Fresh tomato soilless culture method capable of preventing fruit cracking

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of tomato planting, in particular to a fresh tomato soilless culture method capable of preventing fruit cracking. The fresh tomato soilless culture method capable of preventing fruit cracking comprises the steps that S10, a culture medium is prepared, a substrate B is added into a culture tank, and then a substrate A is added; wherein the substrate A comprises inorganic matter and organic matter, the inorganic matter comprises ceramsite, perlite and gravel, and the organic matter comprises wine grape residues; s20, in the tomato fruit swelling period, an auxiliary substrate is diluted with water and then irrigated, and the auxiliary substrate comprises a microbial agent. The substrate A and the auxiliary substrate are applied to different stages of fresh tomato planting respectively, and under the combined action of the substrate A, the substrate B and the microbial agent, the fruit cracking rate of fresh tomatoes can be greatly increased and can be reduced to 9.2%, the fruit cracking rate is reduced by 11.8% compared with the fruit cracking rate of fresh tomatoes planted in common soil, the reduction rate is 56%, and the yield of fresh tomatoes is greatly increased. And the method is easy to control, simple and convenient to operate and labor-saving.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of tomato planting, and in particular to a soilless cultivation method for fresh-eating tomatoes that prevent fruit cracking. Background Art

[0002] Tomato is also called tomato and foreign tomato. Its ancient name is June persimmon and Xibao Sanyuan. It is native to Peru and Mexico and was originally called "wolf peach". The fruit is rich in nutrients, rich in carotene and lycopene, and has a special flavor. Tomatoes can be eaten raw, cooked, processed into tomato sauce, juice or canned as a whole fruit, which is very popular. Tomatoes are not only vegetables, but also can be eaten fresh as fruits. The quality requirements for fresh tomatoes are generally: regular fruit shape, no cracks, no insect bites, moderate maturity, sweet and sour taste, thick flesh, and small ventricle. However, when the tomato fruit is close to maturity, the peel cracks, and the embryonic tissue and seeds are turned outward with the peel, causing the navel of the fruit to crack. Some have stripes on the fruit surface near the fruit stalk or on the top of the fruit or on the side of the fruit. Specifically, they are divided into top cracks, stripe cracks and zipper fruits, which are also called fruit cracking disease.

[0003] Tomato fruit cracking is a physiological disease. Once it occurs, it not only directly affects the appearance and price of the product, but the cracked parts may be infected with early blight, late blight or be infected by bacteria and rot, thus losing their commercial value.

[0004] In response to this problem, the Chinese invention patent with application number CN202311491221.9S1 discloses a planting method for improving the yield of tomatoes, including S1: disinfecting the seeds, soaking them in a trisodium phosphate solution, and washing them with clean water after soaking in the trisodium phosphate for later use; S2: selecting a planting site, deep plowing and ridge-forming the planting site, and applying an organic fertilizer mixture to the soil after deep plowing and ridge-forming; S3: planting the disinfected seeds in the fertilized planting site and covering them with a plastic greenhouse; S4: controlling the day and night temperature of the planting area during the growth of tomatoes, and controlling the temperature during the flower bud differentiation period of tomatoes, and applying corresponding fertilizers as needed according to the different growth stages of tomatoes; S5: after the tomatoes enter the flowering period, dipping the flowers according to the flowering situation of the tomatoes, adding succinylcholine to the anti-drop solution to spray the female flowers of the tomatoes, dipping the flowers every 2-3 days when the temperature is low and there are fewer open female flowers; dipping the flowers every 1 day or every day when the temperature is high and there are more female flowers in bloom. Although this solution can improve the appearance quality of tomatoes to a certain extent, both anti-drop agents and cypermethrin are toxic and may cause harm to the human body due to improper operation. There is also a risk of residues, and the frequency of flower stains depends on manual judgment, which has a large error.

[0005] At the same time, with the widespread rise of soilless cultivation technology, soilless cultivation can also be used for tomato cultivation. For example, the Chinese invention patent with application number CN202211030516.1 discloses a method for producing cherry tomatoes by nitrogen fertilizer-regulated aeroponic cultivation. According to the growth characteristics of cherry tomatoes in greenhouse soilless cultivation, the entire cultivation process of greenhouse cherry tomatoes is divided into four periods: the planting growth period, the initial flowering and fruiting period, the fruit expansion period, and the fruit maturity period. Four different nitrogen fertilizer-regulated aeroponic nutrient solutions are prepared using macroelements, trace elements, and slow-release nitrogen liquid fertilizers as the main ingredients, namely, aeroponic nutrient solution in the planting growth period, aeroponic nutrient solution in the initial flowering and fruiting period, aeroponic nutrient solution in the fruit expansion period, and aeroponic nutrient solution in the fruit maturity period. Cherry tomatoes are produced by nitrogen fertilizer-regulated aeroponic cultivation to achieve the purpose of high-yield and high-quality growth. However, this technology cannot effectively improve the fruit cracking disease of tomatoes.

[0006] Therefore, it is necessary to study a planting program that is free of pesticide residues, green, safe and efficient to improve tomato fruit cracking disease and reduce the fruit cracking rate. Summary of the invention

[0007] Based on this, in order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0008] A soilless cultivation method for fresh-eating tomatoes with anti-cracking properties comprises the following steps:

[0009] S10, preparing a cultivation substrate, wherein the cultivation substrate comprises a substrate A and a substrate B; the mass ratio of the substrate A to the substrate B is 1:1 to 1:2; the substrate A comprises inorganic matter and organic matter, the inorganic matter comprises ceramsite, perlite and gravel, and the organic matter comprises wine grape pomace; the substrate B comprises peat and rice husk;

[0010] S20, during the tomato fruit expansion period, the auxiliary matrix is ​​diluted with water and then watered. 0.045 kg to 0.075 kg of the auxiliary matrix is ​​added per square meter. The auxiliary matrix includes microbial agents.

[0011] Preferably, in the above-mentioned soilless cultivation method of fresh tomatoes with crack-resistant fruits, in step S20, during the fruit expansion period of tomatoes, auxiliary matrix is ​​added twice, the first time is added in the early stage of the fruit expansion period, and the second time is added in the late stage of the fruit expansion period. Each time, 0.0225 kg to 0.0375 kg of auxiliary matrix is ​​added per square meter, which is diluted with water and then watered.

[0012] Preferably, in the above-mentioned soilless cultivation method of fresh tomatoes with crack-resistant fruit, in step S10, the mass ratio of the inorganic matter to the organic matter is 4:1 to 5:1.

[0013] Preferably, in the soilless cultivation method of the above-mentioned crack-resistant fresh-edible tomatoes, the mass ratio of the ceramsite, perlite and gravel is 2:1:1.

[0014] Preferably, in the soilless cultivation method of the above-mentioned crack-resistant fresh-edible tomatoes, the ceramsite is clay ceramsite.

[0015] Preferably, in the soilless cultivation method of the above-mentioned crack-resistant fresh-eating tomatoes, the gravel is fine gravel with a particle size of 2 mm to 10 mm.

[0016] Preferably, in the above-mentioned soilless cultivation method of fresh-edible tomatoes with crack-resistant fruits, in step S10, the mass ratio of the peat to the rice husk is 1:1 to 3:1.

[0017] Preferably, in the above-mentioned anti-cracking fresh tomato composite cultivation matrix, in step S10, the alcohol content in the wine grape pomace is less than 15%.

[0018] Preferably, in the soilless cultivation method of fresh tomatoes with crack-resistant fruit, in step S20, the microbial agent includes Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and yeast.

[0019] Preferably, in the soilless cultivation method of the above-mentioned crack-resistant fresh-eating tomatoes, the mass ratio of the Bacillus subtilis, the Bacillus licheniformis and the yeast is 1:2:1.

[0020] The technical solution adopted in this application can at least achieve the following effects:

[0021] The present invention discloses a soilless cultivation method for fresh tomatoes with crack-proof fruit. Substrate A and substrate B are used as planting substrates. Substrate A includes inorganic matter and organic matter. Inorganic matter includes ceramsite, perlite and gravel, which have good water permeability and air permeability, strong fertilizer holding capacity and are not easy to produce compaction. Substrate B includes peat and rice husk, which is conducive to the planting and growth of tomatoes. Organic matter includes wine grape pomace, which can effectively improve the weak acid state of the cultivation substrate, which is conducive to the permeability of fertilizer, water and air to the plant root system and the extension of the root system. Auxiliary substrate is added during the fruit expansion period of tomatoes. The microbial agent of the auxiliary substrate can not only replenish the nutrients of the cultivation substrate, but also effectively prevent and control diseases, provide a suitable pH environment for the growth of fresh tomatoes, and improve the salinity and alkalinity of the cultivation substrate. Through the joint action of substrate A, substrate B and microbial agent, the cracking rate of fresh tomatoes can be effectively reduced. Experiments show that it can reduce the cracking rate of fresh tomatoes to 9.2%, which is 11.8% lower than the cracking rate of ordinary soil planting, and the reduction rate is 56%. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0022] It should be noted that, in the absence of conflict, the embodiments of the present invention and the features in the embodiments can be combined with each other. The technical solution of the present invention is further described below, and the present invention is not limited to the following specific implementation methods.

[0024] In a specific embodiment of the present invention, a soilless cultivation method for fresh-eating tomatoes with crack-resistant fruits comprises the following steps: preparing a cultivation substrate, wherein the cultivation substrate comprises a substrate A and a substrate B; the mass ratio of the substrate A to the substrate B is 1:1 to 1:2; the substrate A comprises inorganic matter and organic matter, wherein the inorganic matter comprises ceramsite, perlite and gravel, and the organic matter comprises wine grape pomace; the substrate B comprises peat and rice husk;

[0025] Among them, ceramsite has many micropores from the surface to the inside, has certain mechanical strength, and has strong water absorption, air permeability and fertilizer holding ability. Small ceramsite particles are piled together to form many holes, which are air permeable and water-facilitating, and will not be hardened. As a preferred embodiment, the ceramsite in this application is clay ceramsite. Clay ceramsite is a commonly used ceramsite for gardening. It uses clay as the main raw material, is first processed into spherical small particles, and then sintered at a high temperature of about 850°C. The material with relatively uniform particle size, pink or red, has many internal gaps and a structure similar to honeycomb, is light in texture, can float on the water surface in water, and is a good soilless cultivation matrix. Perlite is a white or light-colored high-quality horticultural material made by crushing volcanic rock, screening to a certain particle size, and then preheating and instant high-temperature expansion. The interior of its particles is a porous honeycomb structure, which is light in weight, clean, sterile, non-toxic, tasteless, non-corrosive, non-flammable, acid-resistant, alkali-resistant, fertilizer-retaining, water-retaining, heat-insulating, and breathable. Gravel refers to rock or mineral debris with sharp edges and corners and an average particle size greater than 2mm and less than 64mm. Gravel can be subdivided into fine gravel (particle size is 2-10mm), coarse gravel (10-100mm) and boulder (greater than 100mm), and the typical specific gravity of gravel is 1800 kg / m3. In this application, fine gravel is preferably used as one of the components of inorganic matter, which not only has good water permeability, but also can play a colonization role for plants and help root growth. Taking into account the cost and use effect of inorganic matter, the mass ratio of ceramsite, perlite and gravel is 2:1:1.

[0026] Peat is the product of swamp development, also known as peat, grass coal, and peat. It was formed in the Quaternary period and is composed of the remains of swamp plants that cannot be completely decomposed and accumulated under watery anaerobic conditions. It contains a large amount of water and incompletely decomposed plant residues, humus, and some minerals. Peat contains a large amount of water and incompletely decomposed plant residues, humus, and some minerals. The rich nutrients in peat itself are very beneficial to plants. Rice husks have good air permeability and stable quality, and are not easy to get too wet and moldy. Using peat and rice husks as substrates in soilless culture media is beneficial to the planting and growth of tomatoes. Preferably, the mass ratio of peat and rice husks is 1:1 to 3:1.

[0027] Wine grape pomace is one of the main wastes generated in the wine production process. It is composed of grape seeds, peels and stems, etc., and is rich in organic matter, accounting for about 20% to 25% of the total mass of grapes. China's wine production is huge. The annual output of wine grape pomace in the eastern foot of the Helan Mountains in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region alone is as high as 60,000 tons (2019). Using wine grape pomace as one of the planting matrices for fresh tomatoes can improve the planting matrix, and the rich organic matter can provide the nutrients necessary for the growth of fresh tomatoes. Since wine grape pomace also contains a certain amount of alcohol, if the alcohol concentration is too high, it will affect the survival of beneficial bacteria in the soil. Therefore, the alcohol content in wine grape pomace is less than 15%. Preferably, the mass ratio of inorganic matter to organic matter is 4:1 to 5:1.

[0028] S20, during the tomato fruit expansion period, the auxiliary matrix is ​​diluted with water at a ratio of 1:300 and then watered. 0.045 kg to 0.075 kg of the auxiliary matrix is ​​added per square meter. The auxiliary matrix includes a microbial agent.

[0029] Microbial agents refer to live bacterial preparations made by using porous materials as adsorbents to absorb the fermentation liquid of effective bacteria after industrial production and propagation. This kind of agent is used for seed dressing or root dipping, and has the functions of directly or indirectly improving the planting matrix, restoring soil fertility, preventing soil-borne diseases, maintaining the balance of rhizosphere microbial flora, and degrading toxic substances. The proper use of agricultural microbial agents can increase the yield of agricultural products, improve the quality of agricultural products, reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, reduce costs, improve the planting matrix, and protect the ecological environment.

[0030] The microbial agents in the present application include Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and yeast.

[0031] Bacillus subtilis is a species of Bacillus, CAS number 68038-70-0. Single cell is 0.7-0.8×2-3 microns, uniformly colored. No capsule, flagella around, can move. Gram-positive bacteria, spores are 0.6-0.9×1.0-1.5 microns, elliptical to columnar, located in the center of the bacteria or slightly off, the bacteria do not swell after spore formation. The surface of the colony is rough and opaque, dirty white or slightly yellow, and often forms wrinkles when growing in liquid culture medium. Aerobic bacteria. Can use protein, a variety of sugars and starch to decompose tryptophan to form indole. Widely used in genetic research, the synthesis pathway of purine nucleotides and its regulatory mechanism of this bacterium are well studied. Widely distributed in soil and corrupted organic matter, easy to reproduce in the juice of dead grass, hence the name Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus subtilis is widely used in biofertilizer fermentation or fermentation bed production, can be mixed with a variety of strains, and plays an important role in agricultural production. The cell morphology and arrangement of Bacillus licheniformis are rod-shaped and solitary, which can prompt the body to produce antimicrobial active substances and kill pathogenic bacteria. It can produce anti-active substances and has a unique biological oxygen-deprivation mechanism, which can inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria, decompose toxic and harmful substances in the cultivation matrix, and improve the ecology of the cultivation matrix. Yeast can provide a hotbed for the reproduction of microorganisms in biological fertilizer, effectively improve the ground temperature and the content of carbon dioxide, and provide a favorable environment for the growth of fresh tomatoes. As preferably, the mass ratio of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and yeast in this application is 1:2:1.

[0032] Furthermore, in step S20, during the tomato fruit expansion period, the auxiliary matrix is ​​added twice, the first time is added in the early stage of the fruit expansion period, and the second time is added in the late stage of the fruit expansion period. Each time, 0.225kg to 0.375kg of the auxiliary matrix is ​​added per square meter, diluted with water and then watered.

[0033] Specifically, the tomato fruit begins to expand 3 to 4 days after flowering and pollination, and expands fastest in 7 to 20 days, and reaches its limit after 30 days. During the tomato fruit expansion period, in addition to normal water and fertilizer management, the auxiliary matrix is ​​0.045kg / m 2 Up to 0.075kg / m 2Dilute with water and then irrigate. In practical applications, it is usually diluted at 1:200 to 1:400. It should be noted that if the auxiliary matrix and water are diluted and not enough after watering, continue to water until it is completely enough. Preferably, during the fruit expansion period of tomatoes, the auxiliary matrix is ​​added twice, the first time is added in the early stage of the fruit expansion period, and the second time is added in the late stage of the fruit expansion period. Each time, 0.0225kg to 0.0375kg of the auxiliary matrix per square meter is added, and it is diluted with water and then watered. You can choose to add 0.0225kg to 0.0375kg of auxiliary matrix per square meter from the 3rd to 5th day after the tomato blooms and pollinates, that is, in the early stage of the fruit expansion period, and dilute it with water and then irrigate; from the 14th to 17th day after the tomato blooms and pollinates, that is, in the late stage of the fruit expansion period, add 0.0225kg to 0.0375kg of auxiliary matrix per square meter, and dilute it with water and then irrigate;

[0034] The present invention discloses a soilless cultivation method for fresh tomatoes that prevents fruit cracking. Through the combined action of substrate A, substrate B and microbial agents, the microbial agents are added twice during the fruit swelling period of tomatoes, which can effectively reduce the fruit cracking rate of fresh tomatoes. Experiments show that the method can reduce the fruit cracking rate of fresh tomatoes to 9.2%, which is 11.8% lower than the fruit cracking rate of ordinary soil cultivation, with a reduction rate of 56%.

[0035] For example, the soilless cultivation method of fresh-eating tomatoes with anti-cracking fruit is adopted, and the specific steps are as follows:

[0036] Preparation of cultivation medium: Add peat and rice husk into the cultivation trough, then add ceramsite, perlite and gravel as well as 1.35kg / m2 of wine grape residue. 2 Up to 1.65kg / m 2 ; Add base fertilizer, which is fully decomposed and fermented organic fertilizer, and irrigate the cultivation substrate thoroughly with water;

[0037] Planting: Harden the tomato seedlings before planting. After hardening, move the tomato seedlings that have grown to 15cm to 25cm into the cultivation medium for planting, with an average row spacing of 60cm and a plant spacing of 55cm to 56cm;

[0038] Fertilizer and water management: No topdressing before fruit setting. The first topdressing is done when the first inflorescence blooms. The second topdressing is done after the first bunch of fruits are picked. The third topdressing is done after the second bunch of fruits are picked. Water the plants in time after planting.

[0039] Pruning and pruning: Pruning is done when the side buds grow to 5cm;

[0040] Fruit expansion period: In addition to normal water and fertilizer management, microbial agents are added twice during the fruit expansion period. The first time is added in the early stage of the fruit expansion period, and the second time is added in the late stage of the fruit expansion period. Each time, 0.0225kg to 0.0375kg of microbial agents are added per square meter, diluted with water and then watered;

[0041] Pest and disease control: Use insect-proof nets, hang yellow boards and introduce aphid wasps to control whiteflies and whiteflies; use hanging moth traps, trapping lights and set up isolation belts in front of the shed to control cabbage loopers; hang an ozone generator in the middle of the plot to prevent fungal and bacterial diseases.

[0042] The technical solutions and technical effects of the present invention are further illustrated below through specific embodiments.

[0043] 1. Experimental materials and methods:

[0044] The experimental period is from August 2021 to February 2023; the first phase of the experiment is from August 2021 to February 2022; the second phase of the experiment is from August 2022 to February 2023; and the third phase of the experiment is from August 2023 to February 2024.

[0045] The experimental field is located in the state-owned Lianhu Farm in the northern suburbs of Qingtongxia City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. It is located in the western inland and has a temperate continental semi-arid climate. There is no severe cold in winter and no scorching heat in summer. The annual precipitation is about 260 mm, the annual evaporation is 2000 mm, and the annual average temperature is 9.4℃.

[0046] The experimental field adopts block design, with 17 blocks. For the convenience of marking, each block is marked as A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, B7, C8. Among them, A5, A6, B7, and C8 are set up with parallel experiments, marked as A51, A52, A61, A62, A63, A64, A65, A66, B71, B72, C81, C82, and C83. Each block is planted with 100 plants, 5 rows, 20 plants per row, and the row spacing × plant spacing is 60×55cm. The area of ​​each block is about 33m 2 ; Other cultivation management is the same as general field production.

[0047] The fresh tomato variety chosen is "Provence" tomato.

[0048] The inorganic matter is a mixture of expanded clay, perlite and gravel in a mass ratio of 2:1:1; the expanded clay is clay; and the gravel is fine gravel with a particle size of 2 mm to 10 mm.

[0049] The wine-making grape residue comes from Huangkou Winery on the eastern foot of Helan Mountain in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and the alcohol content is tested to be 11.3%.

[0050] The base fertilizer for tomatoes is fully decomposed and fermented organic fertilizer, and the topdressing is a triple compound fertilizer.

[0051] 2. Determination of fruit cracking rate:

[0052] During the tomato ripening period, the number of cracked fruits and the total number of picked fruits were counted each time, and then the cracking rate of tomatoes during the entire ripening period was calculated based on the data recorded each time. The calculation formula is:

[0053] Fruit cracking rate = (number of cracked fruits / total number of fruits) × 100%

[0054] 3. Blank example

[0055] Preparation of cultivation medium: At the end of August 2021, add soil to the cultivation trough in area A1, mix in base fertilizer, which is fully decomposed and fermented organic fertilizer, and irrigate the cultivation medium thoroughly with water;

[0056] Planting: Planting will be carried out from September 20 to 30, 2021. Before planting, the tomato seedlings will be hardened. After hardening, the tomato seedlings that have grown to 15cm to 25cm will be moved into the soil for planting. With an average row spacing of 60cm and plant spacing of 55cm to 56cm, about 100 plants will be planted;

[0057] Fertilizer and water management: No topdressing before fruit setting. The first topdressing is done when the first inflorescence blooms. The second topdressing is done after the first bunch of fruits are picked. The third topdressing is done after the second bunch of fruits are picked. Topdressing is done with triple compound fertilizer. Water the plants in time after planting.

[0058] Pruning and pruning: Pruning is done when the side buds grow to 5cm;

[0059] Fruit swelling period: normal water and fertilizer management, tillage and loosen the soil within 3 to 5 days after each watering, with a tillage depth of 3 to 5 cm;

[0060] Pest and disease control: Use insect-proof nets, hang yellow boards and introduce aphid wasps to control whiteflies and whiteflies; use hanging moth traps, trapping lights and set up isolation belts in front of the shed to control cabbage loopers; hang an ozone generator in the middle of the plot to prevent fungal and bacterial diseases.

[0061] 4. Comparative Example 1

[0062] Preparation of cultivation substrate: At the end of August 2021, add substrate B into the cultivation trough in area A2. Substrate B is a mixture of peat and rice husk in a mass ratio of 2:1. Add base fertilizer, which is fully decomposed and fermented organic fertilizer, and water the cultivation substrate thoroughly.

[0063] Planting: Planting will be carried out from September 20 to 30, 2021. Before planting, the tomato seedlings will be hardened. After hardening, the tomato seedlings that have grown to 15cm to 25cm will be moved into the cultivation medium for planting. With an average row spacing of 60cm and plant spacing of 55cm to 56cm, about 100 plants will be planted;

[0064] Fertilizer and water management: No topdressing before fruit setting. The first topdressing is done when the first inflorescence blooms. The second topdressing is done after the first bunch of fruits are picked. The third topdressing is done after the second bunch of fruits are picked. Topdressing is done with triple compound fertilizer. Water the plants in time after planting.

[0065] Pruning and pruning: Pruning is done when the side buds grow to 5cm;

[0066] Fruit expansion period: normal water and fertilizer management;

[0067] Pest and disease control: Use insect-proof nets, hang yellow boards and introduce aphid wasps to control whiteflies and whiteflies; use hanging moth traps, trapping lights and set up isolation belts in front of the shed to control cabbage loopers; hang an ozone generator in the middle of the plot to prevent fungal and bacterial diseases.

[0068] 5. Comparative Example 2

[0069] Preparation of cultivation medium: At the end of August 2021, add substrate B to the cultivation trough in area A3, and then add inorganic matter. The mass ratio of substrate B to inorganic matter is 1:0.8. Substrate B is a mixture of peat and rice husk at a mass ratio of 1:2. Add it to the cultivation trough and add base fertilizer. The base fertilizer is fully decomposed and fermented organic fertilizer. Water the cultivation medium thoroughly.

[0070] Planting: Planting will be carried out from September 20 to 30, 2021. Before planting, the tomato seedlings will be hardened. After hardening, the tomato seedlings that have grown to 15cm to 25cm will be moved into the cultivation medium for planting. With an average row spacing of 60cm and plant spacing of 55cm to 56cm, about 100 plants will be planted;

[0071] Fertilizer and water management: No topdressing before fruit setting. The first topdressing is done when the first inflorescence blooms. The second topdressing is done after the first bunch of fruits are picked. The third topdressing is done after the second bunch of fruits are picked. Topdressing is done with triple compound fertilizer. Water the plants in time after planting.

[0072] Pruning and pruning: Pruning is done when the side buds grow to 5cm;

[0073] Fruit expansion period: normal water and fertilizer management;

[0074] Pest and disease control: Use insect-proof nets, hang yellow boards and introduce aphid wasps to control whiteflies and whiteflies; use hanging moth traps, trapping lights and set up isolation belts in front of the shed to control cabbage loopers; hang an ozone generator in the middle of the plot to prevent fungal and bacterial diseases.

[0075] 6. Comparative Example 3

[0076] Preparation of cultivation medium: At the end of August 2021, add organic matter and substrate B into the cultivation trough in area A4, then add organic matter, the mass ratio of substrate B to organic matter is 1:0.2, substrate B is a mixture of peat and rice husk at a mass ratio of 1:2, add base fertilizer, the base fertilizer is fully decomposed and fermented organic fertilizer, and water the cultivation medium thoroughly;

[0077] Planting: Planting will be carried out from September 20 to 30, 2021. Before planting, the tomato seedlings will be hardened. After hardening, the tomato seedlings that have grown to 15cm to 25cm will be moved into the cultivation medium for planting. With an average row spacing of 60cm and plant spacing of 55cm to 56cm, about 100 plants will be planted;

[0078] Fertilizer and water management: No topdressing before fruit setting. The first topdressing is done when the first inflorescence blooms. The second topdressing is done after the first bunch of fruits are picked. The third topdressing is done after the second bunch of fruits are picked. Topdressing is done with triple compound fertilizer. Water the plants in time after planting.

[0079] Pruning and pruning: Pruning is done when the side buds grow to 5cm;

[0080] Fruit expansion period: normal water and fertilizer management;

[0081] Pest and disease control: Use insect-proof nets, hang yellow boards and introduce aphid wasps to control whiteflies and whiteflies; use hanging moth traps, trapping lights and set up isolation belts in front of the shed to control cabbage loopers; hang an ozone generator in the middle of the plot to prevent fungal and bacterial diseases.

[0082] 7. Embodiment 1

[0083] In this embodiment, two parallel experiments were set up, and the experiments were conducted in the A51 and A52 areas respectively;

[0084] Soil preparation: At the end of August 2021, add substrate B to areas A51 and A52 respectively. Substrate B is a mixture of peat and rice husk in a mass ratio of 1:2, and add substrate A according to the proportion in Table 1; add base fertilizer, which is fully decomposed and fermented organic fertilizer, and form ridges with a ridge width of 65 cm, a ridge spacing of 55 cm, and a ridge height of 15 cm;

[0085] Planting: Planting will be carried out from September 20 to 30, 2021. Before planting, the tomato seedlings will be hardened. After hardening, the tomato seedlings that have grown to 15cm to 25cm will be moved into the soil for planting. With an average row spacing of 60cm and plant spacing of 55cm to 56cm, about 100 plants will be planted;

[0086] Fertilizer and water management: No topdressing before fruit setting. The first topdressing is done when the first inflorescence blooms. The second topdressing is done after the first bunch of fruits are picked. The third topdressing is done after the second bunch of fruits are picked. Topdressing is done with triple compound fertilizer. Water the plants in time after planting.

[0087] Pruning and pruning: Pruning is done when the side buds grow to 5cm;

[0088] Fruit swelling period: normal water and fertilizer management, tillage and loosen the soil within 3 to 5 days after each watering, with a tillage depth of 3 to 5 cm;

[0089] Pest and disease control: Use insect-proof nets, hang yellow boards and introduce aphid wasps to control whiteflies and whiteflies; use hanging moth traps, trapping lights and set up isolation belts in front of the shed to control cabbage loopers; hang an ozone generator in the middle of the plot to prevent fungal and bacterial diseases.

[0090] Table 1 Example 1 Ratio of inorganic and organic matter (mass ratio)

[0091] Example 1 Inorganic matter: Organic matter Substrate A: Substrate B A51 4:1 1:1 A52 5:1 1:2

[0092] The tomato fruit cracking rate was measured for the above blank example, comparative example and Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.

[0093] Table 2 Determination of tomato fruit cracking rate

[0094]

[0095] As can be seen from the above table, the A1 area of ​​the blank example is ordinary soil, and fresh tomatoes are planted according to normal water and fertilizer management. The A2 area of ​​the comparative example 1 is to use only substrate B as the cultivation matrix, and its tomato cracking rate is not significantly different from the blank example; the A3 area of ​​the comparative example 2 is to add inorganic matter as the cultivation matrix on the basis of substrate B to plant fresh tomatoes, and its fruit cracking rate is not significantly different from the blank example and comparative example 1; the A4 area of ​​the comparative example 3 is to add organic matter as the cultivation matrix on the basis of substrate B to plant fresh tomatoes, and its fruit cracking rate is not significantly different from the blank example and comparative example 1; Example 1 (A51 to A52 area) is to add substrate A on the basis of substrate B, that is, inorganic matter, organic matter and substrate B are used as the cultivation matrix to plant fresh tomatoes. The fruit cracking rate, as can be seen from the data in the table, when substrate A is added, the fruit cracking rate is not much different from that of the blank example, and when the mass ratio of inorganic matter to organic matter is (4:1) to (5:1), the fruit cracking rate of tomatoes is also not significantly different.

[0096] 7. Embodiment 2

[0097] In this embodiment, six parallel experiments were set up, and the experiments were conducted in areas A61, A62, A63, A64, A65, and A66 respectively;

[0098] Preparation of cultivation substrate: At the end of August 2021, add substrate B into the cultivation trough, with a mass ratio of substrate A to substrate B of 1:1. The addition of inorganic and organic matter in substrate A is shown in Table 3, and substrate B is a mixture of peat and rice husk at a mass ratio of 1:2; add base fertilizer, which is fully decomposed and fermented organic fertilizer, and water the cultivation substrate thoroughly;

[0099] Planting: Planting will be carried out from September 20 to 30, 2021. Before planting, the tomato seedlings will be hardened. After hardening, the tomato seedlings that have grown to 15cm to 25cm will be moved into the cultivation medium for planting. With an average row spacing of 60cm and plant spacing of 55cm to 56cm, about 100 plants will be planted;

[0100] Fertilizer and water management: No topdressing before fruit setting. The first topdressing is done when the first inflorescence blooms. The second topdressing is done after the first bunch of fruits are picked. The third topdressing is done after the second bunch of fruits are picked. Topdressing is done with triple compound fertilizer. Water the plants in time after planting.

[0101] Pruning and pruning: Pruning is done when the side buds grow to 5cm;

[0102] Fruit swelling period: During the fruit swelling period of tomatoes, in addition to normal water and fertilizer management, add 0.045kg to 0.075kg of microbial agent per square meter from the 3rd to the 5th day after flowering and pollination. The microbial agent is Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and yeast in a mass ratio of 1:1:1, diluted with water at 1:300 and then watered.

[0103] Pest and disease control: Use insect-proof nets, hang yellow boards and introduce aphid wasps to control whiteflies and whiteflies; use hanging moth traps, trapping lights and set up isolation belts in front of the shed to control cabbage loopers; hang an ozone generator in the middle of the plot to prevent fungal and bacterial diseases.

[0104] Table 3 Example 2 Microbial Agent Dosage

[0105]

[0106] The tomato fruit cracking rate of Example 3 was measured. The results are shown in Table 4.

[0107] Table 4 Determination of tomato fruit cracking rate II

[0108]

[0109] As can be seen from Table 4, in Example 2, the fruit cracking rate of tomatoes in region A61 was not significantly reduced compared with the blank example and comparative example 1 (region A2) under the condition that only microbial agents were added on the basis of substrate B; the fruit cracking rates of tomatoes in regions A62, A63 and A65 were 16.6%, 16.3% and 16.5% respectively under the condition that organic matter and microbial agents were added on the basis of substrate B, which was somewhat reduced compared with the blank example and comparative example 1; the fruit cracking rates of tomatoes in regions A64 and A66 were 16.6%, 16.3% and 16.5% respectively under the condition that organic matter and microbial agents were added on the basis of substrate B, which was significantly reduced compared with the blank example and comparative example 1; the fruit cracking rates of tomatoes in regions A65 and A67 were 16.6%, 16.3% and 16.5% respectively under the condition that organic matter and microbial agents were added on the basis of substrate B, which was significantly reduced compared with the blank example and comparative example 1; the fruit cracking rates of tomatoes in regions A68 and A69 were 16.6%, 16.3% and 16.5% respectively under the condition that organic matter and microbial agents were added on the basis of substrate B, which was significantly reduced compared with the blank example and comparative example 1; the fruit cracking rates of tomatoes in regions A69 and A70 were 16.6%, 16.3% and 16.5% respectively under the condition that organic matter and microbial agents were added on the basis of substrate B, which was significantly reduced compared with the blank example and comparative example 1; the fruit cracking rates of tomatoes in regions A71 and A72 were 16.6%, 16.3% and 16.5% respectively under the condition that organic matter and microbial agents were added on the basis of substrate B, which was significantly reduced compared with the blank example and comparative example 1; the fruit cracking rates of tomatoes in regions A73 The fruit cracking rates of tomatoes were 13.7% and 14.2% respectively, which were further reduced compared with those in A62, A63 and A65, with an average reduction of 2.45%; the fruit cracking rate of tomatoes in A64 area was reduced to 13.7%, which was 7.3% lower than that in the blank case, with a reduction rate of 37.8%, indicating that adding substrate A as the cultivation substrate on the basis of substrate B and adding microbial fertilizer during the fruit swelling period can reduce the fruit cracking rate of tomatoes under the combined effect of these two.

[0110] 8. Embodiment 3

[0111] In this embodiment, two parallel experiments were set up, and the experiments were conducted in areas B71 and B72 respectively;

[0112] Preparation of cultivation substrate: At the end of August 2022, add substrate B into the cultivation trough in areas B71 and B72 respectively. Substrate B is a mixture of peat and rice husk in a mass ratio of 1:2. At the same time, add substrate A to area B71, where substrate B: inorganic matter: organic matter is 1:0.8:0.2 (mass ratio), and add 0.06kg / m 2 , the microbial agent is prepared with Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and yeast in a mass ratio of 1:1:1; substrate A is added to the B72 area, wherein substrate B: inorganic matter: organic matter is 1:0.8:0.2 (mass ratio); base fertilizer is added, and the base fertilizer is fully decomposed and fermented organic fertilizer; the cultivation substrate is irrigated with water;

[0113] Planting: Planting will be carried out from September 20 to 30, 2022. Before planting, the tomato seedlings will be hardened. After hardening, the tomato seedlings that have grown to 15cm to 25cm will be moved into the cultivation medium for planting. With an average row spacing of 60cm and plant spacing of 55cm to 56cm, about 100 plants will be planted;

[0114] Fertilizer and water management: No topdressing before fruit setting. The first topdressing is done when the first inflorescence blooms. The second topdressing is done after the first bunch of fruits are picked. The third topdressing is done after the second bunch of fruits are picked. Topdressing is done with triple compound fertilizer. Water the plants in time after planting.

[0115] Pruning and pruning: Pruning is done when the side buds grow to 5cm;

[0116] Fruit expansion period: During the fruit expansion period of tomatoes, normal water and fertilizer management was carried out in area B71; in addition to normal water and fertilizer management, microbial agents were added twice during the entire fruit expansion period in area B72. The first time was from the 3rd to the 5th day after the tomato blossomed and pollinated, and the second time was from the 14th to the 17th day after the tomato blossomed and pollinated. Each time, 0.03 kg of microbial agent was added per square meter. The microbial agent was prepared with a mass ratio of 1:1:1 for Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and yeast, and diluted with water at a ratio of 1:300 before irrigation.

[0117] Pest and disease control: Use insect-proof nets, hang yellow boards and introduce aphid wasps to control whiteflies and whiteflies; use hanging moth traps, trapping lights and set up isolation belts in front of the shed to control cabbage loopers; hang an ozone generator in the middle of the plot to prevent fungal and bacterial diseases.

[0118] The tomato fruit cracking rate of Example 3 was measured. The results are shown in Table 5.

[0119] Table 5 Determination of tomato fruit cracking rate

[0120]

[0121] As shown in Table 5, in area A64, substrate A (i.e., inorganic and organic matter) was added to substrate B during the preparation of the cultivation medium, and microbial agents were added in the early stage of tomato fruit expansion. The fruit cracking rate of tomatoes was reduced to 13.7%, which was 7.3% lower than that of the blank case, with a reduction rate of 37.8%. In area B71, substrate A and microbial agents were added to substrate B during the preparation of the cultivation medium. Although the fruit cracking rate of tomatoes was lower than that of the blank case, it was higher than that of area A64, indicating that the addition of substrate A and microbial agents during the preparation of the cultivation medium was effective. When the agent was added to substrate B at the same time during the cultivation substrate preparation period, the effect was not as good as adding substrate A during the cultivation substrate preparation period. Adding the microbial agent in the early stage of tomato fruit expansion was more effective in improving tomato fruit cracking; in area B72, when substrate A was added during the cultivation substrate preparation period and the method of adding the microbial agent was improved to adding it in the early and late stages of the fruit expansion period respectively, the tomato fruit cracking rate was further reduced to 11.4%, which was 2.3% lower than that in area A64, with a reduction rate of 16.8%; the fruit cracking rate was reduced by 9.6% compared with the ordinary planting method of the blank example, with a reduction rate of 45.7%.

[0122] 9. Embodiment 4

[0123] In this embodiment, three parallel experiments were set up, and the experiments were conducted in the C81, C82, and C83 regions respectively;

[0124] Preparation of cultivation medium: At the end of August 2023, add substrate B into the cultivation troughs in areas C81, C82, and C83 respectively. Substrate B is a mixture of peat and rice husk at a mass ratio of 1:2, and then add substrate A, where substrate B: inorganic matter: organic matter is 1:0.8:0.2 (mass ratio), add base fertilizer, which is fully decomposed and fermented organic fertilizer, and irrigate the cultivation medium thoroughly with water;

[0125] Planting: Planting will be carried out from September 20 to 30, 2023. Before planting, the tomato seedlings will be hardened. After hardening, the tomato seedlings that have grown to 15 cm to 25 cm will be moved into the cultivation medium for planting. With an average row spacing of 60 cm and a plant spacing of 55 to 56 cm, about 100 plants will be planted;

[0126] Fertilizer and water management: No topdressing before fruit setting. The first topdressing is done when the first inflorescence blooms. The second topdressing is done after the first bunch of fruits are picked. The third topdressing is done after the second bunch of fruits are picked. Topdressing is done with triple compound fertilizer. Water the plants in time after planting.

[0127] Pruning and pruning: Pruning is done when the side buds grow to 5cm;

[0128] Fruit expansion period: In addition to normal water and fertilizer management, microbial agents are added twice during the fruit expansion period. The first time is 5 to 10 days after the tomato blooms and pollinates, and the second time is 25 to 30 days after the tomato blooms and pollinates. Each time, 0.03 kg of microbial agent is added and diluted with water at a ratio of 1:300 before irrigation. The proportions of microbial agents in C81, C82, and C83 areas are as shown in Table 6.

[0129] Pest and disease control: Use insect-proof nets, hang yellow boards and introduce aphid wasps to control whiteflies and whiteflies; use hanging moth traps, trapping lights and set up isolation belts in front of the shed to control cabbage loopers; hang an ozone generator in the middle of the plot to prevent fungal and bacterial diseases.

[0130] The tomato fruit cracking rate of Example 4 was measured. The results are shown in Table 7.

[0131] Table 6 Example 4 Microbial Agent Ratio

[0132]

[0133] Table 7 Determination of tomato fruit cracking rate

[0134] C81 C82 C83 Tomato fruit cracking rate (%) 11.1 9.2 10.8

[0135] It can be seen from Table 7 that when the microbial agent is composed of different mass ratios of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and yeast, it will also affect the fruit cracking rate of tomatoes. When the mass ratio of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and yeast is 1:1:1 (B72 region), 2:1:1 (C81 region) and 1:1:2 (C83 region), the fruit cracking rate of tomatoes is not much different, which are 11.4%, 11.1% and 10.8% respectively. When the mass ratio of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and yeast is 1:2:1 (C82 region), the fruit cracking rate of tomatoes has been significantly reduced to 9.2%, which is 11.8% lower than the blank case, and the reduction rate is 56%.

[0136] Table 8 Summary of tomato fruit cracking rate

[0137]

[0138] Please refer to Table 8. In the first experimental period, the A1 plot of the blank example was ordinary soil, and fresh tomatoes were planted according to normal water and fertilizer management. The A2 area of ​​the comparative example 1 used only substrate B as the cultivation matrix, and its tomato cracking rate was not significantly different from that of the blank example; the A3 area of ​​the comparative example 2 was to plant fresh tomatoes by adding inorganic matter as the cultivation matrix on the basis of substrate B, and its fruit cracking rate was not significantly different from that of the blank example and comparative example 1; the A4 area of ​​the comparative example 3 was to plant fresh tomatoes by adding organic matter as the cultivation matrix on the basis of substrate B, and its fruit cracking rate was not significantly different from that of the blank example and comparative example 1; Example 1 (A51 to A52 areas) was to add substrate A on the basis of substrate B, that is, inorganic matter, organic matter and substrate B were used as the cultivation matrix to plant fresh tomatoes. It can be seen from the data in the table that when substrate A was added, the fruit cracking rate was not much different from that of the blank example, and when the mass ratio of inorganic matter to organic matter was (4:1) to (5:1), the fruit cracking rate of tomatoes was also not significantly different. In Example 2 (A61 to A66 regions), A61 region is the condition where only microbial agents were added to substrate B, and the fruit cracking rate of tomatoes was not significantly reduced compared with the blank example and comparative example 1 (A2 region); A62, A63 and A65 regions are the conditions where organic matter and microbial agents were added to substrate B at the same time, and the fruit cracking rates of tomatoes were 16.6%, 16.3% and 16.5%, respectively, which were somewhat reduced compared with the blank example and comparative example 1; A64 and A66 regions are the conditions where substrate B was added with organic matter and microbial agents. A (i.e. inorganic matter and organic matter) and microbial agents, the tomato fruit cracking rates were 13.7% and 14.2% respectively, which were further reduced compared with those in A62, A63 and A65, with an average reduction of 2.45%; among them, the tomato fruit cracking rate in A64 area was reduced to 13.7%, which was 7.3% lower than that in the blank case, with a reduction rate of 37.8%, indicating that adding substrate A as the cultivation substrate on the basis of substrate B and adding microbial fertilizer during the fruit swelling period can reduce the tomato fruit cracking rate under the combined effect of these two.

[0139] In the second phase of the experiment, that is, Example 3 (B71 to B72 areas), in area B71, substrate A and microbial agents were added to substrate B at the same time during the preparation period of the cultivation matrix. Although the fruit cracking rate of tomatoes was lower than that of the blank example, it was higher than that of area A64, indicating that adding substrate A and microbial agents to substrate B at the same time during the preparation period of the cultivation matrix was not as effective as adding substrate A during the preparation period of the cultivation matrix. The method of adding microbial agents in the early stage of the tomato fruit expansion period was more effective in improving tomato fruit cracking; in area B72, substrate A was added during the preparation period of the cultivation matrix, and the method of adding microbial agents was improved to adding them in the early stage and late stage of the fruit expansion period respectively. The fruit cracking rate of tomatoes was further reduced to 11.4%, which was 2.3% lower than that of area A64, with a reduction rate of 16.8%; the fruit cracking rate was reduced by 9.6% compared with the ordinary planting method of the blank example, with a reduction rate of 45.7%.

[0140] In the third experiment, that is, Example 4 (C81 to C83 region), when the microbial agent is composed of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and yeast in different mass ratios, the fruit cracking rate of tomatoes will also be affected. When the mass ratio of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and yeast is 1:1:1 (B72 region), 2:1:1 (C81 region), and 1:1:2 (C83 region), the fruit cracking rate of tomatoes is not much different, which are 11.4%, 11.1%, and 10.8% respectively. When the mass ratio of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and yeast is 1:2:1 (C82 region), the fruit cracking rate of tomatoes has been significantly reduced to 9.2%, which is 11.8% lower than the blank example, and the reduction rate is 56%.

[0141] In summary, the soilless cultivation method of fresh tomatoes with anti-cracking fruit of the present application includes: S10, preparation of cultivation substrate, adding substrate B into the cultivation trough and then adding substrate A, the mass ratio of substrate A and substrate B is 1:1 to 1:2; wherein, substrate A includes inorganic matter and organic matter, the inorganic matter includes ceramsite, perlite and gravel, and the organic matter includes wine grape pomace; S20, during the fruit swelling period of tomatoes, the auxiliary substrate is diluted with water and then watered, and 0.045kg to 0.075kg of auxiliary substrate is added per square meter, and the auxiliary substrate includes microbial agents. By applying substrate A and auxiliary substrate to different stages of fresh tomato planting respectively, under the joint action of substrate A, substrate B and microbial agents, the fruit cracking rate of fresh tomatoes can be greatly reduced, and the method is easy to control, simple and convenient to operate, and saves manpower.

[0142] The above description is only a specific implementation mode of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any technician familiar with the technical field can easily think of various equivalent modifications or substitutions within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, and these modifications or substitutions should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A soilless cultivation method for fresh-eating tomatoes that prevents fruit cracking, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S10, preparing a cultivation substrate, wherein the cultivation substrate comprises a substrate A and a substrate B; the mass ratio of the substrate A to the substrate B is 1:1 to 1:2; the substrate A comprises inorganic matter and organic matter, the inorganic matter comprises ceramsite, perlite and gravel, and the organic matter comprises wine grape pomace; the substrate B comprises peat and rice husk; S20, during the tomato fruit expansion period, the auxiliary matrix is ​​diluted with water and then watered. 0.045 kg to 0.075 kg of the auxiliary matrix is ​​added per square meter. The auxiliary matrix includes microbial agents.

2. The method for soilless cultivation of fresh-eating tomatoes with crack-resistant fruits according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S20, during the tomato fruit expansion period, the auxiliary matrix is ​​added twice, the first time is added in the early stage of the fruit expansion period, and the second time is added in the late stage of the fruit expansion period. Each time, 0.0225 kg to 0.0375 kg of the auxiliary matrix is ​​added per square meter, diluted with water and then watered.

3. The soilless cultivation method for fresh-eating tomatoes with crack-resistant fruits according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S10, the mass ratio of the inorganic matter to the organic matter is 4:1 to 5:

1.

4. The soilless cultivation method for fresh-eating tomatoes with crack-resistant fruits according to claim 1, characterized in that: The mass ratio of the ceramsite, perlite and gravel is 2:1:

1.

5. The method for soilless cultivation of fresh-eating tomatoes with crack-resistant fruits according to claim 4, characterized in that: The ceramsite is clay ceramsite.

6. The method for soilless cultivation of fresh-eating tomatoes with crack-resistant fruits according to claim 4, characterized in that: The gravel is fine gravel with a particle size of 2 mm to 10 mm.

7. The method for soilless cultivation of fresh-eating tomatoes with crack-resistant fruits according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S10, the mass ratio of the peat to the rice husk is 1:1 to 3:

1.

8. The composite cultivation matrix for fresh-eating tomatoes with anti-cracking fruit according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S10, the alcohol content in the wine grape residue is less than 15%.

9. The method for soilless cultivation of fresh-eating tomatoes with crack-resistant fruits according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S20, the microbial agent includes Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and yeast.

10. The soilless cultivation method for fresh-eating tomatoes with crack-proof fruit according to claim 9, characterized in that: The mass ratio of the Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and yeast is 1:2:1.

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