not shown), a second perovskite layer 80, a second electron transport layer 90, and a second electrode layer 50 stacked together. The hole transport layer facilitates the extraction and transport of holes, increases the carrier transport rate, and thus helps to improve the performance of the solar cell.

[0071] In some embodiments, the interconnect layer 70 comprises one or more of a metallic material, a transparent conductive oxide, and a carbon material. Further, the transparent conductive oxide layer comprises, but is not limited to, one or more of FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), ITO (indium tin oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), IGZO (indium gallium zinc oxide), and ATO (antimony tin oxide). Further, the metallic material comprises, but is not limited to, one or more of gold, copper, silver, platinum, aluminum, and iron. Further, the carbon material comprises one or more of graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes.

[0072] In some embodiments, the thickness of the interconnect layer 70 is 0.1 nm to 200 nm. For example, it can be 0.1 nm, 0.8 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 10 nm, 30 nm, 50 nm, 90 nm, 100 nm, 130 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 200 nm, or any two of the above point values ​​as end values.

[0073] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, referring to FIG6, the light-absorbing layer 81 includes the second perovskite layer 80. The solar cell further includes a third electrode layer 100, an insulating layer 110, and a fourth electrode layer 120 disposed sequentially between the first electron transport layer 40 and the second perovskite layer 80, and a second electron transport layer 90 disposed between the second perovskite layer 80 and the second electrode layer 50, wherein the third electrode layer 100 is close to the first electron transport layer 40. Thus, the insulating layer 110 circuitically isolates the cell containing the first perovskite layer 30 and the cell containing the second perovskite layer 80. Each cell has two electrodes, for a total of four electrodes. The circuits of the two cell units are independent, forming a four-terminal stacked solar cell. This helps to improve the stability of the all-perovskite solar cell.

[0074] Furthermore, since the third electrode layer 100 and the fourth electrode layer 120 are located in the middle of the tandem solar cell, in order to further increase the light energy utilization rate of the tandem solar cell and enable the remaining solar energy after absorption by the previous cell to enter the next cell, the third electrode layer and the fourth electrode layer can be set as light-transmitting electrodes.

[0075] In some embodiments, the material of the insulating layer 110 includes, but is not limited to, glass or an insulating adhesive. Further, the glass is transparent glass; further, the insulating adhesive is a transparent adhesive.

[0076] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, as shown in FIG6, the solar cell further includes a first electrode layer 10, a first hole transport layer 20, a first perovskite layer 30, a first electron transport layer 40, a third electrode layer 100, an insulating layer 110, a fourth electrode layer 120, a second hole transport layer (not shown), a second perovskite layer 80, a second electron transport layer 90, and a second electrode layer 50, all stacked together. The presence of the hole transport layer facilitates the extraction and transport of holes, increases the carrier transport rate, and thus improves the performance of the solar cell.

[0077] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, in order to further improve the stability of the all-perovskite solar cells in Figures 5 and 6, an adhesive can be further provided in the interconnect layer and the second electron transport layer of the above structure (the figures only show the solar cell in Figure 5 as an example), as shown below:

[0078] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG7, a second conductive adhesive layer 62 is disposed between the second perovskite layer 80 and the second electron transport layer 90. In other embodiments, as shown in FIG8 and FIG9, the second electron transport layer 90 contains a second adhesive 602. This effectively improves the bonding force between the layers in the tandem solar cell, thereby enhancing the stability of the tandem solar cell. Specifically: by disposing of the second conductive adhesive layer 62 between the second perovskite layer 80 and the second electron transport layer 90, the second conductive adhesive layer 62 effectively improves the bonding force between the second perovskite layer 80 and the second electron transport layer 90, mitigating the problem of separation of the two layers during battery use; the second adhesive in the second electron transport layer 90 effectively improves the bonding force between the second electron transport layer 90 and the second perovskite layer 80, mitigating the problem of separation of the internal structure of the second electron transport layer 90 during battery use; furthermore, the second conductive adhesive layer 62 has a certain degree of conductivity, thereby ensuring the conductivity between the second electron transport layer and the second perovskite layer and preventing solar cell failure.

[0079] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the second electron transport layer 90 includes multiple layers of second sub-electron transport layers. In some specific embodiments, referring to Figures 8 to 9, the second electron transport layer 90 includes multiple layers of second sub-electron transport layer A 91 and second sub-electron transport layer B 92. The second sub-electron transport layer A 91 includes a second organic electron transport layer, and the second sub-electron transport layer B 92 includes a second inorganic electron transport layer.

[0080] At this time, the second adhesive 602 contained in the second electron transport layer 90 can be designed in various ways depending on the specific location of the second adhesive 602, specifically:

[0081] In some embodiments, referring to FIG8, the second binder 602 is doped in at least one of the multilayer second sub-electron transport layers. FIG8 only illustrates an example where the second binder 602 is doped in the second sub-electron transport layer adjacent to the second perovskite layer 80. In some specific embodiments, the second binder 601 is doped in the second sub-electron transport layer A 91. Thus, the second sub-electron transport layer A 91 doped with the second binder 602 has a certain adhesiveness, effectively bonding the adjacent upper and lower layers together, improving the adhesion between the layers, and thus enhancing the structural stability of the tandem solar cell. In other embodiments, the second binder 602 can also be doped in other second sub-electron transport layers, such as the second sub-electron transport layer B 92.

[0082] In other embodiments, a second adhesive layer composed of a second adhesive 602 is interposed between two adjacent second sub-electron transport layers. That is, the second adhesive 602 forms a layered structure interposed between the two adjacent second sub-electron transport layers, and the second adhesive 602 is a conductive adhesive. In some specific embodiments, referring to FIG9, the second adhesive layer (i.e., the second adhesive 602) is interposed between the second sub-electron transport layer A 91 and the second sub-electron transport layer B 92. This effectively improves the adhesion between the second sub-electron transport layers, that is, improves the adhesion between the internal layer structures of the second electron transport layer, and improves the defective phenomenon of separation of the multilayered second electron transport layer itself during battery use. Furthermore, the second adhesive interposed between the second sub-electron transport layers is a conductive adhesive with a certain degree of conductivity, ensuring the conductivity of the second electron transport layer, thus preventing the failure of the tandem solar cell.

[0083] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the placement and location of the first conductive adhesive layer, the first adhesive, the second conductive adhesive layer, and the second adhesive are independent of each other and do not impose any mutual restrictions; they can be freely combined and arranged. In some embodiments, only the first conductive adhesive layer (without adding the first adhesive) may be placed in the solar cell, as shown in Figure 1. In other embodiments, only the first adhesive (without the first conductive adhesive) may be placed in the solar cell, as shown in Figures 2 and 3. In these embodiments, the first adhesive may be placed at only one location on the solar cell or at multiple locations. In still other embodiments, the first conductive adhesive layer and the first adhesive may be placed simultaneously. In these embodiments, the first adhesive may be placed at only one location on the solar cell (as shown in Figures 2 to 6), or it may be placed at multiple locations. In some embodiments, a second conductive adhesive layer may be provided only in the solar cell (without adding a second adhesive); in other embodiments, a second adhesive may be provided only in the solar cell (without providing a second conductive adhesive), as shown in Figures 7 to 9, wherein the second adhesive may be provided at only one location on the solar cell or at multiple locations; in still other embodiments, the second conductive adhesive layer and the second adhesive may be provided simultaneously, wherein the second adhesive may be provided at only one location on the solar cell (as shown in Figures 7 to 9), or of course, at multiple locations.

[0084] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the material requirements of the second sub-electron transport layer A are the same as those of the first sub-electron transport layer A described above, and the material requirements of the second sub-electron transport layer B are the same as those of the first sub-electron transport layer B described above, which will not be elaborated further here.

[0085] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, referring to Figures 10 to 14, the solar cell further includes a third conductive adhesive layer 63 and / or a third adhesive 603, wherein the arrangement of the third conductive adhesive layer 63 and / or the third adhesive 603 may include the following:

[0086] In some embodiments, referring to Figures 10 and 11, a third conductive adhesive layer 63 is located between the interconnect layer 70 and the first electron transport layer 40. Therefore, the provision of the third conductive adhesive layer 63 effectively enhances the adhesion between the interconnect layer 70 and the first electron transport layer 40, mitigating the undesirable phenomenon of separation between the first and second perovskite layers during battery use, thereby improving the stability of the tandem solar cell. Furthermore, the third conductive adhesive layer 63 has a certain degree of conductivity, ensuring the conductivity between the second electron transport layer and the second perovskite layer, preventing the tandem solar cell from failing.

[0087] In other embodiments, referring to Figures 12 and 13, a third conductive adhesive layer 63 is located between the interconnect layer 70 and the second perovskite layer 80. Therefore, the provision of the third conductive adhesive layer 63 effectively enhances the adhesion between the interconnect layer 70 and the second perovskite layer 80, mitigating the undesirable phenomenon of separation between the first and second perovskite layers during battery use, thereby improving the stability of the tandem solar cell. Furthermore, the third conductive adhesive layer 63 has a certain degree of conductivity, ensuring the conductivity between the second electron transport layer and the second perovskite layer, preventing the tandem solar cell from failing.

[0088] In some other embodiments, referring to FIG14, a third adhesive 603 is doped into the interconnect layer 70. Thus, the interconnect layer possesses a certain degree of adhesion, effectively bonding adjacent upper and lower layers together, enhancing the adhesion between the layers, and thereby improving the structural stability of the tandem solar cell.

[0089] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the placement of the third conductive adhesive layer 63 and the third adhesive 603 is independent and without restrictive requirements. Specifically: in some embodiments, the third conductive adhesive layer 63 can be placed separately in the tandem solar cell, as shown in Figures 10 to 13. The third conductive adhesive layer 63 can be placed only between the interconnect layer 70 and the first electron transport layer 40 or only between the interconnect layer 70 and the second perovskite layer 80. Alternatively, the third conductive adhesive layer 63 can be placed simultaneously between the interconnect layer 70 and the first electron transport layer 40 and between the interconnect layer 70 and the second perovskite layer 80. In other embodiments, the third adhesive 603 can be placed separately in the tandem solar cell, as shown in Figure 14. In still other embodiments, the third conductive adhesive layer 63 and the third adhesive 603 can be placed simultaneously in the tandem solar cell.

[0090] According to some other embodiments of this disclosure, the arrangement of the third conductive adhesive layer 63 and the third adhesive 603 is independent of the arrangement of the first conductive adhesive layer, the first adhesive, the second conductive adhesive layer and the second adhesive described above, and there are no mutual restrictions. They can be arranged arbitrarily. In some embodiments, a first conductive adhesive layer and a third conductive adhesive layer are disposed together; in other embodiments, a first conductive adhesive layer and a third adhesive are disposed together; in still other embodiments, a first adhesive and a third adhesive are disposed together; in still other embodiments, a first adhesive and a third conductive adhesive layer are disposed together; in still other embodiments, a first conductive adhesive layer, a second conductive adhesive layer, and a third conductive adhesive layer are disposed together; in still other embodiments, a first conductive adhesive layer, a second conductive adhesive layer, and a third adhesive are disposed together; in still other embodiments, a first conductive adhesive layer, a second adhesive, and a third conductive adhesive layer are disposed together; in still other embodiments, a first adhesive, a second conductive adhesive layer, and a third conductive adhesive layer are disposed together; in still other embodiments, a first adhesive, a second conductive adhesive layer, and a third conductive adhesive layer are disposed together; in still other embodiments, a first adhesive, a second adhesive, and a third adhesive are disposed together; in still other embodiments, a first adhesive, a second adhesive, and a third conductive adhesive layer are disposed together.

[0091] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the mass content of the first binder in the first sub-electron transport layer A is 0.5% to 50%, for example, the doping amount of the first binder is 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, etc. The above-mentioned amounts of the first binder can ensure that the first sub-electron transport layer A has suitable adhesion while also ensuring good conductivity. Furthermore, in some specific embodiments, the mass content of the first binder in the first sub-electron transport layer A is 0.1% to 5%. A small amount of doping can effectively improve the adhesion without significantly affecting the conductivity of the first sub-electron transport layer A. Especially when the first binder is non-conductive, a small amount of binder can still ensure that the first sub-electron transport layer A has good electron transport properties.

[0092] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the mass content of the second binder in the second sub-electron transport layer A is 0.5% to 50%, for example, the doping amount of the second binder is 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, etc. The above-mentioned amounts of second binder can ensure that the second conductive polymer layer has suitable adhesion while maintaining good conductivity. Furthermore, in some specific embodiments, the mass content of the second binder in the second sub-electron transport layer A is 0.1% to 5%. A small doping amount can effectively improve the adhesion without significantly affecting the conductivity of the second sub-electron transport layer A. Especially when the second binder is non-conductive, a small amount of binder can ensure that the second sub-electron transport layer A still has good electron transport properties.

[0093] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the mass content of the third binder in the interconnect layer is 0.5% to 50%, for example, the doping amount of the third binder is 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, etc. The above-mentioned amounts of third binder can ensure that the interconnect layer has suitable adhesion while maintaining good conductivity. Furthermore, in some specific embodiments, the mass content of the third binder in the interconnect layer is 0.1% to 5%. A small doping amount can effectively improve the adhesion without significantly affecting the conductivity of the interconnect layer, especially when the second binder is non-conductive; a small amount of binder can still ensure good conductivity of the interconnect layer.

[0094] It should be noted that the doping amount of the above-mentioned binder can be analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technology to determine the mass doping amount of the binder in the first sub-electron transport layer A, the second conductive polymer layer, and the interconnect layer.

[0095] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer is 1–100 nm, for example, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer is 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, etc. Therefore, the first conductive adhesive layer with the above-mentioned thickness has better adhesion, which can effectively improve the adhesion between adjacent structures, thereby improving the structural stability between the layers; at the same time, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer is relatively thin, which will not make the overall thickness of the solar cell too thick, which is beneficial to the thin and light design of the solar cell. In some specific embodiments, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer can be 1–5 nm.

[0096] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the thickness of the second conductive adhesive layer is 1–100 nm. For example, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer is 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, etc. Therefore, the second conductive adhesive layer with the above-mentioned thickness has better adhesion, which can effectively improve the adhesion between adjacent structures, thereby improving the structural stability between the layers. At the same time, the thinner thickness of the second conductive adhesive layer prevents the overall thickness of the solar cell from becoming too thick, which is beneficial for the lightweight design of the solar cell. In some specific embodiments, the thickness of the second conductive adhesive layer can be 1–5 nm.

[0097] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the thickness of the third conductive adhesive layer is 1–100 nm. For example, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer is 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, etc. Therefore, the third conductive adhesive layer with the above-mentioned thickness has better adhesion, which can effectively improve the adhesion between adjacent structures, thereby improving the structural stability between the layers. At the same time, the relatively thin thickness of the third conductive adhesive layer prevents the overall thickness of the solar cell from becoming too thick, which is beneficial for the lightweight design of the solar cell. In some specific embodiments, the thickness of the third conductive adhesive layer can be 1–5 nm.

[0098] It should be noted that the thickness of the conductive adhesive layer can be obtained by SEM, ellipsometry or profilometer. The thickness values ​​mentioned above refer to the average thickness of each conductive adhesive layer, which is the average value calculated by measuring the thickness at 50 different locations in the same conductive adhesive layer.

[0099] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the materials of the first adhesive, second adhesive, third adhesive, first conductive adhesive layer, second conductive adhesive layer, and third conductive adhesive layer respectively include polyvinylidene fluoride, homopolymers of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride copolymers, polyvinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium alginate (Alg), β-cyclodextrin polymer (β-CDp), polypropylene emulsion (LA132), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), etc., as well as functionalized derivatives of the above polymers or copolymers between monomers, conductive pastes, silicates, and silane compounds, at least one of these. Therefore, the materials have good adhesion, are widely available, and do not cause side reactions inside the solar cell.

[0100] According to some specific embodiments of this disclosure, the conductive paste includes an epoxy resin substrate and a conductive agent. The conductive agent includes one or more of the following: silver powder, silver-plated copper powder, silver-plated quartz powder, silver-plated nickel powder, copper powder, aluminum powder, gold powder, platinum powder, silver nanowires, copper nanowires, and gold nanowires; or it includes one or more of carbon-based conductive fillers such as carbon black and graphite. Furthermore, the conductive paste may also include toughening agents and solvents. The toughening agent may be a low-molecular-weight active toughening agent, such as at least one of liquid-terminated carboxyl-terminated nitrile rubber, low-molecular-weight polyester, low-molecular-weight polyamide, and low-molecular-weight polycarbonate rubber. The solvent is used to adjust the viscosity of the conductive paste and may be at least one of low-molecular-weight ketones, esters, ethylene glycol ethyl ether, isopropanol, turpentine, tetrahydrofuran, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Therefore, the conductive paste has a certain conductivity and can be used to prepare the first conductive adhesive layer, the second conductive adhesive layer, and the third conductive adhesive layer. It can also be used as a conductive first adhesive, the second adhesive, and the third adhesive, or as a first adhesive, the second adhesive, and the third adhesive doped in the first sub-electron transport layer, the second sub-electron transport layer, and the interconnect layer.

[0101] According to some specific embodiments of this disclosure, the hydrolysis products of silane compounds have -OH, -COOH, -NH2, -CONH-, -C4H4O2S-, and -C 12 At least one functional group in H8N-. Therefore, the above-mentioned binder exhibits good adhesion after hydrolysis of silane compounds.

[0102] In some embodiments, the silane compound includes a silane coupling agent with the chemical formula Y(CH2). n SiX3. Wherein, X represents a hydrolyzable functional group, which can undergo coupling reactions with methoxy, ethoxy, cellosolves, and inorganic materials (glass, metal, SiO2); Y represents an organic functional group, which can undergo coupling reactions with vinyl, ethoxy, methacrylic acid, amino, mercapto, and other organic groups, as well as inorganic materials, various synthetic resins, and rubber. Here, n = 0–3; X is a hydrolyzable group; Y is an organic functional group that can react with resins. In some embodiments, X is typically chloro, methoxy, ethoxy, methoxyethoxy, acetoxy, etc., which hydrolyze to generate silanol (Si(OH)3), which then combines with inorganic substances to form siloxanes. In some embodiments, Y is vinyl, amino, epoxy, methacryloyloxy, mercapto, or urea. These reactive groups can react with organic substances to combine. Therefore, by using silane coupling agents, a "molecular bridge" can be built between the interface of inorganic and organic substances, connecting two materials with vastly different properties, thereby improving the performance of composite materials and increasing the bonding strength.

[0103] In some specific embodiments, the silane coupling agent includes tetraethyl orthosilicate and / or isobutyltriethoxysilane.

[0104] In some embodiments of this disclosure, the aforementioned conductive adhesive material can be used to prepare a first conductive adhesive layer, a second conductive adhesive layer, and a third conductive adhesive layer. It can also be used as a conductive first adhesive, a second adhesive, and a third adhesive, or as a first adhesive, a second adhesive, and a third adhesive doped into the first sub-electron transport layer, the second sub-electron transport layer, and the interconnect layer. According to other embodiments of this disclosure, since organic materials such as polyvinylidene fluoride, homopolymers of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride copolymers, polyvinylidene fluoride, and hexafluoropropylene do not possess conductivity, in some embodiments, these organic materials can be doped into the first sub-electron transport layer, the second sub-electron transport layer, and the interconnect layer as the first adhesive, the second adhesive, and the third adhesive. In other embodiments, the aforementioned organic materials are mixed with conductive pastes or silane compounds to prepare the conductive adhesive layer.

[0105] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the first conductive adhesive layer, the second conductive adhesive layer, and the third conductive adhesive layer can be prepared by methods such as coating, spin coating, vapor deposition, spraying, and chemical physical vapor deposition. In some specific embodiments, the first conductive adhesive layer, the second conductive adhesive layer, and the third conductive adhesive layer can be prepared by vapor deposition, which avoids the introduction of moisture and thus prevents moisture contamination of the perovskite. In some embodiments, the adhesive permeating between the sub-electron transport layers can be prepared by methods such as coating, spin coating, vapor deposition, spraying, and chemical physical vapor deposition.

[0106] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the materials of the first electrode layer, the third electrode layer, and the fourth electrode layer can be transparent conductive materials, such as FTO (thallium fluoride oxide), ITO (indium tin oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), etc.; the materials of the second electrode layer include, but are not limited to, conductive materials such as Ag, Cu, C, Au, Al, ITO, AZO, BZO, IZO, etc.

[0107] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the first hole transport layer and the second hole transport layer include a hole transport material, which may be nickel oxide (NiO). x , 1≤x≤2), cuprous iodide (CuI), cuprous oxide (Cu2O), cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN), 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirodifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra(di-p-tolylamino)spiro-9,9'-difluorene (Spiro-TTB), poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), and [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-4PACz), (4-(3,6-dimethyl ... The hole transport layer is selected from one or more of the following: (4-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz), (4-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (Br-4PACz), (2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz), (2-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (Me-2PACz), (2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (2PACz), and (2-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (Br-2PACz). In some embodiments, the hole transport layer can be prepared by methods such as magnetron sputtering, atomic deposition, and spin coating.

[0108] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the perovskite layer comprises a perovskite material. In some embodiments, the perovskite material comprises at least one of the compounds shown in [A][B][X]3 and [A]2[C][D][X]6, wherein A comprises at least one inorganic or organic monovalent cation, B comprises at least one inorganic divalent cation, C comprises at least one inorganic monovalent cation, D comprises at least one inorganic trivalent cation, and X comprises at least one monovalent anion.

[0109] For example, the organic monovalent cation includes: (NR1R2R3R4) + (R1R2N=CR3R4) + (R1R2N-C(R5)=NR3R4) + Or (R1R2N-C(NR5R6)=NR3R4) + At least one of the following, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 are each independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl groups, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups. For example, organic monovalent cations include: (H2N=CH-NH2) + (abbreviated as FA), CH3NH3 + At least one of (abbreviated as MA).

[0110] For example, the inorganic monovalent cation includes: Li + Na + K + 、Rb + Cs + Cu + Ag + Au + or Hg + At least one of them.

[0111] For example, the inorganic divalent cation includes: Pb 2+ Sn 2+ Be 2+ Mg 2+ Ca 2+ 、Sr 2+ Ba 2+ Zn 2+ 、Ge 2+ Fe 2+ Co 2+ Ni 2+ Cd 2+ Cu 2+ Mn 2+ Pd 2+ Yb 2+ Or Eu 2+ At least one of them.

[0112] For example, inorganic trivalent cations include: Bi 3+ Sb 3+ Cr 3+ Fe 3+ Co 3+ Ga 3+ As 3+ Ru 3+ ,Rh 3+ In 3+ Ir 3+ Au 3+ Or Al 3+ At least one of them.

[0113] For example, monovalent anions include: F - Cl - ,Br - I - SCN - CNO - At least one of OCN-, OSCN-, SH-, OH-, CN-, and SeCN-.

[0114] Furthermore, in some embodiments, the thickness of the first perovskite layer is between 400 and 1000 nm; the thickness of the second perovskite layer is between 800 and 1200 nm.

[0115] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, in a perovskite solar cell, a passivation layer may be further included between the hole transport layer and the first perovskite layer. In some embodiments, the material of the passivation layer includes, but is not limited to, [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACZ), alumina, sodium 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate (4Cl-BZS), etc. According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the solar cell also includes a hole blocking layer disposed between the electron transport layer and the second electrode layer. By providing the hole blocking layer, electron extraction performance and hole blocking performance can be improved. The hole blocking layer includes a hole blocking material. This disclosure does not particularly limit the hole blocking material. Exemplarily, the hole blocking material may include one or more of SnO2, ZnO, CeOx, and copper bath (BCP, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline).

[0116] In a second aspect of this disclosure, an electrical device is provided. According to embodiments of this disclosure, the electrical device includes the solar cell described in the first aspect above. Therefore, the electrical device has good stability and long service life. Those skilled in the art will understand that the electrical device possesses all the features and advantages of the solar cell described above, which will not be elaborated further here.

[0117] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, electrical devices may include mobile devices (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, etc.), electric vehicles (e.g., pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric golf carts, electric trucks, etc.), electric trains, ships and satellites, energy storage systems, etc., but are not limited thereto.

[0118] In a third aspect, this disclosure provides a power generation device. According to embodiments of this disclosure, the power generation device includes the aforementioned solar cell. Therefore, the power generation device exhibits good stability and long service life. Those skilled in the art will understand that the power generation device possesses all the features and advantages of the aforementioned solar cell, which will not be elaborated upon further here.

[0119] In some embodiments, the power generation device can be used in fields such as ground power stations, aviation, construction, and wearable power generation devices.

[0120] The following describes embodiments of this disclosure. The embodiments described below are exemplary and are only used to explain this disclosure, and should not be construed as limiting this disclosure. Where specific techniques or conditions are not specified in the embodiments, they are performed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the art or according to the product instructions. Reagents or instruments used, unless otherwise specified, are all conventional products that can be obtained commercially. Example

[0121] Example 1

[0122] The fabrication process of perovskite solar cells includes the following steps:

[0123] Fabrication of the first electrode layer: dimensions 2.0*2.0cm 2 The FTO conductive glass was laser-etched to remove 0.35 cm of FTO from each end, exposing the FTO conductive glass substrate. The etched FTO conductive glass was then ultrasonically cleaned several times with water, acetone, and isopropanol, and then dried with nitrogen for later use.

[0124] Preparation of hole transport layer: FTO conductive glass was treated with ultraviolet ozone, and then NiOx with a thickness of 35nm was formed by magnetron sputtering. The hole transport layer was obtained by annealing at 300℃ for 60min.

[0125] Preparation of passivation layer: MeO-2PACZ solution (1 mmol / mL, solvent is ethanol) was spin-coated at 3000 rpm for 30 s, and then annealed at 100℃ for 10 min to obtain passivation layer.

[0126] Preparation of the first perovskite layer: A one-step method was used to prepare the perovskite optical layer, including: spin-coating a perovskite precursor solution onto the prepared passivation layer at a speed of 4000 rpm for 30 s; adding 450 μL of anti-solvent approximately 10 s after the spin-coating begins; then placing the film on a hot plate and annealing at 110 °C for 60 min to obtain a first perovskite layer with a thickness of 500 nm. The material was Cs. 0.2 FA 0.8 PbCl3;

[0127] Preparation of the first electron transport layer / first binder: Mix 0.5 ml of 1% PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) solution with 20 ml of 25 mg / ml PCBM solution evenly, and coat it on the first perovskite layer PVK film. A 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer is deposited by ALD, wherein the thickness of the sub-electron transport layer of PCBM+PVDF is 20 nm.

[0128] Preparation of the second electrode layer: The thin film with the first electron transport layer is placed in an evaporation apparatus, and the evaporation vacuum is allowed to reach 5*10. -4 Below Pa, an 80 nm metal back electrode Ag, i.e. the second electrode layer, is deposited at a rate of 0.1 A / s to obtain the perovskite solar cell shown in Figure 2.

[0129] Example 2

[0130] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0131] A 0.5% PVDF solution (0.5 ml) and a 25 mg / ml PCBM solution (20 ml) were mixed evenly and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film. An ALD deposition of a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was then performed.

[0132] Example 3

[0133] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0134] A 3% PVDF solution (0.5 ml) and a 25 mg / ml PCBM solution (20 ml) were mixed evenly and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film. An ALD deposition of a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was then performed.

[0135] Example 4

[0136] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0137] A PVDF solution with a mass concentration of 8% (0.5 ml) was mixed with a PCBM solution with a concentration of 25 mg / ml (20 ml) and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film. Subsequently, a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was deposited by ALD.

[0138] Example 5

[0139] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0140] A 10% PVDF solution (0.5 ml) and a 25 mg / ml PCBM solution (20 ml) were mixed evenly and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film. Subsequently, a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was deposited by ALD.

[0141] Example 6

[0142] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0143] A PVDF solution with a mass concentration of 15% (0.5 ml) was mixed with a PCBM solution with a concentration of 25 mg / ml (20 ml) and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film. Subsequently, a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was deposited by ALD.

[0144] Example 7

[0145] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0146] A 25% PVDF solution (0.5 ml) and a 25 mg / ml PCBM solution (20 ml) were mixed evenly and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film. Subsequently, a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was deposited by ALD.

[0147] Example 8

[0148] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0149] A 40% PVDF solution (0.5 ml) and a 25 mg / ml PCBM solution (20 ml) were mixed evenly and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film. Subsequently, a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was deposited by ALD.

[0150] Example 9

[0151] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0152] A 50% PVDF solution (0.5 ml) and a 25 mg / ml PCBM solution (20 ml) were mixed evenly and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film. Subsequently, a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was deposited by ALD.

[0153] Example 10

[0154] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0155] A solution (0.5 ml) of fully hydrolyzed 0.2 mol / L tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) binder was mixed with a PCBM solution (20 ml) of 25 mg / ml and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film. Subsequently, a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was deposited by ALD.

[0156] Example 11

[0157] The difference from Example 10 is that 0.4 mol / L sodium silicate (0.5 ml) was mixed evenly with 25 mg / ml PCBM solution (20 ml) and coated onto the first perovskite PVK film, followed by ALD deposition of a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer.

[0158] Example 12

[0159] The difference from Example 10 is that the silane binder is replaced with isobutyltriethoxysilane, and the mass doping amount of the binder is 4.2%.

[0160] Example 13

[0161] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0162] After preparing the first perovskite layer, a first conductive adhesive layer is prepared: a conductive paste is coated on the surface of the first perovskite layer, wherein the conductive paste is an epoxy resin containing silver powder, the silver powder content is 30%, and the thickness is 5 nm.

[0163] Preparation of the first electron transport layer: PCBM is coated on the surface of the first conductive adhesive layer with a thickness of 20 nm, and then an electron transport layer of SnO2 with a thickness of 20 nm is deposited by ALD.

[0164] The perovskite solar cell shown in Figure 1 was obtained.

[0165] Example 14

[0166] The difference from Example 13 is that the first conductive adhesive layer is prepared between the PCBM layer and the SnO2 layer, wherein the thicknesses of the first conductive adhesive layer, the PCBM layer, and the SnO2 layer are 2nm, 20nm, and 20nm, respectively.

[0167] The perovskite solar cell shown in Figure 3 was obtained.

[0168] Example 15

[0169] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0170] After preparing the hole transport layer, the first perovskite layer is prepared. The prepared first perovskite layer is FA. 0.8 Cs 0.2 Pb(I 0.5 Br 0.5 3, with a thickness of 400nm;

[0171] After preparing the first electron transport layer / first binder, an interconnect layer is prepared by spin-coating In2O3 nanoparticles to obtain an interconnect layer with a thickness of 15 nm.

[0172] Fabrication of the second perovskite layer: Fabrication of FA on the interconnect layer 0.5 Cs 0.25 Sn 0.5 Pb 0.5 I3 narrow bandgap perovskite layer with a thickness of 1 μm;

[0173] Preparation of the second electron transport layer: A 20 nm C60 layer was deposited on the second perovskite thin film, followed by the deposition of a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer using ALD, and finally the second electrode layer was prepared.

[0174] Example 16

[0175] The difference from Example 15 is as follows:

[0176] A second conductive adhesive layer is further formed between the second perovskite layer and the second electron transport layer. The material of the second conductive adhesive layer is silane isobutyltriethoxysilane, and the thickness is 5 nm.

[0177] Example 17

[0178] The difference from Example 15 is that: further in C 60 A second conductive adhesive layer is formed between the layer and the SnO2 layer. The material of the second conductive adhesive layer is silane isobutyltriethoxysilane, and the thickness is 5 nm.

[0179] Example 18

[0180] The difference from Example 15 is that a third conductive adhesive layer is further formed between the first electron transport layer and the interconnect layer. The material of the third conductive adhesive layer is silane isobutyltriethoxysilane, and the thickness is 5 nm.

[0181] Example 19

[0182] The difference from Example 16 is that a third conductive adhesive layer is further formed between the second perovskite layer and the interconnect layer. The material of the third conductive adhesive layer is silane isobutyltriethoxysilane, and the thickness is 5 nm.

[0183] Example 20

[0184] The difference from Example 16 is as follows:

[0185] The preparation of the interconnect layer includes: mixing a 3% (w / w) PVDF solution with In2O3 until homogeneous, with a PVDF to In2O3 mass ratio of 1:20, and then spin-coating to obtain an interconnect layer with a thickness of 15 nm.

[0186] Comparative Example 1

[0187] The difference from Example 1 is as follows:

[0188] Preparation of the first electron transport layer: PCBM is coated on the first perovskite PVK film with a thickness of 20 nm, and an ALD is deposited to form a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer.

[0189] Comparative Example 2

[0190] The difference from Example 15 is as follows:

[0191] Preparation of the first electron transport layer: A 30 nm C60 layer was deposited on the first perovskite layer and a 20 nm SnO2 electron transport layer was deposited by ALD.

[0192] The initial efficiency, stability, and other properties of the perovskite solar cells obtained in the above embodiments and comparative examples were tested respectively.

[0193] Initial efficiency test method: JV test uses an AAA-grade solar simulator as the light source and a high-precision source meter as the test equipment. The voltage scan range is from -0.1V to 1.2V, and the data acquisition delay is 20ms.

[0194] Stability test of 85℃ dark storage (ISOS-D-3I): Each group of solar cell devices was placed in a fixture continuously purged with nitrogen, and then the fixture was placed on the hot stage of a glove box. H2O and O2 were kept <0.1ppm. The hot stage temperature was set to 85℃, and a cooling program of 1.5℃ / min was performed every 200 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the devices were removed and their JV performance was tested. Data were recorded, and the mean was used to create a line graph.

[0195] 85℃ MPPT (ISOS-L-3I) stability test: Each group of solar cell devices is placed in a fixture (with multi-channel maximum power point tracking function) that is continuously purged with nitrogen gas. The fixture is then placed on a hot stage, keeping H2O and O2 < 0.1ppm. The hot stage temperature is set to 85℃. LED lamps, metal halide lamps, or xenon lamps are used as light sources. MPPT is achieved by real-time measurement and closed-loop control of the output voltage and current of the photovoltaic cells. The software automatically records the power change over aging time.

[0196] Layer structure stability: SEM can be used to directly observe whether there is delamination between layers.

[0197] The test results are shown in Table 1 below.

[0198] Table 1

[0199] Test Result Analysis: As can be seen from the data in Table 1 above, by setting a conductive adhesive layer between the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer, or by setting a conductive adhesive layer inside the electron transport layer, or by adding an adhesive, the separation between the layers can be effectively improved, while still maintaining good battery performance and stability. In Comparative Example 2, as shown in Figure 15, separation occurs between the second perovskite layer and the first perovskite layer.

[0200] It should be noted that this disclosure is not limited to the above-described embodiments. The above embodiments are merely examples, and any embodiments with the same essential structure and achieving the same effect as the technical concept within the scope of this disclosure are included in the technical scope of this disclosure. Furthermore, various modifications that can be conceived by those skilled in the art to the embodiments, and other ways of constructing by combining some of the constituent elements of the embodiments, are also included in the scope of this disclosure without departing from the spirit of this disclosure.

Claims

1. A solar cell, wherein, The device includes a first electrode layer, a first perovskite layer, a first electron transport layer, and a second electrode layer disposed in a first direction. The first perovskite layer and the first electron transport layer are stacked between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer. The first perovskite layer is disposed on the side of the first electron transport layer away from the second electrode layer. A first conductive adhesive layer is disposed between the first perovskite layer and the first electron transport layer, and / or the first electron transport layer contains a first adhesive.

2. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein, The first electron transport layer includes multiple stacked first sub-electron transport layers, and the first electron transport layer contains the first binder comprising: The first binder is doped in at least one of the multiple first sub-electron transport layers; And / or, a first adhesive layer composed of the first adhesive is disposed between the first sub-electron transport layers of two adjacent layers, and the first adhesive is a conductive adhesive.

3. The solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, wherein The first electron transport layer includes a first sub-electron transport layer A and a first sub-electron transport layer B stacked together. The first sub-electron transport layer A includes a first organic electron transport layer, and the first sub-electron transport layer B includes a first inorganic electron transport layer. The first binder is doped into the first sub-electron transport layer A; And / or, the first adhesive layer is disposed between the first sub-electron transport layer A and the first sub-electron transport layer B.

4. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein The solar cell further includes a light-absorbing layer located between the first electron transport layer and the second electrode layer, and the light-absorbing layer has a different band gap than the first perovskite layer.

5. The solar cell of claim 4, wherein, The light-absorbing layer includes any one of the following: a second perovskite layer, a crystalline silicon light-absorbing layer, a copper indium gallium selenide light-absorbing layer, a cadmium telluride light-absorbing layer, an amorphous silicon light-absorbing layer, and an organic light-absorbing layer.

6. The solar cell according to claim 4 or 5, wherein The light-absorbing layer includes a second perovskite layer, and the solar cell further includes an interconnect layer disposed between the first electron transport layer and the second perovskite layer, and a second electron transport layer disposed between the second perovskite layer and the second electrode layer. Alternatively, the light-absorbing layer includes the second perovskite layer, and the solar cell further includes a third electrode layer, an insulating layer, and a fourth electrode layer disposed sequentially between the first electron transport layer and the second perovskite layer, and a second electron transport layer disposed between the second perovskite layer and the second electrode layer, wherein the third electrode layer is disposed close to the first electron transport layer.

7. The solar cell of claim 6, wherein, It also includes a third conductive adhesive layer and / or a third adhesive, wherein, The third conductive adhesive layer is located between the interconnect layer and the first electron transport layer, and / or the third conductive adhesive layer is located between the interconnect layer and the second perovskite layer; The third binder is incorporated into the interconnect layer.

8. The solar cell of claim 7, wherein, A second conductive adhesive layer is disposed between the second perovskite layer and the second electron transport layer, and / or the second electron transport layer contains a second adhesive.

9. The solar cell of claim 8, wherein, The second electron transport layer includes multiple layers of second sub-electron transport layers, and the second electron transport layer contains the second binder comprising: The second binder is doped in at least one of the multiple layers of the second sub-electron transport layer; And / or, a second adhesive layer composed of the second adhesive is provided between two adjacent second sub-electron transport layers, and the second adhesive is a conductive adhesive.

10. The solar cell according to claim 8 or 9, wherein The second electron transport layer includes a multi-layered second sub-electron transport layer A and a second sub-electron transport layer B. The second sub-electron transport layer A includes a second organic electron transport layer, and the second sub-electron transport layer B includes a second inorganic electron transport layer. The second binder is doped into the second sub-electron transport layer A; And / or, the second adhesive layer is disposed between the second sub-electron transport layer A and the second sub-electron transport layer B.

11. The solar cell of claim 10, wherein, The first binder is doped in the first sub-electron transport layer A at a mass content of 0.1% to 50%; and / or, the second binder is doped in the second sub-electron transport layer A at a mass content of 0.1% to 50%; and / or, the third binder is doped in the interconnect layer at a mass content of 0.1% to 50%; and / or, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer is 1 to 100 nm; and / or, the thickness of the second conductive adhesive layer is 1 to 100 nm; and / or, the thickness of the third conductive adhesive layer is 1 to 100 nm.

12. The solar cell of claim 11, wherein, The first binder is doped in the first sub-electron transport layer A at a mass content of 0.1%-5%; and / or, the second binder is doped in the second sub-electron transport layer A at a mass content of 0.1%-5%; and / or, the third binder is doped in the interconnect layer at a mass content of 0.1%-5%; and / or, the thickness of the first conductive adhesive layer is 1-5 nm; and / or, the thickness of the second conductive adhesive layer is 1-5 nm; and / or, the thickness of the third conductive adhesive layer is 1-5 nm.

13. The solar cell according to any one of claims 8 to 12, wherein, The materials of the first adhesive, the second adhesive, the third adhesive, the first conductive adhesive layer, the second conductive adhesive layer, and the third conductive adhesive layer respectively include one or more of the following: polyvinylidene fluoride, homopolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, carboxymethyl cellulose, styrene-butadiene rubber, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alginate, β-cyclodextrin polymer, polypropylene emulsion, polytetrafluoroethylene, conductive paste, silicates, and silane compounds.

14. The solar cell of claim 13, wherein, The materials of the first adhesive, the second adhesive, the third adhesive, the first conductive adhesive layer, the second conductive adhesive layer, and the third conductive adhesive layer satisfy one or more of the following conditions: (1) The conductive paste includes an epoxy resin substrate and a conductive agent, wherein the conductive agent includes one or more of silver powder, silver-plated copper powder and silver-plated quartz powder. (2) the hydrolysis product of the silane-based compound has -OH, -COOH, -NH2, -CONH-, -C4H4O2S-, and -C 12 one or several functional groups of H8N- 15. The solar cell of claim 14, wherein, The silane compounds include silane coupling agents. Optionally, the silane coupling agent comprises tetraethyl orthosilicate and / or isobutyltriethoxysilane.

16. The solar cell of claim 3, wherein, The material of the first organic electron transport layer includes one or more of fullerenes and their derivatives, imide compounds, and quinone compounds, and the first inorganic electron transport layer includes tin dioxide.

17. The solar cell of claim 10, wherein, The material of the second organic electron transport layer includes one or more of fullerenes and their derivatives, imide compounds, and quinone compounds, and the second inorganic electron transport layer includes tin dioxide.

18. The solar cell according to any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein, The band gap of the first perovskite layer is 1.5-1.9 eV, and the band gap of the light-absorbing layer is 1.1-1.4 eV.

19. An electrical device, comprising: The solar cell includes any one of claims 1 to 18.

20. A power generation device, wherein, The solar cell includes any one of claims 1 to 18.

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