Tool for PCBA pin crimping

Abstract

The utility model discloses a kind of tool for PCBA contact pin crimping, belong to PCBA contact pin crimping field.PCBA contact pin crimping tool is used to crimp the contact pin and PCBA board arranged on shell, and the PCBA contact pin crimping tool includes lower fixture and upper fixture, lower fixture includes the positioning structure for positioning and fixed shell, and upper fixture includes the crimping block for crimping contact pin and PCBA board;When lower fixture is connected with shell by positioning structure, upper fixture moves to lower fixture, so that crimping block contacts PCBA board, and makes the end of contact pin to crimping block inside the place at preposition through PCBA board.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model belongs to the field of PCBA pin crimping, and in particular relates to a tooling for PCBA pin crimping. Background Technology

[0002] In the manufacturing process of electronic products, the crimping quality between the pins and the PCBA (Printed Circuit Board Assembly) directly determines the reliability of the electrical connection. For example, if there is tilting or angular deviation when pressing the pins into the PCBA, stress concentration will cause uneven contact area between the pins and the PCBA, and pin deformation will cause impedance abrupt changes, all of which will lead to poor electrical connection reliability.

[0003] In related technologies, different tooling is typically made for different PCBA board models to complete the crimping assembly process between the pins and the PCBA board. However, existing tooling cannot meet the crimping quality requirements, and the switching is cumbersome, failing to improve production efficiency. Utility Model Content

[0004] In view of this, the purpose of this utility model is to provide a tooling for PCBA pin crimping, so as to solve at least one of the above technical problems.

[0005] To achieve the above technical objectives, this utility model provides a PCBA pin crimping fixture for crimping pins and PCBA boards disposed on a housing. The PCBA pin crimping fixture includes a lower fixture and an upper fixture. The lower fixture includes a positioning structure for positioning and fixing the housing, and the upper fixture includes a crimping block for crimping the pins and the PCBA board. When the lower fixture is connected to the housing through the positioning structure, the upper fixture moves toward the lower fixture, causing the crimping block to contact the PCBA board, and causing one end of the pin to penetrate the PCBA board to a preset position within the crimping block.

[0006] In one embodiment, the crimping block is provided with clearance holes corresponding to both the pin and the PCBA board, and the depth of the clearance holes is 1.1mm to 1.3mm.

[0007] In one embodiment, the positioning structure includes a positioning hole and a positioning element that correspond to and match the housing, the positioning hole and the positioning element being used to position the housing on the lower fixture.

[0008] In one embodiment, the lower fixture includes a lower support plate for connection to a lower worktable, an adjustment plate and a support plate disposed on the lower support plate, the lower support plate being connected to the support plate via the adjustment plate, and the positioning hole and the positioning element being disposed on the support plate.

[0009] In one embodiment, the support plate has a first waist-shaped hole extending along a first direction, and the adjustment plate has a second waist-shaped hole extending along a second direction, the second direction being perpendicular to the first direction.

[0010] In one embodiment, the lower fixture further includes a lower latch, and the lower support plate is detachably connected to the lower worktable via the lower latch.

[0011] In one embodiment, the lower fixture further includes a guide seat, and the upper fixture further includes a guide member. The upper fixture guides the connection between the upper fixture and the lower fixture through the cooperation of the guide member and the guide seat.

[0012] In one embodiment, the upper fixture further includes an upper support plate for connecting to an upper worktable, a pressing plate and an upper latch disposed on the upper support plate, the upper support plate being detachably connected to the upper worktable via the upper latch, and the pressing block being connected to the upper support plate via the pressing plate.

[0013] In one embodiment, the bottom surface of the pressing plate is flush with the corresponding bottom surface of the pressing block.

[0014] In one embodiment, the pressing plate has a receiving groove with the groove facing downwards, and the pressing block is located at the bottom of the receiving groove.

[0015] By adopting the above technical solution, this utility model has the following beneficial effects:

[0016] This invention features a positioning structure in the lower fixture for positioning and fixing the housing, combined with a crimping block in the upper fixture for crimping the pins and the PCBA board. When the lower fixture is connected to the housing via the positioning structure, the upper fixture moves to the lower fixture, causing the crimping block to contact the PCBA board and allowing one end of the pin to penetrate the PCBA board to a preset position within the crimping block.

[0017] Compared to existing technologies, this invention, due to its positioning structure, not only accurately positions the housing on the lower fixture to prevent damage to the housing's appearance, but also, due to the crimping block, ensures that the PCBA board's force-bearing surface receives a balanced force when the upper fixture applies pressure to it via the crimping block. This prevents stress from causing deformation of the PCBA board, ensuring that the crimping quality between the pins and the PCBA board meets requirements and achieving a lower product defect rate. Attached Figure Description

[0018] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of this utility model, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. It should be understood that the following drawings only show some embodiments of this utility model and should not be regarded as a limitation on the scope. For those skilled in the art, other related drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0019] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram showing the state of a PCBA pin crimping tool, housing, pins, and PCBA board during use, as provided in an embodiment of this utility model.

[0020] Figure 2 for Figure 1 The diagram shows the effect of the pins and PCBA board being crimped by the PCBA pin crimping tool.

[0021] Figure 3 for Figure 1 The PCBA pin crimping fixture shown is a perspective view from one angle.

[0022] Figure 4 for Figure 1 The PCBA pin crimping fixture shown is viewed from another perspective in a three-dimensional form.

[0023] Figure 5 for Figure 1 An exploded view of the lower fixture of the PCBA pin crimping tooling shown.

[0024] Figure 6 for Figure 1 An exploded view of the upper fixture of the PCBA pin crimping tooling shown.

[0025] Figure 7 for Figure 6 A schematic diagram of the crimping block of the upper fixture is shown.

[0026] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures:

[0027] 1. Lower jig; 2. Upper jig; 3. Housing; 4. Pins; 5. PCBA board;

[0028] 11. Lower support plate; 12. Adjusting plate; 13. Support plate; 14. Positioning component; 15. Guide seat; 16. Limiting block; 17. Handle; 18. Lower lock; 19. Connecting component;

[0029] 121. Second oblong hole; 131. First oblong hole; 132. Positioning hole; 133. Clearance groove; 151. Guide hole;

[0030] 21. Upper bearing plate; 22. Pressing plate; 23. Pressing block; 24. Guide component; 25. Connecting plate; 26. Upper locking buckle;

[0031] 221. Receiving groove; 231. Clearance hole. Detailed Implementation

[0032] The specific embodiments of this utility model will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are merely some, not all, of the embodiments of this utility model. Based on the description of this utility model, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without inventive effort are within the scope of protection of this utility model.

[0033] In the description of this utility model, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "set," "install," and "connect," etc., should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms according to the specific circumstances.

[0034] The terms “upper,” “lower,” “left,” “right,” “front,” “back,” “top,” “bottom,” “inner,” and “outer,” etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, or the orientation or positional relationship commonly used when the product is in use. They are used only for the convenience of description and simplification, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on this utility model.

[0035] The terms “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., are used merely to distinguish elements with similar properties, not to indicate or imply relative importance or a specific order.

[0036] The terms “include,” “comprising,” or any other variation thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, which includes not only the elements listed but also other elements not expressly listed.

[0037] In the manufacturing process of electronic products, the quality of the crimping between the pins and the PCBA board directly determines the reliability of the electrical connection. For example, if there is tilting or angular deviation when pressing into the PCBA board, stress concentration will cause uneven contact area between the pins and the PCBA board, and pin deformation will cause impedance abrupt changes, all of which will lead to poor reliability of the electrical connection.

[0038] In related technologies, different tooling is typically made for different PCBA board models to complete the crimping assembly process between the pins and the PCBA board. However, existing tooling cannot meet the crimping quality requirements, and the switching is cumbersome, failing to improve production efficiency.

[0039] To address the issue that existing tooling cannot meet the crimping quality requirements between pins and PCBA boards, it is necessary to improve or optimize the existing tooling structure.

[0040] For example, please refer to Figure 1 , Figure 2 This utility model provides a PCBA pin crimping fixture, including a lower fixture 1 and an upper fixture 2, for crimping pins 4 and PCBA boards 5 assembled and mounted on a housing 3. Figure 2 This diagram illustrates the effect of crimping pin 4 and PCBA board 5 using a crimping fixture. It should be noted that housing 3 refers to the outer casing of an electronic product (such as a 4D millimeter-wave radar), which has an upward-facing mounting area to accommodate pin 4 and PCBA board 5. Pin 4 refers to a pin or connector requiring high installation precision, such as a fisheye terminal or fisheye pin with a height tolerance of ±0.1 after insertion into PCBA board 5, to ensure the pull-out force of the electronic product's terminals meets design specifications. PCBA board 5 refers to a circuit board with assembled electronic components (such as chips, resistors, capacitors, etc.) used to perform specific functions, such as signal processing and power conversion.

[0041] It is worth mentioning that before the PCBA pin crimping tooling performs the crimping assembly process, the operator has already arranged the pins 4 and PCBA board 5 on the housing 3. Specifically, when the pins 4 and PCBA board 5 are arranged on the housing 3, the pins 4 penetrate the housing 3, the PCBA board 5 is located inside the housing 3, and the PCBA board 5 is located above the pins 4. At this time, one end of the pin 4 (such as the fisheye portion of the pin 4) contacts the corresponding pin hole on the PCBA board 5, and tends to penetrate the PCBA board 5 upward to a preset height position, but the outer surface of the pin 4 does not exert a squeezing effect on the inner wall of the pin hole of the PCBA board 5, or undergoes elastic deformation. Preferably, the pins 4 are mounted on the housing 3 through pin holders.

[0042] For example, such as Figure 3 , Figure 4 and Figure 5 As shown, to avoid damage to the appearance of electronic products caused by external contact and to achieve precise positioning and fixation of electronic products, the lower fixture 1 includes a positioning structure for positioning and fixing the housing 3. Specifically, the positioning structure includes a positioning hole 132 and a positioning element 14 corresponding to and matching the housing 3. The positioning hole 132 and the positioning element 14 are used to position the housing 3 on the lower fixture 1.

[0043] Further, the lower fixture 1 includes a lower support plate 11, an adjusting plate 12, and a support plate 13. The lower support plate 11 is connected to the lower worktable. The adjusting plate 12 and the support plate 13 are mounted on the lower support plate 11, and the lower support plate 11 is connected to the support plate 13 via the adjusting plate 12. A positioning hole 132 and a positioning element 14 are formed on the support plate 13. Viewed vertically, the lower support plate 11, the adjusting plate 12, and the support plate 13 are arranged sequentially from bottom to top. Specifically, the positioning element 14 is columnar and extends upward from the upper outer surface of the support plate 13 in a direction away from the support plate 13 to a preset position. The positioning hole 132 is formed in the middle of the support plate 13. Preferably, the positioning element 14 and the positioning hole 132 are adapted to the structure of the lower part of the housing 3 (such as reserved holes or reserved columns on the bottom surface of the lower part of the housing 3). In some embodiments, there may be multiple positioning elements 14 and positioning holes 132. In this embodiment, there are two positioning elements 14 and two positioning holes 132, and these two positioning elements 14 and two positioning holes 132 are set at a certain interval. In this way, when the support plate 13 is connected to the housing 3 through the two positioning elements 14 and two positioning holes 132, it can not only prevent the housing 3 from shaking on the lower fixture 1, but also prevent damage to the appearance of the housing 3.

[0044] Furthermore, for ease of debugging the PCBA pin crimping fixture, a first oblong hole 131 extending along a first direction (e.g., the width direction of the support plate 13) is formed on the support plate 13, and a second oblong hole 121 extending along a second direction (e.g., the length direction of the adjustment plate 12) is formed on the adjusting plate 12. The first oblong hole 131 engages with a first fastener (e.g., a fastening bolt) installed in the first oblong hole 131, allowing the support plate 13 to move relative to the lower support plate 11. The second oblong hole 121 engages with a second fastener (e.g., a fastening bolt) installed in the second oblong hole 121, allowing the adjusting plate 12 and the support plate 13 to move relative to the lower support plate 11. Preferably, the area of ​​the adjusting plate 12 in the horizontal direction is larger than the corresponding area on the support plate 13, and the second direction is perpendicular to the first direction. Thus, when the support plate 13 is connected to the adjusting plate 12 via the first fastener, loosening the first fastener allows different inner walls of the first oblong hole 131 to contact the outer surface of the first fastener, enabling the support plate 13 to move along the first direction on the adjusting plate 12. When the adjusting plate 12 is connected to the lower bearing plate 11 via the second fastener, loosening the second fastener allows different inner walls of the second oblong hole 121 to contact the outer surface of the second fastener, enabling the adjusting plate 12 and the support plate 13 to move along the second direction on the lower bearing plate 11, ensuring that the lower fixture 1 and the upper fixture 2 are aligned in the vertical direction. In some embodiments, there may be multiple first oblong holes 131 and second oblong holes 121. In this embodiment, there are four first oblong holes 131 and four second oblong holes 121. Two of the four first oblong holes 131 are located at one end of the support plate 13, and the other two are located at the other end of the support plate 13. Two of the four second oblong holes 121 are located at one end of the adjusting plate 12, and the other two second oblong holes 121 are located at the other end of the adjusting plate 12.

[0045] Furthermore, to prevent the plane of the lower fixture 1 and the plane of the upper fixture 2 from being non-parallel before the pins 4 and PCBA board 5 on the crimp housing 3 are connected, the lower fixture 1 also includes a guide seat 15, and the upper fixture 2 also includes a guide member 24. The guide seat 15, viewed perpendicularly to the support plate 13, is U-shaped or T-shaped, installed on the side edge of the support plate 13, and has a guide hole 151 that matches the guide member 24. The guide member 24 is rod-shaped, with one end connected to the upper fixture 2 and the other end extending downwards vertically. Thus, during the movement of the upper fixture 2 towards the lower fixture 1, the upper fixture 2 is connected to the lower fixture 1 through the engagement of the guide member 24 and the guide hole 151 of the guide seat 15, guiding the connection between the upper fixture 2 and the lower fixture 1 (including but not limited to plug-in connections). It is worth noting that during the movement of the upper fixture 2 towards the lower fixture 1, the guide member 24 first contacts the guide seat 15, and then the crimping block 23 on the upper fixture 2 contacts the PCBA board 5.

[0046] Furthermore, to prevent excessive sinking of the pin 4 during the pressing of the pin 4 on the housing 3 and the PCBA board 5, the lower fixture 1 also includes a limiting block 16 and a connector 19. The limiting block 16 is U-shaped, and its lower bottom surface has an adapter hole corresponding to the connector 19. The connector 19 is columnar and extends upward from the upper outer surface of the support plate 13 in a direction away from the support plate 13 to a preset position, so that the limiting block 16 can be mounted on the support plate 13 via the connector 19. Thus, during the movement of the upper fixture 2 to the lower fixture 1, the contact between the limiting block 16 and the pin holder on which the pin 4 is mounted helps to overcome the problem of excessive sinking or tilting of the pin 4 in the vertical direction during pressing.

[0047] Furthermore, a clearance groove 133 is also formed on the support plate 13. The clearance groove 133 is located directly below the limiting block 16, with the groove opening facing upward, and is used to accommodate the end of the pin 4 that does not penetrate the PCBA board 5.

[0048] Furthermore, for ease of disassembly and assembly of the PCBA pin crimping fixture, the lower jig 1 also includes a handle 17 and a lower latch 18. The handle 17 is U-shaped and fixedly connected to the end of the lower support plate 11. One end of the lower latch 18 passes through the lower support plate 11 and is detachably connected to the lower worktable. Preferably, the lower latch 18 is a rotary latch, allowing locking or unlocking by rotation. In some embodiments, there may be multiple handles 17 and lower latches 18. In this embodiment, there are two handles 17 and two lower latches 18.

[0049] For example, such as Figure 4 , Figure 7As shown, to ensure the crimping quality of the pins 4 on the housing 3 and the PCBA board 5 meets the requirements, such as the height of the end of the pin 4 penetrating the PCBA board 5 meeting the requirements, and when the number of pins 4 is at least two, the end of each pin 4 penetrating the PCBA board 5 being flush, the upper fixture 2, located above the lower fixture 1, includes a crimping block 23 for crimping the pins 4 and the PCBA board 5. Specifically, the crimping block 23 is block-shaped and has clearance holes 231 corresponding to both the pins 4 and the PCBA board 5. The opening of the clearance hole 231 faces the plane of the lower fixture 1. Preferably, the depth of the clearance hole 231 is 1.1mm to 1.3mm, such as 1.1mm, 1.2mm, and 1.3mm. Thus, when the pin 4 and PCBA board 5 are positioned and mounted on the support plate 13 via the housing 3, during the movement of the upper fixture 2 towards the lower fixture 1, the bottom surface of the pressing block 23 abuts against the upper surface of the PCBA board 5, and one end of the pin 4 (such as the fisheye portion of the pin 4) penetrates the PCBA board 5 to a preset position within the pressing block 23 (such as the bottom of the clearance hole 231). It is worth noting that the upper fixture 2 is connected to a drive mechanism (not shown). Driven by the drive mechanism (such as a servo motor, lifting mechanism, etc.), the upper fixture 2 can move closer to or further away from the lower fixture 1, as shown in the diagram. Figure 3 Move in the vertical direction as shown.

[0050] Furthermore, such as Figure 3 , Figure 4 and Figure 6 As shown, the upper fixture 2 also includes an upper support plate 21, a pressing plate 22, a connecting plate 25, and an upper locking buckle 26. The upper support plate 21 is used to connect to the upper worktable, and the pressing plate 22, connecting plate 25, and upper locking buckle 26 are mounted on the upper support plate 21. Specifically, one end of the upper locking buckle 26 passes through the upper support plate 21, allowing the upper support plate 21 to be detachably connected to the upper worktable via the upper locking buckle 26. The pressing plate 22 is mounted on the lower bottom surface of the upper support plate 21 and is used to press the pins 4 and PCBA board 5 mounted on the housing 3. Viewed perpendicular to the upper support plate 21, the connecting plate 25 is U-shaped or T-shaped and is mounted on the side edge of the upper support plate 21, so that the end of the guide member 24 facing the upper fixture 2 is connected to the upper support plate 21 via the connecting plate 25. Viewed vertically, the upper support plate 21, the pressing plate 22, and the pressing block 23 are arranged sequentially from top to bottom, that is, the pressing block 23 is connected to the upper support plate 21 through the pressing plate 22. Preferably, the upper latch 26 and the lower latch 18 have the same shape.

[0051] Furthermore, to ensure that the pressure-bearing surface of the PCBA board 5 is subjected to a balanced force when the upper fixture 2 applies a pressing force to the PCBA board 5 through the pressing plate 22 and the pressing block 23, and to prevent stress from causing deformation of the PCBA board 5, the bottom surface of the pressing plate 22 is flush with the corresponding bottom surface of the pressing block 23. Preferably, the lower edge contour of the pressing plate 22 is consistent with or similar in shape to the edge contour of the PCBA board 5. In this way, the simultaneous contact between the lower edge of the pressing plate 22 and the upper surface edge of the PCBA board 5, and between the bottom surface of the pressing block 23 and the pin hole area on the PCBA board 5, helps to prevent damage to the PCBA board 5.

[0052] Furthermore, to prevent damage to the electronic components or modules on the PCBA board 5, the pressing plate 22 is formed with a downward-facing receiving groove 221 so that the upper fixture 2 can accommodate the electronic components or modules on the PCBA board 5 during the pressing assembly process. Preferably, the pressing block 23 is located at the bottom of the receiving groove 221, such as in the area corresponding to the pin holes on the PCBA board 5 in the vertical direction.

[0053] Furthermore, to facilitate the determination of the model of the PCBA pin crimping fixture, a detection element (such as a detection screw for fixture model determination) is provided at the edge of the lower support plate 11. It is worth mentioning that the detection element is communicatively connected to a sensing element (such as a proximity switch). Thus, when the detection element approaches the sensing area of ​​the sensing element, the sensing element can quickly issue an electrical command without contact, pressure, or sparks, making it easy for operators to accurately determine whether the fixture is consistent with the fixture required for electronic product manufacturing.

[0054] In summary, compared with the prior art, this embodiment, based on the positioning structure, can not only accurately position the housing 3 on the lower fixture 1 to prevent damage to the appearance of the housing 3, but also, because the lower bottom surfaces of the pressing plate 22 and the pressing block 23 are flush with each other, when the upper fixture 2 applies a vertical pressing force to the PCBA board 5 through the pressing plate 22 and the pressing block 23, it is also beneficial to ensure that the pressing quality between the pin 4 and the PCBA board 5 meets the requirements, thus achieving a lower product defect rate.

[0055] The above description is merely a specific embodiment of this utility model, but the protection scope of this utility model is not limited thereto. Any variations or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed in this utility model should be included within the protection scope of this utility model. Therefore, the protection scope of this utility model should be determined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A tooling for crimping PCBA pins, used for crimping pins (4) disposed on a housing (3) and a PCBA board (5), characterized in that, The PCBA pin crimping fixture includes a lower fixture (1) and an upper fixture (2). The lower fixture (1) includes a positioning structure for positioning and fixing the housing (3). The upper fixture (2) includes a crimping block (23) for crimping the pin (4) and the PCBA board (5). When the lower fixture (1) is connected to the housing (3) through the positioning structure, the upper fixture (2) moves toward the lower fixture (1) so that the crimping block (23) contacts the PCBA board (5) and one end of the pin (4) passes through the PCBA board (5) to a preset position inside the crimping block (23).

2. The tooling for PCBA pin crimping as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The crimping block (23) is provided with clearance holes (231) corresponding to both the pin (4) and the PCBA board (5), and the depth of the clearance holes (231) is 1.1mm~1.3mm.

3. The tooling for PCBA pin crimping as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The positioning structure includes a positioning hole (132) and a positioning element (14) that correspond to and match the housing (3). The positioning hole (132) and the positioning element (14) are used to position the housing (3) on the lower fixture (1).

4. The tooling for PCBA pin crimping as described in claim 3, characterized in that, The lower fixture (1) includes a lower support plate (11) for connecting to the lower worktable, and an adjustment plate (12) and a support plate (13) provided on the lower support plate (11). The lower support plate (11) is connected to the support plate (13) through the adjustment plate (12). The positioning hole (132) and the positioning element (14) are provided on the support plate (13).

5. The tooling for PCBA pin crimping as described in claim 4, characterized in that, The support plate (13) is provided with a first waist-shaped hole (131) extending in a first direction, and the adjustment plate (12) is provided with a second waist-shaped hole (121) extending in a second direction, the second direction being perpendicular to the first direction.

6. The tooling for PCBA pin crimping as described in claim 4, characterized in that, The lower fixture (1) also includes a lower latch (18), and the lower support plate (11) is detachably connected to the lower worktable through the lower latch (18).

7. The tooling for PCBA pin crimping as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The lower fixture (1) further includes a guide seat (15), and the upper fixture (2) further includes a guide member (24). The upper fixture (2) is guided to connect with the lower fixture (1) through the cooperation of the guide member (24) and the guide seat (15).

8. The tooling for PCBA pin crimping as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The upper fixture (2) further includes an upper support plate (21) for connecting to the upper worktable, a pressing plate (22) and an upper latch (26) provided on the upper support plate (21). The upper support plate (21) is detachably connected to the upper worktable through the upper latch (26), and the pressing block (23) is connected to the upper support plate (21) through the pressing plate (22).

9. The tooling for PCBA pin crimping as described in claim 8, characterized in that, The bottom surface of the pressing plate (22) is flush with the corresponding bottom surface of the pressing block (23).

10. The tooling for PCBA pin crimping as described in claim 8, characterized in that, The pressing plate (22) is provided with a receiving groove (221) with the groove opening facing downward, and the pressing block (23) is located at the bottom of the receiving groove (221).

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