Purification of norovirus virus-like particles (VLPS)
The method addresses the challenge of purifying Norovirus VLPs by employing a multi-step process including cell lysis, precipitation, and chromatography, achieving high-purity VLPs for vaccine development.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/124050
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-10-12
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-11
- Publication Date
- 2025-04-17
AI Technical Summary
The production of crude Norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs) from cell cultures is hindered by the complexity of the cell culture composition, which introduces impurities and requires efficient purification methods to achieve high-purity VLPs.
A method involving cell lysis, centrifugation, precipitation with precipitating agents, separation using hollow fiber filtration, reconstitution, chromatography, and combined ultrafiltration and diafiltration to enrich and purify Norovirus VLPs from the cell culture.
The method effectively removes impurities and maintains the integrity of Norovirus VLPs, resulting in a high-purity product suitable for vaccine development and other applications.
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Figure PCTCN2024124050-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
PURIFICATION OF NOROVIRUS VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES (VLPs)
[0001] CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0002] This application claims priority to the International pPatent Application No. PCT / CN2023 / 124245, filed on October 12 2023, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety for all purposes.
[0003] BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0004] Noroviruses are a group of non-cultivatable human Caliciviruses responsible for causing nonbacterial gastroenteritis, a significant public health concern. Virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from Noroviruses comprise antigenic proteins and are promising for the development of vaccines against Noroviruses. The production of crude Norovirus VLPs typically involves expressing the Noroviruses antigenic proteins in host cells within a cell culture system. However, the composition of the cell culture is intricate and contains a wide range of components, including various small molecules and large biomolecules, which can introduce impurities. Therefore, there is a need for the development of efficient and effective processes to obtain high-purity Norovirus VLPs from the cell culture.
[0005] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0006] The present disclosure is generated to Norovirus proteins and Norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs) . According to some aspects of the present disclosure, methods for purifying a source containing Norovirus proteins and obtaining compositions having Norovirus VLPs with improved purity are provided. According to some embodiments, an example method includes providing or obtaining a cell harvest containing host cells and Norovirus antigenic proteins. The host cells include recombinant vectors, and the Norovirus antigenic proteins are expressed by the recombinant vectors. The method further includes subjecting the cell harvest to a cell lysis step to obtain a cell lysate of the host cells, and centrifuging the cell lysate to obtain a lysate supernatant. The Norovirus antigenic proteins are enriched in the lysate supernatant. The method further includes adding one or more precipitating agents to the lysate supernatant to obtain a supernatant fraction and a precipitate fraction of the lysate supernatant. The precipitate fraction contains Norovirus VLPs formed by aggregation of the Norovirus antigenic proteins. The method further includes subjecting the precipitation fraction to a separation step to obtain a retentate product, and the Norovirus VLPs are enriched in the retentate product. The method further includes reconstituting the Norovirus VLPs of the retentate product in a buffer to obtain a buffer solution containing the Norovirus VLPs, and centrifuging the buffer solution to obtain a supernatant thereof. The Norovirus VLPs are enriched in the supernatant of the buffer solution. The method further includes subjecting the supernatant of the buffer solution to one or more chromatography steps to obtain a chromatography product, and the Norovirus VLPs are enriched in the chromatography product. The method further includes subjecting the chromatography product to a combined ultrafiltration and diafiltration (UF / DF) step to obtain a UF / DF retentate product, and the Norovirus VLPs from the chromatography product are enriched in the UF / DF retentate product.
[0007] In some embodiments, the method may optionally include adding a protease inhibitor to the cell harvest. The cell harvest mixed with the protease inhibitor is subject to the cell lysis step, and the cell harvest mixed with the protease inhibitor has a concentration of protease inhibitor from about 1 mM to about 5 mM.
[0008] In some embodiments, the method may optionally include adding a protease inhibitor to the cell lysate. The cell lysate mixed with the protease inhibitor is centrifuged to obtain the lysate supernatant, and the cell lysate mixed with the protease inhibitor has a concentration of protease inhibitor from about 1 mM to about 5 mM.
[0009] In some embodiments, the method may optionally include adding a protease inhibitor to the cell harvest, and adding a protease inhibitor to the cell lysate. The cell harvest mixed with the protease inhibitor is subject to the cell lysis step, and the cell lysate mixed with the protease inhibitor is centrifuged to obtain the lysate supernatant.
[0010] In some embodiments, the method may optionally include adding a dilution solution to the cell harvest to adjust a solid content of the cell harvest to a range from about 1% to about 50%by weight before the cell lysis step, wherein the dilution solution has a pH of at least 6.5.
[0011] In some embodiments, the method may further include settling the lysate supernatant containing the one or more precipitating agents at a temperature from 0 ℃ to 30 ℃ for at least 10 hours before subjecting the precipitation fraction of the lysate supernatant to the separation step.
[0012] In some embodiments, the separation step may further include mixing the precipitate fraction and the supernatant fraction from the lysate supernatant to form a protein suspension containing the Norovirus VLPs suspended therein, flowing the protein suspension along a surface of a hollow fiber filtration membrane through tangential flow filtration to produce a first permeate and a first retentate, and flowing a diafiltration solution and the first retentate along the surface of the hollow fiber filtration membrane through tangential flow filtration to produce a second permeate and a second retentate. The Norovirus VLPs from the protein suspension are enriched in the first retentate, the second retentate is the first concentrate, the Norovirus VLPs from the first retentate are enriched in the second retentate, and the second retentate includes the diafiltration solution.
[0013] In some embodiments, the one or more chromatography steps may further include loading the supernatant of the buffer solution onto a chromatography column of a mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) step, and collecting the Norovirus VLPs in a flow-through mode to obtain a filtrate containing the Norovirus VLPs. The filtrate of the MMC step is the chromatography product.
[0014] In some embodiments, the one or more chromatography steps may further include loading the supernatant of the buffer solution onto a chromatography column of an anionic exchange chromatography step, and eluting the Norovirus VLPs captured by the chromatography column with an eluent buffer to obtain an eluate product containing the Norovirus VLPs. The eluate product from the anionic exchange chromatography step is the chromatography product.
[0015] In some embodiments, the one or more chromatography steps may further include loading the supernatant of the buffer solution onto a chromatography column of a mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) step, collecting the Norovirus VLPs in a flow-through mode to obtain a filtrate containing the Norovirus VLPs, loading the filtrate from the MMC step onto a chromatography column of an anionic exchange chromatography step, and eluting the Norovirus VLPs captured by the chromatography column of the anionic exchange chromatography with an eluent buffer to obtain an eluate product containing the Norovirus VLPs. The eluate product from the anionic exchange chromatography step is the chromatography product.
[0016] In some embodiments, the combined UF / DF step may further include performing an ultrafiltration step to concentrate the chromatography product using a membrane to produce an ultrafiltration retentate having an increased concentration of Norovirus VLPs relative to the filtrate, and performing a diafiltration step on the ultrafiltration retentate with a diafiltration buffer solution to obtain the UF / DF retentate product containing the Norovirus VLPs and the diafiltration buffer solution.
[0017] In some embodiments, the method may further include adding a stabilizing agent to the UF / DF retentate product, and adjusting a concentration of the stabilizing agent in the UF / DF retentate product to a range from about 0.01% to about 5%, based on a total weight of the UF / DF retentate product.
[0018] In some embodiments, the Norovirus antigenic proteins include at least one of a Norovirus genogroup antigenic protein selected from the group consisting of GI protein corresponding to Norovirus GI genogroup, GII protein corresponding to Norovirus GII genogroup, GIII protein corresponding to Norovirus GIII genogroup, GIV protein corresponding to Norovirus GIV genogroup, GV protein corresponding to Norovirus GV genogroup, GVI protein corresponding to Norovirus GVI genogroup, GVII protein corresponding to Norovirus GVII genogroup, and any combinations thereof.
[0019] In some embodiments, the Norovirus antigenic proteins include at least one of a Norovirus genotype antigenic protein selected from the group consisting of GI. 1 protein corresponding to Norovirus GI. 1 genotype, GII. 2 protein corresponding to Norovirus GII. 2 genotype, GII. 3 protein corresponding to Norovirus GII. 3 genotype, GII. 4 protein corresponding to Norovirus GII. 4 genotype, GII. 6 protein corresponding to Norovirus GII. 6 genotype, GII. 17 protein corresponding to Norovirus GII. 17 genotype, and any combinations thereof.
[0020] In some embodiments, the Norovirus VLPs include at least one of a Norovirus GI-VLP, a Norovirus GII-VLP, a Norovirus GIII-VLP, a Norovirus GVI-VLP, a Norovirus GV-VLP, a Norovirus GVI-VLP, a Norovirus GVII-VLP, and any combinations thereof.
[0021] In some embodiments, the Norovirus VLPs include at least one of a Norovirus GI. 1-VLP, a Norovirus GII. 2-VLP, a Norovirus GII. 3-VLP, a Norovirus GII. 4-VLP, a Norovirus GII. 6-VLP, a Norovirus GII. 17- VLP, and any combinations thereof.
[0022] In some embodiments, the Norovirus GI. 1-VLP includes an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the Norovirus GII. 2-VLP includes an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the Norovirus GII. 3-VLP includes an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the Norovirus GII. 4-VLP includes an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the Norovirus GII. 6-VLP includes an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the Norovirus GII. 17-VLP includes an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0023] In some embodiments, the host cell is selected from one or more of bacterial cell, insect cell, mammalian cell, Escherichia coli (E. coli) , yeast cell, and plant cell. In some embodiments, the recombinant vector has one or more nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11.
[0024] According to some aspects of the present disclosure, a composition comprising Norovirus VLPs with an improved purity is provided. The composition is a product or an intermediate by any processes included in the methods according to the present disclosure. For example, the composition may be the precipitate fraction of the lysate supernatant, the retentate product from the separation step, the buffer solution containing reconstituted Norovirus VLPs or the supernatant thereof, the chromatography product, the UF / DF product, or any other composition derived from the above products or intermediates.
[0025] According to some aspects of the present disclosure, a Norovirus vaccine formulation is provided. In some embodiments, the Norovirus vaccine formulation includes any products or intermediates made by any process described herein or any compositions derived from the products or intermediates. The present disclosure is also related to an anti-Norovirus drug composition including any products or intermediates made by any process described herein or any compositions derived from the products or intermediates. The present disclosure is also related to a diagnostic test kit including any products or intermediates made by any process described herein or any compositions derived from the products or intermediates.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0026] In the following detailed description, reference may made to the accompanying drawings, schemes, and structures which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here.
[0027] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating an example method for making compositions comprising Norovirus VLPs, according to various embodiments.
[0028] FIG. 2A, FIG. 2C and FIG. 2E are SDS-PAGE image of various samples of Comparative Example 1, according to the present disclosure.
[0029] FIG. 2B , FIG. 2D and FIG. 2F are an SDS-PAGE image of various samples of Example 1-3, according to the present disclosure.
[0030] FIG. 3A-3C shows chromatograms of a sample of Example 1-3 and a reference sample containing Norovirus GII. 3 / GII. 6 / GII. 2 proteins, analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) according to the present disclosure.
[0031] FIG. 4A-4B are transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of a sample of Example 1, according to the present disclosure. FIG. 4C-4D are transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of a sample of Example 2, according to the present disclosure. FIG. 4E is transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of a sample of Example 3, according to the present disclosure.
[0032] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0033] Various embodiments are described hereinafter. It should be noted that the specific embodiments are not intended as an exhaustive description or as a limitation to the broader aspects discussed herein. One aspect described in conjunction with a particular embodiment is not necessarily limited to that embodiment and can be practiced with any other embodiment (s) .
[0034] The embodiments of this disclosure are not limited to particular compositions and methods of use which can vary and are understood by skilled artisans. It is further to be understood that all terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting in any manner or scope. For example, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a, ” “an” and “the” can include plural referents unless the content clearly indicates otherwise. Further, all units, prefixes, and symbols may be denoted in its SI accepted form.
[0035] Numeric ranges recited within the specification are inclusive of the numbers within the defined range. Throughout this disclosure, various aspects of this disclosure are presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible sub-ranges as well as individual numerical values within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, and 5) .
[0036] The term “essentially, ” “about, ” “approximately” and the like in connection with an attribute or a value, particularly also define exactly the attribute or exactly the value, respectively. The term “about” in the context of a given numeric value or range relates in particular to a value or range that is within 20%, within 10%, or within 5% of the value or range given.
[0037] Also, the words “comprise, ” “comprising, ” “contains, ” “containing, ” “include, ” “including, ” and “includes, ” when used in this specification and in the following claims, are intended to specify the presence of stated features, integers, components, or steps, but they do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, components, steps, acts, or groups.
[0038] The term “enriched, ” “augmented, ” “amplified, ” elevated, ” “enhanced, ” or the like, as used herein, refers to “enhance or concentrate the presence of a specific substance or component in a mixture or composition, resulting in a higher proportion or greater concentration of that substance compared to its initial or natural state within that mixture. ” In the context of VLPs as described herein, “the VLPs from a first composition are enriched in a second composition” means that the concentration or abundance of VLPs in the second composition is higher or increased compared to their concentration in the first composition.
[0039] The terms “remained” and “retained” as used herein refers to “continue to exist or be present within a given environment, mixture, or composition, without being substantially removed, substantially altered, or substantially eliminated by a specific process or treatment applied to that environment. ” In the context of VLPs as described herein, “the VLPs from a first composition are remained in a second composition” means that the VLPs are not substantially separated or removed during a process performed on the first composition and are still part of the second composition.
[0040] So that the present disclosure may be more readily understood, certain terms may be defined. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which embodiments of the disclosure pertain. Many methods and materials similar, modified, or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of the embodiments of the present disclosure without undue experimentation, the preferred materials and methods are described herein.
[0041] Disclosed herein are compositions, processes, methods, and products related to Norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs) , and more particularly, methods for producing Norovirus VLPs from a source containing Norovirus antigenic proteins, purifying the Norovirus VLPs, and obtaining compositions comprising Norovirus VLPs with high purity. Nonlimiting examples of Norovirus antigenic proteins include Norovirus major capsid proteins (VP1) .
[0042] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating an example method 100 for producing Norovirus VLPs from a source (e.g., a cell culture) of Norovirus proteins and / or obtaining a composition comprising Norovirus VLPs with improved purity. Depending on the implementation, method 100 may include additional, fewer, or alternative steps / operations performed in various orders or in parallel. Each step / operation of method 100 may further include one or more steps / operations. Variations of method 100 may be possible by selecting and combining the steps / operations of method 100 in any suitable manner.
[0043] At a high level, a cell culture containing Norovirus proteins is provided or obtained at step 105. A buffer exchange process is performed on the cell culture to obtain a cell harvest having Norovirus antigenic proteins in an intended buffer derived from the buffer exchange process at step 110. The Norovirus proteins are enriched in the cell harvest. A cell lysis process / step is performed on the cell harvest at step 115 to obtain a cell lysate containing the Norovirus antigenic proteins. The Norovirus proteins from the cell harvest remained / enriched in the cell harvest are subsequently released to the supernatant upon cell lysis. A precipitation or VLP aggregation process / step is performed at step 120 on a supernatant of the cell lysate to obtain a precipitate fraction containing Norovirus VLPs of the Norovirus proteins. The Norovirus proteins from the cell lysate are remained / enriched in the supernatant of the cell lysate and subsequently aggregated and transformed into Norovirus VLPs. The Norovirus VLPs are remained / enriched in the precipitate fraction. A separation process / step is performed on the precipitate fraction at step 125 to obtain a retentate product. The Norovirus VLPs are remained / enriched in the retentate product. A reconstitution process / step is performed on the retentate product at step 130 to reconstitute the Norovirus VLPs from the retentate product in an intended buffer to obtain a buffer solution containing the Norovirus VLPs and the intended buffer. One or more chromatographic purification processes / steps are performed on a supernatant of the buffer solution at step 135 to obtain a chromatography product. The Norovirus VLPs are remained / enriched in the supernatant of the buffer solution and subsequently remained / enriched in the chromatography product. A combined ultrafiltration and diafiltration (UF / DF) process / step is performed on the chromatography product at step 140 to obtain a UF / DF retentate product. The Norovirus VLPs are remained / enriched in the UF / DF retentate product. One or more additional purification steps are performed to further treat / purify the UF / DF retentate product at step 145. A final product or a composition containing high-purity Norovirus VLPs can be obtained at step 145. The process effectively removes impurities and advantageously keeps the VLP intact during the entire process. As intact VLPs are needed to elicit immune response in patients, the instantly claimed process advantageously eliminates a step of reassembling VLPs that is required in existing methods, which subject the product to conditions that would inevitably result in denaturation of VLPs and need the reassembling step to produce effective vaccines.
[0044] It should be noted that various steps of method 100 may be optional, such that variations of method 100 having fewer steps may also be possible in other embodiments. Detailed examples related to each one of the steps / operations of method 100 will be described below.
[0045] Norovirus proteins, Norovirus VLPs, and sources containing Norovirus proteins and VLPs
[0046] At 105 of FIG. 1, a cell culture containing Norovirus proteins or Norovirus VLPs is obtained. The Norovirus VLPs according to the present disclosure refer to aggregates or assemblies of the Norovirus proteins. In some embodiments, each Norovirus VLP comprises a plurality of Norovirus protein molecules (for example, the VP1 protein) connected to each other by ionic bonds. A total number of the Norovirus protein molecules in each VLP may be at least 60, at least 90, at least 120, at least 150, or at least 180. In some embodiments, the total number of the Norovirus protein molecules ranges from 60 to 300, from 90 to 300, or from 120 to 260, or from 150 to 200. In some embodiments, the total number of the Norovirus antigenic proteins in each VLP is about 60, 90, 180, or 270.
[0047] Noroviruses may be divided into at least 10 genogroups (GI-–GX) and 49 genotypes (Chhabra, P., et al., Journal of General Virology 2019; 100: 1393–-1406) . Each Norovirus genogroup (e.g., GI) may further comprise one or more Norovirus genotypes (e.g., GI. 1) . In some embodiments, the Norovirus proteins may comprise at least one of Norovirus genogroup proteins. Each Norovirus genogroup proteins may comprise at least one of Norovirus genotype proteins. The Norovirus genogroup or genotype protein may be a major capsid protein (VP1) of a Norovirus genogroup or genotype that is immunogenic and capable of inducing a protective immune response against the corresponding Norovirus genogroup or genotype. The “Norovirus proteins” according to the present disclosure are also referred to as “Norovirus antigenic proteins” and encompass the Norovirus genogroup antigenic proteins and the Norovirus genotype antigenic proteins.
[0048] In some embodiments, the Norovirus genogroups comprise GI, GII, GIII, GVI, GV, GVI, GVII, GVIII, GIX, and GX. In some embodiments, the Norovirus VLPs may comprise at least one of Norovirus genogroup VLP. Each Norovirus genogroup VLP may comprises one or more Norovirus genogroup antigenic proteins or Norovirus genotype antigenic proteins. It should be noted other genogroups or genotypes of Norovirus not described herein are also possible within the scope of the present disclosure without restrictions unless otherwise indicated. The “Norovirus VLPs” according to the present disclosure encompass the Norovirus genogroup VLPs and the Norovirus genotype VLPs.
[0049] In some embodiments, a Norovirus antigenic protein is an antigenic protein, for example, a VP1 protein, of a GI Norovirus, a GII Norovirus, a GIII Norovirus, a GIV Norovirus, a GV Norovirus, a GVI Norovirus, or a GVII Norovirus. In some embodiments, a Norovirus antigenic protein is an antigenic protein of a GI. 1 Norovirus, a GII. 2 Norovirus, a GII. 3 Norovirus, a GII. 4 Norovirus, a GII. 6 Norovirus, or a GII. 17 Norovirus. In some embodiments, a Norovirus antigenic protein disclosed herein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of the VP1 protein disclosed above.
[0050] In some embodiments, the Norovirus genogroup VLPs may comprise at least one of GI-VLP, GII-VLP, GIII-VLP, GIV-VLP, GV-VLP, GVI-VLP, GVII-VLP, and any combinations thereof. As used herein, the term “Gx-VLP” refers to virus-like particles (VLPs) formed by an antigenic protein (such as the VP1 protein) molecules of genogroup Gx Norovirus. In one example, the Norovirus genogroup VLPs may include GI-VLPs and GII-VLPs. In another example, the Norovirus genogroup VLPs may comprise or consist essentially of GI-VLPs. In yet another example, the Norovirus genogroup VLPs may comprise or consist essentially of GII-VLPs.
[0051] In some embodiments, each Norovirus genogroup VLP may further comprise one or more Norovirus genotype VLP. As used herein, the term “Gx. y-VLP” refers to virus-like particles (VLPs) formed by an antigenic protein (such as the VP1 protein) molecules of genotype Gx.y Norovirus. For example, GI. 1-VLP represents VLPs formed by VP1 protein molecules of genotype GI. 1 Norovirus. The Norovirus genotype VLP may be selected from GI. 1-VLP, GII. 2-VLP, GII. 3-VLP, GII. 4-VLP, GII. 6-VLP, GII. 17-VLP, and any combinations thereof. Each Norovirus genotype VLP may comprise at least one Norovirus genotype antigenic protein. The Norovirus genotype antigenic protein may be one or more selected from GI. 1 protein, GII. 2 protein, GII. 3 protein, GII. 4 protein, GII. 6 protein, GII. 17 protein, and any combinations thereof. As used herein, the term “Gx protein, ” refers to a protein in the Gx Norovirus. For example, a GI.1 protein refers to a protein from the GI. 1 Norovirus. In some embodiments, the Norovirus genogroup VLPs may comprise or consist essentially of a particular genotype VLP, such as GI. 1-VLP. In some embodiments, the Norovirus genogroup VLPs may comprise at least two Norovirus genotype VLPs. As one example, the Norovirus VLPs may comprise a GI. 1-VLP comprising a plurality of GI. 1 antigenic proteins as well as a GII. 2-VLP comprising a plurality GII. 2 antigenic proteins.
[0052] In some embodiments, at least one Norovirus VLP of the Norovirus VLPs may be a heterogeneous VLP comprising one or more Norovirus genotype antigenic proteins selected from GI. 1 protein, GII. 2 protein, GII. 3 protein, GII. 4 protein, GII. 6 protein, GII. 17 protein, and any combinations thereof. In one example, the Norovirus VLP may comprise at least two Norovirus genotype antigenic proteins such as a combination of GI. 1 protein and a GII. 2 protein. Other possible combinations of the Norovirus proteins of the same or different genotypes in a Norovirus VLP are within the scope of the present disclosure without restriction unless otherwise indicated.
[0053] In some embodiments, the Norovirus proteins may be expressed by recombinant vectors of a host cell. The host cell may be a bacterial cell, an insect cell, a mammalian cell, Escherichia coli (E. coli) , Pichia pastoris (yeast) , or a plant cell. In some embodiments, the recombinant vector may comprise a nucleotide sequence encoding the Norovirus genotype antigenic proteins described above. In some embodiments, the recombinant vector may comprise a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and any combinations thereof. The nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 1 corresponds to VP1 nucleotide sequence of the GI. 1 Norovirus; the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 3 corresponds to the GII. 2 Norovirus; the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 5 corresponds to GII. 3 Norovirus; the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 7 corresponds to the GII. 4 Norovirus; the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 9 corresponds to the GII. 6 Norovirus, and the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 11 corresponds to the GII. 17 Norovirus. In some embodiments, the recombinant vector comprises one or more of the nucleotide sequences having a sequence identity of at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% to the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11.
[0054] In some embodiments, the Norovirus proteins expressed by the recombinant vectors have one or more amino acid sequences selected from set forth in SEQ ID NOs. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and any combinations thereof. The amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 2 corresponds to the GI. 1 Norovirus; the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 4 corresponds to the VP1 protein of the GII. 2 Norovirus; the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 6 corresponds to the VP1 protein of GII. 3 Norovirus; the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 8 corresponds to the the VP1 protein of GII. 4 Norovirus; the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 10 corresponds to the VP1 protein of the GII. 6 Norovirus, and the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 12 corresponds to the VP1 protein of GII. 17 Norovirus. In some embodiments, a Norovirus antigenic protein disclosed herein comprises an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% to the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12.
[0055] In some embodiments, the source containing Norovirus VLPs is a cell culture or a fermentation solution of host cells comprising vectors capable of expressing Norovirus proteins. In some embodiments, the culture containing Norovirus proteins is derived from an initial output or crude product of the cell culture process. The crude product may take the form of a cell lysate or a supernatant collected from the cell culture. The crude product may contain Norovirus antigenic proteins and various impurities from small molecules to large molecules. The impurities may include residual host cell proteins (HCP) and residual host cell DNA (HCD) . The crude product serves as a starting point for further processing and purification to produce the Norovirus VLPs and isolate the Norovirus VLPs from the crude product.
[0056] The cell culture containing the Norovirus proteins may be obtained by a process involving the use of the recombinant vectors and expression of the Norovirus antigenic proteins in a host cell. In one embodiment, the recombinant vectors are constructed, for example, by inserting nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 3, SEQ ID NO. 5, SEQ ID NO. 7, SEQ ID NO. 9, and SEQ ID NO. 11 into recombinant vectors (e.g., pPink-hc vectors) , respectively. The constructed recombinant vectors are identified and verified, for example, by nucleotide sequencing. The verified recombinant vectors are transferred into a host cell (e.g., Pichia pastoris) for expression. The recombinant vectors may be amplified and allowed for linearization in the host cells. The host cells transformed with the recombinant vectors may be allowed to undergo fermentation and replication to generate a cell culture. The cell culture contains the Norovirus antigenic proteins expressed from SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 3, SEQ ID NO. 5, SEQ ID NO. 7, SEQ ID NO. 9, and SEQ ID NO. 11 of the recombinant vectors. In some embodiments, the cell culture may be allowed to undergo an initial purification (e.g., centrifugation) , and a supernatant of the cell culture is collected as a source containing Norovirus antigenic proteins. In some embodiments, at last some of the Norovirus antigenic proteins of the cell culture may undergo self-assembly and form the Norovirus VLPs in the cell culture.
[0057] Additional examples of the Norovirus proteins and sources containing Norovirus proteins and / or Norovirus VLPs can be found in Chinese Patent Publication No. CN115677838, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0058] The buffer exchange step
[0059] At step 110 of FIG. 1, a buffer exchange step is performed on the source (e.g., the cell culture or fermentation solution) containing host cells and Norovirus proteins with an intended buffer to obtain a cell harvest containing the host cells and Norovirus proteins in the intended buffer. In some embodiments, a sample of the source is analyzed to measure the solid content of the source. In some embodiments, the solid content of the source is adjusted to a range from about 1% to about 50%, from 10% to about 40%, or from about 20% to about 30%, based on the total weight of the source. In some embodiments, if the source has a solid content higher than 50%, a buffer solution is added to the source to dilute the solid in the source and arrive at a desired solid content (i.e., from about 1% to about 50%) . In some embodiments, the buffer solution used for dilution comprises a buffer such as phosphate buffer (PB) , a chelating agent such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) , a salt such as NaCl, and a stabilizing agent such as surfactant (e.g., polysorbate (PS) ) . In one example, the buffer solution used for diluting the source comprises about 20 mM PB, about 2 mM EDTA, about 1% to about 20% of NaCl by weight based on the total weight of the buffer solution, 0.03% of PS80 (polysorbate 80) . In some embodiments, the buffer solution has a pH from about 6 to about 8. In some embodiments, the buffer solution has a pH of about 7.5.
[0060] In some embodiments, after the solid content of the source is adjusted to a desired range, the buffer exchange step is performed on the source. In some embodiments, the buffer exchange step is performed using centrifugation. In one example, a centrifugation process is performed on the source to obtain a precipitant of the source, and the host cells as well as the Norovirus proteins are isolated and enriched in the precipitant of the source. The precipitant is subsequently reconstituted / redissolved in the intended buffer solution. In some embodiments, the centrifugation performed on the source at a speed in a range from 3,000 revolutions per minutes (rpm) to 8,000 rpm. In some embodiments, two or more centrifugation operations are performed on the source. In some embodiments, the intended buffer solution in the buffer exchange step is the same as the buffer solution used for diluting the source. In some embodiments, the intended buffer solution used to reconstitute the precipitant of the source comprises about 20 mM PB, about 2 mM EDTA, about 1% to about 20% of NaCl by weight based on the total weight of the buffer solution, and 0.03% of PS80 (polysorbate 80) . In some embodiments, the intended buffer solution has a pH from about 6 to about 8. In some embodiments, the intended buffer solution has a pH of about 7.5.
[0061] In some embodiments, the buffer exchange step is performed using diafiltration. In some embodiments, the buffer exchange step is performed using hollow fiber (HF) diafiltration. In certain embodiments, the buffer exchange step is performed using hollow fiber tangential flow filtration (HF-TFF) or hollow fiber tangential flow diafiltration (HF-TFD) .
[0062] Diafiltration may be used to exchange buffer solutions and remove impurities from a liquid sample (i.e., the cell culture or fermentation solution described herein) while maintaining the concentration of the target materials (i.e., host cells and Norovirus proteins described herein) in the source. During diafiltration, the sample is repeatedly diluted and concentrated with a buffer solution to replace undesired components with the desired buffer.
[0063] The tangential flow filtration (TFF) process is a versatile technique used in bioprocessing and biotechnology for the purification and concentration of biomolecules. A typical TFF process operates by passing a liquid sample tangentially along a surface of a semi-permeable membrane to allow smaller molecules and impurities to pass through the membrane while retaining larger molecules, such as proteins or VLPs. A typical system for performing a TFF process includes a feed reservoir, a pump, a filter, a tangential flow path, a pressure controller, a permeate collection reservoir, a retentate collection reservoir, and a diafiltration reservoir. The feed reservoir is used to hold the initial sample (e.g., a protein suspension containing the target proteins or VLPs) to be processed. The pump is used to generate the necessary pressure to drive the flow of the sample through the TFF system. This filter includes the semi-permeable membrane that performs the filtration. In some embodiments, the semi-permeable membrane includes a hollow fiber membrane having a desired pore size and / or molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) to retain large molecules. A tangential flow path allows the sample to be introduced tangentially and flow parallel to the surface of the semi-permeable membrane. The pressure controller is used to monitor and control the backflow pressure. The flow rate controller is used to control the flow rate at which the liquid is passed through the TFF system. The permeate collection reservoir is used to collect the permeate (i.e., the portion of the sample that passes through the filter) . The retentate collection reservoir is used to collect the retentate (i.e., the concentrated solution or suspension that remains on the surface of the filter membrane) . In diafiltration processes, the diafiltration reservoir is used to collect the diafiltration buffer, which is introduced to wash out impurities and exchange the buffer. Various operations / steps may be performed sequentially on the TFF system, such as initial filtration, concentration, and diafiltration in the buffer exchange step.
[0064] The hollow fiber tangential flow filtration (HF-TFF) process is a specific variation of the TFF technique that utilizes hollow fiber semi-permeable membranes as filters for filtration purposes. In the HF-TFF process, the filter comprises a plurality of small and hollow fiber tubes with porous walls. The porous walls act as the filtration membrane to allow selective passage of molecules based on size and / or molecular weight. Hollow fibers in various pore sizes may be used in the HF-TFF process.
[0065] In some embodiments, the buffer exchange step is performed on the cell culture using a HF-TFF process. In the HF-TFF process, the host cells and the Norovirus proteins are retained by the hollow fiber membrane and concentrated / enriched in the retentate. Small molecule impurities are allowed to pass through the hollow fiber membrane and retained in the permeate, and thereby isolated from the host cells. A diafiltration solution, which includes the desired buffer solution, can be employed to carry out additional buffer exchange within the retentate. In some embodiments, the diafiltration solution is the same as the buffer solution used to dilute the cell culture. In some embodiments, the diafiltration solution used in the buffer exchange step comprises about 20 mM PB, about 2 mM EDTA, about 1% to about 10% of NaCl by weight based on the total weight of the buffer solution, and 0.03% of PS80 (polysorbate 80) . In some embodiments, the diafiltration solution has a pH from about 6 to about 8. In some embodiments, the diafiltration solution has a pH of about 7.5. As a result of this diafiltration in the buffer exchange step, a cell harvest is obtained as the retentate of the diafiltration. This cell harvest comprises the host cells and the Norovirus proteins as well as the desired buffer for subsequent cell lysis step and / or processing and analysis.
[0066] The cell lysis step
[0067] At 115 of FIG. 1, a cell lysis step is performed on the cell harvest. In some embodiments, the cell lysis step is performed using a high-pressure microjet cell lysis process. In one example of the high-pressure microjet cell lysis process, the host cells of the cell harvest are subject to elevated pressure conditions, and a focused stream of fluid is directed to the host cells at high velocities onto the cellular constituents of the host cell. The mechanical force exerted by the microjet results in the mechanical disruption of cell membranes of the host cells, resulting in the release of cellular contents from the host cells and the Norovirus proteins included therein. In some embodiments, the solid content of the cell harvest is adjusted to about 5% to about 15%before the cell lysis step. In some embodiments. The solid content of the cell harvest is adjusted to about 10%, which is subject to the cell lysis step. In some embodiments, the pressure of the cell lysis step is controlled in a range from about 1,000 bar to about 1, 500 bar.
[0068] In some embodiments, a protease inhibitor is added to the cell harvest before the cell lysis step is performed. The protease inhibitors may be effective in preserving the structural and functional integrity of Norovirus proteins by preventing their degradation before and / or during the cell lysis step. In some embodiments, the protease inhibitor added to the cell harvest comprises phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) . Other protease inhibitors that can prevent degradation of Norovirus proteins are also within the scope of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the cell harvest has a concentration of the protease inhibitor from about 0.001 mM to about 10 mM after the protease inhibitor is added to the cell harvest. In some embodiments, the cell harvest has a concentration of the protease inhibitor of about 2 mM after the protease inhibitor is added to the cell harvest. In some embodiments, no protease inhibitor is added to the cell harvest before the cell lysis step. In some embodiments, the Norovirus proteins in the cell harvest comprise Norovirus GII. 3 proteins, and PMSF is added to the cell harvest before the cell lysis step. In some embodiments, the Norovirus proteins are substantially free from the Norovirus GII. 3 protein, and no protease inhibitor is added to the cell harvest before the cell lysis step.
[0069] In some embodiments, a protease inhibitor is added to the cell lysate after the cell lysate is obtained from the cell lysis step. In some embodiments, the protease inhibitor added to the cell lysate after the cell lysis is the same as the protease inhibitor added to the cell harvest before the cell lysis. The dual addition of a protease inhibitor, both before and after cell lysis can improve the stability and duration of the Norovirus proteins. As mentioned above, adding the protease inhibitor to the cell harvest before lysis can protect the integrity and functionality of Norovirus proteins during the cell lysis process. The Norovirus proteins can remain intact and active. Subsequently, post-cell lysis addition of the protease inhibitor continues to protect Norovirus proteins from degradation and extend their stability during the downstream treatment steps. In some embodiments, the protease inhibitor added to the cell lysate after the cell lysis step comprises PMSF. In some embodiments, the protease inhibitor added to the cell lysate after the cell lysis step, and a concentration of the protease inhibitor in the cell lysate is adjusted to a range from about 0.001 mM to about 10 mM. In some embodiments, the concentration of the protease inhibitor in the cell harvest before the cell lysis step is adjusted to about 1 to about 3 mM, and the concentration of the protease inhibitor in the cell lysate after the cell lysis step is adjusted to about 1 mM to about 3 mM. In some embodiments, the concentrations of the protease inhibitor in the cell harvest and / or the cell lysate are adjusted to about 2 mM. In some embodiments, no additional protease inhibitor is added to the cell lysate after the cell lysis step. In some embodiments, the Norovirus proteins in the cell harvest comprise Norovirus GII. 6 proteins, and additional protease inhibitor is added to the cell lysate after the cell lysis step.
[0070] In some embodiments, the Norovirus proteins in the cell harvest comprise Norovirus GII. 3 proteins, PMSF is added to both the cell harvest before the cell lysis step and to the cell lysate after the cell lysis step, and the concentrations of PMSF of the cell harvest and the cell lysate are adjusted / controlled to about 2 mM.
[0071] In some embodiments, a centrifugation step is performed on the cell lysate to obtain a supernatant (i.e., lysate supernatant) and a precipitant (i.e., lysate precipitant) of the cell lysate. Large molecule impurities are retained in the precipitant, and the Norovirus proteins are retained and enriched in the lysate supernatant and thereby isolated from the impurities. In some embodiments, multiple cycles of centrifugation may be performed in the centrifugation steps. The supernatant of the cell lysate is used for the subsequent precipitation step.
[0072] In some embodiments, one or more sterile filtration steps are performed on the cell lysate or the supernatant of the cell lysate, and the filtrate product of the sterile filtration steps are collected and subject to the subsequent precipitation step. The Norovirus proteins are remained and enriched in the filtrate product of the sterile filtration steps. For convenience of discussion, the lysate supernatant and the filtrate product of the one or more sterile filtration steps are also collectively referred to as a “lysate supernatant” or “filtered lysate supernatant. ”
[0073] The precipitation of Norovirus VLPs
[0074] At 120 of FIG. 1, the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant obtained / provided at step 115 is subject to a precipitation step. In some embodiments, one or more precipitating agents are added to the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant to form a precipitate fraction and a supernatant fraction. The precipitate fraction contains the Norovirus VLPs and has an increased concentration of Norovirus VLPs relative to the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant. In one example, the precipitation step includes: adding one or more precipitating agents to the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant to form a mixture of the one or more precipitating agents and the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant, optionally adjusting pH of the mixture (i.e., the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant mixed with the one or more precipitating agent) to a desired range, and settling the mixture to form the precipitate fraction and a supernatant fraction.
[0075] In some embodiments, the precipitating agent has a pH of about 5.5 to about 9, or from about 6 to about 8, or from about 6.5 to about 7. In some embodiments, the mixture (i.e., the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant mixed with the precipitating agent) has a pH of about 5.5 to about 9, or from about 6 to about 8.5, from about 6.5 to about 8.5, or from about 6.5 to about 7.
[0076] In some embodiments, the precipitating agent comprises a salt and a water-soluble polymer. In one example, the salt is sodium chloride (NaCl) , and the water-soluble polymer is polyethylene glycol (PEG) . In some embodiments, the PEG has a molecular weight from about 1,000 Da to about 20,000 Da, from about 2,000 Da to about 10,000 Da, or from about 4,000 Da to about 8,000 Da. In some embodiments, the PEG has a molecular weight from about 6,000 Da.
[0077] In one example, the one or more precipitating agents comprise a first precipitating agent and a second precipitating agent. The first precipitating agent comprises NaCl, and the second precipitating agent comprises PEG. In some embodiments, the first precipitating agent and the second precipitating are sequentially added to the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant. In some embodiments, the first precipitating agent and the second precipitating agent are simultaneously added to the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant. In some embodiments, the one or more precipitating agents are mixed before being added to the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant.
[0078] In some embodiments, the first precipitating agent is a buffer solution comprising a buffer, a chelating agent, a salt, and a stabilizing agent. In one example, the buffer is PB, the chelating agent is EDTA, the salt is NaCl, and the stabilizing agent is a surfactant such as PS. In some embodiments, the first precipitating agent has a concentration of NaCl from about 1 M to about 10 M, from about 2 M to about 8 M, or from about 3 M to about 6 M. In one example, the first precipitating agent comprises 20 mM of PB, 2 mM of EDTA, 4 M of NaCl by weight of the total weight of the first precipitating agent, and 0.03% of PS by weight of the total weight of the first precipitating agent. In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is polyoxyethylene (80) sorbitan monooleate (PS80) . Other polysorbates such as polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, and polysorbate 60 are also possible in other embodiments. In some embodiments, the first precipitating agent has a pH of at least 6.5, at least 7, at least 7.5, or at least 8.0.
[0079] In some embodiments, the second precipitating agent is a buffer solution comprising a buffer, a chelating agent, a water-soluble polymer, and a surfactant. In one example, the buffer is PB, the chelating agent is EDTA, the water-soluble polymer is PEG, and the surfactant is PS. In some embodiments, the second precipitating agent has a concentration of PEG from about 10%to about 80%, from about 20% to about 70%, or from about 40% to about 60%, based on the total weight of the second precipitating agent. In one example, the second precipitating agent comprises 20 mM of PB, 2 mM of EDTA, 50% PEG by weight of the total weight of the second precipitating agent, and 0.03% of PS by weight of the total weight of the second precipitating agent. In some embodiments, the PS is PS80. In some embodiments, the second precipitating agent has a pH of at least 6.5, at least 7, at least 7.5, or at least 8.0. As mentioned above, the first and second precipitating agents may be added either simultaneously or sequentially to the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant.
[0080] In some embodiments, the mixture (i.e., the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant mixed with the first and precipitating agents) has a concentration of NaCl of about 0.1 M to about 1 M. In some embodiments, the mixture has a concentration of NaCl of about 0.6 M. In some embodiments, the mixture has a concentration of PEG from about 2% to about 10%, based on the total weight of the mixture. In some embodiments, the mixture has a concentration of PEG of about 3% to about 6%, based on the total weight of the mixture. In some embodiments, the mixture has a pH of at least 6.5, at least 7, at least 7.5, or at least 8.0.
[0081] In some embodiments, the one or more precipitating agents are added to the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant continuously with agitation or stirring at a temperature for a time period. In some embodiments, the temperature is from about 0 ℃ to about 30 degrees Celsius (℃) . In some embodiments, the temperature is from about 0 ℃ to about 15 ℃, or from about 2 ℃ to about 8 ℃. In some embodiments, the time period is at least 0.5 hours, at least 1 hour, or at least 2 hours. In some embodiments, the time period is from about 0.5 hours to about 2 hours. It should be noted that the addition rate of the precipitating agent to the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant is controlled at a relatively slow level. Continuous or portion-wise addition of the precipitating agent may cause the target protein (i.e., Norovirus antigenic protein) to undergo reversible denaturation, leading to aggregation of the Norovirus proteins and precipitation of the Norovirus VLPs. In contrast, rapid addition of the precipitating agent (e.g., in one portion) can result in unfavorable damages to the target protein (e.g., irreversible denaturation of certain regions of the target protein) .
[0082] In some embodiments, the mixture (i.e., lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant mixed with the first and precipitating agents) is settled at a temperature for a time period to form the precipitate fraction and the supernatant fraction. In some embodiments, the temperature is from about 0 ℃ to about 30 ℃, from about 0 ℃ to about 15 ℃, or from about 2 ℃ to about 8 ℃. In some embodiments, the time period is from about 1 hours to about 30 hours, from about 8 hours to about 20 hours, or from about 12 hours to about 18 hours.
[0083] In some embodiments, adding the one or more precipitating agents further comprises: adding a first precipitating agent comprising NaCl, adjusting a concentration of NaCl in lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant mixed with the first precipitating agent to about 0.3 M to about 0.8 M, after adding the first precipitating agent, adding a second precipitating agent comprising PEG to the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant mixed with the first precipitating agent, and adjusting a concentration of PEG in the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant mixed with both the first and second precipitating agent to about 2% to about 10%, based on the total weight of the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant mixed with both the first and second precipitating agent. In some embodiments, the concentration of NaCl in the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant mixed with both the first and second precipitating agents is adjusted to about 0.6 M, and the concentration of PEG in the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant mixed with both the first and second precipitating agents is adjusted to about 5%, based on the total weight of the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant mixed with both the first and second precipitating agents. In some embodiments, a pH of the lysate supernatant or filtered lysate supernatant mixed with both the first and second precipitating agents is adjusted to about 7.5.
[0084] The separation step
[0085] At 125 of FIG. 1, the precipitation fraction obtained at step 120 is subject to a separation process. In some embodiments, the separation process further comprises performing a TFF process to isolate Norovirus VLPs in the precipitate fraction from impurities.
[0086] In some embodiments, the third separation process according to the present disclosure comprises performing a HF-TFF process on the precipitate fraction obtained from step 120. At a high level, the HF-TFF process may, according to some embodiments, include: forming a protein suspension of the precipitate fraction, performing an initial filtration process of the protein suspension to obtain an initial retentate and an initial permeate, optionally performing a concentration process on the retentate to obtain a first retentate and a first permeate, performing a diafiltration process on the first retentate to obtain a second retentate and a second permeate. The first retentate is an intermediate concentration product containing enriched Norovirus VLPs from the protein suspension. The second retentate is a diafiltration product and comprises Norovirus VLPs enriched relative to the protein suspension. The diafiltration product may be the final product of the HF-TFF process. In some embodiments, the HF-TFF process may optionally include performing an additional concentration process on the diafiltration product to obtain a concentrate as the product of the HF-TFF process. The initial retentate from the initial filtration process has an increased concentration of Norovirus VLP concentration relative to the protein suspension. In other words, the Norovirus VLPs of the protein suspension are enriched in the initial retentate. The first retentate (i.e., the intermediate concentration product) has an increased concentration of Norovirus VLP relative to the initial retentate. In other words, the Norovirus VLPs of the initial retentate are enriched in the first retentate. The second retentate (i.e., the diafiltration product) has about the same concentration of Norovirus VLP relative to the intermediate concentrate. The concentrate of the second retentate has an increased concentration of Norovirus VLP relative to the second retentate (i.e., the diafiltration product) . In other words, the Norovirus VLPs of the second retentate are enriched in the concentrate. The initial retentate, first retentate (i.e., the intermediate concentration product) , second retentate (i.e., the diafiltration product) , and the concentrate of the second retentate are collectively referred to as a “retentate product” of the separation process.
[0087] It is noted that the HF filtration process according to the present disclosure is used to remove impurities such as mixtures from cell lysates, non-targe proteins, nucleic acids, and other contaminants. The HF filtration process used herein can produce a relatively pure retentate product containing the target Norovirus VLPs for the subsequent purification process. Moreover, hollow fiber membranes have a self-supporting structure, which may simplify assembly and offer a high packing density and a larger surface area to improve filtration efficiency.
[0088] In some embodiments, the Norovirus VLPs from the precipitate fraction obtained at step 120 are allowed to resuspend and form a protein suspension. In some embodiments, the precipitate fraction may be allowed to resuspend in a buffer solution to form the protein suspension. In some embodiments, the precipitate fraction and the supernatant fraction obtained at step 120 may be mixed to form the protein suspension and to allow the Norovirus VLPs in the precipitate fraction to suspend in the protein suspension. The protein suspension comprises Norovirus VLPs and is used for the initial filtration of the HF-TFF process.
[0089] In some embodiments, the initial filtration process includes introducing the protein suspension tangentially on a surface of a filter comprising a hollow fiber membrane to produce the initial permeate and the initial retentate. The protein suspension is loaded on the filter comprising the hollow fiber membrane and allowed to flow along the surface of the hollow fiber membrane at a tangential flow rate and a backflow pressure. The liquid of the protein suspension that passes through the membrane is the initial permeate and is collected in a permeate collection reservoir, and the initial retentate that is retained by the hollow fiber membrane is collected by a retentate collection reservoir. In some embodiments, the hollow fiber of the membrane has a pore size from about 0.1 μm to about 1 μm, from about 0.1 μm to about 0.65 μm, or from about 0.1 μm to about 0.45 μm. In some embodiments, the hollow fiber of the membrane has a pore size of about 0.1 μm. In some embodiments, the tangential flow rate is controlled in a range from about 1,000 s-1 to about 6,000 s-1. In some embodiments, the backflow pressure is controlled in a range from about 1 psi to about 10 psi, or from about 1 psi to about 6 psi. In some embodiments, a load factor (i.e., the amount of protein suspension processed per square meter of filtration membrane) of the initial filtration process is from about 10 L / m2 to about 50 L / m2. In some embodiments, the flow rate of permeation (i.e., permeate flux rate) is controlled at or below 30 liters per square meter per hour (LMH) . In the initial filtration process, Norovirus VLPs are retained and enriched in the initial retentate and isolated from the impurities, which are carried away by the initial permeate.
[0090] In some embodiments, the concentration process is performed after the initial filtration process. During the concentration process, the initial retentate containing the enriched Norovirus VLPs is allowed to flow tangentially along the surface of the hollow fiber membrane for one or more cycles. The concentration process may facilitate the increase of the concentration of Norovirus VLPs within the initial retentate, reducing the volume of the retentate, and achieving the desired level of concentration. Each cycle may further involve circulating the retentate one or more times. The first retentate (i.e., the intermediate concentration product) is obtained from the concentration process. The first retentate has an increased concentration of Norovirus VLPs relative to the initial retentate and to the protein suspension. In some embodiments, the first retentate has a concentration of Norovirus VLPs of about 2 times to about 8 times relative to an original concentration of Norovirus VLPs of the protein suspension. In other words, the protein suspension volume is concentrated to about 1 / 2 to about 1 / 8 of an original volume of the protein suspension. In some embodiments, the first retentate has a concentration of Norovirus VLPs of about 3 times to about 5 times relative to the original concentration of Norovirus VLPs of the protein suspension. In some embodiments, the tangential flow rate is controlled in a range from about 1,000 s-1 to about 6,000 s-1 in the concentration process. In some embodiments, the backflow pressure (i.e., the retentate stream pressure) is controlled in a range from about 1 psi to about 10 psi, or from about 1 psi to about 6 psi in the concentration process. In some embodiments, the flow rate of permeation is controlled at or below about 30 LMH in the concentration process.
[0091] In some embodiments, the diafiltration process is performed after the concentration process. The diafiltration process may exchange the buffer of the first retentate without substantially changing the concentration of Norovirus VLPs in the first retentate. The diafiltration process may include flowing a diafiltration solution and the first retentate along the surface of the hollow fiber membrane to produce the second retentate and the second permeate. The Norovirus VLPs are retained by the hollow fiber membrane and enriched in the second retentate. In some embodiments, the diafiltration solution is a buffer solution. In one example, the diafiltration solution comprises about 20 mM of PB, about 2 mM of EDTA, about 1% to about 10% of PEG, about 200 mM to about 1M of NaCl, and about 0.03% of PS80. In some embodiments, the diafiltration solution has a pH of about 5.5 to about 9. In some embodiments, the diafiltration solution has a pH of about 6.0 to about 7.5. In some embodiments, the diafiltration solution has a pH of about 6.5. In some embodiments, the tangential flow rate is controlled in a range from about 1,000 s-1 to about 6,000 s-1 in the diafiltration process. In some embodiments, the backflow pressure is controlled in a range from about 1 psi to about 10 psi, or from about 1 psi to about 6 psi in the diafiltration process. In some embodiments, the flow rate of permeation is controlled at or below 30 LMH in the diafiltration process.
[0092] In some embodiments, multiple cycles of diafiltration can be performed to achieve a high degree of purification and buffer exchange without significantly altering the concentration of the target Norovirus VLPs. In the initial diafiltration cycle, the first retentate is circulated through the hollow fiber membrane system while a diafiltration solution is introduced. Subsequent diafiltration cycles use the enriched retentate from the previous cycle as a starting material to repeat the diafiltration process to further enhance purity and buffer exchange. The diafiltration process removes impurities, washes out unwanted buffer components, and enriches the target Norovirus VLPs in the second retentate. In some embodiments, a total number of diafiltration cycles is from 2 to 12, from 4 to 12, from 4 to 10, or from 6 to 8.
[0093] In some embodiments, the diafiltration process is performed with a diafiltration factor from 2 to 12, from 4 to 10, or from 6 to 8. The “diafiltration factor” used herein refers to a measure of how much of the original buffer in the first retentate is replaced by new buffer (i.e., the diafiltration) during the diafiltration process. The diafiltration factor can be calculated using the formula: Diafiltration factor = Buffer Volume / Starting Volume, wherein “Buffer Volume” represents the total volume of a new buffer that is introduced during the diafiltration process, and “Starting Volume” refers to the initial volume of the sample or solution that undergoes diafiltration.
[0094] In some embodiments, the Norovirus VLPs comprise GII. 6-VLPs, and the diafiltration solution has a pH of about 6.5. In some embodiments, the Norovirus VLPs are GI. 1-VLPs, GII. 2-VLPs, and GII. 17-VLPs, and the diafiltration solutionhas a pH of about 8. In some embodiments, the Norovirus VLPs comprise GII. 3-VLPs, GII. 4-VLPs, and GII. 6-VLPs, and the diafiltration solution has a pH of about 7.5.
[0095] In some embodiments, an additional concentration process is performed on the second retentate (i.e., the diafiltration product) to obtain a concentrate of the second retentate. The additional concentration process may be performed to further increase the concentration of the Norovirus VLPs included in the second retentate. The concentration process may involve reducing the volume of the second retentate while retaining the target Norovirus VLPs using the same hollow fiber membrane of the TFF system. In some embodiments, the concentrate of the second retentate has a concentration of Norovirus VLPs of about 2 times to about 6 times relative to an original concentration of the second retentate. In other words, the protein suspension volume is concentrated to about 1 / 2 to about 1 / 6 of an original volume of the second retentate after the additional concentration process.
[0096] Redissolution of the Norovirus VLPs
[0097] At 130 of FIG. 1, the Norovirus VLPs of the retentate product from the separation process obtained at step 125 are redissolved in a buffer to obtain a buffer solution containing the enriched Norovirus VLPs from the retentate product. In some embodiments, the retentate product from the separation process at step 125 is the concentrate of the second retentate. In some embodiments, the retentate product from the separation process at step 125 is the second retentate (i.e., the diafiltration product) . In some embodiments, the retentate product is added to a buffer to redissolve the Norovirus VLPs of the retentate product in the buffer. In some embodiments, the buffer comprises NaCl. In one example, the buffer comprises 20 mM PB, about 0.01 M to about 1 M of NaCl (e.g., about 0.02 M to about 0.8 M about 0.05 M to about 0.7 M, or about 0.1 M to about 0.6 M) , about 0.03% of PS80, based on the total weight of the buffer. In some embodiments, the buffer has a concentration of NaCl from about 0 to about 400 mM. In some embodiments, the Norovirus VLPs in the retentate product are diluted in the buffer by about 1 time to about 100 times, or by about 10 times to about 50 times, or by about 6 times to about 20 times by weight (w / w) . In some embodiments, the Norovirus VLPs in the retentate product are diluted in the buffer by about 16 times (w / w) . In some embodiments, the buffer has a pH of about 6.0 to about 8.5, or from about 7.0 to about 8.0. In some embodiments, the buffer solution containing the redissolved Norovirus VLPs has a pH of about 6 to about 8.5.
[0098] In some embodiments, the Norovirus VLPs comprise one or more of a Norovirus GI. 1 protein, a Norovirus GII. 2 protein, a Norovirus GII. 17 protein, and the buffer used for redissolution has a pH of about 8.0.
[0099] In some embodiments, redissolving the Norovirus VLPs of the retentate product in the buffer is performed at a temperature from about 0 to about 25 ℃ or from about 2 ℃ to about 8 ℃ with gentle and continuous agitation.
[0100] In some embodiments, a centrifugation step is performed on the buffer solution containing the redissolved Norovirus VLPs, and the Norovirus VLPs are remained and enriched in the supernatant of the buffer solution. The supernatant of the buffer solution is subject to the subsequent chromatographic purification steps.
[0101] Chromatographic purification steps
[0102] At step 135 of FIG. 1, one or more chromatographic separation processes may be performed. The one or more chromatographic separation processes may be optional, and the supernatant of the buffer solution containing the redissolved Norovirus VLPs obtained at step 130 may be subject directly to the subsequent processes after step 135. In some embodiments, the supernatant of the buffer solution obtained at step 130 is subject to one or more chromatographic separation processes at step 135. The chromatographic separation processes can be performed for sterile and / or other purity enhancement purposes. The chromatographic separation processes included at step 135 may include one or more of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) , affinity chromatography, cation exchange chromatography, anion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, mixed-mode chromatography MMC) , among others.
[0103] In some embodiments, the one or more chromatographic separation processes include a mixed-mode or multimode chromatography (MMC) process. MMC is a chromatographic method in which solutes interact with stationary phase through more than one interaction mode or mechanism. MMC using multimodal functional ligands can adsorb a protein or VLP of interest (e.g., the Norovirus VLPs described herein) with the combination of ionic interactions, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Mixed-mode resins can directly capture target proteins or VLPs at relatively high salt concentration without dilution or other additives due to their multiple binding interactions. Nonlimiting exemplary commercially available mixed-mode resins include Capto MMC, Capto adhere, Capto Core 400, Capto Core 700 from GE Healthcare, PPA Hypercel, HEA Hypercel and MEP Hypercel from Pall Corporation, Eshmuno HCX from Merck Millipore, Toyopearl MX-Trp-650 M from TOSOH Bioscience, Nuvia cPrime, CHT Ceramic Hydroxyapatite, and CTT Ceramic Fluoroapatite from Bio-Rad, among others.
[0104] In some embodiments, the supernatant of the buffer solution is subject to a MMC process using a chromatography column containing Capto Core 400 resin. The amount of the supernatant of the buffer solution is loaded onto the chromatography column with a column volume (CV) in a range from 1 to 100. The chromatography column of the MMC may be equilibrated with an equilibration buffer solution. In some embodiments, the equilibration buffer solution comprises a buffer such as PB, a salt such as NaCl, and a stabilizing agent such as polysorbate. In some embodiments, the equilibration buffer solution has a pH from about 7.0 to about 8.0. In one example, the equilibration buffer solution has a pH of about 8.0. In some embodiments, the equilibration buffer solution comprises about 20 mM PB, about 0 to about 500 mM of NaCl, and about 0.03% of PS80, based on the total weight of the equilibration buffer solution. In some embodiments, the equilibration buffer solution comprises about 20 mM PB, about 250 mM of NaCl, and about 0.03% of PS80, based on the total weight of the equilibration buffer solution, and has a pH of about 8.0.
[0105] In some embodiments, the supernatant of the buffer solution obtained at step 130 is loaded onto the chromatography column of the MMC after the chromatography column is equilibrated with the equilibration buffer solution. In some embodiments, the target Norovirus VLPs are separated based on their interaction with the Capto Core 400 resin and the chromatography column. In some embodiments, the retention time for the Norovirus VLPs, or the duration during which the loaded sample is in contact with the Capto Core 400 resin, is controlled within a range from 1 minute to 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the retention time for the Norovirus VLPs in the MMC process is from about 4 minutes to about 6 minutes. The Norovirus VLPs may be collected in a flow-through mode and enriched in a filtrate product of the MMC (i.e., the MMC product) . In some embodiments, the Norovirus VLPs do not have strongly binding to the Capto Core 400 resin and pass through the chromatography column relatively quickly. The impurities remain binding to the Capto Core 400 resin and thus are isolated from the Norovirus VLPs that are collected in the MMC product.
[0106] In some embodiments, the one or more chromatographic separation processes include an ion exchange chromatography process. Ion exchange chromatography can be membrane ion exchange chromatography or column ion exchange chromatography. Ion exchange chromatography separates proteins based on the difference in their respective ionic charges, and include cationic exchange chromatography and anionic exchange chromatography. The use of a cationic exchange chromatography versus an anionic exchange chromatography is based on the overall charge of the protein. In some embodiments, only cation exchange chromatography is used to purify the Norovirus VLPs. In some embodiments, only anion exchange chromatography is used to purify the Norovirus VLPs. In some embodiments, a combination of the two is used to purify the Norovirus VLPs. In some embodiments, ion exchange chromatography process employs only a cation exchange step. In some embodiments, the ion exchange chromatography process employs only an anion exchange step. In some embodiments, the ion exchange chromatography process employs an anionic exchange step prior to the use of a cationic exchange step. In certain embodiments, the ion exchange chromatography process employs a cationic exchange step prior to the use of an anionic exchange step.
[0107] In ion exchange chromatography, the protein of interest in the preparation is attracted by opposite charges attached to a chromatography matrix (i.e., resins) , provided the ionic strength of the surrounding solution or buffer is low. Elution is generally achieved by increasing the ionic strength (i.e., conductivity) of the elution solution to compete with the solute for the charged sites of the ion exchange matrix. The conductivity of a preparation can be increased, for example, by the addition of salt to the preparation. The salt which may be used will depend on the pH of the preparation. In some embodiments, the amount of salt added ranges from 25 mM to 500 mM and from 100 mM to 250 mM. Changing the pH and thereby altering the charge of the protein of interest is another way to achieve elution of the protein. The change in conductivity or pH may be gradual (gradient elution) or stepwise (step elution) .
[0108] Cation exchange materials or resins are available from commercial sources. Nonlimiting cationic materials suitable for cation exchange chromatography include carboxymethyl (CM) , sulfoethyl (SE) , sulfopropyl (SP) , phosphate (P) , sulfonate (S) and EMD cation exchange materials from Millipore Cellulose ion exchange resins such as DE23TM, DE32TM, DE52TM, CM-23TM, CM-32TM, and CM-52TM are available from Whatman Ltd Maidstone, Kent, U. K. and cross-linked ion exchangers are also known. For example, DEAE-, QAE-, CM-, and and DEAE-, Q-, CM- and S- and Fast Flow are all available from Pharmacia AB. Further, both DEAF and CM derivatized ethylene glycol-methacrylate copolymer such as TOYOPEARLTM DEAE-650S or M and TOYOPEARLTM CM-650S or M are available from Toso Haas Co, Philadelphia, Pa. EMD cation exchange materials include EMD SO3- (S) , EMD COO- (S) , EMD SO3- (M) , EMD SE Hicap (M) , and EMD COO- (M) .
[0109] Anion exchange materials or resins are available from commercial sources. Non-limiting examples of anionic exchange substituents include diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) , quaternary aminoethyl (QAE) and quaternary amine (Q) groups. Exemplary anion exchange materials include EMD TMAE (S) , EMD DEAE (S) , EMD DMAE (S) , EMD TMAE (M) , EMD TMAE Hicap (M) , EMD DEAE (M) , EMD DMAE (M) available from Millipore, NanoGel 50Q from Amerigo Scientific, among others.
[0110] In some embodiments, the one or more chromatographic separation processes / steps include an anion exchange chromatography process for capturing Norovirus VLPs and conducting a gradient elution to separate impurities. The anion exchange chromatography process may serve to further separate and remove impurities such as host cell DNA (HCD) and host cell proteins (HCP) from the captured Norovirus VLPs. In some embodiments, the chromatography column used in the anion exchange chromatography process comprises NanoGel 50Q resins. In one example, the chromatography column used in the anion exchange chromatography process is initially equilibrated with an equilibration buffer solution. In some embodiments, the equilibration buffer solution comprises about 20 mM PB and about 0.03% of PS80, based on the total weight of the equilibration buffer solution. In some embodiments, the equilibration buffer solution has a pH from about 7.0 to about 8.0.
[0111] In some embodiments, the sample containing the Norovirus VLPs are loaded onto the chromatography column of the anion exchange chromatography process with a loading amount of about 0.1 mg / mL to about 10 mg / mL. An elution buffer is used to wash out and separate the captured Norovirus VLPs and impurities. In one example, the elution buffer comprises 20 mM PB, 1 M NaCl, 0.03% PS80, and is adjusted to a pH of about 8.0. The high salt concentration in the elution buffer may facilitate the release the captured Norovirus VLPs from the chromatography resins. In some embodiments, the sample is allowed to interact with the chromatography resin and bind to the chromatography resin during a specified retention time. In some embodiments, the retention time for the elution is in a range of about 0.1 minutes to about 10 minutes. In some embodiments, both the equilibration buffer solution and the elution buffer have a pH of at least 7.0, at least 7.5, or at least 8.0.
[0112] In some embodiments, the one or more chromatographic separation steps at step 135 include both an MMC process and an anion exchange chromatography process as described herein. In some embodiments, the MMC process is performed prior to the anion exchange chromatography. In some embodiments, the anion exchange chromatography is performed rior to the MMC process. In some embodiments, the MMC process and the anion exchange chromatography process are performed sequentially and successively. In one example, the supernatant of the buffer solution obtained at step 130 is first subject to an MMC process to obtain an MMC product containing the enriched Norovirus VLPs. Subsequently, the MMC product is subject to the anion exchange chromatography process, and the Norovirus VLPs captured by the chromatography resin of the anion exchange chromatography are eluted and collected in an eluate product. In another example, the supernatant of the buffer solution at step 130 is first subject to the anion exchange chromatography process, and the Norovirus VLPs captured by the chromatography resin of the anion exchange chromatography are eluted and collected in an eluate product. Subsequently, the eluate product is subject to an MMC process to obtain an MMC product containing the enriched Norovirus VLPs. The MMC product and the eluate product of the anion exchange chromatography are collectively referred to as a “chromatography product. ”
[0113] The combined ultrafiltration and diafiltration process
[0114] At step 140 of FIG. 1, a combined / integrated ultrafiltration and diafiltration (UF / DF) process is performed. In some embodiments, the chromatography product obtained at step 135 is subject to the UF / DF process to further purify the Norovirus VLPs in the chromatography product. In the combined UF / DF process, an ultrafiltration process is utilized to concentrate and separate the target Norovirus VLPs from impurities and unwanted substances based on size and molecular weight, through a semi-permeable membrane. Following ultrafiltration, a diafiltration process is introduced to exchange the buffer solution while maintaining the concentrated solution of the Norovirus VLPs. The diafiltration process may eliminate residual impurities and adjust the final formulation to result in a highly purified and well-buffered UF / DF retentate product (also referred to as an “UF / DF product” or an “UF / DF concentrate product” ) .
[0115] In some embodiments, the chromatography product obtained at step 135 is subject to the ultrafiltration of the UF / DF process using a filtration membrane having a molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) from about 50 kDa to about 200 kDa or from about 80 kDa to about 120 kDa. In some embodiments, the filtration membrane is a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane with MWCO of about 100 kDa. In some embodiments, a retentate of the ultrafiltration is obtained, and the Norovirus VLPs are retained by the filtration membrane and enriched in the retentate. In some embodiments, the retentate is a concentrate having an increased concentration of the Norovirus VLPs relative to the chromatography product obtained at step 135. In some embodiments, the retentate has a concentration of Norovirus VLPs of about 2 times to about 6 times relative to the concentration of the Norovirus VLPs in the chromatography product obtained at step 135. Following the ultrafiltration, the retentate is subsequently subject to the diafiltration of the UF / DF process using the same or different filtration membrane. A diafiltration solution comprising an intended buffer is used in the diafiltration to exchange the buffer of the retentate with the intended buffer. In some embodiments, the diafiltration solution used in the UF / DF process comprises Histidine. In some embodiments, the diafiltration solution used in the UF / DF process comprises about 5 mM Histidine, about 100 mM to about 200 mM of NaCl, and about 0.05% of PS80 by weight based on the total weight of the diafiltration solution. In some embodiments, the diafiltration solution has a pH of at least 7.0, at least 7.5, or at least 8.0. In some embodiments, a total number of diafiltration cycles in the UF / DF process is from 2 to 12, from 4 to 12, from 4 to 10, or from 6 to 8. In some embodiments, the diafiltration of the UF / DF process is performed with a diafiltration factor from 2 to 12, from 4 to 10, or from 6 to 8.
[0116] In one example, the UF / DF process includes: (1) determining a solid content of the starting sample (e.g., the supernatant of the chromatography product obtained at step 135) , determining a desired solid content of the UF / DF product, and determining a concentration factor (i.e., the reduction of volume in the UF / DF process) , (2) selecting a filtration membrane for the UF / DF process, determining a desired permeate flux rate (i.e., permeation rate) , verifying the integrity of the UF / DF system used for the UF / DF process, and verifying that the UF / DF system is sterilized, (3) concentrating the starting sample using the ultrafiltration by loading the starting sample onto the filtration membrane according to the determined concentration factor, controlling a backflow end pressure within a range from about 0 to about 50 psi, controlling a backflow rate in a range from about 1 LMH to about 200 LMH, and controlling a load factor of the starting sample in a range from about 1 g / m2 to about 100 g / m2, and collecting the retentate of the ultrafiltration, and (4) initiating diafiltration of the collected retentate using the same filtration membrane after the desired concentration of the retentate is achieved, performing from about 2 to about 6 buffer exchange cycles using a diafiltration buffer described above.
[0117] In some embodiments, a UF / DF product is obtained, and the UF / DF product contains enriched Norovirus VLPs and the components of the diafiltration buffer. In some embodiments, the UF / DF product has a concentration of Norovirus VLPs of at least 500 μg / mL, at least 600 μg / mL, at least 650 μg / mL, at least 700 μg / mL, at least 750 μg / mL, at least 800 μg / mL, at least 850 μg / mL, at least 900 μg / mL, at least 950 μg / mL, at least 1,000 μg / mL, at least 1, 100 μg / mL, or at least 1, 200 μg / mL. In some embodiments, the UF / DF product has a concentration of Norovirus VLPs from about 650 μg / mL to about 1, 200 μg / mL. In some embodiments, the UF / DF product has a concentration of Norovirus VLPs from 600 μg / mL to 1,000 μg / mL.
[0118] In some embodiments, a stabilizing agent is added to the UF / DF product. In one example, the stabilizing agent comprises polysorbate such as PS80. Other polysorbates are also possible in alternative embodiments. In some embodiments, the concentration of the stabilizing agent added to the UF / DF product is adjusted / controlled to about 0 to about 5% by weight based on the total weight of the UF / DF product.
[0119] In some embodiments, a sample of UF / DF product is analyzed and characterized, for example, by SDS-PAGE, SEC, TEM, and / or other analytical methods. In some embodiments, SDS-PAGE is used to measure the purity of the Norovirus proteins (e.g., the VP1 protein) . The sample can be prepared and loaded onto an SDS-PAGE gel. After electrophoresis, the gel is stained with a dye to visualize the protein bands. A densitometer can then be used to measure the optical density of each protein band. The optical density is directly related to the protein concentration in the gel. For example, Norovirus VP1 purity can be determined by calculating the optical density of the VP1 bands to the total optical density of all protein bands on the gel. In some embodiments, the UF / DF product has a purity of Norovirus VP1 proteins of at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at last 82%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or about 100%. In one embodiment, the Norovirus VP1 purity of the UF / DF product is determined using SDS-PAGE.
[0120] In some embodiments, SEC is used to measure the purity of Norovirus VLPs (the particles each formed by a plurality of VP1 protein molecules as described above) . Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) is a valuable analytical technique for separating and characterizing VLPs based on their size and shape. In a sample having a mixture of VLPs of different sizes due to the different number of VP1 molecules in its composition, there will be multiple peaks in SEC chromatogram. Protein content correspond to each peak can be quantified. The purity of a Norovirus VLP preparation can be determined by calculating the ratio of the protein content associated with the desired peak (corresponding to the size of the target VLPs) to the total protein content (sum of the protein content from all peaks) . This ratio provides a measure of the purity of the VLP sample. In some embodiments, the UF / DF product has a purity of Norovirus VLPs of at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or about 100%.
[0121] In some embodiments, a sample of the UF / DF product is measured by TEM to determine the size distribution of the Norovirus VLPs. In some embodiments, the Norovirus VLPs of the UF / DF product are shown to have a mono-mode and uniform size distribution. In some embodiments, a sample of the UF / DF product is analyzed using ELISA, qPCR, and / or other techniques to determine the impurity content. In some embodiments, the UF / DF product has a content of HCP of no more than 500 ng / mg, no more than 400 ng / mg, or no more than 350 ng / mg. In some embodiments, the UF / DF product has a content of HCD of no more than 300 ng / mg, no more than 200 ng / mg, or no more than 120 ng / mg.
[0122] Additional purification steps
[0123] At step 145, one or more additional processes may be performed to treat / purify / formulate any product from the previous steps (e.g., the buffer solution obtained at 135, the chromatography product obtained at step 135, the UF / DF product obtained at step 140, etc. ) . The additional purification process at step 145 is optional. The additional processes may include one or more steps selected from centrifugation, microfiltration, TFF, virus inactivation, affinity chromatography, cation exchange chromatography, anion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, ultrafiltration, diafiltration, SPTFF, depth filtration, and mixed-mode chromatography. In one embodiment, the purification process comprises a virus filtration step and one or more steps selected from centrifugation, microfiltration, TFF, virus inactivation, affinity chromatography, cation exchange chromatography, anion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, mixed-mode chromatography, ultrafiltration, diafiltration, SPTFF, and depth filtration, and the preparation is obtained from the virus filtration step.
[0124] In some embodiments, a final product is obtained at step 145 of method 100. The final product is a composition comprising high-purity Norovirus VLPs with low levels of impurities such as HCP and HCD. HCP can be measured using any protein quantification methods, for example, ELISA and Western blots. HCD can be measured using any nucleic acid quantification methods, for example, qPCR. In some embodiments, the final product has a purity of Norovirus VLPs of at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 86%, at least 90%, or at least 95%. In some embodiments, the Norovirus VLPs of the final product have a mono-mode and uniform size distribution. In some embodiments, the final product has a content of HCP of no more than 10,000 ng / mg, no more than 5,000 ng / mg, no more than 1,000 ng / mg, or no more than 500 ng / mg. In some embodiments, the final product has a content of HCD of no more than 3,000 ng / mg, no more than 1,000 ng / mg, or no more than 500 ng / mg.
[0125] It should be noted that the pH of the product or any intermediate products generated in / obtained by the present method are controlled near neutrality (e.g., from about 6.0 to about 8.5) throughout the purification processes in the present method. The present method may eliminate the need for pH adjustments and / or the addition of reducing agents to disaggregate and subsequently re-aggregate Norovirus VLP particles during the purification processes. The present method can preserve the integrity of the VLP structure of the Norovirus VLPs throughout the processes while achieving effective impurity removal.
[0126] The final product or any intermediate product of method 100 according to the present disclosure contains high-purity Norovirus VLPs and can find diverse applications, primarily in the preparation of Norovirus vaccines, anti-Norovirus drug combinations, diagnostic test kits, antibody research, and the production of assay reagents. For example, the product according to the present disclosure can be employed in vaccine production to induce immune responses against Norovirus and contribute to protection against infection. the product according to the present disclosure can also be used in the development of therapies for Norovirus infection. Additionally, the product according to the present disclosure can be used to create diagnostic test kits for the detection of Norovirus infections or related biomarkers, facilitating early diagnosis and monitoring. Furthermore, the product according to the present disclosure can be used in antibody research to aid in the understanding of Norovirus interactions with the immune system, as well as in the production of assay reagents for research, diagnosis, or biopharmaceutical applications. Accordingly, the present disclosure is also related to a Norovirus vaccine formulation comprising the product made by any process described herein. The present disclosure is also related to an anti-Norovirus drug composition comprising the product made by any process described herein. The present disclosure is also related to a diagnostic test kit comprising the product made by any process described herein.EXAMPLES
[0127] Embodiments of the present disclosure are further defined in the following non-limiting Examples. These Examples, while indicating certain embodiments of the disclosure, are given by way of illustration only. From the above discussion and these Examples, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of this disclosure, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the embodiments of the disclosure to adapt it to various usages and conditions. Thus, various modifications of the embodiments of the disclosure, in addition to those shown and described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
[0128] A cell culture containing Norovirus antigenic proteins was obtained according to Chinese Patent Publication No. CN115677838. The cell culture comprises Norovirus antigenic proteins expressed by recombinant vectors that were transformed into host cells. The Norovirus antigenic proteins comprise one or more of GI. 1 VP1 protein, GII. 2 VP1 protein, GII. 3 VP1 protein, GII. 4 VP1 protein, GII. 6 VP1 protein, and GII. 17 VP1 protein. The recombinant vectors have one or more nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11. The GI.1 VP1 protein comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, the GII. 2 VP1 protein comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, the GII. 3 protein comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, the GII. 4 VP1 protein comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8, the GII. 6 VP1 protein comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, and the GII. 17 VP1 protein comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12. The host cells are Pichia pastoris cells.
[0129] The cell culture was diluted to a solid content of about 20% to about 30% using a buffer solution comprising 20 mM PB, about 2 mM EDTA, about 1% to about 5% of NaCl by weight based on the total weight of the buffer solution, 0.03% of PS80 and having a pH of about 7.5. The cell culture was centrifuged at a speed from about 3,000 rpm to about 8,000 rpm to obtain a precipitate fraction of the cell culture. The precipitate fraction was dissolved in the buffer used for diluting the cell culture. A few cycles of centrifugation and buffer exchange were performed to obtain a cell harvest containing the host cells. The solid content of the cell harvest samples was adjusted to about 10% before the cell lysis step.
[0130] For cell harvest samples containing Norovirus GII. 3 proteins, a solution of PMSF was added to the cell harvest before the cell lysis step, and the concentration of the PMSF was adjusted to about 2 mM in the cell harvest mixed with the PMSF. In a comparative example, no PMSF or protease inhibitor was added to the cell harvest comprising the Norovirus GII. 3 proteins.
[0131] A high-pressure microjet cell lysis process is performed on the cell harvest to obtain a cell lysate. The pressure of the cell lysis process was controlled from 1,000 bar to 1, 500 bar. For cell lysate samples containing Norovirus GII. 3 proteins or Norovirus GII. 6 proteins, a solution of PMSF was added to the cell lysate after the cell lysis process, and the concentration of PMSF in the cell lysate was adjusted to about 2 mM. In the comparative examples, no PMSF or other protease inhibitor was added to the cell lysate samples containing Norovirus GII. 3 proteins or Norovirus GII. 6 proteins. The cell lysate was centrifuged to obtain a lysate supernatant.
[0132] A first precipitating agent containing 20 mM of PB, 2 mM of EDTA, 4M of NaCl, and 0.03% of PS80 with a pH of 6.5-8.5 was added to the lysate supernatant at room temperature in a portion-wise manner for about 1 hour. The concentration of NaCl in the cell lysate mixed with the first precipitating agent was controlled to about 0.6 M. Subsequently, a second precipitating agent containing 20 mM of PB, 2 mM of EDTA, 50% of PEG (molecular weight of 6,000 Da) , and 0.03% of PS80 with a pH of 6.5-8.5 was added to the lysate supernatant mixed with the first precipitating agent at room temperature in a portion-wise manner for about 1 hour. The concentration of PEG in the lysate supernatant mixed with the first and second precipitating agents was controlled to 3% to 6%. The lysate supernatant mixed with the first and second precipitating agents was allowed to settle at a temperature at 0-15 ℃ for 12 hours to 18 hours to obtain a precipitate fraction and a supernatant fraction. Norovirus VLPs of the Norovirus proteins were formed and enriched in the precipitate fraction.
[0133] The precipitate fraction and the supernatant fraction were mixed to form a protein suspension and allow the Norovirus VLPs to suspend in the protein suspension. An HF-TFF process was carried out to concentrate the protein suspension using a hollow fiber membrane with a pore size of 0.1 μm to obtain a first retentate. The Norovirus VLPs were retained in the first retentate. The first retentate has an increased solid content of about 3-5 times relative to the original solid content of the protein suspension. Subsequently, a diafiltration process was performed on the first retentate with the same hollow fiber membrane using a diafiltration solution to further purify the first retentate and exchange the buffer of the first retentate. The diafiltration solution used in the diafiltration contains 20 mM of PB, 2 mM of EDTA, 600 mM NaCl, and 0.03% of PS80 with a pH of 6.0-7.5. The diafiltration factor of the diafiltration was 6-8. A second retentate was obtained from the diafiltration process, and the Norovirus VLPs are retained and enriched in the second retentate.
[0134] The second retentate was mixed with a buffer in a weight ratio of 1: 16 (w / w) to redissolve the Norovirus VLPs from the second retentate in the buffer and obtain a buffer solution of the Norovirus VLPs. The buffer used in the redissolution contains 20 mM of PB, 2 mM of EDTA, 0-500 mM of NaCl, and 0.03% of PS80 with a pH of 7.0-8.0. For samples containing Norovirus GI. 1 proteins, Norovirus GII. 2 proteins, or Norovirus GII. 17 proteins, the buffer used for redissolution has a pH of about 8.0. The buffer solution was centrifuged to obtain a supernatant of the buffer solution, the Norovirus VLPs are retained in the supernatant.
[0135] An MMC process was performed to purify the supernatant of the buffer solution. A chromatography column containing Capto Core 400 resin was used for the MMC process. The chromatography column was first equilibrated with an equilibration buffer containing 20 mM of PB, 2 mM of EDTA, 250 mM of NaCl, and 0.03% of PS80 with a pH of about 8.0. The retention time of elution was controlled in 1-10 minutes, and the Norovirus VLPs are eluted out of the chromatography column and collected in a flow-through mode. An MMC product containing the Norovirus VLPs was obtained.
[0136] An anionic exchange chromatography process was performed to purify the MMC product using a chromatography column containing NanoGel 50Q resin. The chromatography column of the anionic exchange chromatography process was equilibrated with an equilibration buffer containing 20 mM of PB, 2 mM of EDTA, and 0.03% of PS80 with a pH of about 8.0. The MMC product was loaded on the chromatography column, and an eluent buffer containing 20 mM of PB, 2 mM of EDTA, 1M of NaCl, and 0.03% of PS80 with a pH of about 8.0 was used to elute the Norovirus VLPs captured by the chromatography column. The loading factor was controlled from 0.1 mg / mL to 10 mg / mL, the retention time was controlled from 0.1 minutes to 10 minutes, and the eluate containing the Norovirus VLPs was collected to obtain an eluate product of the anionic exchange chromatography process. In the anionic exchange chromatography process, impurities such as HCP and HCD were separated from the Norovirus VLPs and removed.
[0137] A UF / DF process was performed to purify the eluate product of the anionic exchange chromatography process. An ultrafiltration was first performed on the eluate product of the anionic exchange chromatography process using a PES membrane having a MWCO of 100 kDa. The eluate product of the anionic exchange chromatography process was concentrated in the ultrafiltration and a retentate was obtained. The retentate of the eluate product has a solid content of about 4 times relative to the solid content of the eluate product. Subsequently, a diafiltration was performed on the retentate using the same membrane and a diafiltration buffer. The buffer of the retentate was exchanged with a diafiltration buffer in the diafiltration process. The diafiltration buffer contains 5 mM of Histidine, 137 mM of NaCl, and 0.05% of PS80 with a pH of 7.5. The backflow end pressure was controlled at 0 to 50 psi, the permeate stream flow rate was controlled at 1 LMH to 200 LMH, the loading capacity was controlled at 1 g / m2 to 100 g / m2, and the diafiltration factor was 6. A composition (i.e., the UF / DF product) containing enriched Norovirus VLPs was obtained from the UF / DF process.
[0138] A sample of the composition was characterized and analyzed by various techniques such as SDS-PAGE, SEC, TEM, dynamic light scattering, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) , etc. The purity of Norovirus VLPs in the sample was quantified by the SEC. The uniformity and size distribution of the Norovirus VLPs in the sample was measured by SEM. The contents of various impurities in the composition were also measured.
[0139] For the SDS-PAGE analysis, the samples of the composition (5-10 μg) were mixed with 5 × loading buffer, boiled for 10 min, and then were subjected to 12% SDS-PAGE. The gel was stained with Coomassie brilliant blue G250 (Solarbio, China) . The purity of VP1 protein was analyzed by Image Lab (Bio Rad, USA) software.
[0140] Example 1 was prepared according to the example purification process described above. Example 1 is the composition containing Norovirus GII. 3-VLPs. Comparative Example 1 was also obtained by following a similar purification process to Example 1 except that no PMSF was added to the cell culture before the cell lysis step, and no PMSF was added to the cell lysate after the cell lysis step.
[0141] Example 2 was also prepared according to the example purification process described above. Example 2 shows the results from a composition containing Norovirus GII. 6-VLPs. Comparative Example 2 was also obtained by following a similar purification process to Example 2 except that no PMSF was added to the cell culture before the cell lysis step, and no PMSF was added to the cell lysate after the cell lysis step.
[0142] Example 3 was prepared according to the example purification process described above. Example 3 shows the results from a composition containing Norovirus GII. 2-VLPs. Comparative Example 3 was also obtained by following a similar purification process to Example 3 except that no PMSF was added to the cell culture before the cell lysis step, and no PMSF was added to the cell lysate after the cell lysis step.
[0143] FIG. 2A, FIG. 2C and FIG. 2E shows the SDS-PAGE images of Comparative Example 1-3. FIG. 2B, FIG. 2D and FIG. 2F shows the SDS-PAGE image of Example 1-3. Comparing FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, FIG. 2C and FIG. 2D, FIG. 2E and FIG. 2F, Comparative Example 1-3 has a substantial presence of impurities, while Example 1-3 showed a significantly improved purity of Norovirus VP1. The protein bands within the box with broken line boundaries represent the VP1 protein (shown as “Norovirus GII. 3 / GII. 6 / GII. 2 protein” in FIG. 2A - FIG. 2F. The purity of the Norovirus GII. 3 / GII. 6 / GII. 2 VP1s of Comparative Example 1-3 was measured to be less than 80%, while the purity of the Norovirus GII. 3 / GII. 6 / GII. 2 VP1s of Example 1-3 was measured to be greater than 95%. These comparative results support the effectiveness of adding protease inhibitor (e.g., PMSF) to the cell culture and / or cell lysate for the preservation of Norovirus proteins, the prevention of unwanted denature or deterioration of the Norovirus proteins, as well as the improvement of the purity of Norovirus proteins during the cell lysis and / or the subsequent purification processes.
[0144] FIG. 3A, FIG. 3B and FIG. 3Cshows the SEC results of a reference sample of Norovirus GII. 3 / GII. 6 / GII. 2 -VLP , and the SEC results of a sample of Example 1-3 obtained by the example purification process described above. Example 1-3 is shown to have high-purity Norovirus GII. 3 / GII. 6 / GII. 2-VLPs with a mono-mode and uniform size distribution.
[0145] FIGS. 4A-4E respectively show some TEM images of Example 1-3. Norovirus VLPs of Example 1 were subjected to negative staining with 2% phosphotungstic acid, and TEM was performed (Hitachi HT7700 transmission electron microscope, Japan) at 80 kV. Bar = 50 nm. The TEM results in both images shown in FIGS. 4A-4B support the uniformity of the Norovirus VLPs included in Example 1 obtained by the purification process described herein.
[0146] Samples of Example 1-3 and Comparative Example 1-3 were also analyzed by ELISA to measure the residual HCP and qPCR to measure residual HCD. The contents of residual HCP and residual HCD in Example 1-3 were measured to be about 347.17 / 393.22 / 628.82 ng / mg and 112.9 / 1069.25 / 1593.93 pg / mg, respectively. The contents of residual HCP and residual HCD in Comparative Example were measured to be significantly higher, as compared with Example 1-3. The results support the high purity of Norovirus VLPs of Example 1.
[0147] EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
[0148] The present disclosure further includes embodiments set out in the following numbered clauses.
[0149] 1. A method, comprising:
[0150] providing a cell harvest containing host cells and Norovirus antigenic proteins, wherein the host cells comprise recombinant vectors, and the Norovirus antigenic proteins are expressed by the recombinant vectors;
[0151] subjecting the cell harvest to a cell lysis step to obtain a cell lysate of the host cells;
[0152] centrifuging the cell lysate to obtain a lysate supernatant, wherein the Norovirus antigenic proteins are enriched in the lysate supernatant;
[0153] adding one or more precipitating agents to the lysate supernatant to obtain a supernatant fraction and a precipitate fraction of the lysate supernatant, the precipitate fraction containing Norovirus VLPs of the Norovirus antigenic proteins;
[0154] subjecting the precipitation fraction to a separation step to obtain a retentate product, wherein the Norovirus VLPs are enriched in the retentate product;
[0155] redissolving the Norovirus VLPs of the retentate product in a buffer to obtain a buffer solution containing the Norovirus VLPs;
[0156] centrifuging the buffer solution to obtain a supernatant thereof, wherein the Norovirus VLPs are enriched in the supernatant of the buffer solution;
[0157] subjecting the supernatant of the buffer solution to one or more chromatography steps to obtain a chromatography product, wherein the Norovirus VLPs are enriched in the chromatography product; and
[0158] subjecting the chromatography product to a combined ultrafiltration and diafiltration (UF / DF) step to obtain a UF / DF retentate product, wherein the Norovirus VLPs from the chromatography product are enriched in the UF / DF retentate product.
[0159] 2. The method of clause 1, wherein each Norovirus VLP comprises at least 90 Norovirus antigenic proteins.
[0160] 3. The method of any one or clauses 1-2, wherein the Norovirus antigenic proteins comprise a Norovirus genogroup antigenic protein selected from the group consisting of GI protein corresponding to Norovirus GI genogroup, GII protein corresponding to Norovirus GII genogroup, GIII protein corresponding to Norovirus GIII genogroup, GIV protein corresponding to Norovirus GIV genogroup, GV protein corresponding to Norovirus GV genogroup, GVI protein corresponding to Norovirus GVI genogroup, GVII protein corresponding to Norovirus GVII genogroup, and any combinations thereof.
[0161] 4. The method of clause 3, wherein the Norovirus antigenic proteins comprise a Norovirus genotype antigenic protein selected from the group consisting of GI. 1 protein corresponding to Norovirus GI. 1 genotype, GII. 2 protein corresponding to Norovirus GII. 2 genotype, GII. 3 protein corresponding to Norovirus GII. 3 genotype, GII. 4 protein corresponding to Norovirus GII. 4 genotype, GII. 6 protein corresponding to Norovirus GII. 6 genotype, GII. 17 protein corresponding to Norovirus GII. 17 genotype, and any combinations thereof.
[0162] 5. The method of any one or clauses 1-4, the Norovirus VLPs comprise a VLP selected from the group consisting of Norovirus GI-VLP, Norovirus GII-VLP, Norovirus GIII-VLP, Norovirus GIV-VLP, Norovirus GV-VLP, Norovirus GVI-VLP, Norovirus GVII-VLP, and any combinations thereof.
[0163] 6. The method of clause 5, the Norovirus VLPs comprises a VLP selected from the group consisting of Norovirus GI. 1-VLP, Norovirus GII. 2-VLP, Norovirus GII. 3-VLP, Norovirus GII. 4-VLP, Norovirus GII. 6-VLP, Norovirus GII. 17- VLP, and any combinations thereof.
[0164] 7. The method of clause 6, wherein,
[0165] the Norovirus GI. 1-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2;
[0166] the Norovirus GII. 2-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4;
[0167] the Norovirus GII. 3-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6;
[0168] the Norovirus GII. 4-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8;
[0169] the Norovirus GII. 6-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10; and
[0170] the Norovirus GII. 17-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0171] 8. The method of clause 1, wherein the host cell is selected from one or more of bacterial cell, insect cell, mammalian cell, Escherichia coli (E. coli) , yeast cell, and plant cell.
[0172] 9. The method of clause 8, wherein the yeast cell is a Pichia pastoris cell.
[0173] 10. The method of any one of clauses 1-9, wherein the recombinant vector has one or more nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11.
[0174] 11. The method of any one of clauses 1-10, further comprising:
[0175] adding a protease inhibitor to the cell harvest, wherein the cell harvest mixed with the protease inhibitor is subject to the cell lysis step, and the cell harvest mixed with the protease inhibitor has a concentration of protease inhibitor from about 1 mM to about 5 mM.
[0176] 12. The method of any one of clauses 1-11, further comprising:
[0177] adding a protease inhibitor to the cell lysate, wherein the cell lysate mixed with the protease inhibitor is centrifuged to obtain the lysate supernatant, and the cell lysate mixed with the protease inhibitor has a concentration of protease inhibitor from about 1 mM to about 5 mM.
[0178] 13. The method of clause 12, wherein the Norovirus antigenic proteins comprise Norovirus GII. 6 proteins.
[0179] 14. The method of any one of clauses 11-13, wherein the protease inhibitor comprises phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) .
[0180] 15. The method of clause 11, further comprising:
[0181] adding a protease inhibitor to the cell harvest, wherein the cell harvest mixed with the protease inhibitor is subject to the cell lysis step; and
[0182] adding a protease inhibitor to the cell lysate, wherein the cell lysate mixed with the protease inhibitor is centrifuged to obtain the lysate supernatant.
[0183] 16. The method of clause 15, wherein the Norovirus antigenic proteins comprise Norovirus GII. 3 proteins.
[0184] 17. The method of any one of clauses 1-16, further comprising:
[0185] adding a dilution solution to the cell harvest to adjust a solid content of the cell harvest to a range from about 1% to about 50% by weight before the cell lysis step, wherein the dilution solution has a pH of at least 6.5.
[0186] 18. The method of any one of clauses 1-17, wherein the one or more precipitating agents comprise NaCl.
[0187] 19. The method of clause 18, wherein the lysate supernatant mixed with the one or more precipitating agents has a concentration of NaCl from about 0.01 M to about 1 M, or from about 0.2 M to about 0.8 M, or from about 0.4 M to about 0.6 M.
[0188] 20. The method of any one of clauses 1-19, wherein the one or more precipitating agents comprise PEG.
[0189] 21. The method of clause 20, wherein the PEG has a molecular weight from about 1000 Da to about 10,000 Da, or from about 2,000 Da to about 8,000 Da, or from about 4,000 Da to about 6,000 Da.
[0190] 22. The method of any one of clauses 20-21, wherein the lysate supernatant mixed with the one or more precipitating agents has a concentration of PEG from about 0.01% to about 20%, or from about 0.01% to about 15%, or from about 0.01% to about 10%, based on a total weight of the lysate supernatant mixed with the precipitating agent.
[0191] 23. The method of any one of clauses 1-22, further comprising:
[0192] settling the lysate supernatant containing the one or more precipitating agents at a temperature from 0 ℃ to 30 ℃ for at least 10 hours before subjecting the precipitation fraction of the lysate supernatant to the separation step.
[0193] 24. The method of any one of clauses 1-23, wherein the separation step further comprises:
[0194] mixing the precipitate fraction and the supernatant fraction from the lysate supernatant to form a protein suspension containing the Norovirus VLPs suspended therein;
[0195] flowing the protein suspension along a surface of a hollow fiber filtration membrane through tangential flow filtration to produce a first permeate and a first retentate, wherein the Norovirus VLPs are enriched in the first retentate; and
[0196] flowing a diafiltration solution and the first retentate along the surface of the hollow fiber filtration membrane through tangential flow filtration to produce a second permeate and a second retentate, wherein the second retentate is the first concentrate, the Norovirus VLPs are enriched in the second retentate, and the second retentate comprises the diafiltration solution.
[0197] 25. The method of clause 24, wherein the hollow fiber filtration membrane has a pore size of 0.1 μm to 0.65 μm.
[0198] 26. The method of clause 25, wherein the pore size of the hollow fiber filtration membrane is about 0.1 μm.
[0199] 27. The method of any one of clauses 24-26, wherein a shear rate of the tangential flow over the hollow fiber filtration membrane ranges from about 2,000 s-1 to about 4,000 s-1.
[0200] 28. The method of any one of clauses 24-27, wherein a retentate stream pressure of the first and second retentates at the hollow fiber membrane is from 1 psi to 10 psi.
[0201] 29. The method of any one of clauses 24-28, wherein a permeate flux rate of the first or second permeates is at or below 30 L / m2·h (LMH) .
[0202] 30. The method of any one of clauses 24-29, wherein a load factor of the protein suspension onto the hollow fiber filtration membrane ranges from about 10 L / m2 to about 50 L / m2.
[0203] 31. The method of any one of clauses 24-30, wherein the first retentate has a volume of about 1 / 2 to 1 / 8 of an original volume of the protein suspension.
[0204] 32. The method of any one of clauses 24-31, wherein the second retentate is obtained at a diafiltration factor in a range from 2 to 12.
[0205] 33. The method of any one of clauses 24-32, wherein the Norovirus VLPs comprise GII. 6-VLPs, and the diafiltration solution has a pH of about 6.5.
[0206] 34. The method of any one of clauses 1-33, wherein the buffer comprises from about 0 to about 1 M NaCl and has a pH from about 7.0 to about 8.0.
[0207] 35. The method of any one of clauses 1-34, wherein the Norovirus VLPs in the retentate product are diluted in the buffer solution by about 2 times to about 100 times by volume.
[0208] 36. The method of any one of clauses 1-35, wherein the Norovirus VLPs in the retentate product are diluted in the buffer by about 2 times to about 20 times by volume.
[0209] 37. The method of any one of clauses 1-36, wherein the Norovirus VLPs are redissolved in a buffer solution having NaCl and a pH from 7.0 to 8.0.
[0210] 38. The method of any one of clauses 1-37, wherein the Norovirus VLPs comprise GI.1-VLPs, GII. 2-VLPs, and GII. 17-VLPs, and the buffer has a pH of about 8.
[0211] 39. The method of any one of clauses 1-38, wherein the Norovirus VLPs comprise GII. 3-VLPs, GII. 4-VLPs, and GII. 6-VLPs, and the buffer has a pH of about 7.5.
[0212] 40. The method of any one of clauses 1-39, wherein subjecting the supernatant of the buffer solution to one or more chromatography steps further comprises:
[0213] loading the supernatant of the buffer solution onto a chromatography column of a mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) step; and
[0214] collecting the Norovirus VLPs in a flow-through mode to obtain a filtrate containing the Norovirus VLPs,
[0215] wherein the filtrate of the MMC step is the chromatography product.
[0216] 41. The method of any one of clauses 1-39, wherein subjecting the supernatant of the buffer solution to one or more chromatography steps further comprises:
[0217] loading the supernatant of the buffer solution onto a chromatography column of an anionic exchange chromatography step; and
[0218] eluting the Norovirus VLPs captured by the chromatography column with an eluent buffer to obtain an eluate product containing the Norovirus VLPs,
[0219] wherein the eluate product from the anionic exchange chromatography step is the chromatography product.
[0220] 42. The method of any one of clauses 1-39, wherein subjecting the supernatant of the buffer solution to one or more chromatography steps further comprises:
[0221] loading the supernatant of the buffer solution onto a chromatography column of a mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) step;
[0222] collecting the Norovirus VLPs in a flow-through mode to obtain a filtrate containing the Norovirus VLPs,
[0223] loading the filtrate from the MMC step onto a chromatography column of an anionic exchange chromatography step; and
[0224] eluting the Norovirus VLPs captured by the chromatography column of the anionic exchange chromatography with an eluent buffer to obtain an eluate product containing the Norovirus VLPs,
[0225] wherein the eluate product from the anionic exchange chromatography step is the chromatography product.
[0226] 43. The method of any one of clauses 1-42, wherein the combined UF / DF step further comprises:
[0227] performing an ultrafiltration step to concentrate the chromatography product using a membrane to produce an ultrafiltration retentate having an increased concentration of Norovirus VLPs relative to the chromatography product; and
[0228] performing a diafiltration step on the ultrafiltration retentate with a diafiltration buffer solution to obtain the UF / DF retentate product containing the Norovirus VLPs and the diafiltration buffer solution.
[0229] 44. The method of clause 43, wherein the membrane has a molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of about 100 kDa.
[0230] 45. The method of any one of clauses 43-44, wherein the diafiltration buffer solution has a pH of about 7.5.
[0231] 46. The method of any one of clauses 43-45, wherein the diafiltration buffer solution comprises Histidine.
[0232] 47. The method of any one of clauses 43-46, further comprising:
[0233] adding a stabilizing agent to the UF / DF retentate product; and
[0234] adjusting a concentration of the stabilizing agent in the UF / DF retentate product to a range from about 0.01% to about 5%, based on a total weight of the UF / DF retentate product.
[0235] 48. The method of clause 47, wherein the stabilizing agent is polysorbate.
[0236] 49. The method of any one of clauses 43-48, wherein the UF / DF retentate product has a concentration of Norovirus VLPs of about 650 μg to about 1,000 μg.
[0237] 50. The method of any one of clauses 43-49, wherein the UF / DF retentate product has purity of Norovirus VLPs of at least 95%.
[0238] 51. A composition comprising the UF / DF retentate product according to any one of clauses 1-50.
[0239] The features disclosed in the foregoing description, or the following claims, or the accompanying drawings, expressed in their specific forms or in terms of a means for performing the disclosed function, or a method or process for attaining the disclosed result, as appropriate, may, separately, or in any combination of such features, be utilized for realizing the invention in diverse forms thereof.
[0240] The disclosure being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the disclosure and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.
[0241] ILLUSTRATIVE SEQUENCES:
[0242] SEQ ID NO: 1: (GI. 1 VP1 nucleic acid sequence)
[0243] SEQ ID NO: 2: (GI. 1 VP1 amino acid sequence)
[0244] SEQ ID NO: 3: (GII. 2 VP1 nucleic acid sequence)
[0245] SEQ ID NO: 4: (GII. 2 VP1 amino acid sequence)
[0246] SEQ ID NO: 5: (GII. 3 VP1 nucleic acid sequence)
[0247] SEQ ID NO: 6: (GII. 3 VP1 amino acid sequence)
[0248] SEQ ID NO: 7: (GII. 4 VP1 nucleic acid sequence)
[0249] SEQ ID NO: 8: (GII. 4 VP1 amino acid sequence)
[0250] SEQ ID NO: 9: (GII. 6 VP1 nucleic acid sequence)
[0251] SEQ ID NO: 10: (GII. 6 VP1 amino acid sequence)
[0252] SEQ ID NO: 11: (GII. 17 VP1 nucleic acid sequence)
[0253] SEQ ID NO: 12: (GII. 17 VP1 amino acid sequence)
Claims
1.A method, comprising:providing a cell harvest containing host cells and Norovirus antigenic proteins, wherein the host cells comprise recombinant vectors, and the Norovirus antigenic proteins are expressed by the recombinant vectors;subjecting the cell harvest to a cell lysis step to obtain a cell lysate of the host cells;centrifuging the cell lysate to obtain a lysate supernatant, wherein the Norovirus antigenic proteins are enriched in the lysate supernatant;adding one or more precipitating agents to the lysate supernatant to obtain a supernatant fraction and a precipitate fraction of the lysate supernatant, the precipitate fraction containing Norovirus VLPs of the Norovirus antigenic proteins;subjecting the precipitation fraction to a separation step to obtain a retentate product, wherein the Norovirus VLPs are enriched in the retentate product;redissolving the Norovirus VLPs of the retentate product in a buffer to obtain a buffer solution containing the Norovirus VLPs;centrifuging the buffer solution to obtain a supernatant thereof, wherein the Norovirus VLPs are enriched in the supernatant of the buffer solution;subjecting the supernatant of the buffer solution to one or more chromatography steps to obtain a chromatography product, wherein the Norovirus VLPs are enriched in the chromatography product; andsubjecting the chromatography product to a combined ultrafiltration and diafiltration (UF / DF) step to obtain a UF / DF retentate product, wherein the Norovirus VLPs from the chromatography product are enriched in the UF / DF retentate product.2.The method of claim 1, wherein each Norovirus VLP comprises at least 90 Norovirus antigenic proteins.3.The method of claim 1, wherein the Norovirus antigenic proteins comprise a Norovirus genogroup antigenic protein selected from the group consisting of GI protein corresponding to Norovirus GI genogroup, GII protein corresponding to Norovirus GII genogroup, GIII protein corresponding to Norovirus GIII genogroup, GIV protein corresponding to Norovirus GIV genogroup, GV protein corresponding to Norovirus GV genogroup, GVI protein corresponding to Norovirus GVI genogroup, GVII protein corresponding to Norovirus GVII genogroup, and any combinations thereof.4.The method of claim 3, wherein the Norovirus antigenic proteins comprise a Norovirus genotype antigenic protein selected from the group consisting of GI. 1 protein corresponding to Norovirus GI. 1 genotype, GII. 2 protein corresponding to Norovirus GII. 2 genotype, GII. 3 protein corresponding to Norovirus GII. 3 genotype, GII. 4 protein corresponding to Norovirus GII. 4 genotype, GII. 6 protein corresponding to Norovirus GII. 6 genotype, GII. 17 protein corresponding to Norovirus GII. 17 genotype, and any combinations thereof.5.The method of claim 1, the Norovirus VLPs comprise a VLP selected from the group consisting of Norovirus GI-VLP, Norovirus GII-VLP, Norovirus GIII-VLP, Norovirus GIV-VLP, Norovirus GV-VLP, Norovirus GVI-VLP, Norovirus GVII-VLP, and any combinations thereof.6.The method of claim 5, the Norovirus VLPs comprises a VLP selected from the group consisting of Norovirus GI. 1-VLP, Norovirus GII. 2-VLP, Norovirus GII. 3-VLP, Norovirus GII. 4-VLP, Norovirus GII. 6-VLP, Norovirus GII. 17- VLP, and any combinations thereof.7.The method of claim 6, wherein,the Norovirus GI. 1-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2;the Norovirus GII. 2-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4;the Norovirus GII. 3-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6;the Norovirus GII. 4-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8;the Norovirus GII. 6-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10; andthe Norovirus GII. 17-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12.8.The method of claim 1, wherein the host cell is selected from one or more of bacterial cell, insect cell, mammalian cell, Escherichia coli (E. coli) , yeast cell, and plant cell.9.The method of claim 8, wherein the yeast cell is a Pichia pastoris cell.10.The method of claim 1, wherein the recombinant vector has one or more nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11.11.The method of claim 1, further comprising:adding a protease inhibitor to the cell harvest, wherein the cell harvest mixed with the protease inhibitor is subject to the cell lysis step, and the cell harvest mixed with the protease inhibitor has a concentration of protease inhibitor from about 1 mM to about 5 mM.12.The method of claim 1, further comprising:adding a protease inhibitor to the cell lysate, wherein the cell lysate mixed with the protease inhibitor is centrifuged to obtain the lysate supernatant, and the cell lysate mixed with the protease inhibitor has a concentration of protease inhibitor from about 1 mM to about 5 mM.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the Norovirus antigenic proteins comprise Norovirus GII. 6 proteins.14.The method of claim 11, wherein the protease inhibitor comprises phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) .15.The method of claim 11, further comprising:adding a protease inhibitor to the cell harvest, wherein the cell harvest mixed with the protease inhibitor is subject to the cell lysis step; andadding a protease inhibitor to the cell lysate, wherein the cell lysate mixed with the protease inhibitor is centrifuged to obtain the lysate supernatant.16.The method of claim 14, wherein the Norovirus antigenic proteins comprise Norovirus GII. 3 proteins.17.The method of claim 1, further comprising:adding a dilution solution to the cell harvest to adjust a solid content of the cell harvest to a range from about 1% to about 50% by weight before the cell lysis step, wherein the dilution solution has a pH of at least 6.5.18.The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more precipitating agents comprise NaCl.19.The method of claim 18, wherein the lysate supernatant mixed with the one or more precipitating agents has a concentration of NaCl from about 0.01 M to about 1 M, or from about 0.2 M to about 0.8 M, or from about 0.4 M to about 0.6 M.20.The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more precipitating agents comprise PEG.21.The method of claim 20, wherein the PEG has a molecular weight from about 1000 Da to about 10,000 Da, or from about 2,000 Da to about 8,000 Da, or from about 4,000 Da to about 6,000 Da.22.The method of claim 20, wherein the lysate supernatant mixed with the one or more precipitating agents has a concentration of PEG from about 0.01% to about 20%, or from about 0.01% to about 15%, or from about 0.01% to about 10%, based on a total weight of the lysate supernatant mixed with the precipitating agent.23.The method of claim 1, further comprising:settling the lysate supernatant containing the one or more precipitating agents at a temperature from 0 ℃ to 30 ℃ for at least 10 hours before subjecting the precipitation fraction of the lysate supernatant to the separation step.24.The method of claim 1, wherein the separation step further comprises:mixing the precipitate fraction and the supernatant fraction from the lysate supernatant to form a protein suspension containing the Norovirus VLPs suspended therein;flowing the protein suspension along a surface of a hollow fiber filtration membrane through tangential flow filtration to produce a first permeate and a first retentate, wherein the Norovirus VLPs are enriched in the first retentate; andflowing a diafiltration solution and the first retentate along the surface of the hollow fiber filtration membrane through tangential flow filtration to produce a second permeate and a second retentate, wherein the second retentate is the first concentrate, the Norovirus VLPs are enriched in the second retentate, and the second retentate comprises the diafiltration solution.25.The method of claim 24, wherein the hollow fiber filtration membrane has a pore size of 0.1 μm to 0.65 μm.26.The method of claim 25, wherein the pore size of the hollow fiber filtration membrane is about 0.1 μm.27.The method of claim 24, wherein a shear rate of the tangential flow over the hollow fiber filtration membrane ranges from about 2,000 s-1 to about 4,000 s-1.28.The method of claim 24, wherein a retentate stream pressure of the first and second retentates at the hollow fiber membrane is from 1 psi to 10 psi.29.The method of claim 24, wherein a permeate flux rate of the first or second permeates is at or below 30 L / m2·h (LMH) .30.The method of claim 24, wherein a load factor of the protein suspension onto the hollow fiber filtration membrane ranges from about 10 L / m2 to about 50 L / m2.31.The method of claim 24, wherein the first retentate has a volume of about 1 / 2 to 1 / 8 of an original volume of the protein suspension.32.The method of claim 24, wherein the second retentate is obtained at a diafiltration factor in a range from 2 to 12.33.The method of claim 24, wherein the Norovirus VLPs comprise GII. 6-VLPs, and the diafiltration solution has a pH of about 6.5.34.The method of claim 1, wherein the buffer comprises from about 0 to about 1 M NaCl and has a pH from about 7.0 to about 8.0.35.The method of claim 1, wherein the Norovirus VLPs in the retentate product are diluted in the buffer solution by about 2 times to about 100 times by volume.36.The method of claim 1, wherein the Norovirus VLPs in the retentate product are diluted in the buffer by about 2 times to about 20 times by volume.37.The method of claim 1, wherein the Norovirus VLPs are redissolved in a buffer solution having NaCl and a pH from 7.0 to 8.0.38.The method of claim 1, wherein the Norovirus VLPs comprise GI. 1-VLPs, GII. 2-VLPs, and GII. 17-VLPs, and the buffer has a pH of about 8.39.The method of claim 1, wherein the Norovirus VLPs comprise GII. 3-VLPs, GII. 4-VLPs, and GII. 6-VLPs, and the buffer has a pH of about 7.5.40.The method of claim 1, wherein subjecting the supernatant of the buffer solution to one or more chromatography steps further comprises:loading the supernatant of the buffer solution onto a chromatography column of a mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) step; andcollecting the Norovirus VLPs in a flow-through mode to obtain a filtrate containing the Norovirus VLPs,wherein the filtrate of the MMC step is the chromatography product.41.The method of claim 1, wherein subjecting the supernatant of the buffer solution to one or more chromatography steps further comprises:loading the supernatant of the buffer solution onto a chromatography column of an anionic exchange chromatography step; andeluting the Norovirus VLPs captured by the chromatography column with an eluent buffer to obtain an eluate product containing the Norovirus VLPs,wherein the eluate product from the anionic exchange chromatography step is the chromatography product.42.The method of claim 1, wherein subjecting the supernatant of the buffer solution to one or more chromatography steps further comprises:loading the supernatant of the buffer solution onto a chromatography column of a mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) step;collecting the Norovirus VLPs in a flow-through mode to obtain a filtrate containing the Norovirus VLPs,loading the filtrate from the MMC step onto a chromatography column of an anionic exchange chromatography step; andeluting the Norovirus VLPs captured by the chromatography column of the anionic exchange chromatography with an eluent buffer to obtain an eluate product containing the Norovirus VLPs,wherein the eluate product from the anionic exchange chromatography step is the chromatography product.43.The method of claim 1, wherein the combined UF / DF step further comprises:performing an ultrafiltration step to concentrate the chromatography product using a membrane to produce an ultrafiltration retentate having an increased concentration of Norovirus VLPs relative to the chromatography product; andperforming a diafiltration step on the ultrafiltration retentate with a diafiltration buffer solution to obtain the UF / DF retentate product containing the Norovirus VLPs and the diafiltration buffer solution.44.The method of claim 43, wherein the membrane has a molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of about 100 kDa.45.The method of claim 43, wherein the diafiltration buffer solution has a pH of about 7.5.46.The method of claim 43, wherein the diafiltration buffer solution comprises Histidine.47.The method of claim 43, further comprising:adding a stabilizing agent to the UF / DF retentate product; andadjusting a concentration of the stabilizing agent in the UF / DF retentate product to a range from about 0.01% to about 5%, based on a total weight of the UF / DF retentate product.48.The method of claim 47, wherein the stabilizing agent is polysorbate.49.The method of claim 43, wherein the UF / DF retentate product has a concentration of Norovirus VLPs of about 650 μg to about 1,000 μg.50.The method of claim 43, wherein the UF / DF retentate product has purity of Norovirus VLPs of at least 95%.
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