Incendiary formulation

Abstract

An incendiary formulation (16) for use as an aerial ignition incendiary comprises an oxidising agent (18) and a reactive metal mixture (20). The reactive metal mixture (20) comprises first metal particles and second metal particles that are coated with a protective coating (26) that inhibits reaction between the metal particles and the oxidising agent (18) prior to activation.

Description

[0001] Incendiary Formulation

[0002] Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure relates to the field of incendiary devices and compositions. More specifically, it pertains to formulations and methods for aerial ignition incendiaries used in controlled burning operations.

[0004] Background

[0005] Aerial ignition techniques play a role in various land management practices, including controlled burning for wildfire prevention, habitat restoration, and agricultural land clearing. These operations often involve dispersing incendiary devices from aircraft to initiate controlled burns over large or inaccessible areas. However, the effectiveness and safety of such operations depend heavily on the reliability and performance of the incendiary devices used.

[0006] Traditional incendiary formulations have faced challenges in achieving consistent ignition, especially under varying environmental conditions. Factors such as temperature, humidity, wind, and vegetation moisture content can significantly impact the success rate of ignition attempts. Additionally, concerns exist regarding the environmental impact of residual materials left behind by some conventional incendiary compositions.

[0007] Furthermore, the logistics of aerial ignition operations present unique demands on incendiary formulations. These include the need for stable storage, safe handling during flight, and precise activation upon deployment. The timing of ignition is particularly important, as premature or delayed ignition can compromise the effectiveness of the operation or pose safety risks.

[0008] Despite advancements in incendiary technology, there remains a need for improved formulations that can address these multifaceted challenges. The development of more effective, environmentally considerate, and operationally flexible incendiary systems continues to be an area of active research and development in the field of land management and fire ecology.

[0009] Summary

[0010] An embodiment provides an incendiary formulation for use as an aerial ignition incendiary, comprising:

[0011] an oxidising agent; anda reactive metal mixture comprising first metal particles and second metal particles that are coated with a protective coating that inhibits reaction between the metal particles and the oxidising agent prior to activation.

[0012] The first metal particles may be selected from the group consisting of aluminium particles, magnesium particles, zirconium particles and / or thermite-based particles. The second metal particles may include boron. The reactive metal mixture may comprise 10% to 80% of the first metal particles. The reactive metal mixture may comprise 10% to 80% of the second metal particles by weight. The first metal particles may have an average particle size <50 pm. The second metal particles may have an average particle size <50 pm.

[0013] The reactive metal mixture may be configured to produce a chain reaction that when ignited the first metal particles ignite first followed by ignition of the second metal particles. The second metal particles, such as boron particles, may be configured to provide a high temperature flame and projected particles when ignited.

[0014] The protective coating may comprise a meltable coating. The meltable coating may comprise wax including carnauba wax and / or beeswax. The oxidising agent may be configured to oxidize a fuel to generate heat that can then melt the protective coating to expose a surface of the first metal particles and the second metal particles such that the first metal particles and second metal particles can be ignited. The protective coating may account for at least 20% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture.

[0015] The first metal particles and the second metal particles may be individually coated with the protective coating. The oxidising agent may comprise potassium permanganate. The oxidising agent may be in powder form. The oxidising agent may be in granular form. The oxidising agent may have a particle size between 10 mesh and 100 mesh. The oxidising agent may have a size ranging from about 1mm to 2mm in size. The oxidising agent may comprise between 50% and 90% by weight of the total formulation.

[0016] The oxidising agent may be arranged in two layers having a first layer having a larger particle size and a second layer having a smaller particle size. The first layer may comprise particles having a particle size of about 40 mesh and the second layer may comprise particles having a particle size of about 80 mesh. The oxidising agent and the reactive metal mixture may be in the form of a homogenous mixture.

[0017] An embodiment provides a method of forming an incendiary capsule. The method comprisesproviding a capsule cup having an interior volume, depositing the incendiary formulation into the interior volume, and sealing the capsule cup with a top sealing tape. The capsule cup may be made of a plastic material and may be provided with a lip extending about an opening of the capsule cup. Sealing the capsule cup may include contacting the seal with the lip.

[0018] The capsule cup may be provided as part of a continuous belt of interconnected capsule cups. The oxidising agent may be deposited in powder form. The oxidising agent may be deposited in a granular form. The step of depositing the incendiary formulation may include depositing the reactive metal mixture before depositing the oxidising agent.

[0019] Depositing the oxidising agent in the capsule cup may comprise depositing a first layer having a first particle size and depositing a second layer having a second particle size, wherein the first particle size is smaller than the second particle size. The first particle size may be about 80mesh and the second particle size may be about 40 mesh. The incendiary formulation may be deposited as a homogenous mixture into the interior volume.

[0020] An embodiment provides a method of igniting an incendiary formulation. The method comprises providing the incendiary formulation and mixing the incendiary formulation with a fuel that is oxidized by the oxidising agent to generate sufficient heat to ignite the incendiary formulation and degrade the protective coating to expose a surface of at least one of the first metal particles and second metal particles, and ignite at least one of the first metal particles and second metal particles. The fuel may include monoethylene glycol and / or benzyl alcohol.

[0021] The incendiary formulation of the present disclosure offers improved performance and control over the ignition process. The method of forming the incendiary capsule allows for efficient and consistent production, while the method of igniting the formulation enables reliable activation under various conditions.

[0022] Brief Description of the Drawings

[0023] Embodiments will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying non-limiting drawings, in which:

[0024] Figure 1 is a section view of an embodiment of an incendiary capsule.

[0025] Figure 2 is a section view of an embodiment of an incendiary capsule showing an alternative layer arrangement.

[0026] Figure 3 is a sectional view of metal particles coated with a protective coating.

[0027] Figure 4 is another sectional view of metal particles coated with a protective coating.

[0028] Figure 5 is an image of an ignited capsule in a state where aluminium particles are ignited.Figure 6 is an image of an ignited capsule of Figure 5 in a state where boron particles are ignited.

[0029] Detailed Description

[0030] The present disclosure relates to an incendiary formulation designed for use in aerial ignition applications, particularly for controlled burning operations. The incendiary formulation is typically housed in a capsule.

[0031] The overall function of the incendiary formulation is to produce a controlled, high-temperature reaction that generates intense heat and flame. This reaction is designed to be reliable and predictable, with characteristics that can be tailored by adjusting the composition and arrangement of the components. The formulation may be engineered to achieve specific ignition profiles, burn rates, and flame characteristics suitable for various applications.

[0032] The incendiary formulation includes an oxidising agent and a reactive metal mixture. The reactive metal mixture may comprise first metal particles and second metal particles. These metal particles may be coated with a protective coating. The protective coating on the metal particles may inhibit reactions between the metal particles and the oxidising agent prior to activation. This feature allows for safe storage and handling of the incendiary formulation until it is intentionally activated for use.

[0033] The combination of these components in the incendiary formulation may provide a reliable and controllable ignition source for aerial ignition applications. The formulation is designed to ignite upon mixing with a fuel, which is typically a liquid having alcohol activation, producing a high-temperature reaction suitable for initiating controlled burns in various environmental conditions. The oxidising agent in the incendiary formulation reacts with the fuel upon mixing, initiating an exothermic reaction. This reaction generates heat and produces a flame.

[0034] The heat generated from this initial reaction interacts with the protective coating on the metal particles. As the temperature increases, the protective coating on the metal particles begins to degrade or melt. The coating vaporizes or decomposes, exposing the underlying metal surfaces of the first and second metal particles. The rate and extent of this coating removal process depends on factors such as the composition of the protective coating, thickness, surface area of the metal particles, and the temperature achieved by the initial oxidation reaction.Once the metal particles are exposed, they become susceptible to oxidation themselves. The high temperature environment created by the initial fuel-oxidizer reaction provides sufficient energy to initiate the ignition of the exposed metal particles. The ignition of the metal particles leads to a rapid, high-temperature reaction. This reaction produces intense heat and light, resulting in a sustained and vigorous flame. The combustion of the metal particles releases additional energy, which further propagates the reaction throughout the incendiary formulation. The ignition of the metal particles creates a self-sustaining reaction, where the heat generated by the burning particles continues to expose and ignite remaining coated particles. This process results in a prolonged and intense burning effect, which is desirable for aerial ignition applications.

[0035] The incendiary formulation may be contained within a capsule 10. As shown in Figure 1, a capsule 10 may include a capsule cup 12 that defines an interior volume 14. An incendiary formulation 16 is housed in the interior volume 14. The capsule cup 12 may be manufactured from a plastic material, such as ABS or a bioplastic, or be formed from or include a biodegradable plastic. In some cases, the capsule cup 12 may be provided as part of a continuous belt of interconnected capsule cups.

[0036] The capsule cup 12 is provided with a lip extending about an opening of the capsule cup 12. This lip may facilitate sealing of the capsule 10. A film 22 is used to seal the capsule cup 12, thereby enclosing the interior volume 14. The film 22 may be a clear laminate, which in some cases may be a bioplastic. In some embodiments, the film 22 may be glue-backed, for example with an adhesive. Alternatively, the film 22 may be ultrasonically welded to the capsule cup 12.

[0037] Forming the incendiary capsule 10 includes dispensing or depositing the incendiary formulation 16 into the interior volume 14. After the incendiary formulation 16 has been deposited, the capsule cup 12 is sealed with a top sealing tape in the form of the film 22. The sealing process may involve contacting the film 22 with the lip of the capsule cup 12. This sealing step helps to contain the incendiary formulation within the capsule 10 and protect it from external elements until activation is desired.

[0038] The structure of the capsule 10 allows for safe containment and transport of the incendiary formulation while also facilitating easy activation when needed for aerial ignition applications.

[0039] The incendiary formulation 16 will now be described in more detail.The incendiary formulation includes a reactive metal mixture 20. Typically, the reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise first metal particles and second metal particles. In an embodiment, the first metal particles are aluminium particles, while the second metal particles are boron particles. In some embodiments, the first metal particles and / or second metal particles may comprise metals other than aluminium and boron. For example, the metal particles may comprise magnesium particles and / or zirconium particles. In some cases, the reactive metal mixture may comprise thermite or thermite-based compositions. The term "thermite composition" or "thermite-based composition" refers to a composition comprising a metal powder and a metal oxide which, upon ignition, undergoes an exothermic oxidation-reduction reaction producing high temperatures. The metal powder may comprise one or more of aluminium, magnesium, calcium, titanium, zinc, silicon, or boron. The metal oxide may comprise one or more of boron (III) oxide, silicon (IV) oxide, chromium (III) oxide, manganese (IV) oxide, iron (III) oxide, iron (II, III) oxide, copper (II) oxide, or lead (II, IV) oxide. The selection of metal particles may be based on factors such as desired ignition temperature, burn duration, flame characteristics, and environmental conditions of the intended application.

[0040] The properties of the metal particles in the reactive metal mixture may influence the ignition and flame characteristics of the incendiary formulation. The particle size of the aluminium and boron particles may affect the rate of reaction and the intensity of the resulting flame. For instance, smaller particle sizes may increase the surface area available for reaction, potentially leading to more rapid ignition and a more intense initial flame.

[0041] The ratio of aluminium to boron particles in the reactive metal mixture may also impact the ignition and flame characteristics. Varying this ratio may allow for customization of the burn profile, potentially affecting factors such as ignition temperature, flame duration, and heat output. In some cases, a higher proportion of aluminium particles may contribute to a more rapid initial ignition, while a higher proportion of boron particles may result in a longer-lasting, higher-temperature flame.

[0042] In some embodiments, the ignition process of the reactive metal mixture may involve a sequential reaction where the aluminium particles ignite first, followed by the ignition of the boron particles. The ignition of aluminium particles may generate significant heat and high temperatures, which may then be utilized to initiate the ignition of the boron particles. The aluminium particles, when ignited, may reach temperatures exceeding 2000°C. This intense heat may be sufficient to overcome the ignition threshold of the boron particles. As the aluminium particles burn, they may release energy in the form of heat and light, creating a localized high-temperature environment around the neighbouring boron particles. The ignitionof boron particles following the aluminium combustion may contribute to sustaining and potentially intensifying the overall reaction. Boron, when ignited, may burn at extremely high temperatures, potentially exceeding 2500°C. This high-temperature combustion of boron may further contribute to the overall heat output and duration of the incendiary reaction.

[0043] The proximity of the aluminium and boron particles within the reactive metal mixture may facilitate efficient heat transfer. The heat generated by the burning aluminium may be rapidly conducted to the surrounding boron particles, raising their temperature to the point of ignition. In some embodiments, the sequential ignition process may create a cascading effect, where the ignition of each subsequent boron particle is facilitated by the heat generated from both the burning aluminium and the previously ignited boron particles. This cascading ignition may help ensure a more complete and efficient combustion of the reactive metal mixture. The timing and progression of this ignition sequence may be influenced by factors such as particle size, distribution, and the specific ratios of aluminium to boron in the reactive metal mixture. These parameters may be adjusted to tailor the ignition characteristics and overall performance of the incendiary formulation for specific application requirements.

[0044] The combination of metal(s) and boron particles, such as aluminium particles and boron particles, in the reactive metal mixture, with each type of particle individually coated with a meltable wax coating, may provide advantages over conventional thermite-based incendiary compositions. The sequential ignition characteristic, wherein the aluminium particles ignite first at temperatures exceeding 2000°C followed by ignition of the boron particles at temperatures potentially exceeding 2500°C, creates a sustained and intensifying reaction profile. The use of a meltable wax coating, rather than liquid-impervious coatings such as shellac-based compositions, allows for controlled exposure of the metal particles as the coating melts at a defined temperature, providing more predictable ignition timing. The particle sizes of less than 50 pm may provide increased surface area for more rapid and reliable ignition, and this size range may be effective for achieving the desired chain reaction between the aluminium and boron particles.

[0045] In some embodiments, the shape of the metal particles may influence the reaction kinetics. For example, flake-shaped particles may have different ignition and combustion characteristics compared to spherical particles, potentially affecting the speed of flame propagation and the overall burn profile of the incendiary formulation. The size and shape of the metal particles can also affect heat transfer within the incendiary formulation 16. For example, larger particles have an increased mass and greater ability to absorb heat, meaning they have a potential to act as a heat sink. When looking to achieve specific ignition or burnprofiles, smaller particles that are less able to absorb heat may help to increase the rate of temperature increase and speed up ignition times. This may be important when looking to use the incendiary formulation 16 in colder climates where heat transfer of heat generated into the metal particles may impede ignition or increase a dwell time to ignition. A minimum dwell time may be 20 seconds. A maximum dwell time may be 60 seconds.

[0046] The first metal, such as aluminium, magnesium, zircon, and thermite-based metal formulations, can have different particles sizes. The first metal particles may have an average particle size less than 50 pm. In an embodiment, the first metal particles may have an average particle size less than 40 pm. The first metal particles may have an average particle size less than 30 pm. The first metal particles may have an average particle size less than 20 pm. The first metal particles may have an average particle size less than 10 pm. The first metal particles may have an average particle size of approximately 5 pm. The first metal particles may have an average particle size of at least 1 pm. The first metal particles may have an average particle size of at least 2 pm. The first metal particles may have an average particle size of at least 3 pm. The first metal particles may have an average particle size of at least 4 pm. The first metal particles may have an average particle size up to 50 pm. The first metal particles may have an average particle size up to 40 pm. The first metal particles may have an average particle size up to 30 pm. The first metal particles may have an average particle size up to 20 pm. The first metal particles may have an average particle size up to 10 pm. The first metal particles may have an average particle size ranging from 1 pm to 20 pm. The first metal particles may have an average particle size ranging from 1 pm to 10 pm. The first metal particles may have an average particle size ranging from 5 pm to 20 pm, such as 8 pm to 20 pm.

[0047] The second metal particles may have an average particle size less than 50 pm. The boron second metal may have an average particle size less than 40 pm. The second metal particles may have an average particle size less than 30 pm. The second metal particles may have an average particle size less than 20 pm. The second metal particles may have an average particle size less than 10 pm. The second metal particles may have an average particle size of at least 5 pm. The second metal particles may have an average particle size of at least 10 pm. The second metal particles may have an average particle size of at least 15 pm. The second metal particles may have an average particle size up to 50 pm. The second metal particles may have an average particle size up to 40 pm. The second metal particles may have an average particle size up to 30 pm. The second metal particles may have an average particle size up to 25 pm. The second metal particles may have an average particle size ranging from 10 pm to 30 pm. The second metal particles may have an average particle size ranging from 10 pm to 25 pm. The second metal particles may have an average particle sizeranging from 10 pm to 20 pm. The boron particles may have an average particle size ranging from 15 pm to 20 pm.

[0048] The reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise varying ratios of first metal particles to second metals particles, such as aluminium particles, to second metal particles, such as boron particles. The reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise 10% to 80% first metal particles and 10% to 80% second metal particles by weight. The reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise 25% to 45% first metal particles and 55% to 75% second metal particles by weight. The reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise 30% to 40% first metal particles and 60% to 70% second metal particles by weight. The reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise 35% first metal particles and 65% second metal particles by weight. The reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise 30% to 35% first metal particles and 65% to 70% second metal particles by weight. The reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise 35% to 40% first metal particles and 60% to 65% second metal particles by weight. The reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise at least 20% first metal particles by weight. The reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise at least 25% first metal particles by weight. The reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise at least 30% first metal particles by weight. The reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise at least 35% first metal particles by weight. The reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise up to 50% first metal particles by weight. The reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise up to 45% first metal particles by weight. The reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise up to 40% first metal particles by weight. The reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise at least 50% second metal particles by weight. The reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise at least 55% second metal particles by weight. The reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise at least 60% second metal particles by weight. The reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise at least 65% second metal particles by weight. The reactive metal mixture 20 may comprise up to 80% second metal particles by weight. In an embodiment, a wt.% ratio of [first metal]: [second metal] may range from

[0030] :

[0070] to

[0040] :

[0060] , In an embodiment, a wt.% ratio of [first metal]: [second metal] is

[0035] :

[0065] ,

[0049] The reactive metal mixture in the incendiary formulation includes a protective coating on the metal particles. This protective coating helps to inhibit premature reactions between the metal particles and the oxidising agent, while also facilitating controlled ignition during activation. The coating acts as a barrier that temporarily separates the reactive components, allowing for safe storage and handling of the incendiary formulation prior to use. When exposed to heat during the activation process, the protective coating begins to degrade or melt, gradually exposing the underlying metal surfaces. This controlled exposure enables a more predictable and reliable ignition sequence. Additionally, the protective coating can be engineered to influence the rate of metal particle exposure and subsequent combustion, potentially allowingfor customisation of the ignition profile to suit specific application requirements. The composition and thickness of the protective coating may be optimized to balance protection during storage with efficient activation when needed.

[0050] In an embodiment, the protective coating includes a meltable coating. The meltable coating may include wax. The wax may be carnauba wax and / or beeswax. Carnauba wax has a melting point of about 82°C to 86°C. A mixture of waxes may be used to provide a wax mixture with specific melting properties. The oxidising agent in the incendiary formulation reacts with the fuel upon mixing, initiating an exothermic reaction. This reaction generates heat and / or a flame. As the temperature increases, the protective coating on the metal particles begins to degrade or melt. The coating vaporizes or decomposes, exposing the underlying metal surfaces of the first and second metal particles. Once exposed, the metal particles become susceptible to oxidation themselves. The high temperature environment created by the initial fuel-oxidizer reaction provides sufficient energy to initiate the ignition of the exposed metal particles. This leads to a rapid, high-temperature reaction that produces intense heat and light, resulting in a sustained and vigorous flame. The combustion of the metal particles releases additional energy, which further propagates the reaction throughout the incendiary formulation.

[0051] The application of the protective coating to the metal particles may involve mixing the reactive metal mixture with the wax. This mixing process may result in the wax coating the individual metal particles. After mixing, the coated mixture may be broken up to reform individual coated particles. This process may allow for the first metal particles and the second metal particles to be individually coated with the protective coating. The method of applying the protective coating may influence the uniformity and effectiveness of the coating. In some cases, techniques such as spray coating or tumble coating may be employed to ensure even coverage of the metal particles. The specific method used may depend on factors such as the particle size, desired coating thickness, and production scale.

[0052] The thickness of the protective coating may vary depending on the desired properties of the incendiary formulation. In some cases, the protective coating may account for a significant portion of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. For example, the protective coating may account for approximately 30% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. This proportion of coating to metal particles may provide sufficient protection while still allowing for effective ignition and combustion when activated.

[0053] The protective coating may account for various proportions of the total weight of the reactivemetal mixture. In some embodiments, the protective coating may comprise between 1% and 50% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The protective coating may account for at least 15% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. In some embodiments, the protective coating may comprise up to 40% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The protective coating may account for 20% to 35% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. In some embodiments, the protective coating may comprise 25% to 35% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. In some embodiments, the protective coating may comprise 30% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The amount of protective coating may be adjusted based on factors such as the desired ignition characteristics, storage conditions, and intended application of the incendiary formulation.

[0054] In some embodiments, the protective coating may account for between 15% and 50% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The protective coating may account for between 15% and 45% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The protective coating may account for between 15% and 40% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The protective coating may account for between 15% and 35% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The protective coating may account for between 30% and 50% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The protective coating may account for between 30% and 45% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The protective coating may account for between 30% and 40% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The protective coating may account for between 35% and 45% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The protective coating may account for at least 20% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture to provide a sufficient barrier between the fuel and the oxidising agent during storage and handling. The protective coating may account for at least 25% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The protective coating may account for at least 28% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The protective coating may account for at least 30% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The protective coating may account for at least 32% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The protective coating may account for at least 35% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The protective coating may account for up to 50% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The protective coating may account for up to 45% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The protective coating may account for up to 40% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The protective coating may account for up to 38% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. The protective coating may account for up to 35% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture. Below a proportion of about 20%, the barrier function may be compromised. Higher proportions of coating approaching 50% may impede ignition due to the increased volume of coating material relative to the metal particles.The use of a meltable coating, such as wax, may allow for a controlled activation process. When the incendiary formulation is exposed to heat during activation, the wax coating may begin to melt. As the coating melts, it may expose the surfaces of the metal particles gradually, allowing for a controlled initiation of the reaction between the metal particles and the oxidising agent. The melting point of the wax coating may be selected to correspond with the desired activation temperature of the incendiary formulation. Different types of wax or wax blends may be used to achieve specific melting characteristics that align with the intended application of the incendiary formulation.

[0055] In some cases, the protective coating may also serve to modify the burning characteristics of the metal particles. For example, the presence of the wax coating may influence the rate at which the metal particles ignite and burn, potentially allowing for a more controlled and sustained reaction.

[0056] The metal particles in the reactive metal mixture may be coated individually. However, it should be appreciated that the metal particles may form small clumps or similar during the coating process. In some cases, individual metal particles may be completely encapsulated by the protective coating, creating a barrier around each particle. This individual coating may provide uniform protection and help prevent premature reactions between the metal particles and the oxidising agent. For example, Figure 3 illustrates a schematic view of metal particles that form part of a reactive metal mixture 20. The reactive metal mixture 20 includes metal particles 24 each coated with a protective coating 26. The protective coating 26 forms a barrier around each individual particle. The metal particles 24 are shown in an exemplary form and is used to depict coating of the first metal particles and / or second metal particles. The coating on each particle may help prevent premature reaction between the metal particles and an oxidizing agent prior to intended activation.

[0057] The coating process may result in small agglomerations or clumps of metal particles being coated together. These clumps may contain a few particles to several dozen particles, depending on the coating method and particle characteristics. Accordingly, reference to particles being individually coated with the protective coating may also include a fraction of particles that have aggregated or clumped together during the coating process. For example, Figure 4 illustrates a section view of a portion of the reactive metal mixture 20. In some forms, more than one metal particle may be coated by the protective coating. As shown in Figure 4, three metal particles (24a, 24b, 24c), which may be the first and / or second metal particles, are surrounded by a single protective coating 26a. This configuration may allow for differentarrangements of metal particles within the protective coating, potentially influencing the ignition and combustion characteristics of the incendiary formulation. In some embodiments, the incendiary formulation 16 includes a combination of the coating shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4. It should be appreciated that each of the different types of metal particles are coated separately. For example, when the first metal particles are aluminium and the second aluminium particles are boron, the aluminium particles are coated separately to the boron particles.

[0058] The incendiary formulation 16 includes an oxidising agent 18. In some cases, the oxidising agent 18 may comprise potassium permanganate, potassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate, ammonium perchlorate, and / or sodium chlorate. The choice of oxidising agent 18 may depend on factors such as desired reaction rate, stability, and compatibility with other components of the incendiary formulation 16. In an embodiment, the oxidising agent 18 is potassium permanganate. The oxidising agent 18 may be in powder form. The oxidising agent may be deposited in a granular form. The oxidising agent 18 may have a purity of approximately 99%.

[0059] The oxidising agent 18 may comprise between 50% and 95% by weight of the total incendiary formulation 16. The oxidising agent 18 may comprise between 50% and 90% by weight of the total incendiary formulation 16. The oxidising agent 18 may comprise between 50% and 85% by weight of the total incendiary formulation 16. The oxidising agent 18 may comprise between 50% and 80% by weight of the total incendiary formulation 16. The oxidising agent 18 may comprise between 50% and 75% by weight of the total incendiary formulation 16. The oxidising agent 18 may comprise between 55% and 95% by weight of the total incendiary formulation 16. The oxidising agent 18 may comprise between 60% and 95% by weight of the total incendiary formulation 16. The oxidising agent 18 may comprise between 65% and 95% by weight of the total incendiary formulation 16. The oxidising agent 18 may comprise between 70% and 95% by weight of the total incendiary formulation 16. The oxidising agent 18 may comprise at least 60% by weight of the total incendiary formulation 16. The oxidising agent 18 may comprise at least 65% by weight of the total incendiary formulation 16. The oxidising agent 18 may comprise at least 70% by weight of the total incendiary formulation 16. The oxidising agent 18 may comprise up to 95% by weight of the total incendiary formulation 16. The oxidising agent 18 may comprise up to 90% by weight of the total incendiary formulation 16. The oxidising agent 18 may comprise up to 85% by weight of the total incendiary formulation 16. The oxidising agent 18 may comprise up to 80% by weight of the total incendiary formulation 16. The oxidising agent 18 may comprise up to 75% by weight of the total incendiary formulation 16.The particle size of the oxidising agent 18 may vary. In some embodiments, the oxidising agent 18 may have a particle size between 10 mesh and 100 mesh. The oxidising 18 may be provided in a single particle size or in multiple particle sizes.

[0060] In some cases, as shown in Figure 2, the potassium permanganate 18 may be arranged in two distinct layers within the interior volume 14 of the capsule cup 12. A first oxidising agent layer 18a may have a first particle size, while a second oxidising agent layer 18b may have a second particle size. The first particle size may be smaller than the second particle size. The finer particle size may account for approximately 25-30% of the total potassium permanganate 18 in the incendiary formulation 16.

[0061] In an embodiment, the first oxidising agent layer 18a may have particles having a particle size of about 20 mesh to 60 mesh. The first oxidising agent layer 18a may have particles having a particle size of about 20 mesh to 55 mesh. The first oxidising agent layer 18a may have particles having a particle size of about 20 mesh to 50 mesh. The first oxidising agent layer 18a may have particles having a particle size of about 20 mesh to 45 mesh. The first oxidising agent layer 18a may have particles having a particle size of about 20 mesh to 40 mesh. The first oxidising agent layer 18a may have particles having a particle size of about 25 mesh to 60 mesh. The first oxidising agent layer 18a may have particles having a particle size of about 30 mesh to 60 mesh. The first oxidising agent layer 18a may have particles having a particle size of about 35 mesh to 60 mesh. The first oxidising agent layer 18a may have particles having a particle size of about 40 mesh to 60 mesh. The first oxidising agent layer 18a may have particles having a particle size of at least 20 mesh. The first oxidising agent layer 18a may have particles having a particle size of at least 25 mesh. The first oxidising agent layer 18a may have particles having a particle size of at least 30 mesh. The first oxidising agent layer 18a may have particles having a particle size of at least 35 mesh. The first oxidising agent layer 18a may have particles having a particle size of up to 60 mesh. The first oxidising agent layer 18a may have particles having a particle size of up to 55 mesh. The first oxidising agent layer 18a may have particles having a particle size of up to 50 mesh. The first oxidising agent layer 18a may have particles having a particle size of up to 45 mesh.

[0062] The second oxidising agent layer 18b may comprise particles having a particle size of about 60 mesh to 100 mesh. The second oxidising agent layer 18b may comprise particles having a particle size of about 65 mesh to 100 mesh. The second oxidising agent layer 18b may comprise particles having a particle size of about 70 mesh to 100 mesh. The second oxidising agent layer 18b may comprise particles having a particle size of about 75 mesh to 100 mesh. The second oxidising agent layer 18b may comprise particles having a particle size of about80 mesh to 100 mesh. The second oxidising agent layer 18b may comprise particles having a particle size of about 60 mesh to 95 mesh. The second oxidising agent layer 18b may comprise particles having a particle size of about 60 mesh to 90 mesh. The second oxidising agent layer 18b may comprise particles having a particle size of about 60 mesh to 85 mesh. The second oxidising agent layer 18b may comprise particles having a particle size of about 60 mesh to 80 mesh. The second oxidising agent layer 18b may comprise particles having a particle size of at least 60 mesh. The second oxidising agent layer 18b may comprise particles having a particle size of at least 65 mesh. The second oxidising agent layer 18b may comprise particles having a particle size of at least 70 mesh. The second oxidising agent layer 18b may comprise particles having a particle size of at least 75 mesh. The second oxidising agent layer 18b may comprise particles having a particle size of up to 100 mesh. The second oxidising agent layer 18b may comprise particles having a particle size of up to 95 mesh. The second oxidising agent layer 18b may comprise particles having a particle size of up to 90 mesh. The second oxidising agent layer 18b may comprise particles having a particle size of up to 85 mesh. In an embodiment, the first oxidising agent layer 18a has a particle size of about 80 mesh and the second oxidising agent layer 18b has a particle size of about 40 mesh.

[0063] The oxidising agent may be formed from a mixture of particles with different sizes, effectively combining the characteristics of the first and second layers into a homogeneous blend. This approach may offer advantages in terms of reaction control and overall performance of the incendiary formulation. In some embodiments, the oxidising agent may comprise a combination of larger particles (e.g., 20 to 60 mesh) and smaller particles (e.g., 60 to 100 mesh). The ratio of larger to smaller particles may be adjusted to achieve desired ignition and combustion characteristics. For instance, the mixture may contain 70-80% larger particles and 20-30% smaller particles by weight. The smaller particles may provide a larger surface area for initial reaction, potentially leading to faster ignition, while the larger particles may contribute to a more prolonged and steady reaction. Therefore, increasing a proportion of smaller particles may decrease the dwell time. The use of multiple particle sizes in a homogeneous mixture may allow for a balance between rapid initial reaction and sustained combustion.

[0064] In some cases, the particle size distribution may be more diverse, incorporating a range of sizes from 20 mesh to 100 mesh. This approach may result in a more gradual progression of the reaction as particles of different sizes become involved at different stages of the combustion process.

[0065] The incendiary formulation 16 may be arranged within the capsule 10 in various configurations, including layered structures and homogeneous mixtures. These differentarrangements may offer specific benefits and allow for customization of the incendiary formulation's performance characteristics. In an embodiment, the incendiary formulation 16 is arranged within the capsule 10 as a homogenous mixture (not shown in the Figures). That is, the reactive metal mixture and the oxidising agent may be evenly dispersed in the interior volume 14 in the capsule 10. It should be appreciated that within the incendiary formulation 16 there are local variances in homogeneity due to for example differences in particle sizes between the first metal particles, the second metal particles, and the oxidising agent, but overall the incendiary formulation 16 is approximately homogenous. Accordingly, each of the first metal particles, second metal particles and the oxidising agent may be roughly or approximately homogenously distributed in the interior volume, but local variances mean there may be areas of less homogeneity.

[0066] In an embodiment, the step of depositing the incendiary formulation 16 includes depositing the reactive metal mixture 20 before depositing the oxidising agent 18. This sequence may help prevent premature reactions between the components and may contribute to the stability of the incendiary formulation 16 during storage. In some cases, as illustrated in Figure 1, the incendiary formulation 16 may be arranged in a layered structure within the interior volume 14 of the capsule cup 12. The layered structure may comprise distinct layers of the oxidising agent 18 and the reactive metal mixture 20. In an embodiment, the oxidising agent 18 may be deposited in powder form. In an embodiment, the oxidising agent 18 may be deposited in a granular form.

[0067] The layered arrangement may allow for controlled ignition and combustion characteristics. For example, the incendiary formulation 16 may have a layered structure of large potassium permanganate particles, fine potassium permanganate particles, and then a layer of the reactive metal mixture 20 containing aluminium and boron particles. This arrangement may promote a specific ignition sequence and burn profile.

[0068] In some cases, depositing the oxidising agent 18 in the capsule cup 12 may comprise depositing a first oxidising agent layer 18a having a first particle size, followed by depositing a second oxidising agent layer 18b having a second particle size. The first particle size may be larger than the second particle size. This layered arrangement of the oxidising agent 18 with different particle sizes may influence the reaction rate and heat generation during ignition. An embodiment of a capsule 10a having a layered structure is shown in Figure 2 where the reactive metal mixture 20 is positioned first, followed by the first oxidising layer 18a and then second oxidising agent layer 18b.The layered structure shown in Figure 2 may offer advantages when injecting a fuel into the capsule 10. In this arrangement, the reactive metal mixture 20 is positioned at the bottom of the capsule, followed by the first oxidising agent layer 18a and then the second oxidising agent layer 18b.

[0069] When a fuel is injected into the capsule 10, such as through a needle, it tends to be deposited towards a bottom of the capsule cup 12. Accordingly, the fuel tends to initially come into contact with the first oxidising agent layer 18a, having a smaller particle size which may allow for rapid initial reaction between the fuel and the oxidising agent, potentially leading to faster heat generation and ignition. As the reaction progresses, the fuel may then interact with the second oxidising agent layer 18b, which has a larger particle size which can help to contribute to a more sustained reaction, potentially prolonging the overall burn time of the incendiary formulation.

[0070] The positioning of the reactive metal mixture 20 at the bottom of the capsule may allow it to be gradually exposed to the heat generated by the reaction between the fuel and the oxidising agent layers. This arrangement may help control the timing of the metal particles' ignition, potentially leading to a more predictable and consistent overall reaction sequence.

[0071] In some cases, this layered structure may also facilitate more efficient mixing of the components as the capsule is agitated or as the reaction progresses. The movement of the fuel through the different layers may promote thorough interaction between all components of the incendiary formulation. The layered structure may also allow for customization of the reaction profile by adjusting the thickness and composition of each layer. This flexibility may enable fine-tuning of the incendiary formulation's performance characteristics to suit specific application requirements.

[0072] The incendiary formulation 16 may alternatively be arranged as a homogeneous mixture within the interior volume 14 of the capsule cup 12. In this configuration, the oxidising agent 18 and the reactive metal mixture 20 may be uniformly distributed throughout the incendiary formulation 16a. A homogeneous mix may provide consistent ignition characteristics and may be suitable for applications requiring uniform combustion properties.

[0073] The choice between a layered structure and a homogeneous mix may depend on factors such as the desired ignition profile, burn rate, and specific application requirements. The layered structure may offer more control over the ignition sequence, while the homogeneous mix may provide more uniform combustion characteristics.In both arrangements, the incendiary formulation 16 or 16a may be sealed within the capsule cup 12 by the film 22, ensuring containment and protection of the formulation until activation is desired. The film is applied after the reactive metal mixture 20 and oxidising agent 18 has been deposited into the capsule cup 12.

[0074] The activation and ignition process of the incendiary formulation involves a sequence of reactions that lead to the generation of intense heat and flame. The process begins with the introduction of a fuel into the capsule containing the incendiary formulation. Upon introduction, the fuel mixes mix with the incendiary formulation, initiating a reaction between the fuel component (which may include monoethylene glycol) and the oxidising agent. This reaction is exothermic, generating heat as the fuel is oxidised by the oxidising agent. Upon release of enough heat due to oxidation, the incendiary formulation ignites. As the temperature increases due to the oxidation reaction before ignition and / or due to flames after ignition, the protective coating on the metal particles in the reactive metal mixture may begin to degrade. The degradation of the protective coating exposed the surface of at least one of the first metal particles and second metal particles, allowing the metal particles to be oxidised and / or ignited. In some cases, either the first metal particles or the second metal particles, or both, may ignite. The ignition of these metal particles may significantly intensify the heat and flame production of the incendiary formulation. This creates a self-sustaining process where the heat generated by the burning particles continues to expose and ignite remaining coated particles.

[0075] In some cases, the ignition process may involve a sequential reaction where one type of metal particle ignites first, followed by the ignition of the second type. This sequential ignition may contribute to sustaining and potentially intensifying the overall reaction. The proximity of the different metal particles within the reactive metal mixture may facilitate efficient heat transfer, creating a cascading effect of ignition. For example, aluminium particles may first be ignited, where the resulting heat is used to ignite the boron particles. In an embodiment, the incendiary formulation may have a green flame once the boron has been ignited.

[0076] The incendiary formulation may have a minimum dwell time of approximately 20 seconds. The dwell time may refer to the period between the initial activation (introduction of the fuel) and the full ignition of the incendiary formulation. This dwell time may allow for proper mixing of components and the buildup of sufficient heat for complete ignition.

[0077] In some embodiments, the dwell time may allow for proper mixing of the fuel with the oxidising agent and other components of the incendiary formulation. This mixing period may ensure amore uniform and complete reaction throughout the capsule. In some embodiments, the dwell time may also contribute to safety considerations, allowing the capsule to reach the ground before full ignition occurs when dropped from an aircraft. This delay may help prevent premature ignition in the air, which could pose risks to the aircraft or affect the intended distribution pattern of the incendiaries. The dwell time may also vary depending on environmental factors such as ambient temperatures. For example, the dwell time may need to be adjusted by adjusting the components and relative ratios of components of the incendiary formulation 16.

[0078] In an embodiment, fuel may account for about 5%-25% by weight of the total incendiary formulation (i.e. mass of oxidising agent 18 and reactive metal mixture 20). Fuel may account for about 5%-20% by weight of the total incendiary formulation. Fuel may account for about 5%-15% by weight of the total incendiary formulation. Fuel may account for about 9%- 13% by weight of the total incendiary formulation. Fuel may account for about 10%- 12% by weight of the total incendiary formulation. Fuel may account for about 10% by weight of the total incendiary formulation. Fuel may account for at least 5% by weight of the total incendiary formulation. Fuel may account for up to 15% by weight of the total incendiary formulation.

[0079] The fuel may comprise a mixture of monoethylene glycol (MEG) and benzyl alcohol. In an embodiment, the fuel may comprise 80% MEG and 20% benzyl alcohol. The fuel may comprise 70-90% MEG and 10-30% benzyl alcohol. The fuel may comprise 75-85% MEG and 15-25% benzyl alcohol. The fuel may comprise at least 70% MEG. The fuel may comprise at least 75% MEG. The fuel may comprise at least 80% MEG. The fuel may comprise up to 90% MEG. The fuel may comprise up to 85% MEG. The fuel may comprise at least 10% benzyl alcohol. The fuel may comprise at least 15% benzyl alcohol. The fuel may comprise up to 30% benzyl alcohol. The fuel may comprise up to 25% benzyl alcohol.

[0080] Examples

[0081] Non-limiting examples of an incendiary formulation will now be described.

[0082] Example 1

[0083] An incendiary formulation was prepared according to Table 1

[0084] Table 1. Incendiary formulation

[0085] Component

[0086] KMnO4 1.20 g total (75wt.%)First (fine) layer of KMnC 0.36 g; 80 mesh

[0087] Second (coarse) layer of KMnC 0.84 g; 40 mesh

[0088] Reactive metal mixture 0.30 g total (19wt.%)

[0089] Al particles 0.105 g, ~ 5 pm particle size

[0090] B particles 0.195 g, -16-20 pm particle size

[0091] Wax coating (carnauba wax) 0.09 g (6wt.%)

[0092] The incendiary formulation of Table 1 was deposited into a capsule cup made of ABS plastic. The reactive metal mixture was deposited first, followed by the 80 mesh potassium permanganate layer, and then the 40 mesh potassium permanganate layer. The capsule cup was then sealed with a film.

[0093] A fuel mixture comprising 80% monoethylene glycol (MEG) and 20% benzyl alcohol was prepared. To ignite the incendiary formulation, 0.15 mL of this fuel mixture was injected into the capsule.

[0094] Upon activation, the incendiary formulation had a dwell time of approximately 20 seconds, followed by rapid oxidation of fuel by potassium permanganate, then ignition of the aluminium particles (Figure 5) followed by ignition of the boron particles (Figure 6). The resulting flame and a high heat output and significant flame height (approximately 40-80cm, such as 60-80cm). The flame has a distinct green colour upon ignition of the boron, and the ignited boron particles were observed to be projected in a radius around the capsule.

[0095] The layered structure of the formulation appeared to contribute to a controlled ignition sequence, with the finer 80 mesh potassium permanganate layer facilitating rapid initial reaction, while the coarser 40 mesh layer sustained the reaction. The wax-coated metal particles ignited sequentially, with the aluminium particles igniting first, followed by the boron particles, resulting in an intensified and prolonged burn.

[0096] This example demonstrates the potential effectiveness of the layered incendiary formulation for applications requiring controlled ignition and sustained high-temperature combustion.

[0097] Example 2

[0098] An incendiary formulation was prepared according to Table 2.

[0099] Table 2. Incendiary formulationComponent

[0100] KMnC 1.20 g total; 40 mesh (75wt.%)

[0101] Reactive metal mixture 0.30 g total (19wt.%)

[0102] Al particles 0.105 g, ~ 5 pm particle size

[0103] B particles 0.195 g, -16-20 pm particle size

[0104] Wax coating (carnauba wax) 0.09 g (6wt.%)

[0105] The incendiary formulation of Table 2 was deposited into a capsule cup made of ABS plastic. The reactive metal mixture was deposited first, followed by the potassium permanganate layer. The capsule cup was then sealed with a film.

[0106] A fuel mixture comprising 80% monoethylene glycol (MEG) and 20% benzyl alcohol was prepared. 0.15 mL of this fuel mixture was injected into the capsule.

[0107] Upon activation, the incendiary formulation had a dwell time of approximately 25 seconds, followed by oxidation of fuel by potassium permanganate, then ignition of the aluminium particles (Figure 5) followed by ignition of the boron particles (Figure 6). The flame properties were similar to Example 1.

[0108] Although aluminium particles are specifically described in Example 2, they could be replaced by e.g. magnesium, zircon and / or thermite-based mixtures.

[0109] In the claims that follow and in the preceding description, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word “comprise” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising” is used in an inclusive sense, i.e. to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various embodiments of the disclosure.

[0110] It is to be understood that, if any prior art publication is referred to herein, such reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms a part of the common general knowledge in the art, in Australia or any other country.

[0111] Modifications and variations as would be apparent to a skilled addressee are deemed to be within the scope of the present disclosure.

Claims

Claims1. An incendiary formulation for use as an aerial ignition incendiary, comprising:an oxidising agent; anda reactive metal mixture comprising first metal particles and second metal particles that are coated with a protective coating that inhibits reaction between the metal particles and the oxidising agent prior to activation.

2. The incendiary formulation of claim 1, wherein the first metal particles are selected from the group consisting of aluminium particles, magnesium particles, zirconium particles and / or thermite-based particles.

3. The incendiary formulation of claim 1 or 2, wherein the second metal particles include boron.

4. The incendiary formulation of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the reactive metal mixture comprises 10% to 80% of the first metal particles and 10% to 80% of the second metal particles by weight.

5. The incendiary formulation of any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the first metal particles have an average particle size <50 pm.

6. The incendiary formulation of any one of claims 2 to 5, wherein the second metal particles have an average particle size <50 pm.

7. The incendiary formulation of any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein the reactive metal mixture is configured to produce a chain reaction that when ignited the first metal particles ignite first followed by ignition of the second metal particles.

8. The incendiary formulation of any one of claims 2 to 7, wherein the second metal particles are configured to provide a high temperature flame and projected particles when ignited.

9. The incendiary formulation of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the protective coating comprises a meltable coating.

10. The incendiary formulation of claim 9, wherein the meltable coating comprises wax including carnauba wax and / or beeswax.

11. The incendiary formulation of claim 9 or 10, wherein the oxidising agent is configured to oxidize a fuel to generate heat that can then melt the protective coating to expose a surface of the first metal particles and the second metal particles such that the first metal particles and second metal particles can be ignited.

12. The incendiary formulation of any one of claims 1 to 11 , wherein the protective coating accounts for at least 20% of the total weight of the reactive metal mixture.

13. The incendiary formulation of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the first metal particles and the second metal particles are individually coated with the protective coating.

14. The incendiary formulation of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the oxidising agent includes potassium permanganate.

15. The incendiary formulation of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the oxidising agent is in powder form.

16. The incendiary formulation of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the oxidising agent is in granular form.

17. The incendiary formulation of any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the oxidising agent has a particle size between 10 mesh and 100 mesh.

18. The incendiary formulation of any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the oxidising agent comprises between 50% and 90% by weight of the total formulation.

19. The incendiary formulation of any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the oxidising agent is arranged in two layers having a first layer having a larger particle size and a second layer having a smaller particle size.

20. The incendiary formulation of claim 18, wherein the first layer comprises particles having a particle size of about 40 mesh and the second layer comprises particles having a particle size of about 80 mesh.

21. The incendiary formulation of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the oxidising agent and the reactive metal mixture is in the form of a homogenous mixture.

22. A method of forming an incendiary capsule, comprising:providing a capsule cup having an interior volume;depositing the incendiary formulation of any one of claims 1 to 21 into the interior volume; andsealing the capsule cup with a top sealing tape.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the capsule cup is made of a plastic material.

24. The method of claim 22 or 23, wherein the capsule cup is provided with a lip extending about an opening of the capsule cup, and sealing the capsule includes contacting the seal with the lip.

25. The method of any one of claims 22 to 24, wherein the capsule cup is provided as part of a continuous belt of interconnected capsule cups.

26. The method of any one of claims 22 to 25, wherein the oxidising agent is deposited in powder form.

27. The method of any one of claims 22 to 26, wherein the step of depositing the incendiary formulation includes depositing the reactive metal mixture before depositing the oxidising agent.

28. The method of any one of claims 22 to 27, wherein depositing the oxidising agent in the capsule cup comprises:depositing a first layer having a first particle size; anddepositing a second layer having a second particle size,wherein the first particle size is smaller than the second particle size.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the first particle size is about 80 mesh and the second particle size is about 40 mesh.

30. The method of any one of claims 22 to 26, wherein the incendiary formulation is deposited as a homogenous mixture into the interior volume.

31. A method of igniting an incendiary formulation, the method comprising: providing the incendiary formulation of any one of claims 1 to 21 , mixing the incendiary formulation with a fuel that is oxidized by the oxidising agent to generate sufficient heat to:ignite the incendiary formulation and degrade the protective coating to expose a surface of at least one of the first metal particles and second metal particles, andignite at least one of the first metal particles and second metal particles.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein the fuel includes monoethylene glycol.

33. The method of claim 31 or 32, wherein the fuel includes benzyl alcohol.

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