Carbonaceous material integration into systems

Abstract

Components, systems, apparatuses, and methods using carbonaceous material are disclosed herein.

Description

Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTCARBONACEOUS MATERIAL INTEGRATION INTO SYSTEMS CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. App. No.63 / 741,321, filed January 2, 2025, U.S. App. No. 63 / 774,259, filed March 19, 2025, and U.S. App. No. 63 / 947,868, filed December 23, 2025, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.FIELD OF DISCLOSURE

[0002] The present disclosure is related to specific carbonaceous material, particularly graphene, graphene oxide, or stacks thereof, which may derived from plants such as hemp, providing increased benefit to various electrical, structural, thermal, and filtering technologies.BACKGROUND

[0003] The present application is directed to a wide variety of components produced from renewable resources. Various components of systems are often produced from non-renewable resources or constructed in a manner to provide considerable detriment to the surrounding environment.

[0004] It is therefore an object of this disclosure to provide materials, typically carbonaceous materials derived from plant sources, which can be integrated into a wide variety of systems, apparatuses, and methods, that leverage the benefit of the adaptability’ of the characteristics of the carbonaceous material (e.g., as dependent on specific processing from plant material).SUMMARY

[0005] The present disclosure includes a wide variety of components, that may include graphene or other carbonaceous materials (e.g., derived from a plant such as hemp). Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that carbonaceous material, particularly carbonaceous material processed into certain structures such as graphene, graphene oxide, stacked graphene, or stacked graphene oxide from particular plants providing properties beneficial for the integration into various systems. In particular, carbonaceous material derived from hemp, such as graphene, graphene oxide, or stacks thereof (e.g., having from 2-1000 layers) may provide any one of a consistency, thermal properties (e.g., thermal insulation, thermal conductivity), electrical (e.g., dielectric, conductive), mechanical (e.g., structural support, strength), porosity, response to microbial growth (e.g., algae growth), absorptivity, and dispersibility of components thereon, that may be leveraged to provide superiorCustomer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTperformance to components when integrated into systems, apparatuses, and methods. Moreover, the adaptability of production of these carbonaceous materials affords the ability to process and enhance specific characteristics of the carbonaceous material (by itself or when integrated into a component) in order to further provide increased properties as compared to an otherwise identical component formed from carbonaceous material formed from other sources. For example, using the carbonaceous material of the present disclosure such as that derived from hemp, one or more property may be enhanced (e.g., increased, decreased) properties such as one or more of consistency, thermal properties (e.g., thermal insulation, thermal conductivity), electrical (e.g., dielectric, conductive), mechanical (e.g., structural support, strength), porosity, absorptivity, response to microbial growth (e.g., algae), and dispersibility of components thereon as compared to an otherwise identical material produced from other sources (e.g., plant other than hemp, material other than hemp). In certain embodiments, the one or more properties are enhanced (e.g., increased, decreased) independently by more than (or up to 100%) 1% (e.g., more than 5%, more than 10%, more than 15%, more than 20%, more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, from 1% to 5%, from 5% to 10%, from 10% to 20%, from 20% to 30%, from 30% to 40%, from 40% to 50%, from 50% to 60%, from 60%, to 70%, from 70% to 80%, from 90% to 100% or more). In various implementations, at least two (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven) properties (e.g., consistency, thermal properties (e.g., thermal insulation, thermal conductivity), electrical (e.g., dielectric, conductive), mechanical (e.g., structural support, strength), porosity, absorptivity, dispersibility) are enhanced for integration into a particular application. In certain instances, at least three properties (e.g., consistency, thermal properties (e.g., thermal insulation, thermal conductivity), electrical (e.g., dielectric, conductive), mechanical (e.g., structural support, strength), porosity, absorptivity, dispersibility) are enhanced for integration into a particular application. In particularly applications, the carbonaceous material is graphene or graphene sheets which may be derived from hemp bast or hemp hurd (e.g., derived from thermolysis and / or KOH activation with one or more optional subsequent processing steps).

[0006] In some embodiments, the component comprising carbonaceous material of the present disclosure may be used in electronics and / or optoelectronics systems. These systems include displays and touchscreens (e.g., the carbonaceous material may increase the flexibility and / or mechanical strength and / or conductivity or the screens), transistors (e.g., the carbonaceous material may afford higher transistor speeds), circuits (e.g., the low weight of theCustomer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTcarbonaceous material may be integrated into certain circuits such as those found in wearable electronics, the flexibility of graphene coupled with its conductivity may afford increased flexibility in circuits, self-repairing circuits), photodetectors, cameras, supercapacitors, memory, OLED and e-paper technologies, printable inks (e.g., such as those used in circuits), holographic projectors (e.g., for 3D imaging), tattoos (e.g., dynamic electronic ink tattoos which may display changing images such as real-time data), communication devices (e.g., terahertz communication devices), or computing devices such as brain-like neuromorphic computing devices.

[0007] In some embodiments, the component comprising carbonaceous material of the present disclosure may be used in systems and methods of energy storage, hydrogen storage, and / or conversion. For example, the carbonaceous material may be used as a component in photovoltaic solar cells (e.g., dual-mode photovoltaic with optional thermal panels), hydrogen storage systems (e.g., which may leverage graphene’s surface area and porosity to hydrogen) to enhance storage, aerogels, roadways (e.g., energy -harvesting roadways where the carbonaceous material may be integrated into concrete or asphalt to afford conductive surfaces and / or have increased mechanical strength), batteries such as salt-water and desalination batteries, fuel-cells (e.g.. hybrid fuel cells combining hydrogen and photovoltaic cells), textiles (e.g., energy storage), vehicles and energy storage (e.g., as a component of a supercapacitor), or thermoelectric devices. For example, the carbonaceous material may be used in solid-state hydrogen systems, where its abi 1 i ty to withstand the temperatures associated therewith.

[0008] In some embodiments, the component comprising carbonaceous material may be used in composites or coatings. For example, the carbonaceous material may be used to afford self-healing of a coating and / or composite. In some embodiments, the carbonaceous material may be used in an anti-corrosion coating, fire-retardant coating, fire-retardant composite, to construct impact-resistant and / or lightweight materials (e.g., for aerospace applications), scratch-resistant coatings, anti -reflective coatings, UV-blocking coatings, shape adaptable composites using memory polymers, anti-grime coatings (e.g., for concrete which may provide conductive capabilities), anti -vibration composites (e.g., for soundproofing), anti-static packaging, and tires (e.g., the carbonaceous material may increase the durability and / or grip and / or provide the ability to sense certain tire characteristics such as pressure). These composites or coatings may have increased or decreased algae growth as compared to otherwise identical coatings without the carbonaceous material.Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCT

[0009] In certain instances, the carbonaceous material may be used as a component in tools and / or heavy equipment and / or firearms and / or sports equipment and / or packaging. In various implementations, entire parts or components may be made of the carbonaceous material. These components may be reinforced, and their mechanical properties (including others) may be enhanced by integrating the carbonaceous material within or providing a coating for tools and / or heavy equipment and / or firearms and / or sports equipment and / or packaging. For example, the carbonaceous material may be used as coating or integrated into cutting tools, blades, drill bits (e.g., smart drill bits having sensors), wrenches (e.g., for anti-corrosion enhancement), sockets (e.g., for anti-corrosion enhancement), gears (e.g., for lubrication enhancement), drive belts, bucket linings, thermal regulating tools, machinery components or suppressors (e.g., to provide noise dampening), and hammers. In various implementations, the carbonaceous material may be incorporated into various components of a firearm, such as the magazine, suppressor, receiver (e.g., upper receiver, lower receiver), barrel, grip, trigger, hammer, frame, cylinder flutes, muzzle, action bar, and / or stock. For example, the carbonaceous material may be incorporated into the alloy (e.g., aluminum alloys, stainless steel alloys, titanium alloys, combinations thereof) used to make these components (e.g., suppressors) and / or be present in a coating thereon. In particular aspects, the component may be made of the carbonaceous material (e.g., the carbonaceous material is integration into a portion of the component without being a composite). In various implementations, a portion of the component has more than 90% or more than 95% or more than 99% by weight of the carbonaceous material. In various implementations, the carbonaceous material is incorporated into components of sports equipment (e.g., fishing rods, skis, snowboards, bindings, golf clubs such as the club shaft and / or head). In some embodiments, the carbonaceous material is incorporated into packaging such as containers (e.g., cans, bottles, boxes), liners (e.g., can liners), or as a plastic composite in packaging (e.g., plastic bottle composites). In some embodiments, the carbonaceous material is present in a component of an air compressor such as the tank, pump, and / or valves. In some embodiments, the carbonaceous material is incorporated into turbines (e.g., wind turbine) such as in one or more blades thereof. Incorporating the carbonaceous material into these systems may afford enhanced properties such as increased resistance to degradation, less algae growth, increased functionality (e.g., ability to operate at greater parameters of operation such as temperature and / or pressure), and other enhancements as described herein.Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCT

[0010] In various implementations the carbonaceous material may be used in medical devices (e.g.. as part of a coating, integrated within). For example, the carbonaceous material may be used in scalpels (e.g., as part of a diagnostic sensor on a scalpel), biosensors such as glucose, pH, and biomarker sensors, surgical tools (e.g., self-sterilizing surgical tools), orthopedic implants, drug delivery and / or monitoring patches, catheters (e.g., for antimicrobial properties), cochlear implants, sutures (e.g., for anti-microbial properties), biopsy needles (e.g., as part of a sensor for tissue diagnostics optionally in real-time).

[0011] The carbonaceous material may be used in a variety of defense applications. For example, armor composites comprising the carbonaceous material may have decreased weight and increased mechanical strength via integration of the carbonaceous material within or coated on a composite. The electronic properties may be leveraged to provide resistance to electromagnetic pulses to materials such as containers, rifles, and cannons. Moreover, the thermal properties may provide thermal cloaking to a variety of devices include vehicles and defense systems. Moreover, the carbonaceous material may provide stealth coatings preventing radar detection. The carbonaceous material may be used to impart blast resistance, such as through a coating, on, for example, vehicles and building. The carbonaceous material may be used as a vibration sensor, for example, to be integrated into smart mine. In various implementations, the carbonaceous material may be used in directed energy devices, such as lasers (e.g., laser turret). In some embodiments, the carbonaceous material may be used in a deployable wall (e.g., deployable energy wall). In some embodiments, the carbonaceous may¬ be integrated into a paint, such as a camouflage paint (e g., a paint which may be able to adapt to surroundings leveraging the electronic, optical, and mechanrcal properties of the carbonaceous material).

[0012] The carbonaceous material may be used in a variety of drone and laser based systems. For example, the carbonaceous material may be used in nets with embedded EMP nodes for drone capture, high-energy lasers for drone interception, acoustic disruptors for drone electronics, signal jammers with components for interference, kinetic anti-drone projectiles with reinforcement with the carbonaceous material, railguns for high-speed projectile systems, or swarm drone detection sensors. In certain embodiments, the carbonaceous material may be incorporated into a net like structure (which may be incorporated into any component herein, such as firearms, vehicles, armor).

[0013] In various embodiments, the carbonaceous material may be used in filtration or environmental applications. For example, the carbonaceous material may be used as aCustomer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTdesalination membrane (e.g., in a water purification system). Some implementations may involved the use of the carbonaceous material for air purification systems (e.g.. for removal of airborne toxins or pathogens) or water purification systems (e.g., for heavy metal adsorption and filtration, portable water purifiers, radioactive water decontamination system). In some embodiments, the carbonaceous material may be used in an ocean filtration buoy (e.g., for microplastic removal). The carbonaceous material may be integrated into a component of a cryogenic gas filter. In some embodiments, the carbonaceous material may be used as a food grade filter (e.g., for the beverage industry). In some embodiments, the carbonaceous material may be used as a greenhouse membrane (e.g., smart membrane) that may be used in agriculture systems. In various implementations, the carbonaceous material may be used with rare earth mining such as providing water cleaning and / or ion specific efficiency.

[0014] In some embodiments, the carbonaceous material may be used for aerospace or space applications (particularly in light of its mechanical and electronic properties). For example, the carbonaceous material may be integrated into a coating and / or paint which may provide resistance against micrometeorite damage and / or radiation. The carbonaceous material may be integrated into spacesuits to provide radiation protection. The carbonaceous material may be integrated into spacecraft (e.g., external components such as fuselages) to provide, for example, heat radiators. In some embodiments, the carbonaceous material may be used as a solar sail. In certain implementations, the carbonaceous material may provide radiation shielding in a deployable space habitat. The carbonaceous material may be integrated into a drone (e.g.. hypersonic drone). In some embodiments, the carbonaceous material may be used in an ion thruster. In some embodiments, the carbonaceous material may be used in a thermal shield of a spacecraft aiding in, for example, reentry. The carbonaceous material may be used in an insulation such as an aerogel. In certain aspects, the carbonaceous material may be integrated into components of a space elevator (e.g., cables, infrastructure, housing, support).

[0015] In various implementations, the carbonaceous material may be used in computing systems such as quantum or advanced computing systems. For example, the carbonaceous material may be used for thermal management of circuits such as cryogenic circuits. The carbonaceous material may be used in laser systems (e.g., as a nonlinear optic) which may afford secure communications. In certain embodiments, the carbonaceous material may be used in a quantum refrigerator, dilution refrigerator, and / or low temperature electronics. The carbonaceous material may be used as a router for quantum networks. In certain embodiments, the carbonaceous material may be used in spintronic memory (e.g., for data storage). In certainCustomer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTembodiments, the carbonaceous material may be integrated into a temperature sensor. The carbonaceous material may be used as a cage to stabilize entangled particles. In various implementations, the carbonaceous material may be used in a photon detector (e.g., single photon detector).

[0016] The carbonaceous material may be used for most thermal management systems such as cooling technologies. For example, the carbonaceous material may be used in a cryogenic heat spreader (e.g., for integration with processors such as quantum processors). The carbonaceous material may be used in a thermoelectric cooler. The carbonaceous material may be used in phase-change cooling systems. In various implementations, the carbonaceous material may be used in dewars or cryogenic reservoirs (e.g., helium reservoirs). In certain implementations, the carbonaceous material may be used in (or coated on) fins providing enhanced thermal dissipation. In various embodiments, the carbonaceous material may be provided in a cooling loop. In certain embodiments, the carbonaceous material may be integrated into a component of a cryocooler. In some embodiments, the carbonaceous material may be integrated into a self-regulating cryogenic circuit.

[0017] The carbonaceous material may be used in a variety of building materials. Particularly owing to its mechanical, thermal, and electronic properties, the carbonaceous material may be used in smart-building materials. For example, the carbonaceous material may be used in photovoltaic graphene roofing tiles, self-healing graphene concrete, load-sensing graphene floors, graphene rebar with embedded structural health sensors, anti-vibration graphene walls, smart roofing membranes for insulation, fire-building panels, anti-static adhesives for construction, smart thermal paints for temperature regulation, or smart pipes for water and gas monitoring.

[0018] In some instances, the carbonaceous material is integrated into anti-meteor shields for infrastructure, smart combat helmets with real-time data capabilities, energy-buffering pipelines, liquid nitrogen logistic systems, temperature-adaptive clothing, cold plasma systems, cold storage for biological samples, magnetic shielding for superconducting systems, antiradiation barriers for quantum systems, cold plasma propulsion systems, nuclear power systems for isotope capture and structural benefit, extra-terrestrial oxygen harvesting from regolith, photovoltaic and conductive paint (properties which may be imparted by the carbonaceous material itself). For example, the carbonaceous material such as graphene, graphene oxide, and / or stacks thereof may be embedded into a nuclear core (e.g., as a replacement for a portion or all of graphite). In various implementations, the carbonaceousCustomer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTmaterial may be integrated (e.g., impregnated, coated on, formed with) into nuclear pebbles (e.g., nuclear spheres comprising the nuclear fuel, a fission product barrier (which may be the carbonaceous material), and a moderator (which may be the carbonaceous material).DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] Detailed embodiments of the present disclosure are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely illustrative of the disclosure that may be embodied in various forms. In addition, each of the examples given in connection with the various embodiments of the disclosure is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive.

[0020] All terms used herein are intended to have their ordinary meaning in the art unless otherwise provided. All concentrations are in terms of percentage by weight of the specified component relative to the entire weight of the topical composition, unless otherwise defined.

[0021] As used herein, “a” or “an” shall mean one or more. As used herein when used in conjunction with the word "comprising,” the words “a” or “an” mean one or more than one. As used herein “another” means at least a second or more.

[0022] As used herein, all ranges of numeric values include the endpoints and all possible values disclosed between the disclosed values. The exact values of all half-integral numeric values are also contemplated as specifically disclosed and as limits for all subsets of the disclosed range. For example, a range of from 0.1% to 3% specifically discloses a percentage of 0.1%, 1%. 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, and 3%. Additionally, a range of 0.1 to 3% includes subsets of the original range including from 0.5% to 2.5%, from 1% to 3%, from 0.1% to 2.5%, etc. It will be understood that the sum of all weight % of individual components will not exceed 100%.

[0023] By “consist essentially” it is meant that the ingredients include only the listed components along with the normal impurities present in commercial materials and with any other additives present at levels which do not affect the operation of the embodiments disclosed herein, for instance at levels less than 5% by weight or less than 1 % or even 0.5% by weight.

[0024] The present application provides components, systems, kits, and methods which may be used to construct components in the systems, methods, and apparatuses of the present disclosure. Typically, components are formed through the use of a carbonaceous material fabricated and integrated into these systems, methods, and apparatuses. The components are typically made with a carbonaceous conductive material made from renewal resources such asCustomer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTbast or hurd fiber such as those from hemp. In particular embodiments, the carbonaceous material is graphene (e.g., turbostratic graphene).

[0025] The bast fiber which may be used to make components as described herein includes natural (e.g. plant) fiber and / or other material collected from the phloem (also referred to as the '‘inner bark’’ or '‘skin”) or bast surrounding the stem of certain dicotyledonous plants. Such plants may include cannabis plants, for example. Bast fiber may be obtained from herbs cultivated in agriculture, such as, for instance, flax, hemp, jute, sisal, kenaf, or ramie. Bast fiber may be obtained from wild plants, such as stinging nettle, and trees, such as lime, linden, wisteria, or mulberry. Bast fiber may be obtained from such natural material through, for example, retting or otherwise extracting from the interior xylem or epidermis (e.g., bark surface) of a plant. For example, a retting (e.g., water retting, dew retting, chemical retting, etc.) process can remove adhesive (pectinous) substances from the bast fibers to allow for their isolation. In certain instances, bast fiber may be obtained via decortication or the manual or mechanical peeling from the plant. In some instances, after extraction of bast fiber (e.g., via peeling), the stalk, stem, or core of the plant, such as hurds or strives, may be obtained.

[0026] Similarly, bast powder may include powdered bast fiber and / or a powder of the phloem or bast surrounding the stem of certain dicotyledonous plants. In some cases, the bast powder can comprise particles in the nanometer or micrometer range. The particles may be cellulose particles, such as microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), derived from bast or bast fiber. In some cases, the MCC and NCC may be isolated and / or derived from the bast or bast fiber via acid hydrolysis (e.g., hydrochloric acid hydrolysis). The bast powder may comprise nanoparticles and / or microparticles. The bast powder can be hemp bast powder, kenaf bast powder, sisal bast powder, and / or jute bast powder.

[0027] Hurd fibers or shive fibers include to natural (e.g., plant) fiber and / or other material collected from the stalk, stem, or core of certain dicotyledonous plants. Such plants may include cannabis plants, for example. Hurd fiber may be obtained from herbs cultivated in agriculture, such as, for instance, flax, hemp, jute, sisal, kenaf, or ramie. Hurd fiber may be obtained from wild plants, such as stinging nettle, and trees, such as lime, linden, wisteria, or mulberry. Hurd fiber may be obtained from such natural material through, for example, retting or otherwise extracting the bast from the interior xylem or epidermis (e.g., bark surface) of a plant, and har esting the inner stalk, stem, or core of the plant. In certain instances, hurd fiber may be obtained via decortication or the manual or mechanical peeling of the bast from theCustomer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTplant. In some instances, after extraction of bast fiber (e.g., via peeling), the stalk, stem, or core of the plant, such as hurds or shives, may be obtained.

[0028] Similarly, hurd powder or shive fibers includes powdered hurd fiber and / or a powder of the stem, stalk, or core of certain dicotyledonous plants. In some cases, the hurd powder can comprise particles in the nanometer or micrometer range. The particles may be cellulose particles, derived from hurd or hurd fiber. The hurd powder may comprise nanoparticles and / or microparticles.

[0029] Hemp may refer, but is not limited, to any material derived from any member of the family Cannabacae. For example, hemp may refer to a material derived from a member of the genera Cannabacae Aphananthe, Cannabacae Celtis, Cannabacae Trema, Cannabacae Cannabis, Cannabacae Gironniera, Cannabacae Humulus, Cannabacae Parasponia, or Cannabacae Pteroceltis. In some cases, a hempcrete formulation may comprise hemp derived from Cannabis sativa. In some cases, a hempcrete formulation may comprise hemp derived from Cannabis ruderalis. In some cases, a hempcrete formulation may comprise hemp derived from Cannabis indica.

[0030] Hemp material may be derived from any part of a hemp plant. In some cases, hemp material comprises material derived from a leaf. In some cases, hemp material comprises material derived from a stem. In some cases, hemp material comprises material derived from a flower. In some cases, hemp material comprises material derived from a stalk. In some cases, hemp material comprises material derived from hemp hurd. In some cases, hemp material comprises material comprises bast fibers. In some cases, hemp material comprises material derived from hemp roots. In some cases, hemp material comprises material derived from hemp that has undergone cannabinoid extraction.

[0031] In certain embodiments, the biomass used to form carbonaceous materials may be derived from one or more plant genera or species, including herbaceous plants, woody plants, agricultural residues, forestry products, and combinations thereof. By way of non-limiting example, suitable plant sources may include members of the Cannabis genus (e.g., hemp or marijuana cultivars), grasses and cereals such as Zea, Triticum, Oryza, Hordeum, and Miscanthus, legumes such as Glycine, Medicago, and Pisum, and fiber crops such as Linum, Gossypium, and Agave. In further embodiments, the biomass may include lignocellulosic material obtained from tree genera, including hardwoods and softwoods, such as Quercus, Acer, Populus, Eucalyptus, Betula, Fagus, Pinus, Picea, Abies, Larix, and combinationsCustomer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTthereof. The biomass may be provided in the form of whole organisms, plant parts, residues, or processed fractions, including stalks, stems, leaves, bark, wood chips, sawdust, pulped material, or combinations thereof. In certain aspects, the biomass may include non-vascular or non-woody biological sources, such as algae and fungi. Suitable algal sources may include, by way of example and not limitation, microalgae and macroalgae genera such as Chlorella, Spirulina, Scenedesmus, Nannochloropsis, Dunaliella, Ulva, Laminaria. Macrocystis, Sargassum, and combinations thereof. Suitable fungal sources may include filamentous fungi and yeasts, including genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Fusarium, Rhizopus, Saccharomyces, Candida, and combinations thereof. In further embodiments, the biomass may include mixed biological or organic waste streams, including agricultural waste, food waste, municipal organic waste, industrial biogenic byproducts, or combinations thereof. In various implementations, the biomass may be subjected to hydrothermal carbonization to disrupt fibrous, cellular, or lignocellulosic structures and to form a carbon-rich intermediate, which may subsequently be chemically activated using one or more hydroxides, such as potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or mixtures thereof, optionally at elevated temperature. Such activation may promote pore formation, structural rearrangement, and graphitic domain development, including the formation of graphene structures or domains, such as turbostratic graphene, within the resulting carbon material.

[0032] Materials comprising relatively optimal structure to be used as the carbonaceous material such as graphene (e.g., activated graphene, curved graphene, laser-scribed graphene, ultrathin planar graphene, sponge-like graphene) or other carbon micro or nanomaterials comprising large and flat adsorption surfaces and high in-plane electrical conductivity. Graphene-like materials can be used as well, for example, as synthesized via exfoliation (e.g., modified Hummers method), chemical vapor deposition, or microwave synthesis. In contrast, carbonaceous material derived from petroleum or biowaste can be synthesized through pyrolysis or hydrothermal methods.

[0033] In some instances, biomass, such as bast fiber material, bast powder material, or hemp hurd material (e.g., fiber, powder), can be used as precursors to manufacture components of of the present disclosure (e.g., carbonaceous material), such as, for example, graphene-like carbon nanosheet structures such as graphene, doped graphene, graphene oxide (e.g, stacked carbon sheets having planar dimensions independently from 1 nanometer to at most 1000 nanometers (e.g.. 1 nm to 500 nm, 500 nm to 1000 nm)). These sheets may be formed, for example, using hydrothermal synthesis. The precursors may be formed in the form of sheets, tubes, or rolls,Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTfor example. The bast fiber, bast powder, hemp hurd, or a derivative thereof may be the active material for one or more components of the cable (e.g., carbonaceous material, first conductive region, second conductive region).

[0034] For example, fibrous materials such as bast fiber and / or hurd fiber can first undergo hydrothermal carbonization to break up an initially yam like structure of the fiber into smaller pieces. The hydrothermal synthesis process can yield high oxygen content material (e.g., material with oxygen-containing functional groups), making the yield susceptible to a subsequent activation process using activating reagents including such as potassium hydroxide (KOH). After the hydrothermal process, the fiber can then be activated with a hydroxide, e.g., an alkaline hydroxide such as KOH, which may penetrate the fiber and generate carbon nanosheets. The activation temperature can be at least 600° Celsius (°C), 650 °C, 700 °C, 705 °C, 710 °C, 715 °C, 720 °C, 725 °C, 730 °C, 735 °C, 740 °C, 745 °C, 750 °C, 755 °C, 760 °C, 765 °C, 770 °C. 775 °C, 780 °C, 785 °C. 790 °C, 795 °C, 800 °C or higher. In various implementations, the activation temperature can be less than or equal to 800 °C, 790 °C, 780 °C, 770 °C, 760 °C, 750 °C, 740 °C, 730 °C, 720 °C, 710 °C, 700 °C, 650 °C, 600 °C or lower. The fibrous material such as bast fiber and / or hurd fiber may or may not be pretreated, such as to reduce the size or open up the fiber structure.

[0035] The hydrothermal carbonization process may generate graphite flakes which may be used in or part of the conductive matenal (e.g., carbonaceous material, first conductive material, second conductive material). The graphite flakes can have a diameter of at least 10 micrometers (pm), 50 pm, 100 pm, 200 pm, 300 pm, 400 pm, 500 pm or more. As an alternative, the diameter of the graphite flakes can be less than or equal to 500 pm, 400 pm, 300 pm, 200 pm, 100 pm, 50 pm, 10 pm or smaller. The graphite flakes can have a thickness of at least 0.1 pm, 1 pm, 10 pm, 20 pm, 40 pm, 80 pm, 100 pm, 120 pm, 150 pm or greater. In various implementations, the thickness of the graphite flakes can be less than or equal to 150 pm, 120 pm, 100 pm, 80 pm, 40 pm, 20 pm, 10 pm, 1 pm, 0.1 pm or smaller. Alternatively, or in addition to, the hydrothermal carbonization of the bast fiber, bast powder, hurd fiber, or hurd powder material may generate at least one stack of carbon nanosheets.

[0036] The graphite flakes or the at least one stack of carbon nanosheets (e.g., as prepared from the hydrothermal carbonization process) may be treated with one or more exfoliation techniques to generate at least one carbon nanosheet having a thickness of one carbon atom. The exfoliation techniques can have high scalability, reproducibility, processability', and / or low production cost. The one or more exfoliation techniques may utilize liquid phase exfoliationCustomer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCT(LPE) devices based on fluid dynamics. Suitable solvents for the LPE devices may be organic solvents (e.g. N,N-dimethylformamide). surfactant / water solutions, aromatic solvents, or ionic liquids. The LPE devices may use the fluid dynamics to subject the graphite flakes or the at least one stack of carbon nanosheets, dispersed in one or a mixture of the suitable solvents, under intensive shear forces. The intensive shear forces may be sufficient to exfoliate, or peel off. the at least one carbon nanosheet from the at least one stack of carbon nanosheets. The LPE devices that utilize the fluid dynamics may be a vortex fluidic device, a pressure-driven fluid dynamics device, or a rotary mixer-driven fluid dynamics device. In various implementations, these devices may also be used to disperse the carbonaceous material in the encapsulator and / or binder and / or filler material of the present disclosure as well. An operational speed of the vortex fluidic device may be at least 10 rotations per minute (r.p.m.), 100 r.p.m., 1,000 r.p.m., or 10,000 r.p.m. or higher. Alternatively, the operational speed may be less than or equal to 10,000 r.p.m., 1,000 r.p.m., 100 r.p.m., 10 r.p.m. or lower. A pressure of the pressure driven fluid dynamics device may be at least 1 megapascal (MPa), 5 MPa, 10 MPa. 20 MPa, 30 MPa, 40 MPa. 50 MPa, 100 MPa or higher. Alternatively, the pressure may be less than or equal to 100 MPa, 50 MPa, 40 MPa, 30 MPa, 20 MPa, 10 MPa, 5 MPa or lower. A rotor speed of the rotary mixer-driven fluid dynamics device may be at least 10 r.p.m., 100 r.p.m., 1,000 r.p.m., or 10,000 r.p.m. or higher. Alternatively, the rotor speed may be less than or equal to 10,000 r.p.m., 1,000 r.p.m., 100 r.p.m., 10 r.p.m. or lower.

[0037] In another example, bast or hurd powder can comprise micron-sized or nano-sized cellulose particles, such as microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), or cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), derived from bast or hurd. The powder may comprise nanoparticles and / or microparticles. In some cases, the MCC, NCC, and CNC may be isolated and / or derived from the bast or hurd via acid hydrolysis (e.g., hydrochloric acid hydrolysis). For example, bast or hurd fiber, after harvesting, can be dried to less than 10% moisture content (e.g.. in an industrial oven) and ground (e.g. , via a cutting mill pulverizer) to yield bast or hurd powder (e.g., hemp bast powder, kenaf bast powder, hemp hurd powder). The powder can undergo alkali treatment and washing. In some cases, the alkali treatment and washing can comprise treatment with an alkali hydroxide (e.g., sodium hydroxide) solution, such as a from 1-10% (w / w) (e.g.. 4% (w / w) sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution) at. above room temperature (e.g., 80°C). Treatment may occur for from 1-3 hours (e.g., 2 hours), washing with distilled water, and filtering. The alkali treatment and washing can be repeated (e.g., 2 cycles, 3 cycles, 4 cycles). Subsequent to alkali treatment and washing, a bleaching treatment can be performed.Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTIn some cases, the bleaching treatment can comprise soaking in a solution containing equal parts of acetate buffer, aqueous chlorite (e.g., 1.7% (w / w)), and distilled water, washing with distilled water, and filtering. The bleaching treatment can be repeated (e.g., 2 cycles, 3 cycles, 4 cycles). The bast or hurd can then be subjected to acid hydrolysis (e.g., hydrochloric acid hydrolysis, sulfuric acid hydrolysis). In some instances, acid hydrolysis can comprise subjecting 4-6% (w / w) bleached fibers in preheated 65% sulfuric acid at 50°C for 60 minutes, mixing the suspension (e.g., via magnetic stirrers), and separating via a centrifuge maintained at 4000 rotations per minute (rpm) for 30 minutes and dialyzed with distilled water. Whiskers suspension can be homogenized to yield bast- or hurd-derived nanocellulose whiskers. In another example, nanoparticles such as nanocry stalline cellulose NCC or cellulose nanocrystal CNC can be prepared using isolated cellulose from bast or hurd, such as via acid hydrolysis (e.g., hydrochloric acid hydrolysis, sulfuric acid hydrolysis). The bast- or hurd-derived micro-or nano-powder may demonstrate properties such as high aspect rations, high surface areas, and high modulus. In some cases, the bast powder can comprise particles in the nanometer or micrometer range. For example, a bast or hurd powder particle may have a diameter of at least 50, 60, 70, 80. 90, 100, 150, 200, 250. 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 nanometers (nm) or more. Alternatively, the bast or hurd powder particle may have a diameter of at most 500, 450, 400, 350, 300, 250, 150, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50 nm or less. In some embodiments, a bast or hurd powder particle may have a diameter of at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100. 150, 200, 250. 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 micrometers (pm) or more. In various implementations, the bast or hurd powder particle may have a diameter of at most 500, 450, 400, 350, 300, 250, 150, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 pm or less.

[0038] Components described herein using the carbonaceous material may comprise, at least in part, bast fiber, bast powder, hemp hurd (e.g, fiber, powder), or a derivative thereof. For example, one of the two conductive regions can comprise bast fiber, bast powder, hemp hurd, or a derivative thereof. In some instances, the bast fiber-based, bast powder-based, or hemp hurd-based regions can comprise carbon nanosheets or carbon nanotubes that contain high levels of mesoporosity which may correlate with electrochemical properties relevant to conductivity in the cable. In various implementations, portions of the conductive materials may include a dielectric, or at least a portion of the dielectric material, can comprise bast fiber, bast powder, hemp hurd, or a derivative thereof. For example, a double layer of NFC and CNC can be used as the dielectric in a supercapacitor. In some instances, the CNC and NFC dielectric can be deposited on each electrode by spray-coating a thin film of CNC solution (e.g. ,Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCT0.8 wt% in water), drying the CNC film (e.g., at60°C), drop-casting NFC gel (e.g., 0.8 wt% in water), and letting the gel dry (e.g, at room temperature) for dehydration. A mechanical mask e.g., poly dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mask) may be used during deposition.

[0039] In some instances, the carbonaceous material may comprise, at least in part, hemp (e.g., Cannabis sativa L.) bast fiber, hemp bast powder, hemp hurd (fiber or powder) or a derivative thereof. Hemp fiber (e.g., bast fiber, hurd fiber) can comprise one or more layers of cellulose, semicellulose, and lignin. In particular, hemp fiber can comprise layered microfibrils consisting of crystalline cellulose fibrils. During a hydrothermal process of the hemp fiber, which may be conducted at 170-200 °C, optionally in addition other reactions (e.g., hydrolysis of lignin, dehydration, decomposition, condensation), the crystalline cellulose can be partially carbonized. The hydrothermal process can loosen the interconnected layers of the cellulose microfi brils while converting a majority of the semi cellulose and a part of the lignin into soluble organic compounds. The semicellulose and lignin can be dissolved to isolate the loosened cellulose microfibrils.

[0040] During an activation process (e.g, conducted at 700-800 °C), activating reagents, (e.g., alkaline hydroxides such as KOH), can penetrate the loosened microfibril layers and thereby separate the layers as sheets. The KOH can further carbonize and activate the separated layers to reduce their respective thickness and generate microporosity and mesoporosity in the carbon sheet structure. In particular, the crystalline cellulose content of the hemp precursor allows derivatives forming from the activation process to comprise a degree of alignment (e.g. , graphitic order) in their structural properties. In various implementations, a pyrolysis process can be used to synthesize bast or hurd fiber derivatives. In various implementations, the activating process may be conducted at greater than 1000°C (e.g., from 1000°C-3000°C).

[0041] A resulting derivative of the hemp fiber (e.g., as formed from the activation process) can comprise carbon nanosheets with favorable degrees of microporosity, mesoporosity, and graphitic alignment for use in the systems of the present disclosure. In some instances, such fiber (e.g., pure hemp) or its derivatives (e.g., graphene-like carbon nanosheets such as stacked nanosheets) can be used as a first conductive material, a second conductive material (e.g., material of the second electrode) and / or the electrically connecting carbonaceous material.

[0042] For example, cellulosic fibers or powders in bast or hurd (e.g, fiber or powder) can comprise relatively high electncal permittivity which can be advantageous for alteration of properties including tensile strength and / or conduction performance. In some instances, naturalCustomer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTfibers or powders (e.g., bast fiber, bast powder, hurd fiber, hurd powder) can be mixed with synthetic fibers or powders in varying proportions to vary electrical resistance and / or electrical permittivity. In some instances, moisture content (e.g., humidity) can be altered to vary the properties such as electrical resistance and / or electrical permittivity of the bast or hurd material. For example, the bast or hurd material can have a moisture content of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%. 35%. 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or more. In certain implementations, the bast or hurd material can have a moisture content of less than or equal to 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5% or less.

[0043] In some instances, an operating temperature can be varied to vary a parameter such as electrical resistance and / or electrical permittivity. For example, the operating temperature can be at most -50 °C, -40 °C, - 30 °C, -20 °C, -10 °C. 0 °C, 10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C. 50 °C. 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, 90 °C, 100 °C, 110 °C. 120 °C. 130 °C, 140 °C, 150 °C or higher. As an alternative, the operating temperature can be less than or equal to 150 °C, 140 °C, 130 °C, 120 °C, 110 °C, 100 °C, 90 °C, 80 °C, 70 °C, 60 °C, 50 °C, 40 °C, 30 °C, 20 °C, 10 °C, 0 °C, -10 °C, -20 °C, -30 °C, -40 °C, -50 °C or lower. In some instances, the bast material can be configured to perform (e.g.. with varying electrical resistances and / or electrical permittivity over a range of humidity and / or a range of operating temperatures. In some instances, a thickness, surface mass, density (e.g., number of threads per unit length) and / or other configuration (e.g. , warp and weft) of a weaving structure in the cellulosic fibers in bast or hurd fiber can be altered to vary electrical resistance and / or electrical permittivity. In certain aspects, the operating temperature may be conducted at greater than 1000°C (e.g., from 1000°C-3000°C).

[0044] In some instances, bast material, hurd material, or derivatives thereof can undergo processes such as electrospinning, solution casting, melt processing, and / or in-situ polymerization process to form polymer composites with desired material properties such as large surface to volume ratios. Electrospinning, for example, can control the deposition and dispersion of highly attractive nanomaterials, such as graphene, carbon nanosheets, carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoribbons, and other carbon nanofiber composites. Through electrospinning, carbon fibers with diameters less than one micrometer (micron) can be formed with relatively high control.

[0045] The input solution to an electrospinning apparatus can comprise a well-dispersed amount of fiber (e.g.. bast, hurd) or its derivatives, such as graphene, carbon nanosheets, carbonCustomer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTnanotubes, graphene nanoribbons, and other carbon nanofiber composites dispersed in, for example, a polymer solution. In various implementations, the input solution comprises the encapsulator and / or binder and / or filler material. In some instances, this solution can be prepared by making the fiber solution separately from a dispersion solution and mixing them together. The polymer / dispersion solution can be a homogenous solution. Electrospinning this polymer / dispersion solution can generate resultant nanocomposite fibers that have well-dispersed embedded nanostructures. For example, a carbon nanotube (CNT)Zpolymer composite that undergoes electrospinning can result in better aligned nanocomposite fibers with the CNTs orienting substantially parallel to the nanofiber axis. In some instances, a stable dispersion of CNTs can be achieved by using surfactants (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulphate), large amphiphilic polymers (e.g., polyvinyl pyrrolidone), and / or natural macromolecules (e.g., polysaccharide. Gum Arabic) which can be adsorbed onto the hydrophobic nanotubes. In some instances, dispersion can be facilitated via ultrasonification of the solution.

[0046] Beneficially, electrospun bast fiber / polymer composites, particularly when coupled with the encapsulator and / or binder and / or filler material (e.g., CNT / polymer composites) can demonstrate significantly improved mechanical and electrical properties that are suitable for some applications described herein. The improved dispersion and orientation of nanotubes within the polymer fiber, and strong interfacial adhesion due to the nanotube surface modification can significantly improve the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the polymers. The fiber / polymer composite may also have improved resistance to mechanical strain (e.g.. fracture strain), such as due to the nanopores on the fiber surface shielding slippage and stress, as well as the highly aligned nanotubes along the fiber axis taking on the mechanical load from the polymer matrix. Furthermore, the presence of conductive natural fiber (e.g., bast fiber, hurd fiber) or fiber derivatives in the fiber / polymer composites can provide a way for the otherwise relatively less conductive polymers to improve conductivity for various applications.

[0047] The carbonaceous material (e.g., graphene, graphene sheets) may be chemically doped such as by physisorption of one or more dopants onto (or between) the graphene sheets and / or impregnation of the crystalline lattice with heteroatoms (e.g., nitrogen, boron, halides such as Cl or F) and / or substitutional doping. For example, the carbonaceous material may have physisorbed dopants such as NO2, NH3, O2, H2O, CO, metals such as Au, organic adsorbates (e.g., aromatic molecules comprising electron withdrawing groups such as dibromonaphthalene or pyrenetetrasulfonate, aromatic molecules comprising electron donating groups such as diaminoaphthalene, dimethylanthracene,Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTtetraofluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (e.g., 2,3,5,6-tetraofluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane), polymers such as PMMA, acids (e.g, tetrasodium 1,3, 6, 8-pyrenetetrasulfonic acid) or oxides of phosphorus (e.g., P2O5) onto the surface. Suitable dopants may be found in, for example, Lee, et al., Synthetic Metals 244 (2018): 36-47, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and particularly in relation to graphene doping modulation by physisorption. The doping may occur in situ or ex situ. In some embodiments, the carbonaceous material is p-doped. In some embodiments, the carbonaceous material is doped by adsorption, deposition by thermal evaporation, inkjet printing, thermal annealing, or mixing (e.g., sonication of the carbonaceous material with a dopant).

[0048] The carbonaceous material may be dispersed in an encapsulator material and / or binder (e.g., to form a coating and / or paint of the present disclosure). These encapsulator and / or binder materials may comprise one or more viscoelastic materials including conductive and insulating viscoelastic material. For example, the encapsulator and / or binder material and or structure may be a thermoplastic polyurethane, or other polymer, such acrylic, or latex rubber. The thermoplastic polymer film may also be of any desired composition, e.g. polyester, polyvinyl chloride or fluoride, polycarbonate, nylon, or polyurethane. Polyurethane films, typically thermoplastic polyurethane films, are available for use with such desirable properties as toughness, elasticity, clarity (including clarity after stretch or stretch / recovery), and chemical reactivity. The films which are used may be colored, printed, clear, smooth, textured, or perforated / pin-holed films. The thickness of such films can be widely varied and will depend on the product desired. A typical example is polyurethane film of two mils to 100 mils thickness for use in the flame-retardant composite fabric, although it will be appreciated that other ty pes of films and thickness can be used.

[0049] Suitable thermoplastic polyurethanes include polyester based or polyether-based polyurethanes. The TPU may be prepared such that the polyisocyanate component of the TPU comprises a diisocyanate; the chain extender component, when present, comprises a diol, a diamine, or a combination thereof; and where the polyol component, when present, comprises a polyether polyol, a polyester polyol, a polycarbonate polyol, a polysiloxane polyol, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments the TPU may be formed from polyisocyanate components including methylene diphenyl diisocyante, 4,4' -methylene dicyclohexyl diisocyante, hexamethylene diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, lysine diisocyanate, 1,4-butatediisocyanate, 1.4-phenyldiisocyanate, trans-cyclohexane- 1,4-diisocyanate, O-tolidine diisocyanate, naphthalene- 1.5-diisocyanate or combinations thereof;Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTthe chain extender component, when present, may be formed from ethylene glycol, butanediol, hexamethylenediol, pentanediol, heptanediol, nonanediol, dodecanediol, ethylenediamine, butanediamine, hexamethylenediamine, or a combination thereof; and the polyol component, when present, may be formed from poly(ethylene glycol), poly(tetramethylene glycol), poly(trimethylene oxide), ethylene oxide capped poly(propylene glycol), polylbutylcne adipate), poly(ethylene adipate), poly(hexamethylene adipate), poly(tetramethylene-co-hexamethylene adipate), poly(3-methyl-l,5-pentamethylene adipate), poly caprolactone diol, poly(hexamethylene carbonate) glycol, poly(pentamethylene carbonate) glycol, poly(trimethylene carbonate) glycol, dimer fatty acid based polyester polyols, vegetable oil based polyols, poly(dimethyl siloxane) polyol, or any combination thereof. In particular embodiments, the thermoplastic polyurethane is a polyether aromatic polyurethane such as ST-4228 available from Argotec. Other polyurethanes are available with trade names including Epamould, Elastollan, Pearlthane, Desmopan, Estane, Pellethane, Irogran, exelast EC, Laripur, Avalon, Isothane, Zythane, TPU 95 A, Boost, and Luvosint.

[0050] The hemp plastic may be a bioplastic made using industrial hemp. There are many different types of hemp plastic — from standard plastics reinforced with hemp fibers, to a 100% hemp plastic made entirely from the hemp plant. The hemp plastic may be recyclable and can be manufactured to be 100% biodegradable.

[0051] The carbonaceous material of the present disclosure may be incorporated with one or more additional materials, such as, for example, binders (e.g., silicate, oxide, cementitious materials, etc.), hardening agents, corrosion inhibitors, plasticizers, additives, etc. For example, the carbonaceous material may be combined with a binder such as Hempcrete may comprise a silicate or oxide, including CaO, MgO. NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, alite, belite, celite, brownmillerite, aluminate, silicate, titanium dioxide, or any combination thereof. Compositions may comprise cementitious materials, including but not limited to ash, pozzolans, diatomaceous earth clays and powders, silicic acid, iron oxides, sulfur oxides, and any combination thereof. Formulations may comprise materials that increase or decrease the rate at which the hempcrete hardens. Formulations may comprise corrosion inhibitors, such as calcium nitrate. Formulations may comprise plasticizers, such as lignosulfonate. Formulations may comprise additives that promote the formation of pores or capillaries.

[0052] A composition of the present disclosure typically comprises graphene (e.g., turbostratic graphene). In some embodiments, the epoxy composition is electrically conductive. For example, the electrical conductivity may be greater than 105S / m (e.g.. greater than 106S / m).Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTIn certain implementations, the epoxy composition comprises a polymeric binder system and a conductive metallic filler. For example, the conductive metal filler may comprise silver, copper, gold, nickel, aluminum, tin, metal alloys, or combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the conductive metal filler comprises silver particles. The polymeric binder system may include glycidyl ether epoxies, cycloaliphatic epoxies, aliphatic diepoxides, epoxidized oil, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the epoxy composition comprises silicon carbide and / or a phase of reaction products of silicon carbide reactions in thermal processing of silicon carbide. The phase may be selected from a silicon containing phase, a carbon containing phase, and mixed silicon-carbon (with optional heteroatom) phase. In some embodiments, the graphene (e.g., turbostratic graphene) was produced from hydrothermal processing of bast material (e.g.. bast fiber material, bast powder material) or hurd material (e.g., hurd fiber material, hurd powder material). In some embodiments, the bast material or hurd material is hemp bast or hemp hurd. The hydrothermal processing may comprise hydrothermal carbonization and optionally an activation process (e.g., with potassium hydroxide). In some embodiments, the epoxy composition comprises from 0.1% to 50% turbostratic graphene by weight of the epoxy composition. In various implementations, the composition epoxy composition further comprises a curing agent.

[0053] Kits are also provided. The kit may comprisethe epoxy composition, anda curing composition comprising a curing agent for the epoxy composition; wherein at least one of the epoxy composition and the curing composition comprises graphene (e.g.. turbostratic graphene). In various implementations, the epoxy composition and the curing composition are stored in separate containers or separate reservoirs in the same container or dispensing device. In various implementations, the graphene is present in the epoxy composition, the curing composition, or both the epoxy composition and the curing composition.

[0054] Methods of using these compositions are provided. The methods may involve adhering two substrates together or forming an electrical connection between two substrates. In some embodiments, the methods may involve mixing a composition with other components to form an indicated material (e.g., composite material). In various implementations, the methods may comprise coating a substrate with a composition of the present disclosure. The methods may comprise spreading a composition comprising graphene onto a first substrate and placing aCustomer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTsecond substrate over epoxy composition. In various implementations, the method may comprise curing the composition (e.g., after the second substrate is placed on the epoxy composition). In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding a curing agent (e.g., via a curing composition) to the composition (e.g., by mixing a curing composition and the epoxy composition, by sequential addition of each composition to the first substrate, by simultaneous addition of each composition to the first substrate).

[0055] The present disclosure also relates generally to compositions and, more particularly, to conductive compositions which may be configured to form electrically and thermally conductive bonds between substrates. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions may be used as solder replacements, conductive interconnects, die-attach materials, grounding media, electromagnetic shielding interfaces, or combinations thereof. In various implementations, the compositions may be particularly suitable for applications in which elevated temperatures associated with soldering are undesirable or incompatible with heatsensitive components, substrates, or assemblies.

[0056] Electrically conductive compositions according to the present disclosure may comprise a polymeric binder system and, optionally, a conductive metallic filler. In some aspects, the binder system may be configured to cure at ambient temperatures or at moderately elevated temperatures to form a mechanically robust, electrically conductive composite. In certain embodiments, the binder system may comprise one or more epoxy resins in combination with one or more curing agents capable of crosslinking epoxy functionality to form a thermoset polymer network.

[0057] Epoxy resin components of the polymeric binder system may include any epoxyfunctional polymer capable of undergoing curing to form a crosslinked network. In some embodiments, the epoxy resin may comprise epoxy functionalities, including glycidyl ether epoxies, cycloaliphatic epoxies, aliphatic diepoxides, epoxidized oils, or combinations thereof. In various implementations, suitable epoxy resins may include bisphenol-A-based epoxy resins, bisphenol-F-based epoxy resins, phenolic novolac epoxy resins, cresol novolac epoxy resins, aliphatic epoxy resins, cycloaliphatic epoxy resins, or combinations thereof. In certain exemplary embodiments, the epoxy resin may comprise a phenol-formaldehyde polymer reacted with glycidyl ether groups. In some aspects, the epoxy resin may be present in an amount sufficient to bind conductive filler particles and to form a continuous cured matrix, such as from ten weight percent to I'i fiy weight percent of the total composition prior to curing.Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCT

[0058] In some embodiments, the composition may be provided as a multi-component system in which curing occurs upon mixing of separate components. In other embodiments, the epoxy composition may be provided as a single-component system that cures under ambient conditions without requiring mixing of separate components. In various implementations, curing of such single-component systems may occur upon exposure to moisture, light, time, or other environmental conditions, including combinations thereof. It will be understood that epoxy compositions of the present disclosure include compositions that contain a curing agent, including cured compositions and single-component epoxy systems, as well as compositions that do not contain a curing agent but are intended for use in a multi-component system comprising a curing agent.

[0059] The polymeric binder system may further include one or more curing agents capable of reacting with epoxy functional groups to form a crosslinked polymer network, wherein the curing agent may be provided as a component separate from the epoxy resin component or incorporated within a single-component epoxy composition. In some embodiments, suitable curing agents may include aliphatic amines, cycloaliphatic amines, aromatic amines, polyamines, amidoamines, anhydrides, thiols, latent curing agents, or combinations thereof. In various implementations, the curing agent may be selected to permit curing without the application of external heat (e.g., at room temperature), optionally with accelerated or further curing upon exposure to elevated temperatures or light. In some aspects, the curing agent may be provided as a component separate from the epoxy resin component and mixed therewith immediately prior to application. In certain embodiments, the curing agent may be present in a stoichiometric or near-stoichiometric ratio relative to epoxy functionality.

[0060] The conductive composition may further include a filler (e.g., conductive filler) dispersed within the polymeric binder system. In various implementations, the conductive filler may comprise metallic silver particles. In some embodiments, the conductive filler may comprise particles of silver, copper, gold, nickel, aluminum, tin, metal alloys, metal-coated particles, or combinations thereof. In some aspects, the conductive particles may be provided in the form of flakes, powders, particulates, platelets, irregular particles, spherical particles, or combinations thereof. In certain exemplary embodiments, the conductive particles may have a mean particle size ranging from sub-micron dimensions to tens of microns, although other particle size distributions are contemplated. In some embodiments, the conductive particles may be distributed within the binder system such that, upon curing, the particles form aCustomer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTpercolating conductive network through the cured polymer matrix, thereby imparting bulk electrical conductivity to the adhesive.

[0061] In multi-component systems, a conductive filler may be present in a resin composition (e.g.. epoxy resin composition), a curing-agent composition, or distributed between multiple components of the system, such that electrical conductivity is provided upon combining the components. The amount of conductive filler present in the composition may be selected to achieve electrical conductivity after curing. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise from 20 weight percent to 90 weight percent conductive filler, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0062] Optional additives may be included in the conductive adhesive composition. In some embodiments, such additives may include rheology modifiers, thixotropic agents, dispersants, wetting agents, adhesion promoters, coupling agents, stabilizers, antioxidants, pigments, dyes, or combinations thereof. In various implementations, these additives may be present in minor amounts, such as less than five weight percent of the total composition.

[0063] After curing, the conductive composition may exhibit a combination of electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties suitable for electronic and electrical applications. In some embodiments, the cured composition may exhibit an electrical resistivity of less than ten to the minus two ohm-centimeters. In various implementations, the cured composition may exhibit a thermal conductivity greater than one watt per meter-Kelvin. In certain aspects, the cured adhesive may further exhibit a Shore D hardness greater than seventy and lap shear strength sufficient to bond substrates including metals, ceramics, semiconductors, polymers, composites, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the cured composition may be operable over a service temperature range extending from sub-zero temperatures to at least one hundred fifty degrees Celsius. In certain implementations, the cured adhesive may exhibit a glass transition temperature at or below typical electronic operating temperatures.

[0064] The conductive composition may be prepared by combining the epoxy resin component, the curing agent component, and the conductive filler. In some embodiments, the epoxy resin and conductive filler may be pre-combined as a first component, while the curing agent may be provided as a second component, with the two components mixed in a predetermined ratio prior to use. In various implementations, mixing may be performed manually or mechanically until a substantially homogeneous mixture is obtained.Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCT

[0065] The uncured conductive composition may be applied to one or more substrates using conventional application techniques. In some embodiments, application may be performed by dispensing, screen printing, stenciling, syringe application, automated dispensing, or combinations thereof. In various implementations, suitable substrates may include metals, printed circuit boards, semiconductor devices, ceramics, glass, polymers, composites, or combinations thereof. In some aspects, following application, the composition may be cured under ambient conditions or with applied heat. In certain embodiments, room-temperature curing may occur within several hours, while in other embodiments elevated-temperature curing may be employed to accelerate crosslinking and reduce cure time. In various implementations, curing results in a solid, electrically conductive bond between the substrates.

[0066] The conductive compositions described herein may be used in a wide range of electrical and electronic applications. In some embodiments, such applications may include electrical interconnects, die attach for semiconductor devices, solder replacement for temperaturesensitive components, grounding and shielding connections, repair of conductive traces, bonding of sensors, light-emitting devices, antennas, or combinations thereof.

[0067] In certain aspects, the present disclosure relates to epoxy compositions comprising graphene materials exhibiting a turbostratic structure. The graphene may comprise two or more graphene layers that are rotationally misaligned with respect to one another, such that the layers do not exhibit long-range AB stacking order. Adjacent graphene layers may be rotated relative to one another by arbitrary angles, including angles greater than about 1°, greater than about 5°, greater than about 10°, or greater than about 20°, thereby reducing or eliminating interlayer registry.

[0068] In various embodiments, the turbostratic graphene differs structurally and electronically from graphite and from few-layer graphene exhibiting Bernal stacking. The absence of long-range stacking order may result in reduced interlayer coupling, altered electronic band structure, enhanced carrier mobility, modified phonon transport, and altered optical properties relative to AB-stacked multilayer graphene. In some embodiments, the turbostratic graphene exhibits properties more closely resembling those of isolated monolayer graphene despite comprising multiple layers.

[0069] In certain embodiments, the turbostratic graphene comprises from two to about fifty graphene layers, including from two to about ten layers, from two to about five layers, or from two to about three layers. In some implementations, the turbostratic graphene comprises aCustomer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTdistribution of rotational angles between adjacent layers rather than a uniform twist angle across the material. In other embodiments, a subset of layers exhibits partial local alignment while still lacking long-range periodic stacking order.

[0070] In certain embodiments, the interlayer spacing in the turbostratic graphene is greater than that of AB-stacked graphite. In some implementations, the average interlayer spacing is greater than about 0.34 nm, greater than about 0.35 nm, or greater than about 0.36 nm. Such increased spacing may further reduce interlayer electronic coupling and facilitate exfoliation, intercalation, or chemical functionalization.

[0071] In various embodiments, the turbostratic graphene is produced by chemical vapor deposition, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, thermal decomposition of carbon-containing precursors, or epitaxial grow th on substrates that inhibit Bemal stacking. In other embodiments, the turbostratic graphene is produced by exfoliation of graphitic materials under conditions that prevent layer realignment, including mechanical exfoliation, liquid-phase exfoliation, shear-induced exfoliation, or electrochemical exfoliation.

[0072] In some embodiments, the turbostratic graphene is formed by sequential deposition or transfer of individual graphene layers, wherein each deposited layer is rotationally misaligned relative to a previously deposited layer. In other embodiments, rapid quenching, constrained growth environments, or the presence of interfacial species inhibits layer registry and promotes turbostratic stacking.

[0073] In various implementations, the turbostratic graphene is substantially free of heteroatom substitution or includes dopants such as nitrogen, boron, sulfur, phosphorus, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the turbostratic graphene includes surface functional groups, edge functional groups, or defect-associated functional groups, including oxygen-containing functionalities such as hydroxyl, epoxide, carbonyl, or carboxyl groups.

[0074] In certain embodiments, the turbostratic graphene is combined with one or more additional materials, including polymers, metals, metal oxides, ceramics, or other carbon-based materials. Such combinations may leverage reduced interlayer coupling and increased accessible surface area to enhance dispersion, interfacial bonding, or charge transfer.

[0075] In some embodiments, the turbostratic graphene exhibits enhanced electrical conductivity, reduced anisotropy, increased chemical accessibility, improved dispersibility in solvents or polymer matrices, and enhanced mechanical compliance relative to AB-stackedCustomer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTmultilayer graphene. In certain implementations, the turbostratic graphene exhibits reduced restacking tendencies compared to graphene nanoplatelets or graphite-derived materials.

[0076] The rotational misalignment of graphene layers may suppress interlayer n- n coupling, thereby preserving Dirac-like electronic behavior and improving performance in electronic, optoelectronic, or sensing contexts. In other embodiments, the turbostratic structure improves ion transport, adsorption kinetics, or catalytic accessibility.

[0077] In certain aspects, the epoxy composition may comprise silicon carbide. In various implementations, the silicon carbide may have been subjected to one or more thermal processing steps, such as annealing. The epoxy composition may further comprise one or more reaction products, interphases, surface layers, transformed phases, or derivatives formed, at least in part, during the thermal processing (e.g., with another species present during the thermal processing). In some embodiments, the silicon carbide may be provided in bulk, particulate, powdered, or dust form, and the reaction products may be present on, within, or between individual particles, including, for example, as partial or complete surface layers, heterogeneous shells, internal domains, particle-to-particle interphases, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, such reaction products may be amorphous, partially crystalline, nanocrystalline, or combinations thereof, and may be spatially non-uniform across a population of particles or within a given particle.

[0078] In some embodiments, the epoxy composition may comprise, in addition to silicon carbide, one or more silicon-containing phases (e.g., silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxycarbide, silicon carbonitride, or combinations thereof), carbon-containing phases (e.g., free carbon, graphitic carbon, amorphous carbon, or combinations thereof), or mixed silicon-carbon-heteroatom phases. In certain aspects, the epoxy composition may comprise mixtures of such phases in any proportion, including embodiments in which residual silicon carbide is present and embodiments in which silicon carbide is substantially consumed or absent as a result of the thermal processing, such that the epoxy composition comprises predominantly or entirely one or more reaction-derived phases.

[0079] In some embodiments, the epoxy composition may further comprise reaction products arising from exposure of silicon carbide, or reaction intermediates derived therefrom, to an oxidizing, nitriding, reducing, halogen-containing, carbon-containing, or otherwise reactive environment during thermal processing. Such environments may comprise oxygen, water vapor, nitrogen, ammonia, hydrogen, halogen species, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCThydrocarbons, or combinations thereof. In certain aspects, such exposure may result in the formation of silicon oxide species, silicon nitride species, silicon carbonitride species, silicon oxycarbide species, volatilization products, etched or modified surface regions, or combinations of the foregoing, optionally together with evolved gaseous byproducts or residual solid phases.

[0080] In particular embodiments, the epoxy composition may comprise silicon carbide in combination with one or more silicon-nitrogen-containing phases (e.g.. silicon nitride or silicon carbonitride), optionally together with free carbon or carbon-rich domains. In other narrower embodiments, the epoxy composition may comprise one or more silicon-carbon-nitrogen or silicon-carbon-oxygen phases formed from silicon carbide during thermal processing, with little (e.g., less than 1%, 0.5%, or 0.1% silicon carbide by weight of the composition) or no remaining silicon carbide detectable by bulk or surface-sensitive analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy with compositional analysis (e.g., SEM-EDS or TEM-EDS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), or combinations thereof. In still other embodiments, the epoxy composition may comprise doped or modified phases resulting from interaction with one or more dopant species, metal species, or furnace-derived species during thermal processing, such as, for example, boron, aluminum, phosphorus, transition metals, or combinations thereof, optionally present as substitutional dopants, interfacial compounds, secondary phases, or mixtures thereof.

[0081] An amount of the one or more additional materials to be used with the carbonaceous material may be at least about 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%. 50%. 55%. 60%. 65%. 70%. 75%. 80%. 85%. 90%. 95%. or more of the formulation by weight. The amount of the one or more additional materials in the hempcrete formulation may be at most about 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, or less of the formulation by weight. The amount of the one or more additional materials in the formulation may be at least about 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or more of the formulation by volume. The amount of the one or more additional materials in the formulation may be at most about 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%. 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, or less of the formulation by volume.Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCT

[0082] In some embodiments, the carbonaceous material may be integrated into components and or articles In some embodiments, the article may be used for food packaging, beverage packaging, or consumer packaged good packaging. In some embodiments, the article may be a component of a larger systems such as an energy storage system, filtration system, cooling system defense system, or aerospace system. In various implementations, the carbonaceous material is integrated into the article between two electrical contacts of the article whereupon the electrical conductivity of the carbonaceous material may be leveraged. In some embodiments, the carbonaceous material coated onto the article (and similarly, may be connected electrically connected to two contacts). The packaging may provides physical protection for a product (e.g., including but not limited to food, beverage such as wine, beer, hard seltzer, spirits, ready to drink cocktail, carbonated soft drinks, seltzer, juices water; beauty product, personal care product, haircare product, pharmaceutical product, cleaning product, natural and dietary' supplement products); the product in the package may require protection from, among other things, shock, vibration, compression, temperature, moisture content fluctuation, CO2. oxygen content fluctuation, ultraviolet light, and / or bacteria. The packaging may take the form of trays, bags, boxes, cans, cartons, pallets, or bottles.

[0083] The carbonaceous material may be used to help form a flexible substrate which may refer to a substrate that can undergo mechanical stresses, such as bending, stretching and the like without significant irreversible change. In certain embodiments, the flexible substrates are compressible substrates, as described above. Other flexible substrates include non-rigid substrates, such as woven and nonwoven fiberglass, woven and nonwoven glass, woven and nonwoven polyester, thermoplastic urethane (TPU), synthetic leather, natural leather, finished natural leather, finished synthetic leather, rubber, urethane elastomers, synthetic textiles and natural textiles. “Textiles” can include natural and / or synthetic textiles such as fabric, vinyl and urethane coated fabrics, mesh, netting, cord, yam and the like, and can be comprised, for example, of canvas, cotton, poly ester. KEVLAR, polymer fibers, polyamides such as nylons and the like, polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate and the like, polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene and the like, rayon, polyvinyl polymers such as polyacrylonitrile and the like, other fiber materials, cellulosics materials and the like.

[0084] The coating compositions may be applied to flexible substrates, including, but not limited to textiles, in any desired thickness such as a thickness suitable to achieve a desired mechanical and / or visual effect. In one non-limiting embodiment, the coatings may' seep into aCustomer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTportion of the surface of the flexible substrate while maintaining a coating on the exterior surface of the flexible substrate. In other embodiments, the coating may be adhesively attached to the surface of the flexible substrate. In certain embodiments, the exterior surface of the flexible substrate is coated all or in part. By “exterior surface” is meant a surface that is at least partially exposed upon assembly of the flexible substrate into a finished product. Examples related to the use of textiles include the exterior surface of an article of clothing or the exterior.

[0085] The coating compositions used according to the present invention are suitable for producing any type of coating, and are particularly suitable as topcoats on substrates. In certain embodiments, the coating compositions may be used to form one or more internal membrane layers in multilayer laminates or one or more interior layers in multilayer surface coatings. In other embodiments, the coating compositions may be used to form tie-coat or adhesive layers in laminates. Multilayer laminates are also provided comprising one or more cured films produced from the coating compositions described herein.

[0086] Textile substrates of the current invention may be of any known construction including a knit construction, a woven construction, a nonwoven construction, and the like, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, textile substrates may have a weight of between 0.1 and 200 oz / yd2(e.g., between 0.1 and 100 oz / yd2, between 1 and 75 oz / yd2, etc.). In some embodiments, the textile substrates may have a weight of between 2 oz / yd2and 12 oz / yd2.

[0087] The material of the textile substrate may be synthetic fiber, natural fiber, man-made fiber using natural constituents, inorganic fiber, glass fiber or any blend thereof. Synthetic fibers may include polyester, acrylic, polyamide, polyolefin, polyaramid, polyurethane, or blends thereof. More specifically, polyester may include polyethylene terephthalate, polytrimethy lene terephthalate, polybuty lene terephthalate, polylactic acid, or combinations thereof.

[0088] The textile substrate may be formed from staple fiber, filament fiber, slit film fiber, or combinations thereof. The fiber may be exposed to one or more texturing processes. The fiber may then be spun or otherwise combined into yams, for example, by ring spinning, open-end spinning, air jet spinning, vortex spinning, or combinations thereof.

[0089] In various implementations, the graphene (e.g., turbostratic graphene) for use in the compositions of the present disclosure may be produced from biomass comprising:1. optionally pelletizing biomass (e.g., from hemp);2. pyrolyzing the optionally pelletized biomass;Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCT3. activating the pyrolyzed optionally pelletized biomass with an alkaline solution (e.g., potassium hydroxide) to produce turbostratic stacked graphene;4. optionally annealing the turbostratic stacked graphene.EXAMPLES

[0090] The following examples illustrate specific aspects of the instant description. The examples should not be constmed as limiting, as the example merely provides specific understanding and practice of the embodiments and its various aspects.

[0091] Example 1

[0092] Thermal conductivity measurements were performed on samples of 1 inch diameter and 2 mm thickness. A 3D printed mold for application was used to ensure consistent application geometries.

[0093] MG Chemicals 833 ID Silver Epoxy was used as a control. Turbostratic graphene, formed from a hydrothermal process of hemp biomass, was incorporated into the Silver Epoxy and varying concentrations (e.g., 20% by weight of the composition, 40% by weight of the composition). Thermal and conductivity measurements were performed on either the control (MG Chemicals 833 ID Silver Epoxy) or control samples including turbostratic graphene. Uniform dispersions of each epoxy composition were prepared and dispersed into the mold for curing.

[0094] Preparation of the 20% Graphene sample involved adding graphene into both Part A and Part B of the adhesive system. The combined components were first mixed in a FlackTek Mixer at 1800 rpm for 1 minute, follow ed by 10 minutes of sonication with intermittent cooling breaks to prevent premature curing. The mixture was then transferred to the mold and allowed to cure fully.

[0095] The 40% Graphene sample required additional processing to achieve proper dispersion. Graphene was sonicated into the UV Epoxy resin for approximately 10 minutes, with frequent cooling breaks to prevent buildup from the sonicator. The mixture was then transferred to the mold and allow ed to cure fully.

[0096] After curing, all samples were removed from the molds and hand-sanded to create a flat surface on one side, ensuring reliable contact during testing.

[0097] Thermal conductivity analysis was performed using a Trident Thermal conductivity with MTPS (Modified Transient Plane Source Method) attachment. Samples wereCustomer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTapproximately 1.2 inches in diameter and 2 mm in thickness. 5 measurement were tested for each sample. Measured thermal conductivity results are provided in Table 1.Table 1

[0098] Electrical conductivity measurements were performed on thin, uniform fdms suitable for four-point probe testing. For the UV Epoxy, the uncured resin was dispersed onto a flat, non-conductive substrate, spread to a uniform thickness, and UV-cured according to manufacturer specifications. The 40% graphen UV Epoxy followed the same procedure, with graphene first dispersed into the UV epoxy via a 10 minutes sonication process with cooling breaks. After achieving a uniform mixture, it was applied to the substrate and UV cured.

[0099] Both the 833 ID Silver Epoxy and the 833 ID 20% Graphene Silver Epoxy were prepared in film form for electrical testing. The unmodified 833 ID Silver Epoxy was mixed per manufacturer instructions and spread into a uniform layer before curing. For the 833 ID 20% Graphene Silver Epoxy, graphene was added to both Part A nd Part B, mixed in a FlackTek mixer at 1800 rpm for 1 minute, then sonicated for 10 minutes with intermittent cooling breaks. The mixture w as then formed into a thin film and allow ed to cure completely.

[0100] Electrical conductivity7testing was conducting on Ossila Four Point Probe equipment with probe spacing of 1.27 mm. Samples were mixed and coated onto microscope slides with thickness ranging from 1 mil to 8 mil. The sheet resistance (Rs) of each sample was measured, and electrical conductivity values were calculated based on the thickness. Table 2 provides the measurement results.Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTTable 2

[0101] As can be seen, adding graphene unexpectedly improved thermal and / or electrical conductivity in both epoxy systems. For example, the UV epoxy increased from 0.5123 W / mK to 0.7238 W / mK with 40% graphene and the 833 ID Silver Epoxy increased from 1.5032 W / mK to 1.9716 W / mK with the addition of 20% graphene. The 8331D Silver Epoxy exhibited high conductivity7of 7.42* 103S / m, while the 833 ID 20% Graphene Silver Epoxy¬ showed a significant increase in electric conductivity7to 1.25xl06S / m. The UV Epoxy without graphene was below the measurable range of conductivity, while the 40% Graphene U V Epoxy increased conductivity to 3.52xl0'3S / m.

[0102] The most notable gains were achieved when the graphene was incorporated into the silver based conductive epoxy.

[0103] As various changes can be made in the above-described subject matter without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure, it is intended that all subject matter contained in the above description, or defined in the appended claims, be interpreted as descriptive and illustrative of the present disclosure. Many modifications and variations of the present disclosure are possible in light of the above teachings. Accordingly, the present description is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variances which fall within the scope of the appended claims.Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCT

[0104] All documents cited or referenced herein and all documents cited or referenced in the herein cited documents, together with any manufacturer's instructions, descriptions, product specifications, and product sheets for any products mentioned herein or in any document incorporated by reference herein, are hereby incorporated by reference, and may be employed in the practice of the disclosure.

Claims

1. Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTCLAIMS1. An electronic and / or optoelectronic system comprising one or more components comprising or coated with a carbonaceous material derived from a plant source.

2. An energy storage and / or energy conversion system comprising one or more components comprising or coated with a carbonaceous material derived from a plant source.

3. A defense system comprising one or more components comprising or coated with a carbonaceous material derived from a plant source.

4. A filtration system comprising one or more components comprising or coated with a carbonaceous material derived from a plant source.

5. An aerospace or space system (e.g., satellite, spacecraft, drone) comprising one or more components comprising or coated with a carbonaceous material derived from a plant source.

6. A computing system comprising one or more components comprising or coated with a carbonaceous material derived from a plant source.

7. A cooling system comprising one or more components comprising or coated with a carbonaceous material derived from a plant source.

8. An anti-drone system comprising one or more components comprising or coated with a carbonaceous material derived from a plant source.

9. A laser system comprising one or more components comprising or coated with a carbonaceous material derived from a plant source.

10. The system according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein the plant source is hemp.

11. The system according to any one of claims 1-10, wherein the plant source is bast or hurd.

12. The system according to any one of claims 1-11, wherein the carbonaceous material is creating using hydrothermal synthesis and / or alkaline hydroxide activation.

13. The system according to any one of claims 1-12, wherein the carbonaceous material comprises graphene (e.g., stacked graphene, turbostratic graphene).

14. The system according to any one of claim 1-13, wherein the carbonaceous material has at least one property enhanced for the system, wherein the property is at least one of:Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCTconsistency, thermal properties (e.g., thermal insulation, thermal conductivity), electrical (e.g., dielectric, conductive), mechanical (e.g., structural support, strength), porosity, absorptivity, response to microbial growth, and dispersibility of components thereon as compared to an otherwise identical material produced from other sources (e.g., material other than the plant source).

15. A composite or coating comprising a carbonaceous material derived from a plant source.1 . The composite or coating according to claim 15, wherein the plant source is hemp.

17. The composite or coating according to claim 15 or 16, wherein the plant source is bast or hurd.

18. The composite or coating according to any one of claims 15-17, wherein the carbonaceous material is creating using hydrothermal synthesis and / or alkaline hydroxide activation.

19. The composite or coating according to any one of claims 15-18. wherein the carbonaceous material comprises graphene (e.g., stacked graphene).

20. The composite or coating according to any one of claim 15-19, wherein the carbonaceous material has at least one property enhanced for the system, wherein the property is at least one of:consistency, thermal properties (e.g., thermal insulation, thermal conductivity), electrical (e.g., dielectric, conductive), mechanical (e.g., structural support, strength), porosity, absorptivity, response to microbial growth, and dispersibility of components thereon as compared to an otherwise identical material produced from other sources (e.g.. material other than the plant source).

21. A tool, piece of heavy equipment, firearm, package, or piece of sports equipment comprising one or more components comprising or coated with a carbonaceous material derived from a plant source.

22. The tool, piece of heavy equipment, firearm, package, or piece of sports equipment according to claim 21, wherein the plant source is hemp.

23. The tool, piece of heavy equipment, firearm, package, or piece of sports equipment according to claim 21 or 22, wherein the plant source is bast or hurd.Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCT24. The tool, piece of heavy equipment, firearm, package, or piece of sports equipment according to any one of claims 21-23, wherein the carbonaceous material is creating using hydrothermal synthesis and / or alkaline hydroxide activation.

25. The tool, piece of heavy equipment, firearm, package, or piece of sports equipment according to any one of claims 21 -24, wherein the carbonaceous material comprises graphene (e.g., stacked graphene).

26. The tool, piece of heavy equipment, firearm, package, or piece of sports equipment according to any one of claim 21-25, wherein the carbonaceous material has at least one property enhanced for the system, wherein the property is at least one of:consistency, thermal properties (e.g., thermal insulation, thermal conductivity), electrical (e.g., dielectric, conductive), mechanical (e.g., structural support, strength), porosity. absorptivity, response to microbial growth, and dispersibility of components thereon as compared to an otherw ise identical material produced from other sources (e.g., material other than the plant source).

27. A medical device comprising one or more components comprising or coated with a carbonaceous material derived from a plant source.

28. The medical device according to claim 27, wherein the plant source is hemp.

29. The medical device according to claim 27 or 28, wherein the plant source is bast or hurd.

30. The medical device according to any one of claims 27-29, wherein the carbonaceous material is creating using hydrothermal synthesis and / or alkaline hydroxide activation.

31. The medical device according to any one of claims 27-30, w herein the carbonaceous material comprises graphene (e.g.. stacked graphene, turbostratic graphene).

32. The medical device according to any one of claim 27-31, wherein the carbonaceous material has at least one property enhanced for the system, wherein the property is at least one of:consistency, thermal properties (e.g., thermal insulation, thermal conductivity), electrical (e.g., dielectric, conductive), mechanical (e.g., structural support, strength), porosity, absorptiv ity, response to microbial growth, and dispersibility of components thereon as compared to an otherwise identical material produced from other sources (e.g., material other than the plant source).Customer No.: 32361 Docket No.: 181444-012402 / PCT33. A building material (e.g., smart-building material) comprising one or more components comprising or coated with a carbonaceous material derived from a plant source.

34. The building material according to claim 33. wherein the plant source is hemp.

35. The building material according to claim 33 or 34, wherein the plant source is bast or hurd.

36. The building material according to any one of claims 33-35, wherein the carbonaceous material is creating using hydrothermal synthesis and / or alkaline hydroxide activation.

37. The building material according to any one of claims 33-36, wherein the carbonaceous material comprises graphene (e.g., stacked graphene, turbostratic graphene).

38. The building material according to any one of claim 33-37, wherein the carbonaceous material has at least one property enhanced for the system, wherein the property7is at least one of:consistency, thermal properties (e.g., thermal insulation, thermal conductivity), electrical (e.g., dielectric, conductive), mechanical (e.g., structural support, strength), porosity, absorptivity, response to microbial growth, and dispersibility of components thereon as compared to an otherwise identical material produced from other sources (e g., material other than the plant source).