Radiation refrigeration and electric heating integrated glass structure and preparation process

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of preparation of glass with special performance, in particular to a radiation refrigeration and electric heating integrated glass structure and a preparation method. The technical problem to be solved is that the glass with the radiation refrigeration function actively emits heat in a low-temperature environment so as to eliminate the technical problem that the surface is frosted at an extremely low temperature. The radiation refrigeration and electric heating integrated glass structurally comprises glass, PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane), glass, an ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) film, PVB (Polyvinyl Butyral) and glass which are sequentially arranged from top to bottom, and a lead is arranged between the ITO film and the PVB. Through coordinated work of ITO and PDMS and synchronous coupling of electric control Joule heat and passive radiation, a building or an automobile is cooled in summer, and the PDMS layer efficiently radiates heat through an 8-13 [mu] m atmosphere window, so that the surface temperature is lower than the environment temperature by 5-8 DEG C. In winter, after the ITO film layer in the electric heating shielding glass is electrified, electric energy is converted into Joule heat, and rapid temperature rise can be achieved through extremely small square resistance of the ITO film layer.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of special performance glass preparation technology, specifically to an integrated glass structure and preparation method for radiation cooling and electric heating. Background Technology

[0002] Glass is a great invention of humankind. It is widely used in buildings and transportation, allowing light to pass through while also blocking air, creating an atmosphere where sunlight can still be enjoyed in relatively enclosed spaces. The application of glass has greatly improved the comfort of human life and work.

[0003] Ordinary glass transmits light, but it also transmits heat radiation, causing the temperature inside buildings or vehicles to rise. For example, a car with glass covering more than 30% of its body can experience a sudden temperature increase of 60°C under the summer sun; and building curtain walls transmit nearly 90% of solar radiation. Therefore, people must find ways to cool these spaces. Globally, approximately 40%-50% of energy consumption in the building and transportation sectors is used for indoor / vehicle temperature control. The automotive and building sectors face even greater challenges during the summer.

[0004] To save energy, Count Rumford proposed the concept of radiation cooling in 1804, leading to the design of radiation cooling materials. The main functional layers of radiation cooling materials consist of an emitting layer and a reflective layer. The emitting layer is primarily responsible for transmitting light through atmospheric windows. Figure 1 (8-13 μm) It emits long-wave infrared radiation to achieve passive cooling. The reflective layer is mainly responsible for reflecting sunlight in the 0.3~2.5 μm band, reducing the heating of the radiative cooling panel by solar heat. This technology can achieve passive cooling in summer, realizing passive cooling in indoor / vehicle interiors and avoiding energy waste.

[0005] While radiant cooling, as an innovative technology, can achieve passive cooling, it's insufficient for summer cooling in the automotive field. In winter, cars with windows covering over 30% of the vehicle's surface experience severe frost buildup on the inner side of the glass due to the large temperature difference between the inside and outside, making defrosting difficult and obstructing visibility. Existing solutions using electrically heated glass for defrosting and heating address this issue, but while providing heating, they lack the ability to cool in summer. Therefore, developing dynamic thermal management glass that integrates cooling and heating is a key breakthrough in resolving the dual contradiction of "summer cooling and winter defrosting."

[0006] Radiation-cooled glass has evolved from a single cooling function to a multi-functional one. In 2017, Hu Mingke et al. from the University of Science and Technology of China proposed the idea of ​​integrating solar thermal collection and radiation cooling. This composite device can realize solar thermal collection during the day and radiation cooling at night. In 2021, their team proposed and prepared a solar thermal collection-radiation cooling spectrally selective surface based on PDMS material. However, PDMS as a coating is easily contaminated, leading to reduced efficiency. In 2022, Zhou Zhengui et al. from Huazhong University of Science and Technology studied and prepared a radiation temperature-controlled energy-saving window. It achieves dynamic control of cooling and heating through reversible surface wrinkles and crack formation. Both functions are realized through a radiation temperature-controlled composite film. In 2022, Fan Tingting et al. from Shaanxi University of Science and Technology prepared a radiation cooling film with superhydrophobic self-cleaning properties, but it could not solve the problem of winter temperature effects. In 2023, Min Xinzhe et al. from Nanjing University proposed a double-layer film that uses solar thermal collection and radiation cooling to achieve intelligent temperature control of cooling / heating. Their research still places the film on the surface, and the film's weather resistance becomes a key additional problem.

[0007] Currently, most radiative cooling materials are coated on the surface as paint, which inevitably leads to a decrease in cooling efficiency and a reduction in light transmittance due to the adhesion of contaminants.

[0008] The applicant team previously filed patents: CN202310635312.9, a color-controllable radiative cooling transparent window structure, with a glass layer, a solar spectrum reflective layer of (Al2O3 / Ag(10nm) / TiO2)n, and a thermal infrared emitting layer of SiO2 or PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane); and CN202311402197.7, a colorless transparent viewing window combining radiative cooling and sun shading, using PET / metal Ag mesh / ITO film / glass / PDMS, exhibiting high absorption and low transmission in the ultraviolet band; high absorption in the near-infrared band; high transmission in the visible light band; and high emission in the mid- and far-infrared bands (radiative cooling). This structure combines multiple functions including sun shading, colorless transparency, and radiative cooling.

[0009] Both structures can achieve passive radiative cooling. In winter, the glass is rotated using a hinge, and its high reflectivity in both near-ultraviolet and thermal infrared light provides insulation. However, they do not solve the problem of active heating of the glass to increase its surface temperature and prevent frost formation. Summary of the Invention

[0010] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is that glass with radiation cooling function actively heats up in a low-temperature environment to eliminate the technical problem of surface frost formation at extremely low temperatures.

[0011] The technical solution described in this invention is an integrated glass for radiation cooling and electric heating, the structure of which includes glass / PDMS / glass / ITO film / PVB / glass arranged sequentially from top to bottom, with leads provided between the ITO film / PVB.

[0012] The outer glass layer is a protective layer. The PDMS mentioned is the emission layer. The adhesive layer is PVB. The ITO film layer is a conductive heating layer.

[0013] The structure described in this invention utilizes the advantages of PDMS after curing, namely high toughness, transparency, and wide temperature range stability against depolymerization, while also applying its inherent radiative cooling function. It is not easily damaged during use, and its thermal cycle life is extended to over 5000 cycles. This invention also features electric heating, superior mechanical properties, and good weather resistance.

[0014] This invention places PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) within the inner layer of glass as a radiative cooling layer, i.e., an emitting layer. This provides good mechanical stability, preventing surface wear and attenuation of the emissivity in the atmospheric window band (8-13 μm) due to wind and sand erosion, UV aging, and rain erosion when exposed to the external environment. The ITO film serves both as a spectral reflective layer to reflect solar energy for auxiliary cooling and as a heating element in a conductive state. This achieves dynamic coupling of cooling and heating. It solves the problems of high temperatures and poor heat dissipation in cars exposed to the sun in summer, and the difficulties and slow defoggering of windshields in winter driving.

[0015] This invention utilizes the coordinated operation of ITO and PDMS, and the synchronous coupling of electrically controlled Joule heating and passive radiation. In summer, it cools buildings or vehicles by allowing the PDMS layer to efficiently radiate heat through an 8-13 μm atmospheric window, keeping its surface temperature 5-8°C lower than the ambient temperature. In winter, when electricity is applied to the ITO film layer in the electrically heated shielding glass, electrical energy is converted into Joule heat, and its extremely low sheet resistance enables rapid heating.

[0016] Furthermore, a fabrication process for an integrated radiative cooling and electric heating glass structure includes the following steps: 1. Materials required: The composite glass consists of two pieces of glass and ITO-coated glass. 2. Clean all samples, such as Figure 4 As shown, a PDMS bonding process is used to bond the outer protective glass to the other side of the ITO coated glass using liquid PDMS. Then, lead wires are set on the coated side of the ITO coated glass, and PVB and outer glass are added. Finally, a vacuum high-pressure thermal composite process is used to integrate it with the last layer of glass.

[0017] The aforementioned leads are two in number, one positive and one negative. When the leads are energized, the current causes the ITO to heat up.

[0018] The leads are processed using a screen printing process, where silver paste is printed onto an ITO film layer to form leads.

[0019] The PDMS bonding process is as follows: (1) Surface treatment of substrate, (2) Mixing adhesive, (3) Applying adhesive, (4) Pre-curing, (5) Lamination, (6) Defoaming, (7) Heating for curing.

[0020] like Figure 5 As shown, the vacuum high-pressure thermal composite integrated process includes: In the lamination room, the PDMS-laminated glass, PVB interlayer film, and glass are laminated together, and then the composite is pressed in the heating chamber to finally obtain glass that integrates radiant cooling and electric heating.

[0021] Vacuum high-pressure thermal bonding is a process that combines multiple materials in a vacuum environment through the combined action of high temperature and high pressure. The principle is to use vacuum to remove air and moisture to avoid oxidation and bubble generation, use high temperature to soften or melt the materials to enhance molecular diffusion and bonding ability, and use high pressure to force the material interfaces to make close contact to eliminate gaps. The process includes steps such as pretreatment, stacking assembly, vacuum sealing, heating and pressurizing, and cooling and removal. It has the advantages of high interface bonding strength and good uniformity.

[0022] This invention constructs a glass / PDMS / ITO coated glass / PVB / glass structure, and the performance of the samples is characterized using GB / T 2680-2021. The test results are as follows: direct solar transmittance is 0.617, reflectance is 0.190, absorptivity is 0.192, and hemispherical emissivity is 0.81. This structure meets the industry requirements of 70% and 75% visible light transmittance for architectural glass and windshields, respectively, and also possesses dual functions of radiant cooling and electric heating. Attached Figure Description

[0023] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the glass film structure of the present invention; Figure 2 Microstructure of the bonding interface between PVB film and glass; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the lead wire structure; Figure 4 This is a flowchart illustrating the preparation process of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a flowchart of the vacuum high-pressure thermal composite process; Figure 6 Diagram of a vacuum high-pressure thermal composite equipment; Figure 7 Direct transmittance of sunlight in the wavelength range of 300-2500 nm; Figure 8 The direct reflectance of sunlight in the wavelength range of 300~2500 nm; Figure 9 The direct absorption ratio of sunlight in the wavelength range of 300~2500 nm. Detailed Implementation

[0024] Example 1, such as Figure 1 As shown, a glass integrating radiative cooling and electric heating has a structure comprising glass / PDMS / glass / ITO film / PVB / glass arranged sequentially from top to bottom, with leads provided between the ITO film / PVB.

[0025] The outer glass layer is a protective layer, and PDMS and PVB also have certain buffering and protective properties; PDMS is the emitting layer, placed between the protective layer and the ITO coating layer, allowing sunlight to enter from this side; The adhesive layer is PVB, a polymer material. It has excellent adhesion to inorganic glass and possesses properties such as transparency, heat resistance, cold resistance, moisture resistance, high mechanical strength, and sound insulation. Furthermore, placing it in the inner layer allows it to effectively block noise transmission by utilizing its damping effect on sound waves. It also blocks ultraviolet (UV) penetration, significantly reducing the harmful effects of UV radiation on people and objects. It is currently the best adhesive material for manufacturing wire mesh reinforced glass. Its microstructure bonded to glass is as follows... Figure 2 The meaning is as shown.

[0026] like Figure 3 As shown, there are two electrode leads, one for the positive electrode and one for the negative electrode, which are connected to the ITO film.

[0027] The ITO film layer is a conductive heating layer that achieves electric heating by passing electricity through leads. It also has a reflective effect on sunlight, and can work with PDMS for cooling in summer and for defrosting in winter. Example 2: A process for fabricating a glass structure using radiation cooling and electric heating. like Figure 4 This is a process flow diagram of the present invention. The required materials are: two pieces of ordinary glass and one piece of ITO coated glass (model NSG TEC). TM K-35 has a sheet resistance of 8 Ω and a thickness of 200 nm. Composite process: Clean all samples, cut three pieces of glass to 120×120 mm, use liquid PDMS to bond the outer protective glass to the other side of the ITO coated glass, cut it to 100 mm×100 mm after bonding, then screen print lead wires on the coated side of the ITO coated glass, and finally use vacuum high pressure thermal lamination to integrate it with the last layer of glass.

[0028] Screen printing uses the mesh of a screen printing plate (made of nylon, stainless steel wire, etc., with some areas sealed by photosensitive emulsion or other materials to form patterns) to print conductive ink onto a substrate (glass, ceramics, etc.) to form the desired electrode pattern.

[0029] For screen printing, a 350-mesh screen was used. A high mesh count ensures a small electrode linewidth (1 mm), preventing short circuits. DuPont 7713 silver paste was selected, with a latex thickness of 20 μm. The squeegee pressure was 0.25 MPa to ensure a paste transfer rate greater than 85%. Too fast a printing speed would result in insufficient filling, while too slow a speed would cause paste skinning; therefore, a printing speed of 50 mm / s was chosen. A stepped heating process (150℃ / 10 min → 280℃ / 15 min → 350℃ / 10 min) was used to ensure the contact resistance between the electrode and the ITO film was less than 0.1 Ω·cm. The electrode edge distance was 20 mm, and the electrode thickness was 8 μm.

[0030] The PDMS lamination process involves coating liquid PDMS (Dow Corning SYLGARD 184) onto a substrate and then bonding it with other layers to form a stable sandwich structure through curing.

[0031] PDMS is fluid in its liquid state and becomes a tough, transparent elastomer after curing. It is stable in a wide temperature range, resistant to depolymerization, and has a certain radiative cooling function.

[0032] Table 1. Performance of Dow Corning Sylgard 184 The PDMS bonding process is specifically as follows: 1. Substrate surface treatment 1.1 Clean the inside of the vacuum chamber of the plasma cleaner to avoid residue affecting the cleaning effect; 1.2, An argon-hydrogen mixture is selected, with an argon-hydrogen mixing ratio of 95:5; 1.3 Place the substrate to be bonded, with the bonding surface facing up, into the vacuum chamber of the plasma cleaner; 1.4. Close the vacuum chamber and evacuate the vacuum chamber. The vacuum level must be < -75 kPa. 1.5. Turn on the gas control system and inject working gas into the vacuum chamber according to the preset flow rate and ratio; start the high-frequency power supply and apply a high-frequency electric field between the electrodes to ionize the gas and form plasma. 1.6 After 1 minute, turn off the power and gas control system, open the exhaust valve, and wait for the air pressure in the vacuum chamber to reach the normal atmospheric pressure before opening the chamber door and taking out the substrate.

[0033] 2. Mixing the adhesives 2.1 Determine the mixing ratio: 10:1; 2.2 Weighing: Weigh 5g of Dow Corning SYLGARD 184 using an electronic balance and measuring cup, then weigh 50g of Dow Corning SYLGARD 184 using a measuring cup; 2.3 Mixing: Slowly pour the weighed Dow Corning SYLGARD 184 of the two components into the mixing cup, stir clockwise 10 times with a glass plate, and then stir counterclockwise 10 times. 2.4 Degassing: Place the mixing cup into a vacuum chamber and evacuate it. The vacuum level must be < -85 kPa. Hold the pressure for 15 minutes. After holding the pressure, remove the mixing cup. 2.5. Filling the container: Pour the glue from the mixing cup into a 50cc standard glue tube.

[0034] 3. Apply glue 3.1 Fixing the substrate: Place the substrate to be bonded onto the worktable of the coating machine, ensuring it is flat and free from slippage; 3.2 Adhesive supply: Connect the coating machine's liquid delivery pipeline to a 50CC standard adhesive hose, start the liquid supply system, purge the air at the front end, and evenly deliver the adhesive to the slot coating head; 3.3, Applying adhesive: Set the coating speed to 2mm / s and the slit head gap to 2mm. Start the coating machine. During the movement of the slit head, a thin adhesive layer is formed between the slit head and the substrate.

[0035] 4. Pre-fixation Place the coated substrate into a heating chamber, set the temperature to 70℃, heat for 5 minutes, and then remove the substrate.

[0036] 5. Fit 5.1) Set the program: process parameters for the bonding process (cavity vacuum: -80KPa, upper adsorption plate vacuum: -90KPa, bonding holding time 60s); 5.2) Lamination: Place the pre-cured substrate on the upper / lower adsorption plate of the dual-station automatic laminator; start the dual-station automatic laminator, and after the program is completed, remove the laminated product.

[0037] 6. Defoaming 6.1) Program settings: Defoamer settings: Pressure: 0.20MPa, Temperature: 35℃, Time: 30 min; 6.2) Defoaming: Place the bonded product into the defoaming machine, close the chamber door, start the program, and open the chamber door after the program ends.

[0038] 7. Strengthening the foundation Place the defoamed product into a heating chamber, set the temperature to 70℃, heat for 15 minutes, and then remove the product.

[0039] 4. Vacuum high-pressure thermal composite integrated process, Vacuum high-pressure thermal bonding is a process performed in a vacuum environment, such as when using... Figure 6 The equipment described herein is a process that combines multiple materials through the combined action of high temperature and high pressure. Its principle is to use vacuum to remove air and moisture to avoid oxidation and bubble generation, use high temperature to soften or melt the materials to enhance molecular diffusion and bonding ability, and use high pressure to force the material interfaces to make close contact to eliminate gaps. The process includes steps such as pretreatment, stacking assembly, vacuum sealing, heating and pressurizing, and cooling and removal. It has the advantages of high interface bonding strength and good uniformity.

[0040] The PDMS-laminated glass was ultrasonically cleaned sequentially with deionized water, acetone, and ethanol for 10 minutes each. Finally, it was rinsed with water containing ≤20 μS to completely demineralize the glass, and then dried with nitrogen. The PVB film was cut to a size slightly larger than the edge by 5 mm. The PVB interlayer was then laminated to the glass in a lamination chamber at a temperature of 18°C ​​and a relative humidity of 25-30%, ensuring the chamber was clean and dust-free. Before heating, a vacuum pre-compression was performed (vacuum degree of -0.9 bar), held for 20 minutes, and then the interstitial gas was removed using a rubber bag. The glass was then heated in a heating chamber at temperature gradients of 70°C, 0.5 MPa, 110°C, 1.0 MPa, 135°C, and 1.2 MPa, holding for 10 minutes each, until the final glass surface temperature reached approximately 135°C. The vacuum degree was maintained below 1 kPa throughout the process. After lamination, cooling and depressurization began, with circulating water cooling to room temperature at a depressurization rate of 0.1 MPa / min. The final product was an integrated glass combining radiant cooling and electric heating. Figure 5 This is a flowchart of the high-pressure vacuum thermal recombination process.

[0041] Experiment Example 1: Determination of the performance of glass subjected to radiative cooling and electric heating: 1. Test Content The sample tests include direct solar transmittance, reflectance, absorptivity, and hemispherical emissivity.

[0042] These four parameters directly affect the sample's light-gathering and cooling properties: the percentage of solar radiation (300–2500 nm) that the material allows to penetrate, the percentage of solar radiation reflected from the material surface, the percentage of solar radiation absorbed by the material, and the material surface's ability to radiate heat into the hemispherical space (ratio to blackbody radiation).

[0043] 2. Testing Methods Radiative cooling performance test According to GB / T 2680-2021, the direct solar transmittance τ of architectural glass is measured using a comprehensive tester for the shading coefficient. c (λ) and reflectance ρ e (λ); The calculation formula is as follows: In the formula: τc — Weighted average of direct solar transmittance τ λ —Transmittance at wavelength λ; S λ —Spectral irradiance at wavelength λ; Δλ — Increment of wavelength In the formula: ρ e —Weighted average of direct solar reflectance; ρ o (λ) — Spectral reflectance at wavelength λ The hemispherical emissivity was measured using a hemispherical emissivity meter; the absorptivity was calculated using the following formula: Electric heating power calculation The heating power is determined by both Joule's law and the resistivity characteristics of the ITO thin film. Introducing film thickness t, and combining it with the effective heating area A, we finally obtain... In the formula: R—Total resistance of ITO thin film U—Drive voltage R s —Sheet resistance of ITO thin film (Ω / □) L — Electrode spacing (m) W — Electrode width (m) t — ITO film thickness (m) A — Effective heating area (m²) The typical driving voltage of large commercial vehicles is 24V, resulting in a calculated heating power of 300W / m. 2 .

[0044] Test Results like Figure 7As shown, in the visible light band of 420 nm–750 nm, approximately 80% of the energy of the radiation-cooled glass enters the indoor / vehicle interior, which is significantly higher than the minimum requirement of GB / T 11944 for architectural glass (70%), and meets the light transmittance regulations for automotive windshields (75%); in the near-infrared band of 780 nm–2500 nm, approximately 50% of the solar energy enters the interior.

[0045] High visible light transmittance ensures the natural lighting needs while avoiding increased energy consumption for artificial lighting due to insufficient light transmission; the near-infrared band accounts for 50% of the solar energy, and its low infrared transmittance can effectively cool the air. like Figure 8 As shown, in the 380-750 nm visible light band, the sample reflects approximately 16.03% of the solar energy; in the 780-2500 nm near-infrared band, it reflects approximately 25.11% of the solar energy, which can effectively reduce glare interference and meet the requirements of visual comfort. like Figure 9 As shown, the sample absorbs approximately 13.35% of the energy in the 400-750 nm visible light band and approximately 25.17% of the solar energy in the 780-2500 nm near-infrared band. This low absorption characteristic helps reduce the temperature rise caused by photothermal conversion, meeting the requirement for low absorption in the visible light band for radiation-cooled glass.

[0046] The hemispherical emissivity is 0.81, close to the level of blackbody radiation (ε=1), providing efficient radiative heat dissipation in summer. Future development could utilize dynamic emissivity modulation technology (such as electrochromic layers) to achieve intelligent switching between high emissivity in summer (ε≈0.8) and low emissivity in winter (ε≈0.2).

[0047] In summary, this invention successfully achieved the integrated design of radiative cooling and electric heating by designing and fabricating a three-layer composite glass structure (glass / PDMS / ITO coated glass + lead wire / PVB / glass) that integrates radiative cooling and electric heating functions.

[0048] The direct solar transmittance of this invention significantly exceeds the minimum requirement of GB / T 11944 for architectural glass (70%), and also meets the light transmittance regulations for automotive windshields (75%). Simultaneously, the hemispherical emissivity of this invention is 0.81, close to the level of blackbody radiation, indicating that it possesses efficient radiative heat dissipation capability within an 8-13 μm atmospheric window, enabling passive cooling in summer. The ITO coating layer achieves electric heating through the Joule effect, allowing for rapid heating in winter to meet defogging, defrosting, and heating needs, thus integrating cooling and heating functions.

[0049] Its innovation lies in integrating "passive cooling" and "active heating" into the same planar structure, and solving the problems of temperature control lag and energy mismatch under extreme climate conditions by switching the working mode through photoelectric signals.

[0050] The technical solution of this invention provides a highly efficient and energy-saving two-way temperature-controlled glass solution for the construction and automotive industries. It has significant application potential in reducing air conditioning and heating energy consumption and improving driving comfort, and provides new ideas for the research and development of multifunctional smart glass.

Claims

1. A glass integrating radiant cooling and electric heating, characterized in that: The structure includes glass / PDMS / glass / ITO film / PVB / glass arranged sequentially from top to bottom, with leads provided between the ITO film / PVB.

2. The integrated radiant cooling and electric heating glass according to claim 1, characterized in that: The outer glass layer serves as a protective layer.

3. The integrated glass for radiant cooling and electric heating according to claim 1, characterized in that: PDMS is the emitting layer, placed between the protective layer and the ITO coating layer, allowing sunlight to enter from this side.

4. The integrated glass for radiant cooling and electric heating according to claim 1, characterized in that: The adhesive layer is PVB.

5. The integrated glass for radiant cooling and electric heating according to claim 1, characterized in that: The ITO film layer is a conductive heating layer that achieves electric heating by passing electricity through leads. It also reflects sunlight and works in conjunction with PDMS for cooling in summer and for defrosting in winter.

6. A fabrication process for an integrated glass structure combining radiation cooling and electric heating, characterized by the following steps: include: (1) Materials selected: two pieces of glass, ITO coated glass, silver paste, liquid PDMS. (2) Clean all glass samples and use PDMS bonding process to bond the outer protective glass to the other side of the ITO coated glass using liquid PDMS. Then set the lead wire on the coating side of the ITO coated glass, and add PVB and outer glass. Finally, use vacuum high pressure thermal composite integrated process to form the last glass layer.

7. The fabrication process of the integrated radiative cooling and electric heating glass structure according to claim 6, characterized in that: The aforementioned leads are two in number, one positive and one negative. When the leads are energized, the current causes the ITO to heat up.

8. The fabrication process of the integrated radiative cooling and electric heating glass structure according to claim 6, characterized in that: The leads are processed using a screen printing process, where silver is printed onto an ITO coating to form the leads.

9. The fabrication process of the integrated radiative cooling and electric heating glass structure according to claim 6, characterized in that: The PDMS bonding process is as follows:

1. Substrate surface treatment; 2. Glue mixing; 3. Glue application; 4. Pre-curing; 5. Lamination; 6. Defoaming; 7. Heating for curing.

10. The fabrication process of the integrated radiative cooling and electric heating glass structure according to claim 6, characterized in that, The vacuum high-pressure thermal composite integrated process includes: In the lamination room, the PDMS-laminated glass, PVB interlayer film, and glass are laminated together, and then the composite is pressed in the heating chamber to finally obtain glass that integrates radiant cooling and electric heating.

Images