High lattice thermal conductivity metallic materials
High lattice thermal conductivity metallic materials like TaP and MnV address the issue of thermal resistance at interfaces by efficiently transferring heat, enhancing heat dissipation and reducing localized hot spots in microelectronic devices.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/113759
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-21
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-26
AI Technical Summary
Current materials used in thermal management applications, such as metals and semiconductors, exhibit high thermal resistance at interfaces, leading to localized hot spots and inefficient heat dissipation, particularly in microelectronic devices, due to their low lattice thermal conductivity and high interfacial thermal resistance.
Introduce metallic materials like tantalum phosphide (TaP) and manganese vanadium (MnV) with high lattice thermal conductivity to replace traditional metals, facilitating efficient heat transfer and reducing thermal boundary resistance at interfaces with semiconductors.
These materials effectively enhance heat dissipation by transmitting heat through lattice thermal conductivity, reducing thermal boundary resistance and improving device performance and reliability in electronics and thermal management applications.
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Figure CN2024113759_26022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
HIGH LATTICE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY METALLIC MATERIALSBACKGROUND
[0001] High thermal conductivity materials are essential in various industries due to their ability to efficiently transfer heat. In electronics, they prevent overheating by dissipating heat in compact circuits, thereby enhancing performance and durability. In renewable energy systems, such as solar panels, they improve energy conversion efficiency. These materials are also critical in aerospace for thermal management, ensuring the protection of spacecraft components against extreme temperatures.
[0002] As microelectronic devices become smaller, faster and more powerful, thermal management is becoming a critical challenge in, e.g., microprocessors, light emitting diodes (LEDs) and high-power radio frequency (RF) devices. In modern electronics, thermal resistance of interfaces (reciprocal of thermal conductance) is the main limiting factor for heat dissipation, especially for power electronics and high-energy density applications. For the current metal / semiconductor interface in electronic devices, there are local hot spots generated at the interfacial region due to the high thermal resistance between the metal and semiconductor. In industry, the metals used in semiconductor industry for contacts have very low lattice thermal conductivity whereas the semiconductors typically have high lattice thermal conductivity. The thermal energy transfers from electronic thermal conductance to lattice thermal conductance at these interfaces resulting in high thermal resistance which reduces heat dissipation and creates hot spots.
[0003] The ability to predict, produce and to understand materials with high thermal conductivities is becoming increasingly important. There is a need to identify new materials with ultra-high thermal conductivities that are less expensive and are easier to fabricate than carbon-based materials, as well as other materials used for thermal management applications, especially for solving the interfacial thermal conductance issue. Carbon based materials, including diamond and graphite, have long been recognized as having the highest thermal conductivities (κ) of any bulk material with room temperature values for diamond and graphite with naturally occurring carbon isotope mixtures of around 2000 Watts per meter Kelvin (W / mK) . However, diamond is scarce and its synthetic fabrication suffers from slow growth rates, high cost and low quality.
[0004] There is a need to identify new materials with ultra-high thermal conductivities that are less expensive and are easier to fabricate than diamond-based materials, as well as other materials used for thermal management applications, especially for solving the interfacial thermal conductance issue. Many efforts are focused on searching for materials, mostly semiconductors, with high thermal conductivities. However, semi-conducting materials alone cannot solve the heat dissipation issue at the metal / semiconductor interface. Thus, there is a need to identify new materials with high lattice thermal conductivities that are less expensive and are easier to fabricate than diamond-based materials, as well as other materials used for effective thermal management applications. This disclosure is made with respect to these and other considerations.SUMMARY
[0005] This disclosure introduces metallic materials, specifically tantalum phosphide (TaP) and manganese vanadium (MnV) , that are identified as having high lattice thermal conductivity. These materials are useful for electronics and thermal management applications. While metals like gold, silver, platinum, aluminum, copper, and nickel are commonly used in electronics and thermal management applications, their thermal conductivity is primarily electronic, and they have low lattice thermal conductivity.
[0006] High lattice thermal conductivity is beneficial for efficient heat transfer, especially when the heat source comes from a material that primarily transfers heat through lattice thermal conductivity, such as semiconductors. There is thermal boundary resistance at the interface between a metal and a semiconductor due to the change in the predominant method of heat transfer. However, the metallic materials introduced in this disclosure can replace other metals and efficiently transmit heat to and from semiconductors or any other material that primarily transfers heat through lattice thermal conductivity.
[0007] These metallic materials can be used in various applications as components of electronics and as thermally conductive compounds. These metallic materials can be used in integrated circuits to conduct electricity and will also inherently function to transfer heat due to the heat generated by integrated circuits. For instance, these metallic materials can be used as interconnects to provide an electrical (and thermal) connection between individual components such as transistors, capacitors, etc. Additionally, a heat dissipation device can be created using a thermally conductive compound that includes a metallic material with high lattice thermal conductivity. The heat dissipation device can be used in electronic devices, optoelectronic devices, automotive applications, aerospace applications including spacecrafts, solar panels, and more. In some implementations, a device that includes a heat generating unit and a thermally conductive unit can incorporate a metallic material with high lattice thermal conductivity in the thermally conductive unit. The heat generating unit could be an integrated circuit, chip, a single transistor element, or the like.
[0008] Features and technical benefits other than those explicitly described above will be apparent from a reading of the following Detailed Description and a review of the associated drawings. This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] The Detailed Description is described with reference to the accompanying figures. In the figures, the left-most digit (s) of a reference number identifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. The same reference numbers in different figures indicate similar or identical items. References made to individual items of a plurality of items can use a reference number with a letter of a sequence of letters to refer to each individual item. Generic references to the items may use the specific reference number without the sequence of letters.
[0010] FIG. 1 is a generalized diagram of a heat dissipation device that includes a thermally conductive compound.
[0011] FIG. 2 is a generalized diagram of a device that includes the heat generating unit and a thermally conductive unit.
[0012] FIG. 3 is a bar graph showing lattice thermal conductivity (W / mK) for various metallic materials.
[0013] FIG. 4 is a table containing various thermal conductivity values (W / mK) for the metallic materials shown in FIG. 3.
[0014] FIG. 5 is a line graph showing the phonon spectrum of TaP.
[0015] FIG. 6 is a line graph showing cumulative thermal conductivity (W / mK) versus mean free path (nm) for TaP at the x-axis.
[0016] FIG. 7 is a line graph showing cumulative thermal conductivity (W / mK) versus mean free path for TaP at the z-axis.
[0017] FIG. 8 is a line graph showing cumulative thermal conductivity (W / mK) versus frequency (THz) for TaP at the x-axis.
[0018] FIG. 9 is a line graph showing cumulative thermal conductivity (W / mK) versus frequency (THz) for TaP at the z-axis.
[0019] FIG. 10 is a scatterplot showing Umklapp scattering rate (ps-1) versus frequency (THz) for TaP.
[0020] FIG. 11 is a scatterplot showing three-phonon, four-phonon, electron-phonon, and isotopic scattering rate (ps-1) versus frequency (THz) for TaP.
[0021] FIG. 12 is a line graph showing the phonon spectrum of MnV.
[0022] FIG. 13 is a line graph showing cumulative thermal conductivity (W / mK) versus mean free path (nm) for MnV.
[0023] FIG. 14 is a line graph showing cumulative thermal conductivity (W / mK) versus frequency (THz) for MnV.
[0024] FIG. 15 is a scatterplot showing Umklapp scattering rate (ps-1) versus frequency (THz) for MnV.
[0025] FIG. 16 is a scatterplot showing three-phonon, four-phonon, electron-phonon, and isotopic scattering rate (ps-1) versus frequency (THz) for MnV.
[0026] FIG. 17 is a line graph showing thermal conductivity (W / mK) versus temperature (K) for TaP.
[0027] FIG. 18 is a line graph showing thermal conductivity (W / mK) versus temperature (K) for MnV.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0028] This disclosure identifies metallic materials with previously unknown high thermal conductivity properties. Two metallic materials identified with this property are TaP and MnV. TaP is a binary compound made of one tantalum (Ta) atom and one phosphorus (P) atom with a molecular weight of 211.9216 g / mol. One example configuration of TaP with high thermal conductivity with both high lattice and electronic thermal conductivity is the hexagonal phase type (Hermann Mauguin P-6m2, 187 see legacy. materialsproject. org / materials / mp-1187244 / ) . MnV is an intermetallic compound made of manganese (Mn) and vanadium (V) in a 1: 1 ratio with a molecular weight of 105.8796 g / mol. One example that is identified as having high thermal conductivity with both high lattice and electronic thermal conductivity is the cubic phase type (Hermann Mauguin Pm-3m, 221 see legacy. materialsproject. org / materials / mp-316 / ) . As used herein, metallic materials refer to metals, metal alloys, intermetallic compounds, binary ionic compounds that include a metal, as well as inorganic compounds or complexes that contain one or more metallic elements in addition to nonmetallic elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon. While metallic materials are often characterized by high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, and the formation of metallic bonds, these properties can vary depending on the specific material and its structure.
[0029] Thermal conductivity, symbolized by κ and measured in W / mK, is a property that quantifies a material’s capacity to conduct heat. In crystalline materials, thermal conductivity comprises electronic and lattice thermal conductivity. The former involves heat transfer via electron movement, while the latter involves heat transfer via vibrations in the crystal lattice structure. Phonons, which represent elementary vibrational motions, describe a uniform oscillation within a crystal lattice of atoms.
[0030] Efficient thermal conductors commonly recognized include copper (approximately 385 W / mK) , chromium (approximately 90 W / mK) , and iron (approximately 80 W / mK) . These metals primarily exhibit electronic thermal conductivity. Lattice thermal conductivity, however, has a higher upper limit, as demonstrated by diamond, a non-metallic material with a thermal conductivity exceeding 2000 W / mK. Despite this, materials with high thermal conductivity above 100 W / mK are rare, and few metallic materials exhibit both high electronic and lattice thermal conductivities.
[0031] Thermal transport in crystalline materials is influenced by scattering events between phonons and between phonons and electrons. These scattering events, which disrupt the propagation path of phonons, play a crucial role in determining the thermal conductivity of the material. The scattering rate, which is the inverse of the phonon relaxation time (τ) , quantifies the frequency of these disruptions. The phonon relaxation time (τ) represents the average duration a phonon exists before scattering.
[0032] The overall scattering rate (1 / τ) is the sum of scattering rates due to three-phonon processes (1 / τ3ph) , four-phonon processes (1 / τ4ph) , electron-phonon coupling (1 / τep) , and isotopic effects (1 / τiso) . Three-phonon processes involve energy and momentum exchanges between three phonons, resulting in the splitting of one phonon into two or the merging of two phonons into one. Four-phonon processes, although less frequent than three-phonon processes, involve interactions among four phonons, leading to more complex energy and momentum redistribution. These processes can significantly impact thermal conductivity, especially at higher temperatures, and can involve the splitting of one phonon into three, the merging of three phonons into one, or other intricate configurations. Electron-phonon coupling refers to the interaction between electrons and lattice vibrations (phonons) in a material, leading to an exchange of energy and momentum. Isotopic effects, which refer to the impact of the material’s isotopic composition on its thermal conductivity, can further reduce the lattice thermal conductivity. Isotopes, variants of a chemical element with the same number of protons (atomic number) but different numbers of neutrons, contribute to this effect. The term “isotopically pure” refers to compounds with only one type of isotope for each constituent atom.
[0033] Some materials exhibit anisotropy, a directional dependence on heat flow. Unlike isotropic materials, which conduct heat equally in all directions, anisotropic materials have varying thermal conductivities along different axes. Therefore, the thermal conductivity can vary depending on whether heat is flowing along one crystallographic direction such as the x-axis (referring to, for example,
[0100] direction in a cubic crystal) or another direction such as the z-axis. As used herein, z-axis is the same as the c-axis in a hexagonal crystal.
[0034] FIG. 1 is a diagram of a device 100 that includes a thermally conductive compound 102. The device 100 may be electronic device in which the thermally conductive compound 102 functions to carry electrical signals. The device 100 may be a heat dissipation device in which the thermally conductive compound 102 is used to conduct thermal energy and may or may not also be used for conducting electricity. Although shown in a simplified representation in FIG. 1, is to be understood that the device 100 may take any number of structures or shapes such as having one component fully wrapped or semi-wrapped around another and is not limited to flat implementations. The device 100 may also include additional layers or components not illustrated here.
[0035] If the device 100 is an electronic device, the thermally conductive compound 102 may be used to conduct electrical current. It may be used in place of metals such as, but not limited to, copper, aluminum, or silver, for any application in which those metals are used in electronics to conduct electrical current. For example, the thermally conductive compound 102 may be used as an interconnect or via of an integrated circuit.
[0036] The device 100 shown in FIG. 1 may alternatively represent any type of heat dissipation device including a device that is incorporated into an integrated circuit, a circuit board, a microprocessor, a light emitting diode (LED) , high power radio frequency (RF) devices, or other type of electronics. For example, the device 100 may be a substrate, a heat spreader or a heat sink. The device 100 may also be used in applications other than electronics such as to dissipate heat in an aerospace application such as on a spacecraft or in energy generating systems such as solar panels. In such applications, the thermally conductive compound 102 is not an electrically functioning component, rather it is used to facilitate heat transfer.
[0037] The thermally conductive compound 102 is made of a metallic material with a high room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity. The room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity may be measured along the x-axis or the z-axis of the metallic material. High room-temperature thermal conductivity is defined as a room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity that is at least 100 W / mK. This includes any room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity between 100 and 350 W / mK as well as any sub-ranges such as, but not limited to, 150–200, 150–300, 200–300, and 200–350 W / mK. For example, the room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity may be at least 100, at least 110, at least 120, at least 130, at least 140, at least 150, at least 160, at least 170, at least 180, at least 190, at least 200, at least 210, at least 220, at least 230, at least 240, at least 250, at least 260, at least 270, at least 280, at least 290, at least 300, at least 310, at least 320, at least 330, at least 340, or at least 350 W / mK. Additionally, the room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity may be about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, about 310, about 320, about 330, about 340, or about 350 W / mK.
[0038] The thermally conductive compound 102 may be used as an alloy or composite that can contain things other than just the metallic material. In some implementations, the thermally conductive compound 102 is not a semiconductor. As used herein, a semiconductor is a material with a distinct energy gap between its valence and conduction bands, allowing its electrical conductivity to be precisely controlled and manipulated, unlike metals whose overlapping bands enable unrestricted electron movement.
[0039] The metallic material may also have a high room-temperature electronic thermal conductivity. High room-temperature electronic thermal conductivity is defined as a room-temperature thermal conductivity is at least 25 W / mK. This includes any room-temperature electronic thermal conductivity between 25 and 100 W / mK as well as any sub-ranges such as, but not limited to, 25–50, 50–75, and 75–100 W / mK. For example, the room-temperature electronic thermal conductivity may be at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, or at least 100 W / mK. Additionally, the room-temperature electronic thermal conductivity may be least 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, or about 100 W / mK.
[0040] In one specific implementation, the metallic material is tantalum phosphide TaP. In one specific implementation, the metallic material is MnV. Thus, the thermally conductive compound 102 may be pure TaP or MnV. The thermally conductive compound 102 may alternatively be an alloy or composite of either TaP and / or MnV with other metallic materials.
[0041] In an implementation, the device 100 may optionally include a metallic component 104. This metallic component 104 is different from the metallic material included in the thermally conductive compound 102. The metallic component 104 may, for example, be a lead, wire, or circuit in a microelectronic device. In some implementations, the metallic component 104 receives heat from a heat source that is transferred to the thermally conductive compound 102. In some implementations, the metallic component 104 receives electricity that is transferred to the thermally conductive compound 102.
[0042] In an implementation, the device 100 may optionally include a non-metallic component 106. Thus, the device 100 may include either, both, or neither of the metallic component 104 and the non-metallic component 106. The non-metallic component 106 may be a semiconductor or insulator. The semiconductor may be, for example, a portion of an integrated circuit or a LED. The insulator may be, for example, a dielectric such as silicon dioxide used for insulating an interconnect. In some implementations, the device 100 includes both a semiconductor and an insulator which may be both represented by the non-metallic component 106 or one may be included in an additional layer is not illustrated.
[0043] Thus, in some implementations, the device 100 is structured such that the thermally conductive compound 102 is located at an interface between the metallic component 104 and the non-metallic component 106. Use of a metallic material with a high room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity can greatly reduce thermal boundary resistance and improve heat dissipation at interfaces between metals and non-metallic components such as semiconductors and insulators that also have high lattice thermal conductivity. Thermal boundary resistance is an impediment to efficient heat dissipation at the interface between metals and semiconductors. The dissimilar properties of these materials, coupled with interface imperfections, hinder the effective transfer of thermal energy. This phenomenon results in elevated temperatures within the semiconductor, which can negatively impact device performance and reliability. Thermal boundary resistance is reduced by using a metallic material that has a high lattice thermal conductivity similar to semiconductors.
[0044] FIG. 2 is a diagram of a device 200 that includes a heat generating unit 202 and a thermally conductive unit 204 that is in thermal communication with the heat generating unit 202. The device 200 may be an electronic device. The heat generating unit 202 may be any component of a device that generates heat such as, for example, an integrated circuit, chip or single transistor element, or a similar electronic or optoelectronic unit. The heat generating unit 202 may also be another type of heat source such as an engine or a battery. The thermally conductive unit 204 conducts heat generated by the heat generating unit 202 away from the heat generating unit 202. The thermally conductive unit 204 may also conduct electricity. The thermally conductive unit 204 may be included in any one or more of a thermal interface, a heat spreader, a gate metal layer, a direct bond metal substrate, a heat sink layer, an interconnect, or a via. Although shown in a simplified representation in FIG. 2, is to be understood that the device 200 may take any number of structures or shapes such as having one component fully wrapped or semi-wrapped around another and is not limited to flat implementations. The device 100 may also include additional layers or components not illustrated here.
[0045] The thermally conductive unit 204 comprises a thermally conductive compound, alloy, or composite of the thermally conductive compound. The thermally conductive compound includes a metallic material with a high room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity. This metallic material is the same as metallic material described in FIG. 1.
[0046] In an implementation, the device 200 may optionally include a first component 206 between the thermally conductive unit 204 and the heat generating unit 202. It is to be understood that they may be multiple components or layers between the heat generating unit 202 and the thermally conductive unit 204. However, for simplicity only one component is illustrated. The device 200 may also optionally include a second component 208 that is adjacent to that thermally conductive unit 204 and distal from the heat generating unit 202. Again, there may be multiple layers or components to the side of the thermally conductive unit 204 that is away from the heat generating unit 202 but only one is shown in the illustration for simplicity. The device 200 may include either, both, or neither of the first component 206 and that second component 208.
[0047] The first component 206 and the second component 208 may both independently be either a metallic component or a non-metallic component. The metallic component may be any of the types of metallic materials described in FIG. 1. The non-metallic component may be the same as the non-metallic component described in FIG. 1. That is, the non-metallic component may be a semiconductor or an insulator. Thus, in an implementation, the thermally conductive unit 204 may be located at an interface between a metallic component and a non-metallic component. In various implementations, the thermally conductive unit 204 may also be located between two non-metallic components (e.g., a semiconductor in insulator) or between two metallic components.
[0048] FIG. 3 is a bar chart comparing the room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity of several metals, MnV, and TaP. Compared to the traditional metals of silver, gold, aluminum, platinum, copper, nickel, MnV and TaP, which are also metals, exhibit a markedly higher lattice thermal conductivity. Thus, MnV and TaP can be used in applications in which a metal is needed, such as for electrical conductivity, that has high lattice thermal conductivity.
[0049] FIG. 4 is a table that presents calculated results of thermal conductivity for the same metallic materials shown in FIG. 3. All types of thermal conductivity were calculated using room temperature (300 K) . The data in the lattice thermal conductivity column is the same as that used to generate the chart in FIG. 3 with the z-axis value for TaP lattice thermal conductivity. These results were calculated considering three-phonon processes (1 / τ3ph) , four-phonon processes (1 / τ4ph) , electron-phonon coupling (1 / τep) , and isotopic effects (1 / τiso) . Details of the calculations are provided below. The third column shows the computations of the contribution of electronic thermal conductivity from which the total thermal conductivity in the fourth column is calculated. Total thermal conductivity using isotopically pure MnV and TaP is shown in the final column. Isotope purity has minimal effect. MnV exhibits high lattice thermal conductivity and high electronic thermal conductivity resulting in a total thermal conductivity of about 244 W / mK. TaP has a higher lattice thermal conductivity but lower electronic thermal conductivity than MnV. It also exhibits significant anisotropy, with different total thermal conductivities along the x-axis and z-axis of about 230 W / mK and about 366 W / mK, respectively.
[0050] The following figures, FIGS. 5–18, show characteristics of TaP and MnV which would lead a person of ordinary skill in the art to understand that these materials have the thermal conductivity values shown in FIG. 4 because these figures provide details about the intermediate quantities and physical observables that can be analyzed when solving the Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) .
[0051] FIG. 5 is a line graph that shows the TaP phonon spectrum. A phonon spectrum, also known as a phonon dispersion relation, is a graph that displays the relationship between the frequency of a phonon and its wave vector. The x-axis represents the wave vector (q) , which is a vector that describes the spatial variation of a wave. The wave vector is represented in terms of high-symmetry points in the crystal lattice. High-symmetry points are specific locations within the Brillouin zone of a crystal lattice possessing a high degree of symmetry. The Brillouin zone is the fundamental region of reciprocal space that represents the range of wave vectors for which the energy and momentum of an electron or phonon in a crystal can vary continuously without abrupt changes. These points are denoted by Greek letters such as Γ, X, L, K, M, A, and H. The Γ point represents the center of the Brillouin zone with the highest symmetry. Points like X, L, M, K, A, and H are located at various positions within or on the edge of the Brillouin zone. These high-symmetry points simplify calculations and provide a framework for visualizing the energy bands and phonon dispersion curves, which are fundamental to understanding a material's electronic and vibrational properties. The specific locations and symmetries of these points vary depending on the crystal structure.
[0052] TaP exhibits a distinct gap between the acoustical and optical branches. Acoustic phonons correspond to collective oscillations of atoms in phase, with frequency approaching zero as wavelength increases, similar to sound waves. This branch is represented by the lines on the lower portion of the phonon spectrum. Optical phonons involve atoms moving out of phase, resulting in a finite frequency even at long wavelengths. The optical branch is shown by the lines at the top of the graph. This is similar to that seen in the phonon behavior of boron arsenide (BAs) which is a semiconductor known to have high lattice thermal conductivity. The separation between acoustic phonons and optical phonons for TaP supports the conclusion that will have a high lattice thermal conductivity similar to BAs.
[0053] FIG. 6 is a line graph showing cumulative thermal conductivity versus mean free path for TaP at the x-axis. FIG. 7 is a line graph showing cumulative thermal conductivity versus mean free path for TaP at the z-axis. Cumulative thermal conductivity is the sum of the thermal conductivity contributions from all mean free paths up to a certain value. The mean free path is the average distance a phonon travels for scattering or interacting with something else. It is a measure of how far the particle can move freely before being interrupted. FIGS. 6 and 7 show that, despite the thermal conductivity anisotropy of TaP, a rapid change in thermal conductivity occurs at the mean free paths in both the x-axis and z-axis between around 100 nm and 1000 nm.
[0054] FIG. 8 is a line graph showing cumulative thermal conductivity versus frequency for TAP at the x-axis. FIG. 9 is a line graph showing cumulative thermal conductivity versus frequency for TAP at the z-axis. The frequency in terahertz represents the frequency range of the phonons that contribute to thermal conductivity. The frequency of the phonons is typically in the range of 0-10 THz. As depicted in FIGS. 8 and 9, the principal contributions to thermal conductivity stem from the low-frequency acoustic branches with a frequency of between 2-4 THz, aligning with the characteristics of BAs and further supporting a conclusion that TaP has high thermal conductivity.
[0055] FIG. 10 shows the Umklapp scattering rate for TaP. The scattering rate is measured in ps-1 which is a common unit used to express the scattering rate per picosecond. The Umklapp scattering rate is the rate at which phonons undergo Umklapp scattering, a process where a phonon scatters off another phonon, changing its momentum and reducing its mean free path. The low Umklapp scattering rate (relative to the scattering rates shown in FIG. 11) indicates that phonon will be less likely to have momentum reversal, thus not having significant impact on heat transfer.
[0056] FIG. 11 shows three-phonon, four-phonon, electron-phonon, and isotopic scattering mechanisms for TaP. FIG. 11 shows that both three-phonon and four-phonon interactions contribute significantly to the phonon scattering in TaP, indicating that the impact of four-phonon processes is non-negligible. This phenomenon of four-phonon processes severely reducing thermal conductivity was also observed in BAs. It indicates that only considering three-phonon mode is not enough to gain the real value of thermal conductivity and requires higher order phonon mode to be considered. This work considers both the three-phonon and four-phonon effects thereby increasing the accuracy of the final result. The scattering due to isotopic effects is comparatively weak. Given the metallic nature of TaP, electron-phonon coupling effects are likewise significant. The scattering rate due to electron-phonon coupling spans a broad range, with its peak values on the same order of magnitude as those caused by three-phonon and four-phonon effects.
[0057] FIG. 12 is a line graph that shows the MnV phonon spectrum. MnV exhibits a phonon dispersion behavior that is starkly different from that of TaP, as illustrated in FIG. 12. The phonon frequencies in MnV change rapidly in reciprocal space, indicative of steeper phonon dispersion curves. Consequently, it can be postulated that MnV has very high phonon group velocities, which is one of the important factors for high thermal conductivity.
[0058] FIG. 13 is a line graph showing cumulative thermal conductivity versus mean free path for MnV. A rapid change in thermal conductivity occurs at the mean free path range from 10 nm to 1000 nm.
[0059] FIG. 14 is a line graph showing cumulative thermal conductivity versus frequency for MnV. Different frequency ranges make substantial contributions to the lattice thermal conductivity of MnV.
[0060] FIG. 15 shows the Umklapp scattering rate for MnV. MnV, like TaP, has a low Umklapp scattering rate, and thus, MnV also has the potential to have high thermal conductivity.
[0061] FIG. 16 shows three-phonon, four-phonon, electron-phonon, and isotopic scattering mechanisms for MnV. MnV experiences little isotopic scattering effects as compared to TaP. Additionally, three-phonon, four-phonon, and electron-phonon coupling effects are all significant in the phonon scattering processes of MnV.
[0062] FIG. 17 shows the thermal conductivity versus temperature for TaP. FIG. 18 shows the thermal conductivity versus temperature for MnV. For both, the electronic thermal conductivities (“electron” ) are weakly affected by temperature. The contribution of lattice thermal conductivity to total thermal conductivity decreases as the temperature increases. However, the total thermal conductivity for TaP is still over 100 W / mK in x-axis and over 200 W / mK in z-axis at 500 K and for MnV is still close to 200 W / mK at 500 K. Isotopic effects are minimal for TaP and MnV as evidenced by the overlap of the lines showing total with / without isotope xx (x-axis) and total with / without isotope zz (z-axis) .
[0063] Maths
[0064] Density Functional Theory (DFT) , a quantum mechanical modeling method, was employed to predict the thermal conductivity values depicted shown in the table of FIG. 4. DFT excels in examining the electronic structure of many-body systems and predicting the behavior of atoms and molecules within a material. It has proven successful in forecasting a broad spectrum of physical properties, affirming its reliability for numerous applications.
[0065] The BTE complements DFT in predicting various material properties, including thermal conductivity. As a statistical law, BTE describes the temporal transport of particles in a fluid. In the realm of thermal conductivity, it models the contribution of phonons, quantum mechanical vibrations in a crystal lattice, to heat transport. The efficacy of BTE in accurately predicting lattice thermal conductivity is documented in works such as Puligheddu, Marcello, et al. “Computational prediction of lattice thermal conductivity: A comparison of molecular dynamics and Boltzmann transport approaches. ” 3 Phys. Rev. Mater. 8 (2019) and Plata, Jose J., et al. “Predicting the lattice thermal conductivity of solids by solving the Boltzmann transport equation: AFLOW -AAPL an automated, accurate and effcient framework. ” arXiv: cond-mat. mtrl-sci (2016) . When DFT and BTE are used in tandem, they provide a comprehensive overview of a material’s thermal properties. DFT offers detailed insights into the material’s electronic structure and force constants, while BTE models heat transport via phonons. This combination has been validated to provide reliable thermal conductivity predictions. See Puligheddu et al.
[0066] The lattice thermal conductivity tensor, calculated using BTE, quantifies the heat conducted through the material’s lattice. It considers the phonon group velocity, the contribution to the isobaric heat capacity, and the mean free path, all key factors in determining thermal conductivity. Specifically, the lattice thermal conductivity tensor is calculated in the framework of the linearized BTE using the expression:
[0067] Where p runs over all phonon branches, q denotes phonon momentum index, BZ denotes the Brillouin zone of the crystal, α, β are Cartesian axes, and Cv (pq) and are the phonon group velocity, contribution to the isobaric heat capacity and mean free path, respectively. Key to determining κph are the different phonon scattering mechanisms, which are incorporated into the expression above through
[0068] Here, τpq is the phonon lifetime, while the terms depend linearly on and describe the departure from the relaxation-time approximation and expanded in the following equation. Then inverse of τpq is the scattering rate and is expressed as a sum of the contributions from the different scattering mechanisms:
[0069] The scattering rate determines how frequently phonons are disrupted from their propagation path, which impacts the thermal conductivity of the material. The scattering rate is expressed as a sum of the contributions from different scattering mechanisms, including three-phonon processes, four-phonon processes, isotopic scattering, and electron-phonon scattering.
[0070] The expressions indicate that materials with high thermal conductivity typically exhibit a high phonon group velocity and a long mean free path. A high phonon group velocity suggests a steep phonon spectrum, while a long mean free path implies minimal phonon scattering. This scattering, which includes three-phonon, four-phonon, isotope, and electron-phonon interactions, should ideally be minimized. These calculations, specific to the materials TaP and MnV, consider their properties and crystal structures. Both the phonon group velocity and the mean free path are crucial in determining thermal conductivity. High values for these parameters suggest the potential for high thermal conductivity in the material.
[0071] The Boltzmann transport equation for the electron transport
[0072] Electron mean free path:
[0073] Here n, k is electron band and momentum index, Fnk is electron mean free path, vnk is electron velocity and τnk is electron lifetime. and are transition rates for phonon absorption and emission process, respectively. They can be calculated by electron phonon coupling matrix:
[0074] Electron lifetime τnk can be calculated by:
[0075] The Boltzmann transport equation for the phonon transport
[0076] The phonon mean free path Fλ with λ≡ (pq) 2: Fλ=vλτλ+τλΔλ
[0077] Δλ include three phonon, four phonon, isotopic mechanism:
[0078] The first and second term is three phonon process, third term is isotopic process, the last three term is four phonon process.
[0079] The scattering rate is:
[0080] Where:
[0081] Illustrative Embodiments
[0082] The following clauses described multiple possible embodiments for implementing the features described in this disclosure. The various embodiments described herein are not limiting nor is every feature from any given embodiment required to be present in another embodiment. Any two or more of the embodiments may be combined together unless context clearly indicates otherwise. As used in this document “or” means and / or. For example, “A or B” means A without B, B without A, or A and B. As used herein, “comprising” means including all listed features and potentially including addition of other features that are not listed. “Consisting essentially of” means including the listed features and potentially including additional features that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the listed features. “Consisting of” means only the listed features to the exclusion of any feature not listed.
[0083] Clause 1. A device (100) comprising a thermally conductive compound (102) , alloy or composite thereof, wherein the thermally conductive compound comprises a metallic material with a room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity of at least 100 W / mK.
[0084] Clause 2. The device of clause 1, wherein the room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity is at least 200 W / mK.
[0085] Clause 3. The device of clause 1, wherein the room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity is at least 250 W / mK.
[0086] Clause 4. The device of clause 1, wherein the room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity is at least 300 W / mK.
[0087] Clause 5. The device of any of clauses 1–4, wherein the room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity is measured along the z-axis.
[0088] Clause 6. The device of any of clauses 1–5, wherein room-temperature electronic thermal conductivity is at least 50 W / mK.
[0089] Clause 7. The device of any of clauses 1–5, wherein room-temperature electronic thermal conductivity is at least 75 W / mK.
[0090] Clause 8. The device of any of clauses 1–7, wherein the metallic material is tantalum phosphide (TaP) .
[0091] Clause 9. The device of any of clauses 1–7, wherein the metallic material is manganese vanadium (MnV) .
[0092] Clause 10. The device of any of clauses 1–7, wherein the metallic material comprises TaP and MnV.
[0093] Clause 11. The device of any of clauses 1–10, wherein the thermally conductive compound is located at an interface between a metallic component and a non-metallic component, wherein the non-metallic component is a semiconductor or an insulator.
[0094] Clause 12. The device of any of clauses 1–11 wherein the device is a heat dissipation device.
[0095] Clause 13. A device (200) comprising: a heat generating unit (202) ; and a thermally conductive unit (204) in thermal communication with the heat generating unit for conducting heat generated by the heat generating unit away from the heat generating unit, the thermally conductive unit comprising a thermally conductive compound, alloy or composite thereof, wherein the thermally conductive compound comprises a metallic material with a room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity of at least 100 W / mK.
[0096] Clause 14. The device of clause 12, wherein the room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity is at least 200 W / mK.
[0097] Clause 15. The device of clause 12, wherein the room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity is at least 250 W / mK.
[0098] Clause 16. The device of clause 12, wherein the room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity is at least 300 W / mK.
[0099] Clause 17. The device of any of clauses 12–15, wherein the room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity is measured along the z-axis.
[0100] Clause 18. The device of any of clauses 12–16, wherein room-temperature electronic thermal conductivity is at least 50 W / mK.
[0101] Clause 19. The device of any of clauses 12–16, wherein room-temperature electronic thermal conductivity is at least 75 W / mK.
[0102] Clause 20. The device of any of clauses 12–18, wherein the metallic material is tantalum phosphide (TaP) .
[0103] Clause 21. The device of any of clauses 12–18, wherein the metallic material is manganese vanadium (MnV) .
[0104] Clause 22. The device of any of clauses 12–18, wherein the metallic material comprises TaP and MnV.
[0105] Clause 23. The device of any clauses 12–21, further comprising a first component (206) that is a metallic component and a second component (208) that is a semiconductor and wherein the thermally conductive unit is located at an interface between the metallic component and the semiconductor.
[0106] Clause 24. The device of clause 22, wherein the non-metallic component is situated between the heat generating unit and the thermally conductive unit.
[0107] Clause 25. The device of clause 22, wherein the metallic component is situated between the heat generating unit and the thermally conductive unit.
[0108] Clause 26. The device of any of clauses 12–25, wherein the thermally conductive unit is included in one of a thermal interface, a heat spreader, a gate metal layer, a direct bond metal substrate, or a heat sink layer.
[0109] Clause 27. The device of clauses 12–26, wherein the device is an electronic device.
[0110] Conclusion
[0111] Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims. Skilled artisans will know how to employ such variations as appropriate, and the embodiments disclosed herein may be practiced otherwise than specifically described.
[0112] Conditional language such as, among others, “can, ” “could, ” “might” or “may, ” unless specifically stated otherwise, are understood within the context to present that certain examples include, while other examples do not include, certain features, elements and / or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that certain features, elements and / or steps are in any way required for one or more examples or that one or more examples necessarily include logic for deciding whether certain features, elements and / or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular example. Conjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y or Z, ” unless specifically stated otherwise, is to be understood to present that an item, term, etc. may be either X, Y, or Z, or a combination thereof.
[0113] The terms “a, ” “an, ” “the” and similar referents used in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “based on, ” “based upon, ” and similar referents are to be construed as meaning “based at least in part” which includes being “based in part” and “based in whole” unless otherwise indicated or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “portion, ” “part, ” or similar referents are to be construed as meaning at least a portion or part of the whole including up to the entire noun referenced. As used herein, “approximately” or “about” or similar referents denote a range of ± 10%of the stated value.
[0114] In addition, any reference to “first, ” “second, ” etc. elements within the Summary and / or Detailed Description is not intended to and should not be construed to necessarily correspond to any reference of “first, ” “second, ” etc. elements of the claims. Rather, any use of “first” and “second” within the Summary, Detailed Description, and / or claims may be used to distinguish between two different instances of the same element (e.g., two different models) .
[0115] In closing, although the various configurations have been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended representations is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described. Rather, the specific features and acts are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claimed subject matter.
[0116] Furthermore, references have been made to publications, patents, and / or patent applications throughout this specification. Each of the cited references is individually incorporated herein by reference for its particular cited teachings as well as for all that it discloses.
Claims
1.A device (100) comprising a thermally conductive compound (102) , alloy or composite thereof, wherein the thermally conductive compound comprises a metallic material with a room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity of at least 100 W / mK.2.The device of claim 1, wherein the room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity is at least 200 W / mK.3.The device of claim 1, wherein the room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity is at least 300 W / mK.4.The device of claim 3, wherein the room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity is measured along the z-axis.5.The device of claim 1, wherein room-temperature electronic thermal conductivity is at least 50 W / mK.6.The device of claim 1, wherein room-temperature electronic thermal conductivity is at least 75 W / mK.7.The device of claim 1, wherein the metallic material is tantalum phosphide (TaP) .8.The device of claim 1, wherein the metallic material is manganese vanadium (MnV) .9.The device of claim 1, wherein the thermally conductive compound is located at an interface between a metallic component and a non-metallic component, wherein the non-metallic component is a semiconductor or an insulator.10.A device (200) comprising:a heat generating unit (202) ; anda thermally conductive unit (204) in thermal communication with the heat generating unit for conducting heat generated by the heat generating unit away from the heat generating unit, the thermally conductive unit comprising a thermally conductive compound, alloy or composite thereof, wherein the thermally conductive compound comprises a metallic material with a room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity of at least 100 W / mK.11.The device of claim 10, wherein the room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity is at least 200 W / mK.12.The device of claim 10, wherein the room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity is at least 300 W / mK.13.The device of claim 12, wherein the room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity is measured along the z-axis.14.The device of claim 10, wherein room-temperature electronic thermal conductivity is at least 50 W / mK.15.The device of claim 10, wherein room-temperature electronic thermal conductivity is at least 75 W / mK.16.The device of claim 10, wherein the metallic material is tantalum phosphide (TaP) .17.The device of claim 10, wherein the metallic material is manganese vanadium (MnV) .18.The device of claim 10, further comprising a first component (206) that is a metallic component and a second component (208) that is a semiconductor and wherein the thermally conductive unit is located at an interface between the metallic component and the semiconductor.19.The device of claim 10, wherein the thermally conductive unit is included in one of a thermal interface, a heat spreader, a gate metal layer, a direct bond metal substrate, or a heat sink layer.20.The device of claim 10, wherein the device is an electronic device.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
High Thermal Conductivity Materials for Thermal Management Applications
US20150362265A1