The invention relates to an accurately controllable blood vessel surgical robot and an operation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of medical devices, comprises a robot body and a control system, the robot body includes a housing and a cleaning mechanism disposed within the housing, the cleaning mechanism includes a drive system and an imaging system, the housing is formed by a cylindrical flat section and a tapered section sealed at both ends of the flat section, The taper section is a telescopic structure, the driving system comprises a bi-directional pump, a motor and a direction control device, the direction control device comprises an inlet branch pipe, an outlet branch pipe and a flow regulating valve, the telescopic structure comprises an elastic inner circumference and a waveform periphery arranged between the elastic inner circumference and the flat section, and also comprises a telescopic driving mechanism. The robot of the invention is visible, controllable, high in safety, good in stability, simple in structure, convenient in operation, low in use cost, and provides the possibility for real conversion.